The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), Japanese government and agencies (“Japanese government”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”). ABS, CMBS, and RMBS are collectively “structured securities.”


September 30, 2024:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	53,327	$	104	$	1,058	$	3,194	$	51,087	65.4	%
Canadian government	4,517		—		494		41		4,970		6.4
Japanese government	6,103		—		3		836		5,270		6.7
ABS	5,521		15		44		177		5,373		6.9
CMBS	2,327		1		27		115		2,238		2.9
RMBS	1,374		—		20		76		1,318		1.7
U.S. government	1,897		—		18		212		1,703		2.1
State and political subdivisions	895		—		7		81		821		1.1
Other foreign government	5,645		—		84		360		5,369		6.8
Total fixed maturity securities	$	81,606	$	120	$	1,755	$	5,092	$	78,149	100.0	%


December 31, 2023:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	42,014	$	62	$	554	$	3,751	$	38,755	64.1	%
Canadian government	3,477		—		473		33		3,917		6.5
Japanese government	3,630		—		3		502		3,131		5.2
ABS	4,661		12		19		239		4,429		7.3
CMBS	1,969		1		7		202		1,773		2.9
RMBS	1,173		—		8		102		1,079		1.8
U.S. government	2,725		—		9		214		2,520		4.2
State and political subdivisions	1,236		—		7		129		1,114		1.8
Other foreign government	4,092		—		45		388		3,749		6.2
Total fixed maturity securities	$	64,977	$	75	$	1,125	$	5,560	$	60,467	100.0	%

The Company monitors its concentrations of financial instruments on an ongoing basis and mitigates credit risk by maintaining a diversified investment portfolio that limits exposure to any one issuer. The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit risk from single issuers, including certain agencies, greater than 10% of the Company’s equity are disclosed below, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:
Japanese government	$	6,103	$	5,270	$	3,630	$	3,131
U.S. government	1,897		1,703		2,725		2,520
Canadian province of Quebec	1,591		1,843		1,467		1,748
Canadian province of Ontario	1,180		1,291		1,019		1,125

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of September 30, 2024, are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in millions). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Structured securities are shown separately in the table below, as they are not due at a single maturity date.


	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less	$	1,699	$	1,701
Due after one year through five years	11,881		11,829
Due after five years through ten years	13,649		13,480
Due after ten years	45,155		42,210
Structured securities	9,222		8,929
Total	$	81,606	$	78,149


September 30, 2024:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	17,482	$	16,641	32.6	%
Industrial	27,697		26,682		52.2
Utility	8,148		7,764		15.2

Total	$	53,327	$	51,087	100.0	%

December 31, 2023:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	15,052	$	13,789	35.6	%
Industrial	21,413		19,935		51.4
Utility	5,549		5,031		13.0
Total	$	42,014	$	38,755	100.0	%

As discussed in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report, allowances for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are recognized in investment related gains (losses), net. The Company estimates the amount of the credit loss component of a fixed maturity security impairment as the difference between amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows of the security. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in OCI.


	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2024:
Balance, beginning of period	$	95	$	15	$	1	$	111
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	10		—		—		10

Reductions for securities sold during the period	—		—		—		—

Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	(1)		—		—		(1)

Write-offs charged against the allowance	—		—		—		—
Balance, end of period	$	104	$	15	$	1	$	120
For the three months ended September 30, 2023:
Balance, beginning of period	$	62	$	12	$	1	$	75




Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	(1)		—		—		(1)
Write-offs charged against the allowance	(6)		—		—		(6)

Balance, end of period	$	55	$	12	$	1	$	68


	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Total
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024:
Balance, beginning of period	$	62	$	12	$	1	$	75
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	42		—		—		42
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(9)		—		—		(9)

Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	8		3		—		11
Write-offs charged against the allowance	1		—		—		1
Balance, end of period	$	104	$	15	$	1	$	120
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023:
Balance, beginning of period	$	27	$	10	$	—	$	37
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	44		—		1		45
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(10)		—		—		(10)

Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	—		2		—		2
Write-offs charged against the allowance	(6)		—		—		(6)
Balance, end of period	$	55	$	12	$	1	$	68

The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value necessitates the recording of an allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment.

The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses for the 5,308 and 5,788 fixed maturity securities for which both the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost and an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has continuously remained below amortized cost.


