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Share-based awards | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Share-based awards | Share-based awards Share Options The following table summarizes option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2022:
| Options Outstanding Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 1,695,460 |  |  | $ | 104.79 |  |  |  |  | 5.39
Granted | 108,643 |  |  | $ | 229.94 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (159,761) |  |  | $ | 94.70 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled/expired | (36,531) |  |  | $ | 124.62 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2022 | 1,607,811 |  |  | $ | 119.68 |  |  |  |  | 5.27
Exercisable at June 30, 2022 | 1,044,178 |  |  | $ | 99.21 |  |  |  |  | 4.49
The Company issues ordinary shares for all options exercised. The total amount of fully vested share options which remained outstanding at June 30, 2022 was 1,044,178. Fully vested share options at June 30, 2022 have an average remaining contractual term of 4.49 years and an average exercise price of $99.21. Fair value of Stock Options Assumptions The weighted average fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021 was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted average grant date fair values and assumptions used were as follows:
| Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021
Weighted average grant date fair value | $ | 68.40 |  |  | $ | 49.15 |
Assumptions: |  |  |
Expected volatility | 31 | % |  | 30 | %
Dividend yield | — | % |  | — | %
Risk-free interest rate | 1.85 | % |  | 0.78 | %
Expected life | 5 years |  | 5 years
Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over a period equal to the expected term of the options; the expected life represents the weighted average period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding given consideration to vesting schedules and our historical experience of past vesting and termination patterns. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. government zero-coupon bonds yield curve in effect at time of the grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the option. Restricted Share Units and Performance Share Units On April 30 2019, the Company approved the 2019 Consultants and Directors Restricted Share Unit Plan (the “2019 Consultants RSU Plan”), which was effective as of May 16, 2019, pursuant to which the Compensation and Organization Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors may select any consultant, adviser or non-executive Director retained by the Company, or a Subsidiary to receive an award under the plan. 250,000 ordinary shares have been reserved for issuance under the 2019 Consultants RSU Plan. The awards are at par value and vest over a service period. Awards granted to non-executive directors during 2020, 2021 and 2022 vest in twelve months. The Company has awarded RSUs and PSUs to certain key individuals of the Group. The following table summarizes RSU and PSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2022:
| PSU Outstanding Number of Shares |  | PSU Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | RSU Outstanding Number of Shares |  | RSU Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 154,190 |  |  | $ | 160.23 |  |  |  | 572,785 |  |  | $ | 191.20 |
Granted | 64,682 |  |  | $ | 214.25 |  |  |  | 291,043 |  |  | $ | 217.51 |
Shares vested | (45,567) |  |  | $ | 140.18 |  |  |  | (187,126) |  |  | $ | 173.20 |
Forfeited | (2,718) |  |  | $ | 157.30 |  |  |  | (43,175) |  |  | $ | 201.02 |
Outstanding at June 30, 2022 | 170,587 |  |  | $ | 189.05 |  |  |  | 633,527 |  |  | $ | 207.98 |
The fair value of PSUs vested for the six months ended June 30, 2022 totaled $6.4 million (full year 2021: $5.1 million). The fair value of RSUs vested for the six months ended June 30, 2022 totaled $32.5 million (full year 2021: $83.5 million). The PSUs vest based on service and specified EPS targets over the periods 2020 – 2022, 2021 - 2023 and 2022 - 2024. Depending on the amount of EPS from 2021 to 2024, up to an additional 85,293 PSUs may also be granted. Non-cash stock compensation expense Non-cash stock compensation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021 has been allocated as follows:
| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021 |  | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021
| (in thousands) |  | (in thousands)
Direct costs | $ | 5,833 |  |  | $ | 3,101 |  |  | $ | 10,832 |  |  | $ | 5,156 |
Selling, general and administrative | 13,450 |  |  | 5,379 |  |  | 27,354 |  |  | 9,718 |
| $ | 19,283 |  |  | $ | 8,480 |  |  | $ | 38,186 |  |  | $ | 14,874 |

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