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Investments | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2013
Investments [Abstract] |
Investments | INVESTMENTS Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity and equity securities by sector as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands):
December 31, 2013: |  | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Other-than- temporary impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate securities |  | $ | 11,697,394 |  |  | $ | 616,147 |  |  | $ | 202,786 |  |  | $ | 12,110,755 |  |  | 56.4 | % |  | $ | — |
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments |  | 2,728,111 |  |  | 669,762 |  |  | 16,848 |  |  | 3,381,025 |  |  | 15.7 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 970,434 |  |  | 38,126 |  |  | 18,917 |  |  | 989,643 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | (300 | )
Asset-backed securities |  | 891,751 |  |  | 18,893 |  |  | 15,812 |  |  | 894,832 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | (2,259 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 1,314,782 |  |  | 91,651 |  |  | 17,487 |  |  | 1,388,946 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | (1,609 | )
U.S. government and agencies |  | 489,631 |  |  | 16,468 |  |  | 4,748 |  |  | 501,351 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | — |
State and political subdivisions |  | 313,252 |  |  | 21,907 |  |  | 14,339 |  |  | 320,820 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises |  | 1,865,379 |  |  | 45,347 |  |  | 23,962 |  |  | 1,886,764 |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | — |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | $ | 20,270,734 |  |  | $ | 1,518,301 |  |  | $ | 314,899 |  |  | $ | 21,474,136 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (4,168 | )
Non-redeemable preferred stock |  | $ | 81,993 |  |  | $ | 5,342 |  |  | $ | 5,481 |  |  | $ | 81,854 |  |  | 20.2 | % |  |
Other equity securities |  | 327,479 |  |  | 618 |  |  | 4,220 |  |  | 323,877 |  |  | 79.8 |  |  |
Total equity securities |  | $ | 409,472 |  |  | $ | 5,960 |  |  | $ | 9,701 |  |  | $ | 405,731 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |
December 31, 2012: |  | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Other-than- temporary impairments in AOCI
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate securities |  | $ | 11,333,431 |  |  | $ | 1,085,973 |  |  | $ | 39,333 |  |  | $ | 12,380,071 |  |  | 55.5 | % |  | $ | — |
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments |  | 2,676,777 |  |  | 1,372,731 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 4,049,334 |  |  | 18.2 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 969,267 |  |  | 76,520 |  |  | 3,723 |  |  | 1,042,064 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | (241 | )
Asset-backed securities |  | 700,455 |  |  | 19,898 |  |  | 28,798 |  |  | 691,555 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | (2,259 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 1,608,376 |  |  | 142,369 |  |  | 51,842 |  |  | 1,698,903 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | (6,125 | )
U.S. government and agencies |  | 231,256 |  |  | 33,958 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 265,190 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | — |
State and political subdivisions |  | 270,086 |  |  | 38,058 |  |  | 5,646 |  |  | 302,498 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises |  | 1,769,784 |  |  | 94,929 |  |  | 2,714 |  |  | 1,861,999 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | — |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | $ | 19,559,432 |  |  | $ | 2,864,436 |  |  | $ | 132,254 |  |  | $ | 22,291,614 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | (8,625 | )
Non-redeemable preferred stock |  | $ | 68,469 |  |  | $ | 6,542 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 74,841 |  |  | 33.6 | % |  |
Other equity securities |  | 148,577 |  |  | 416 |  |  | 1,134 |  |  | 147,859 |  |  | 66.4 |  |  |
Total equity securities |  | $ | 217,046 |  |  | $ | 6,958 |  |  | $ | 1,304 |  |  | $ | 222,700 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |
The Company enters into various collateral arrangements that require both the pledging and acceptance of fixed maturity securities as collateral, which are excluded from the tables above. The Company pledged fixed maturity securities as collateral to derivative and reinsurance counterparties with an amortized cost of $57.2 million and $16.9 million, and an estimated fair value of $58.0 million and $17.0 million, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 respectively. The pledged fixed maturity securities are included in fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2013, and are included in other invested assets in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2012. The Company received fixed maturity securities as collateral from derivative and reinsurance counterparties with an estimated fair value of $94.1 million and $95.6 million, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The collateral is held in separate custodial accounts and is not recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral; however, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. As of December 31, 2013, the Company held securities with a fair value of $1,222.3 million that were guaranteed or issued by the Canadian province of Ontario and $1,389.1 million that were guaranteed or issued by the Canadian province of Quebec, both of which exceeded 10% of consolidated stockholders’ equity. As of December 31, 2012, the Company held securities with a fair value of $1,400.0 million that were guaranteed or issued by the Canadian province of Ontario and $1,785.0 million that were guaranteed or issued by the Canadian province of Quebec, both of which exceeded 10% of consolidated stockholders’ equity. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale at December 31, 2013 are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in thousands). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Asset and mortgage-backed securities are shown separately in the table below, as they are not due at a single maturity date.
