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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes:
The significant components of the Provision for income tax expense related to continuing operations are as follows (in millions):
 For the Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
Current:   
Federal$111.0 $101.7 $58.7 
State and other28.5 26.6 13.5 
Total current expense139.5 128.3 72.2 
Deferred:   
Federal8.6 (0.7)17.9 
State and other2.1 4.6 10.0 
Total deferred expense10.7 3.9 27.9 
Total income tax expense related to continuing operations$150.2 $132.2 $100.1 
A reconciliation of differences between the federal income tax at statutory rates and our actual income tax expense on our income from continuing operations, which include federal, state, and other income taxes, is presented below:
 For the Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
Tax expense at statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Increase (decrease) in tax rate resulting from:   
State and other income taxes, net of federal tax benefit3.9 %4.1 %4.0 %
Increase in valuation allowance— %0.3 %0.6 %
Noncontrolling interests(3.8)%(4.0)%(4.4)%
Share-based windfall tax benefits(1.0)%— %— %
Other, net(0.1)%0.4 %1.0 %
Income tax expense20.0 %21.8 %22.2 %
The Provision for income tax expense in 2024 was less than the federal statutory rate primarily due to the impact of noncontrolling interests and share-based windfall tax benefits, offset by state and other income tax expense. The Provision for income tax expense in 2023 and 2022 was greater than the federal statutory rate primarily due to state and other income tax expense and a gross increase in valuation allowance, offset by the impact of noncontrolling interests. See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, “Income Taxes,” for a discussion of the allocation of income or loss related to pass-through entities, which is referred to as the impact of noncontrolling interests in this discussion.
Deferred income taxes recognize the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts used for income tax purposes and the impact of available NOLs. The significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented in the following table (in millions):
 As of December 31,
 20242023
Deferred income tax assets:  
Net operating loss$8.8 $23.1 
Insurance reserve20.9 20.1 
Stock-based compensation24.0 21.4 
Revenue reserves8.0 7.6 
Operating lease liabilities7.9 8.8 
Other accruals29.4 26.2 
Tax credits17.0 14.6 
Total deferred income tax assets116.0 121.8 
Less: Valuation allowance(21.0)(28.4)
Net deferred income tax assets95.0 93.4 
Deferred income tax liabilities:  
Intangibles(63.4)(62.6)
Operating lease right-of-use assets(6.8)(7.8)
Property, net(18.8)(18.1)
Carrying value of partnerships(110.9)(91.7)
Other(0.3)(0.2)
Total deferred income tax liabilities(200.2)(180.4)
Net deferred income tax liabilities$(105.2)$(87.0)
We have state NOLs of $8.8 million that expire in various amounts at varying times through 2034. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the net decrease in our valuation allowance was $7.4 million and $7.4 million, respectively. The decrease in our valuation allowance in 2024 and 2023 related primarily to the utilization and expiration of state NOLs.
As of December 31, 2024, we have a remaining valuation allowance of $21.0 million. This valuation allowance remains recorded primarily due to unusable foreign tax credits generated by our operations in Puerto Rico. We determined it was necessary to maintain a valuation allowance on our foreign tax credits due to uncertainties related to our ability to utilize a portion of these credits before they expire. The amount of the valuation allowance has been determined based on the weight of all available evidence, as described above, including management’s estimates of taxable income over the periods in which the related deferred tax assets will be recoverable.
Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. Interest recorded as part of our income tax provision during 2024, 2023, and 2022 was not material. Accrued interest income related to income taxes as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was not material.
In December 2016, we signed an agreement with the IRS to participate in their Compliance Assurance Process (“CAP”) for the 2017 tax year and have renewed this agreement each year since. CAP is a program in which we and the IRS endeavor to agree on the treatment of significant tax positions prior to the filing of our federal income tax returns. In December 2024, the IRS issued a no change letter effectively closing our 2022 tax year audit. Thus, the statute of limitations has expired, or we have settled, federal income tax examinations with the IRS for all tax years through 2022.
In February 2024, the IRS offered, and we accepted, admission into the IRS Bridge Plus Pilot program for the years 2023 and 2024. Under this program, we are required to provide additional documentation (including a draft return) to the IRS
prior to filing our return. The IRS performs a risk assessment review of this documentation and provides recommendations to us. We then file our return and submit a post-filing representation that our return was filed consistent with the documentation provided and the IRS recommendations (if any). After further review, the IRS then issues either a full or partial acceptance letter. Our state income tax returns are also periodically examined by various regulatory taxing authorities. We are not currently under audit by any state.
For the tax years that remain open under the applicable statutes of limitations, management considered potential unrecognized tax benefits and determined there are no material unrecognized tax benefits that would impact prior years’ income taxes.