	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
September 30, 2024:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	3,871	$	71	$	21,471	$	3,036	$	25,342	$	3,107
Canadian government	159		6		432		35		591		41
Japanese government	2,408		159		2,489		677		4,897		836
ABS	1,054		22		2,039		148		3,093		170
CMBS	188		12		1,156		96		1,344		108
RMBS	—		—		636		76		636		76
U.S. government	264		2		711		210		975		212
State and political subdivisions	—		—		532		81		532		81
Other foreign government	770		10		2,009		302		2,779		312
Total investment grade securities	8,714		282		31,475		4,661		40,189		4,943
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	392		14		413		62		805		76

ABS	13		2		44		5		57		7
CMBS	—		—		—		—		—		—
Other foreign government	—		—		190		48		190		48
Total below investment grade securities	405		16		647		115		1,052		131
Total fixed maturity securities	$	9,119	$	298	$	32,122	$	4,776	$	41,241	$	5,074


	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
December 31, 2023:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	2,134	$	70	$	24,207	$	3,524	$	26,341	$	3,594
Canadian government	—		—		459		33		459		33
Japanese government	876		50		2,193		452		3,069		502
ABS	336		5		3,025		223		3,361		228
CMBS	160		5		1,328		190		1,488		195
RMBS	115		3		681		99		796		102
U.S. government	614		10		717		204		1,331		214
State and political subdivisions	73		1		864		128		937		129
Other foreign government	254		3		2,290		333		2,544		336
Total investment grade securities	4,562		147		35,764		5,186		40,326		5,333
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	295		36		649		121		944		157


ABS	—		—		68		10		68		10
CMBS	—		—		4		1		4		1


Other foreign government	—		—		193		52		193		52
Total below investment grade securities	295		36		914		184		1,209		220
Total fixed maturity securities	$	4,857	$	183	$	36,678	$	5,370	$	41,535	$	5,553

The Company did not intend to sell, and more likely than not would not be required to sell, the securities outlined in the tables above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines. Changes in unrealized losses are primarily driven by changes in risk-free interest rates and credit spreads.


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	933	$	707	$	2,574	$	2,035
Equity securities	2		2		5		5
Mortgage loans	103		84		290		238
Policy loans	14		13		42		39
Funds withheld at interest	88		88		253		240
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	46		41		74		114
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents	48		28		126		71

Other invested assets	(6)		2		(5)		14
Investment income	1,228		965		3,359		2,756
Investment expense	(40)		(43)		(128)		(121)
Net investment income	$	1,188	$	922	$	3,231	$	2,635


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Change in allowance for credit losses	$	(9)	$	7	$	(45)	$	(31)
Impairments on fixed maturity securities	—		—		(1)		(1)
Realized gains on investment activity	72		12		172		54
Realized losses on investment activity	(113)		(61)		(477)		(173)
Net gains (losses) on equity securities	6		(2)		5		(4)
Change in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses	(12)		(17)		(20)		(23)
Limited partnerships and real estate joint venture impairment losses	—		—		(8)		—
Change in fair value of certain limited partnership investments	17		25		18		32
Net gains (losses) on freestanding derivatives	87		(98)		(131)		(222)
Net gains (losses) on embedded derivatives	(112)		1		(9)		18
Other, net	(14)		7		(2)		24
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$	(78)	$	(126)	$	(498)	$	(326)

The Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of invested assets as collateral. Pledged invested assets are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Invested assets received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged.

The following table includes invested assets on deposit, invested assets pledged and received as collateral, assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements and FHLB common stock restricted as to sale as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Invested assets on deposit (regulatory deposits)	$	12	$	10	$	12	$	9
Invested assets pledged as collateral	891		814		572		517
Invested assets received as collateral	n/a		2,419		n/a		1,827
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements	47,251		45,545		32,758		30,359
FHLB common stock restricted as to sale	72		72		63		63


	September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Securities Loaned, Pledged, or Sold (1)		Securities Borrowed or Collateral Received from Counterparties (2)		Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (3)		Securities Loaned, Pledged, or Sold (1)		Securities Borrowed or Collateral Received from Counterparties (2)		Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (3)
Securities lending transactions	$	782	$	1,042	$	—	$	732	$	1,013	$	—
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions	1,923		930		1,044		1,333		517		820

(1)Securities loaned or pledged through securities lending transactions or sold to counterparties through repurchase transactions are included within fixed maturity securities. Collateral associated with certain securities lending transactions is not included within this table as the collateral pledged to the counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows. Certain securities lending transactions do not require collateral.