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 551,195 |  |  | $ | 557,981 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 3,570,831 |  |  | 3,743,631 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 7,090,140 |  |  | 7,295,566 |
Due after ten years |  | 5,881,601 |  |  | 6,603,537 |
Asset and mortgage-backed securities |  | 3,176,967 |  |  | 3,273,421 |
Total |  | $ | 20,270,734 |  |  | $ | 21,474,136 |
Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities The tables below show the major industry types of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands):
December 31, 2013: |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total
Finance |  | $ | 3,838,716 |  |  | $ | 3,983,623 |  |  | 32.9 | %
Industrial |  | 5,943,353 |  |  | 6,138,150 |  |  | 50.7 |
Utility |  | 1,904,100 |  |  | 1,978,218 |  |  | 16.3 |
Other |  | 11,225 |  |  | 10,764 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total |  | $ | 11,697,394 |  |  | $ | 12,110,755 |  |  | 100.0 | %
December 31, 2012: |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | % of Total
Finance |  | $ | 3,619,455 |  |  | $ | 3,900,152 |  |  | 31.5 | %
Industrial |  | 5,881,967 |  |  | 6,443,846 |  |  | 52.0 |
Utility |  | 1,799,658 |  |  | 2,002,611 |  |  | 16.2 |
Other |  | 32,351 |  |  | 33,462 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total |  | $ | 11,333,431 |  |  | $ | 12,380,071 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments—Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities As discussed in Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” a portion of certain other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses on fixed maturity securities is recognized in AOCI. For these securities the net amount recognized in earnings (“credit loss impairments”) represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in AOCI. The following table sets forth the amount of pre-tax credit loss impairments on fixed maturity securities held by the Company as of the dates indicated, for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in AOCI, and the corresponding changes in such amounts (dollars in thousands):
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 16,675 |  |  | $ | 63,947 |  |  | $ | 47,291 |
Initial impairments - credit loss OTTI recognized on securities not previously impaired |  | — |  |  | 1,962 |  |  | 8,349 |
Additional impairments - credit loss OTTI recognized on securities previously impaired |  | 134 |  |  | 10,186 |  |  | 9,059 |
Credit loss OTTI previously recognized on securities impaired to fair value during the period |  | (1,449 | ) |  | (22,290 | ) |  | — |
Credit loss previously recognized on securities which matured, paid down, prepaid or were sold during the period |  | (3,664 | ) |  | (37,130 | ) |  | (752 | )
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 11,696 |  |  | $ | 16,675 |  |  | $ | 63,947 |
Purchased Credit Impaired Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale Securities acquired with evidence of credit quality deterioration since origination and for which it is probable at the acquisition date that the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payments are classified as purchased credit impaired securities. For each security, the excess of the cash flows expected to be collected as of the acquisition date over its acquisition date fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized as net investment income on an effective yield basis. At the date of acquisition, the timing and amount of the cash flows expected to be collected was determined based on a best estimate using key assumptions, such as interest rates, default rates and prepayment speeds. If subsequently, based on current information and events, it is probable that there is a significant increase in cash flows previously expected to be collected or if actual cash flows are significantly greater than cash flows previously expected to be collected, the accretable yield is adjusted prospectively. The excess of the contractually required payments (including interest) as of the acquisition date over the cash flows expected to be collected as of the acquisition date is referred to as the nonaccretable difference, and this amount is not expected to be realized as net investment income. Decreases in cash flows expected to be collected can result in OTTI. The following tables present information on the Company’s purchased credit impaired securities, which are included in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (dollars in thousands):
| December 31, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012
Outstanding principal and interest balance(1) | $ | 192,644 |  |  | $ | 108,831 |
Carrying value, including accrued interest(2) | $ | 148,822 |  |  | $ | 84,765 |
(1) | Represents the contractually required payments which is the sum of contractual principal, whether or not currently due, and accrued interest.
