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INCOME TAXES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
INCOME TAXES | INCOME TAXES The domestic and foreign components of income before provision for income taxes were as follows (in thousands):
| For the years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Domestic | $ | 406,206 |  |  | $ | 223,438 |  |  | $ | 168,117 |
Foreign | 131,792 |  |  | 46,277 |  |  | 6,433 |
Total | $ | 537,998 |  |  | $ | 269,715 |  |  | $ | 174,550 |
The provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands, except percentages):
| For the years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 52,237 |  |  | $ | 42,480 |  |  | $ | 33,327 |
State | 26,980 |  |  | 18,126 |  |  | 14,575 |
Foreign | 29,488 |  |  | 4,380 |  |  | 1,559 |
| 108,705 |  |  | 64,986 |  |  | 49,461 |
Deferred |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 32,199 |  |  | 2,275 |  |  | (965) |
State | (2,432) |  |  | (4,777) |  |  | (2,506) |
Foreign | (12,218) |  |  | 3,984 |  |  | (6,277) |
| 17,549 |  |  | 1,482 |  |  | (9,748) |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 126,254 |  |  | $ | 66,468 |  |  | $ | 39,713 |
Effective tax rate | 23.5% |  | 24.6% |  | 22.8%
The Company's effective income tax rate varied from the amount computed using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% as follows (in thousands):
| For the years ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Tax expense at U.S. statutory rate | $ | 112,980 |  |  | $ | 56,640 |  |  | $ | 36,655 |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 19,831 |  |  | 12,101 |  |  | 9,837 |
Foreign rate differential | 6,196 |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | 1,256 |
Valuation allowance | (18,769) |  |  | (9,139) |  |  | (11,339) |
Uncertain tax position interest and penalties | (2,454) |  |  | 263 |  |  | (712) |
Tax credits expired | 2,768 |  |  | 2,530 |  |  | 2,039 |
Non-deductible compensation | 2,754 |  |  | 2,326 |  |  | 1,406 |
Other | 2,948 |  |  | (175) |  |  | 571 |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 126,254 |  |  | $ | 66,468 |  |  | $ | 39,713 |
The valuation allowance benefits recognized in 2022 were the result of cumulative profitable earnings at certain Canadian entities with historic operating losses. The 2022 earnings were sufficient to utilize substantially all of the net operating losses, and as of December 31, 2022, the Company released any remaining valuation allowances associated with these entities, which were nominal. The valuation allowance benefits recognized in 2021 and 2020 were predominately related to taxable earnings in certain Canadian entities that benefited from amounts received under the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidiary. In addition, foreign tax credits that expired in the periods presented had full valuation allowances which were also written off, contributing to the valuation allowance benefits in the table above. The foreign tax credit expirations and associated valuation allowance write-offs had no net impact to the provision for income taxes in any year. The components of the total net deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):
| 2022 |  | 2021
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Provision for doubtful accounts | $ | 11,544 |  |  | $ | 10,188 |
Closure, post-closure and remedial liabilities | 31,837 |  |  | 28,206 |
Operating lease liabilities | 42,255 |  |  | 42,218 |
Accrued expenses | 19,311 |  |  | 20,455 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 20,171 |  |  | 24,504 |
Net operating loss carryforwards(1) | 41,585 |  |  | 68,381 |
Tax credit carryforwards(2) | 8,903 |  |  | 12,368 |
Interest rate swap liability | — |  |  | 5,215 |
Stock-based compensation | 3,988 |  |  | 2,705 |
Other | 7,487 |  |  | 5,635 |
Total deferred tax assets | 187,081 |  |  | 219,875 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment | (281,131) |  |  | (273,883) |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | (41,939) |  |  | (41,260) |
Interest rate swap asset | (17,587) |  |  | — |
Permits and other intangible assets | (132,681) |  |  | (138,241) |
Prepaid expenses | (12,088) |  |  | (10,212) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (485,426) |  |  | (463,596) |
Total net deferred tax liability before valuation allowance | (298,345) |  |  | (243,721) |
Less valuation allowance | (42,509) |  |  | (69,806) |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (340,854) |  |  | $ | (313,527) |
___________________________________ (1)As of December 31, 2022, the net operating loss carryforwards included (i) state net operating loss carryforwards of $231.4 million which will begin to expire in 2023, (ii) federal net operating loss carryforwards of $34.8 million which will begin to expire in 2024 and (iii) foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $85.6 million which will begin to expire in 2023. (2)As of December 31, 2022, the foreign tax credit carryforwards of $7.7 million will expire between 2023 and 2024. The Company previously recognized the U.S. federal income taxes related to the operations in Canada and has not accrued for any remaining undistributed foreign earnings. These amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested. The amount of tax associated with those unrepatriated earnings is not expected to be material. A valuation allowance is required to be established when, based on an evaluation of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The components of the total valuation allowance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in thousands):
| 2022 |  | 2021
Allowance related to: |  |  |
Foreign tax credits | 7,666 |  |  | 11,047 |
Federal net operating losses | 3,783 |  |  | 3,788 |
State net operating loss carryforwards | 9,928 |  |  | 12,053 |
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards | 15,488 |  |  | 26,697 |
Deferred tax assets of a Canadian subsidiary | 5,339 |  |  | 10,701 |
Realized and unrealized capital losses | 305 |  |  | 5,520 |
Total valuation allowance | $ | 42,509 |  |  | $ | 69,806 |
The Company files U.S. federal income tax returns as well as income tax returns in various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company may be subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service for calendar years 2017 through 2021. The Company may be subject to examination by Canadian federal and provincial authorities for calendar years 2015 through 2021 and by state and local revenue authorities for calendar years 2016 through 2021. The Company has ongoing U.S., state and local jurisdictional audits, as well as Canadian federal and provincial audits, all of which the Company believes will not result in material liabilities. The Company has not identified any material uncertain positions in the periods presented.

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