	September 30, 2024										December 31, 2023
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements										Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total		Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	77	$	142	$	199	$	418	$	—	$	—	$	94	$	41	$	135

Japanese government	—		—		—		251		251		—		88		—		480		568
ABS	—		—		12		3		15		—		—		—		—		—
CMBS	—		—		48		—		48		—		—		—		—		—
RMBS	—		—		14		—		14		—		—		—		—		—
U.S. government	—		—		—		9		9		—		—		—		—		—
State and political subdivisions	—		—		—		6		6		—		—		—		11		11
Other foreign government	—		—		11		10		21		—		—		13		5		18
Total	—		77		227		478		782		—		88		107		537		732
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		—		—		554		554		—		—		—		553		553

Japanese government	—		—		—		393		393		—		—		—		158		158
ABS	—		—		—		299		299		—		—		—		229		229
CMBS	—		—		—		254		254		—		—		—		221		221
RMBS	—		—		—		52		52		—		—		—		52		52
U.S. government	—		—		—		268		268		—		—		—		14		14

Other foreign government	—		—		—		103		103		—		—		—		106		106
Total	—		—		—		1,923		1,923		—		—		—		1,333		1,333
Total transactions	$	—	$	77	$	227	$	2,401	$	2,705	$	—	$	88	$	107	$	1,870	$	2,065

As of September 30, 2024, mortgage loans were geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. with the largest concentrations in California (12.4%), Texas (9.7%) and Washington (6.3%), in addition to loans secured by properties in Canada (7.6%) and the United Kingdom (2.6%). The recorded investment in mortgage loans presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and allowance for credit losses.


	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
Property type:	Carrying Value		% of Total		Carrying Value		% of Total
Office	$	1,709	20.1	%	$	1,700	22.8	%
Retail	2,748		32.4		2,437		32.7
Industrial	2,503		29.4		1,947		26.1
Apartment	1,076		12.7		913		12.2
Hotel	417		4.9		413		5.5
Other commercial	40		0.5		49		0.7
Recorded investment	8,493		100.0	%	7,459		100.0	%
Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses	(18)				(15)
Allowance for credit losses	(87)				(67)
Total mortgage loans	$	8,388			$	7,377


	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
Due within five years	$	3,944	46.4	%	$	3,228	43.3	%
Due after five years through ten years	3,643		42.9		3,334		44.7
Due after ten years	906		10.7		897		12.0
Total	$	8,493	100.0	%	$	7,459	100.0	%


	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
September 30, 2024:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	4,327	$	202	$	83	$	13	$	4,625	54.5	%
60% – 69.99%	2,148		237		63		45		2,493		29.4
70% – 79.99%	737		102		36		—		875		10.2
80% or greater	339		55		106		—		500		5.9
Total	$	7,551	$	596	$	288	$	58	$	8,493	100.0	%


	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
December 31, 2023:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	3,672	$	272	$	27	$	46	$	4,017	53.9	%
60% – 69.99%	1,947		154		44		—		2,145		28.8
70% – 79.99%	843		52		34		—		929		12.4
80% or greater	198		70		100		—		368		4.9
Total	$	6,660	$	548	$	205	$	46	$	7,459	100.0	%


	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Total
September 30, 2024:
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	352	$	473	$	641	$	613	$	268	$	2,054	$	4,401
Investment grade	730		752		728		442		239		803		3,694
Average	—		12		—		—		18		233		263
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		112		112
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		23		23
Total	$	1,082	$	1,237	$	1,369	$	1,055	$	525	$	3,225	$	8,493


	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
December 31, 2023:
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	475	$	635	$	573	$	304	$	491	$	1,734	$	4,212
Investment grade	754		668		384		245		313		564		2,928
Average	12		—		—		18		63		203		296
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		16		16
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		7		7
Total	$	1,241	$	1,303	$	957	$	567	$	867	$	2,524	$	7,459

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company modified eight mortgage loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty providing interest only payments and maturity extensions. The total recorded investment before allowance for credit losses for the modified loans was $90 million as of September 30, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company modified six mortgage loans providing interest only payments and maturity extensions. The total recorded investment before allowance for credit losses for modified loans was $68 million as of September 30, 2023.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company converted three mortgage loans totaling $23 million to owned properties through deed in lieu of foreclosure. Additionally, the Company reclassified one property in the amount of $21 million, that was previously held for sale, to held for use. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company converted two mortgage loans in the total amount of $36 million to owned properties as a result of foreclosures.

The Company had one mortgage loan in the amount of $23 million and two mortgage loans in the amount of $41 million that were on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The majority of policy loans are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk as the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

As of September 30, 2024, $3.1 billion of the funds withheld at interest balance is primarily associated with two clients. For reinsurance agreements written on a modco basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company.


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Limited partnerships – equity method	$	1,029	$	925
Limited partnerships – fair value	920		856
Limited partnerships – cost method	55		71
Real estate joint ventures	968		783
Total limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	$	2,972	$	2,635

Other invested assets include lifetime mortgages, derivative contracts and FHLB common stock. Other invested assets also includes real estate held for investment, which is included in “Other” in the table below. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses for lifetime mortgages was not material. The carrying values of other invested assets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in millions):