(2) | Estimated fair value plus accrued interest.
The following table presents information about purchased credit impaired investments acquired during the periods, as of the acquisition dates (dollars in thousands).
| December 31, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012
Contractually required payments (including interest) | $ | 161,975 |  |  | $ | 152,988 |
Cash flows expected to be collected(1) | $ | 130,578 |  |  | $ | 125,449 |
Fair value of investments acquired | $ | 87,643 |  |  | $ | 85,298 |
(1) | Represents undiscounted principal and interest cash flow expectations at the date of acquisition.
The following table presents activity for the accretable yield on purchased credit impaired securities for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands):
| 2013 |  | 2012
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 39,239 |  |  | $ | — |
Investments purchased | 42,935 |  |  | 40,151 |
Accretion | (7,755 | ) |  | (1,388 | )
Disposals | (3,564 | ) |  | — |
Reclassification from nonaccretable difference | (1,386 | ) |  | 476 |
Balance, end of period | $ | 69,469 |  |  | $ | 39,239 |
Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale The following table presents the total gross unrealized losses for the 1,396 and 567 fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, where the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by the indicated amount (dollars in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012
|  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | % of Total |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | % of Total
Less than 20% |  | $ | 296,731 |  |  | 91.4 | % |  | $ | 54,951 |  |  | 41.2 | %
20% or more for less than six months |  | 6,444 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 734 |  |  | 0.5 |
20% or more for six months or greater |  | 21,425 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 77,873 |  |  | 58.3 |
Total |  | $ | 324,600 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 133,558 |  |  | 100.0 | %
The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value is other-than-temporary includes analysis of the underlying credit and the extent and duration of a decline in value. The Company’s credit analysis of an investment includes determining whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment. In the Company’s impairment review process, the duration and severity of an unrealized loss position for equity securities are given greater weight and consideration given the lack of contractual cash flows or deferability features. The following tables present the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in AOCI, for 1,396 and 567 fixed maturity and equity securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively (dollars in thousands). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has remained below amortized cost.
|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or greater |  | Total
December 31, 2013: |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate securities |  | $ | 3,141,179 |  |  | $ | 148,895 |  |  | $ | 301,303 |  |  | $ | 40,548 |  |  | $ | 3,442,482 |  |  | $ | 189,443 |
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments |  | 188,491 |  |  | 14,419 |  |  | 12,029 |  |  | 2,429 |  |  | 200,520 |  |  | 16,848 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 283,967 |  |  | 15,900 |  |  | 23,068 |  |  | 1,688 |  |  | 307,035 |  |  | 17,588 |
Asset-backed securities |  | 255,656 |  |  | 4,916 |  |  | 56,668 |  |  | 4,983 |  |  | 312,324 |  |  | 9,899 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 219,110 |  |  | 3,725 |  |  | 20,068 |  |  | 5,745 |  |  | 239,178 |  |  | 9,470 |
U.S. government and agencies |  | 133,697 |  |  | 4,469 |  |  | 4,406 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 138,103 |  |  | 4,748 |
State and political subdivisions |  | 120,193 |  |  | 9,723 |  |  | 15,202 |  |  | 4,616 |  |  | 135,395 |  |  | 14,339 |
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises |  | 665,313 |  |  | 21,075 |  |  | 36,212 |  |  | 2,847 |  |  | 701,525 |  |  | 23,922 |
Total investment grade securities |  | 5,007,606 |  |  | 223,122 |  |  | 468,956 |  |  | 63,135 |  |  | 5,476,562 |  |  | 286,257 |
Non-investment grade securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate securities |  | 283,603 |  |  | 9,451 |  |  | 38,256 |  |  | 3,892 |  |  | 321,859 |  |  | 13,343 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 62,146 |  |  | 1,075 |  |  | 3,945 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 66,091 |  |  | 1,329 |
Asset-backed securities |  | 28,670 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 32,392 |  |  | 5,498 |  |  | 61,062 |  |  | 5,913 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 15,762 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 10,980 |  |  | 7,936 |  |  | 26,742 |  |  | 8,017 |
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises |  | 9,403 |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,403 |  |  | 40 |
Total non-investment grade securities |  | 399,584 |  |  | 11,062 |  |  | 85,573 |  |  | 17,580 |  |  | 485,157 |  |  | 28,642 |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | $ | 5,407,190 |  |  | $ | 234,184 |  |  | $ | 554,529 |  |  | $ | 80,715 |  |  | $ | 5,961,719 |  |  | $ | 314,899 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock |  | $ | 51,386 |  |  | $ | 5,479 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 51,387 |  |  | $ | 5,481 |
Other equity securities |  | 218,834 |  |  | 1,748 |  |  | 32,550 |  |  | 2,472 |  |  | 251,384 |  |  | 4,220 |
Total equity securities |  | $ | 270,220 |  |  | $ | 7,227 |  |  | $ | 32,551 |  |  | $ | 2,474 |  |  | $ | 302,771 |  |  | $ | 9,701 |
|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or greater |  | Total
December 31, 2012: |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate securities |  | $ | 786,203 |  |  | $ | 13,276 |  |  | $ | 108,187 |  |  | $ | 17,386 |  |  | $ | 894,390 |  |  | $ | 30,662 |
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments |  | 12,349 |  |  | 174 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,349 |  |  | 174 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 22,288 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 19,394 |  |  | 3,199 |  |  | 41,682 |  |  | 3,296 |
Asset-backed securities |  | 59,119 |  |  | 449 |  |  | 96,179 |  |  | 9,508 |  |  | 155,298 |  |  | 9,957 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 89,507 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 29,181 |  |  | 7,974 |  |  | 118,688 |  |  | 8,771 |
U.S. government and agencies |  | 7,272 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,272 |  |  | 24 |
State and political subdivisions |  | 20,602 |  |  | 1,514 |  |  | 11,736 |  |  | 4,132 |  |  | 32,338 |  |  | 5,646 |
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises |  | 244,817 |  |  | 1,953 |  |  | 7,435 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 252,252 |  |  | 2,714 |
Total investment grade securities |  | 1,242,157 |  |  | 18,284 |  |  | 272,112 |  |  | 42,960 |  |  | 1,514,269 |  |  | 61,244 |
Non-investment grade securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate securities |  | 181,168 |  |  | 3,170 |  |  | 39,123 |  |  | 5,501 |  |  | 220,291 |  |  | 8,671 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 15,199 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 2,633 |  |  | 347 |  |  | 17,832 |  |  | 427 |
Asset-backed securities |  | 3,421 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 31,938 |  |  | 18,815 |  |  | 35,359 |  |  | 18,841 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 3,317 |  |  | 764 |  |  | 68,405 |  |  | 42,307 |  |  | 71,722 |  |  | 43,071 |
Total non-investment grade securities |  | 203,105 |  |  | 4,040 |  |  | 142,099 |  |  | 66,970 |  |  | 345,204 |  |  | 71,010 |
Total fixed maturity securities |  | $ | 1,445,262 |  |  | $ | 22,324 |  |  | $ | 414,211 |  |  | $ | 109,930 |  |  | $ | 1,859,473 |  |  | $ | 132,254 |
Non-redeemable preferred stock |  | $ | 5,577 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 5,679 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 11,256 |  |  | $ | 170 |
Other equity securities |  | 85,374 |  |  | 1,134 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,374 |  |  | 1,134 |
Total equity securities |  | $ | 90,951 |  |  | $ | 1,186 |  |  | $ | 5,679 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 96,630 |  |  | $ | 1,304 |
As of December 31, 2013, the Company does not intend to sell these fixed maturity securities and does not believe it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell these fixed maturity securities before the recovery of the fair value up to the current amortized cost of the investment, which may be maturity. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality, asset-liability management and liquidity guidelines. As of December 31, 2013, the Company has the ability and intent to hold the equity securities until the recovery of the fair value up to the current cost of the investment. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell equity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines. Unrealized losses on non-investment grade securities are principally related to high-yield corporate securities due to interest rate movements during 2013. Unrealized losses on non-investment grade securities related to asset and mortgage-backed securities decreased significantly during 2013 driven principally by commercial mortgage-backed securities. During the year ended 2013, commercial mortgage-backed securities benefited from improvement in delinquency rates and the Company sold several non-investment grade commercial mortgage-backed securities. Investment Income, Net of Related Expenses Major categories of investment income, net of related expenses consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 966,759 |  |  | $ | 868,682 |  |  | $ | 757,726 |
Mortgage loans on real estate |  | 121,476 |  |  | 96,901 |  |  | 55,931 |
Policy loans |  | 57,099 |  |  | 62,855 |  |  | 66,621 |
Funds withheld at interest |  | 545,550 |  |  | 393,586 |  |  | 388,694 |
Short-term investments |  | 2,236 |  |  | 4,173 |  |  | 2,378 |
Other invested assets |  | 58,771 |  |  | 49,199 |  |  | 39,939 |
Investment income |  | 1,751,891 |  |  | 1,475,396 |  |  | 1,311,289 |
Investment expense |  | (52,026 | ) |  | (39,190 | ) |  | (30,092 | )
Investment income, net of related expenses |  | $ | 1,699,865 |  |  | $ | 1,436,206 |  |  | $ | 1,281,197 |
Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net Investment related gains (losses), net, consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Fixed maturity and equity securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities |  | $ | (12,654 | ) |  | $ | (15,908 | ) |  | $ | (30,873 | )
Portion of loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (before taxes) |  | (247 | ) |  | (7,618 | ) |  | 3,924 |
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturity securities recognized in earnings |  | (12,901 | ) |  | (23,526 | ) |  | (26,949 | )
Impairment losses on equity securities |  | — |  |  | (3,025 | ) |  | (4,116 | )
Gain on investment activity |  | 82,744 |  |  | 145,268 |  |  | 132,045 |
Loss on investment activity |  | (60,575 | ) |  | (27,474 | ) |  | (26,996 | )
Other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision |  | (6,933 | ) |  | (16,602 | ) |  | (10,238 | )
Derivatives and other, net |  | 61,655 |  |  | 179,495 |  |  | (99,802 | )
Total investment related gains (losses), net |  | $ | 63,990 |  |  | $ | 254,136 |  |  | $ | (36,056 | )
The other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturity securities and the increase on the losses on investment activity during 2013 were primarily due to the decision to sell certain subordinated commercial mortgage-backed securities. The other-than-temporary impairments in 2012 and 2011 were primarily due to a decline in value of structured securities with exposure to commercial mortgages and general credit deterioration in select corporate and foreign securities. Investment gains decreased during 2013 as the Company repositioned certain assets received from a large fixed annuity reinsurance transaction during 2012 while interest rates were at historic lows causing for elevated realized gains during 2012. The volatility in derivatives and other is primarily due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivative liabilities associated with modified coinsurance and funds withheld treaties and guaranteed minimum benefit riders. At December 31, 2013 and 2012 the Company held non-income producing securities with amortized costs of $38.5 million and $54.2 million, and estimated fair values of $47.6 million and $58.5 million, respectively. Generally, securities are non-income producing when principal or interest is not paid primarily as a result of bankruptcies or credit defaults, but also include securities where amortization has been discontinued. During 2013, 2012 and 2011 the Company sold fixed maturity and equity securities with fair values of $1,104.0 million, $828.0 million, and $476.6 million, which were below amortized cost, at gross realized losses of $60.6 million, $27.5 million and $27.0 million, respectively. The Company generally does not engage in short-term buying and selling of securities. Securities Borrowing and Other The Company participates in a securities borrowing program whereby securities, which are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are borrowed from a third party. The Company is required to maintain a minimum of 100% of the fair value of the borrowed securities as collateral. The Company had borrowed securities with an amortized cost of $93.0 million and $87.5 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, which was equal to the fair value in both periods. The borrowed securities are used to provide collateral under an affiliated reinsurance transaction. The Company also participates in a repurchase/reverse repurchase program in which securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, are pledged to a third party. In return, the Company receives securities from the third party with an estimated fair value equal to a minimum of 100% of the securities pledged. The securities received are not reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2013 the Company had pledged securities with an amortized cost of $300.3 million and an estimated fair value of $310.8 million, in return the Company received securities with an estimated fair value of $344.2 million. As of December 31, 2012 the Company had pledged securities with an amortized cost of $290.2 million and an estimated fair value of $305.9 million, in return the Company received securities with an estimated fair value of $342.0 million. Mortgage Loans on Real Estate Mortgage loans represented approximately 7.7% and 7.0% of the Company’s invested assets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The Company makes mortgage loans on income producing properties, such as apartments, retail and office buildings, light warehouses and light industrial facilities. Loan-to-value ratios at the time of loan approval are 75% or less. The distribution of mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowances, by property type is as follows as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands):
|  | 2013 |  | 2012
|  | Recorded Investment |  | Percentage of Total |  | Recorded Investment |  | Percentage of Total
Property type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Apartment |  | $ | 289,394 |  |  | 11.6 | % |  | $ | 229,266 |  |  | 9.9 | %
Retail |  | 748,731 |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | 669,958 |  |  | 29.0 |
Office building |  | 917,284 |  |  | 36.7 |  |  | 825,406 |  |  | 35.7 |
Industrial |  | 439,890 |  |  | 17.6 |  |  | 455,682 |  |  | 19.7 |
Other commercial |  | 101,487 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 131,855 |  |  | 5.7 |
Total |  | $ | 2,496,786 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 2,312,167 |  |  | 100.0 | %
As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company’s mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowances, were distributed throughout the United States as follows (dollars in thousands):
|  | 2013 |  | 2012
|  | Recorded Investment |  | Percentage of Total |  | Recorded Investment |  | Percentage of Total
Pacific |  | $ | 671,822 |  |  | 26.9 | % |  | $ | 593,589 |  |  | 25.7 | %
South Atlantic |  | 543,658 |  |  | 21.8 |  |  | 477,068 |  |  | 20.5 |
Mountain |  | 334,446 |  |  | 13.4 |  |  | 233,174 |  |  | 10.1 |
Middle Atlantic |  | 266,802 |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | 300,475 |  |  | 13.0 |
West North Central |  | 138,442 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 168,063 |  |  | 7.3 |
East North Central |  | 236,766 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 224,122 |  |  | 9.7 |
West South Central |  | 168,246 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 161,451 |  |  | 7.0 |
East South Central |  | 59,625 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 62,789 |  |  | 2.7 |
New England |  | 76,979 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 91,436 |  |  | 4.0 |
Total |  | $ | 2,496,786 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 2,312,167 |  |  | 100.0 | %
The maturities of the mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowances, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
|  | 2013 |  | 2012
Due within five years |  | $ | 987,109 |  |  | $ | 1,187,387 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 984,289 |  |  | 776,655 |
Due after ten years |  | 525,388 |  |  | 348,125 |
Total |  | $ | 2,496,786 |  |  | $ | 2,312,167 |
Information regarding the Company’s credit quality indicators, as determined by the Company's internal evaluation methodology for its recorded investment in mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowances, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Internal credit quality grade: |  | 2013 |  | 2012
High investment grade |  | $ | 1,437,244 |  |  | $ | 1,235,605 |
Investment grade |  | 827,993 |  |  | 834,494 |
Average |  | 155,914 |  |  | 132,607 |
Watch list |  | 49,404 |  |  | 76,463 |
In or near default |  | 26,231 |  |  | 32,998 |
Total |  | $ | 2,496,786 |  |  | $ | 2,312,167 |
The age analysis of the Company’s past due recorded investment in mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowances, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
|  | 2013 |  | 2012
31-60 days past due |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,504 |
61-90 days past due |  | — |  |  | — |
Greater than 90 days |  | — |  |  | 16,886 |
Total past due |  | — |  |  | 24,390 |
Current |  | 2,496,786 |  |  | 2,287,777 |
Total |  | $ | 2,496,786 |  |  | $ | 2,312,167 |
The following table presents the recorded investment in mortgage loans, by method of measuring impairment, and the related valuation allowances, at (dollars in thousands):
|  | December 31,
|  | 2013 |  | 2012
Mortgage loans: |  |  |  |
Individually measured for impairment |  | $ | 37,841 |  |  | $ | 39,956 |
Collectively measured for impairment |  | 2,458,945 |  |  | 2,272,211 |
Mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowances |  | 2,496,786 |  |  | 2,312,167 |
Valuation allowances: |  |  |  |
Individually measured for impairment |  | 3,211 |  |  | 6,980 |
Collectively measured for impairment |  | 6,895 |  |  | 4,600 |
Total valuation allowances |  | 10,106 |  |  | 11,580 |
Mortgage loans, net of valuation allowances |  | $ | 2,486,680 |  |  | $ | 2,300,587 |
Information regarding the Company’s loan valuation allowances for mortgage loans as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 11,580 |  |  | $ | 11,793 |  |  | $ | 6,239 |
Charge-offs |  | (3,431 | ) |  | (6,474 | ) |  | (3,947 | )
Provision |  | 1,957 |  |  | 6,261 |  |  | 9,501 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 10,106 |  |  | $ | 11,580 |  |  | $ | 11,793 |
Information regarding the portion of the Company’s mortgage loans that were impaired as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
|  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Related Allowance |  | Carrying Value
December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded |  | $ | 21,698 |  |  | $ | 21,100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,100 |
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded |  | 16,772 |  |  | 16,741 |  |  | 3,211 |  |  | 13,530 |
Total impaired mortgage loans |  | $ | 38,470 |  |  | $ | 37,841 |  |  | $ | 3,211 |  |  | $ | 34,630 |
December 31, 2012: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded |  | $ | 13,039 |  |  | $ | 12,496 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,496 |
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded |  | 27,527 |  |  | 27,460 |  |  | 6,980 |  |  | 20,480 |
Total impaired mortgage loans |  | $ | 40,566 |  |  | $ | 39,956 |  |  | $ | 6,980 |  |  | $ | 32,976 |
The Company’s average investment balance of impaired mortgage loans and the related interest income are reflected in the table below for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (dollars in thousands):
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
|  | Average Investment(1) |  | Interest Income |  | Average Investment(1) |  | Interest Income |  | Average Investment(1) |  | Interest Income
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded |  | $ | 15,023 |  |  | $ | 852 |  |  | $ | 15,549 |  |  | $ | 1,244 |  |  | $ | 14,877 |  |  | $ | 630 |
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded |  | 22,818 |  |  | 951 |  |  | 34,434 |  |  | 425 |  |  | 27,712 |  |  | 418 |
Total |  | $ | 37,841 |  |  | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 49,983 |  |  | $ | 1,669 |  |  | $ | 42,589 |  |  | $ | 1,048 |
(1) | Average recorded investment represents the average loan balances as of the beginning of period and all subsequent quarterly end of period balances.
The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. The Company had no mortgage loans that were on a nonaccrual status at December 31, 2013, and $16.9 million of mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowances, that were on a nonaccrual status at December 31, 2012. Policy Loans Policy loans comprised approximately 3.8% and 3.9% of the Company’s invested assets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, substantially all of which are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. As policy loans represent premature distributions of policy liabilities, they have the effect of reducing future disintermediation risk. In addition, the Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities. Funds Withheld at Interest Funds withheld at interest comprised approximately 17.8% and 17.0% of the Company’s invested assets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Of the $5.8 billion funds withheld at interest balance, net of embedded derivatives, as of December 31, 2013, $4.1 billion of the balance is associated with one client. For reinsurance agreements written on a modified coinsurance basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances with amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company. Interest accrues to these assets at rates defined by the treaty terms and the Company estimates the yield was approximately 9.68%, 6.97% and 6.87% for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Changes in these estimated yields are affected by equity options held in the funds withheld portfolio associated with equity-indexed annuity treaties. The Company is subject to the investment performance on the withheld assets, although it does not directly control them. These assets are primarily fixed maturity investment securities and pose risks similar to the fixed maturity securities the Company owns. To mitigate this risk, the Company helps set the investment guidelines followed by the ceding company and monitors compliance. Other Invested Assets Other invested assets include equity securities, limited partnership interests, real estate joint ventures, structured loans, derivative contracts, FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments, Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines ("FHLB") common stock (included in other), and real estate held-for-investment (included in other). The fair value option was elected for contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities which do not qualify for presentation and reporting as separate accounts. Other invested assets represented approximately 4.1% and 3.5% of the Company’s invested assets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Carrying values of these assets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
|  | December 31,
|  | 2013 |  | 2012
Equity securities |  | $ | 405,731 |  |  | $ | 222,700 |
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures |  | 411,456 |  |  | 356,419 |
Structured loans |  | 223,549 |  |  | 306,497 |
Derivatives |  | 75,227 |  |  | 168,208 |
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments |  | 138,892 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 70,105 |  |  | 105,719 |
Total other invested assets |  | $ | 1,324,960 |  |  | $ | 1,159,543 |
Cash and Investments Transferred to the Company During the second quarter of 2012, the Company added a large fixed deferred annuity reinsurance transaction in its U.S. and Latin America Asset-Intensive segment. This transaction increased the Company’s invested asset base by approximately $5.4 billion which was reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2012 as an investment receivable. In satisfaction of this investment receivable, the Company received the following on July 31, 2012 and August 3, 2012 (dollars in thousands):
|  | Amortized Cost/ Recorded Investment |  | Estimated Fair Value at Date of Transfer
Fixed maturity securities – available for sale: |  |  |  |
Corporate securities |  | $ | 2,585,095 |  |  | $ | 2,606,816 |
Asset-backed securities |  | 137,251 |  |  | 138,918 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 703,313 |  |  | 704,065 |
U.S. Government and agencies securities |  | 240,952 |  |  | 256,168 |
State and political subdivision securities |  | 27,297 |  |  | 27,555 |
Other foreign government, supranational, and foreign government-sponsored enterprises |  | 56,776 |  |  | 55,437 |
Total fixed maturity securities – available for sale |  | 3,750,684 |  |  | 3,788,959 |
Mortgage loans on real estate |  | 1,009,454 |  |  | 1,021,661 |
Short-term investments |  | 101,428 |  |  | 101,338 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 501,593 |  |  | 501,593 |
Accrued interest |  | 43,739 |  |  | 43,739 |
Total |  | $ | 5,406,898 |  |  | $ | 5,457,290 |
The securities transferred to the Company related to the transaction are considered a non-cash transaction in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

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