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Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves and Future Policy Benefit Reserves | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Liability for Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Abstract] |
Claim, Claim Adjustment Expense and Future Policy Benefit Reserves | Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves and Future Policy Benefit Reserves Property and casualty insurance claim and claim adjustment expense reserves represent the estimated amounts necessary to resolve all outstanding claims, including IBNR claims as of the reporting date. The Company's reserve projections are based primarily on detailed analysis of the facts in each case, the Company's experience with similar cases and various historical development patterns. Consideration is given to historical patterns such as claim reserving trends and settlement practices, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions and economic conditions, including inflation, social inflation and public attitudes. All of these factors can affect the estimation of claim and claim adjustment expense reserves. Establishing claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, including claim and claim adjustment expense reserves for catastrophic events that have occurred, is an estimation process. Many factors can ultimately affect the final settlement of a claim and, therefore, the necessary reserve. Changes in the law, results of litigation, medical costs, the cost of repair materials and labor rates can affect ultimate claim costs. In addition, time can be a critical part of reserving determinations since the longer the span between the incidence of a loss and the payment or settlement of the claim, the more variable the ultimate settlement amount can be. Accordingly, short-tail claims, such as property damage claims, tend to be more reasonably estimable than long-tail claims, such as long term care, workers' compensation, general liability and professional liability claims. Adjustments to prior year reserve estimates, if necessary, are reflected in the results of operations in the period that the need for such adjustments is determined. There can be no assurance that the Company's ultimate cost for insurance losses will not exceed current estimates. Liability for Unpaid Claim and Claim Adjustment Expenses The table below reconciles the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses to the amount presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
As of December 31 |
(In millions) | 2022
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses: |
Specialty | $ | 5,563 |
Commercial | 8,430 |
International | 2,003 |
Life & Group (1) | 3,573 |
Corporate & Other | 339 |
Total net claim and claim adjustment expenses | 19,908 |
Reinsurance receivables: (2) |
Specialty | 1,315 |
Commercial | 965 |
International | 400 |
Life & Group | 101 |
Corporate & Other (3) | 2,410 |
Total reinsurance receivables | 5,191 |
Total gross liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 25,099 |
(1) The Life & Group segment amounts are primarily related to long term care claim reserves for policyholders on claim, but also include amounts related to unfunded structured settlements arising from short-duration contracts. Long term care policies are long-duration contracts. (2) Reinsurance receivables presented are gross of the allowance for uncollectible reinsurance and do not include reinsurance receivables related to paid losses. (3) The Corporate & Other Reinsurance receivables are primarily related to A&EP claims covered under the Loss Portfolio Transfer (LPT). The following table presents a reconciliation between beginning and ending claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, including claim and claim adjustment expense reserves of the Life & Group segment.
As of or for the years ended December 31 |  |  |  |  |
(In millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Reserves, beginning of year: |  |  |  |  |
Gross | $ | 24,174 |  |  | $ | 22,706 |  |  | $ | 21,720 |
Ceded | 4,969 |  |  | 4,005 |  |  | 3,835 |
Net reserves, beginning of year | 19,205 |  |  | 18,701 |  |  | 17,885 |
Reduction of net reserves due to Excess Workers' Compensation Loss Portfolio Transfer | — |  |  | (632) |  |  | — |
Net incurred claim and claim adjustment expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Provision for insured events of current year | 6,243 |  |  | 5,970 |  |  | 5,793 |
Increase (decrease) in provision for insured events of prior years | (187) |  |  | (104) |  |  | (119) |
Amortization of discount | 170 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 183 |
Total net incurred (1) | 6,226 |  |  | 6,040 |  |  | 5,857 |
Net payments attributable to: |  |  |  |  |
Current year events | (913) |  |  | (1,014) |  |  | (948) |
Prior year events | (4,348) |  |  | (3,830) |  |  | (4,216) |
Total net payments | (5,261) |  |  | (4,844) |  |  | (5,164) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment and other | (262) |  |  | (60) |  |  | 123 |
Net reserves, end of year | 19,908 |  |  | 19,205 |  |  | 18,701 |
Ceded reserves, end of year | 5,191 |  |  | 4,969 |  |  | 4,005 |
Gross reserves, end of year | $ | 25,099 |  |  | $ | 24,174 |  |  | $ | 22,706 |
(1) Total net incurred above does not agree to Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits as reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Operations due to amounts related to retroactive reinsurance deferred gain accounting, the loss on the Excess Workers' Compensation LPT, uncollectible reinsurance and benefit expenses related to future policy benefits, which are not reflected in the table above. Reserving Methodology In developing claim and claim adjustment expense (loss or losses) reserve estimates, the Company's actuaries perform detailed reserve analyses that are staggered throughout the year. The data is organized at a reserve group level. Every reserve group is reviewed at least once during the year, but most are reviewed more frequently. The analyses generally review losses gross of ceded reinsurance and apply the ceded reinsurance terms to the gross estimates to establish estimates net of reinsurance. Factors considered include, but are not limited to, the historical pattern and volatility of the actuarial indications, the sensitivity of the actuarial indications to changes in paid and incurred loss patterns, the consistency of claims handling processes, the consistency of case reserving practices, changes in the Company's pricing and underwriting, pricing and underwriting trends in the insurance market and legal, judicial, social and economic trends. In addition to the detailed analyses, the Company reviews actual loss emergence for all products each quarter. In developing the loss reserve estimates for property and casualty contracts, the Company generally projects ultimate losses using several common actuarial methods as listed below. The Company reviews the various indications from the various methods and applies judgment to select an actuarial point estimate. The carried reserve may differ from the actuarial point estimate as a result of the Company's consideration of the factors noted above as well as the potential volatility of the projections associated with the specific product being analyzed and other factors affecting claims costs that may not be quantifiable through traditional actuarial analysis. The indicated required reserve is the difference between the selected ultimate loss and the inception-to-date paid losses. The difference between the selected ultimate loss and the case incurred or reported loss is IBNR. IBNR includes a provision for development on known cases as well as a provision for late reported incurred claims. The most frequently utilized methods to project ultimate losses include the following: •Paid development: The paid development method estimates ultimate losses by reviewing paid loss patterns and applying them to accident years with further expected changes in paid loss. •Incurred development: The incurred development method is similar to the paid development method, but it uses case incurred losses instead of paid losses. •Loss ratio: The loss ratio method multiplies premiums by an expected loss ratio to produce ultimate loss estimates for each accident year. •Bornhuetter-Ferguson paid loss: The Bornhuetter-Ferguson paid loss method is a combination of the paid development approach and the loss ratio approach. This method normally determines expected loss ratios similar to the approach used to estimate the expected loss ratio for the loss ratio method. •Bornhuetter-Ferguson incurred loss: The Bornhuetter-Ferguson incurred loss method is similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson using premiums and paid loss method except that it uses case incurred losses. •Frequency times severity: The frequency times severity method multiplies a projected number of ultimate claims by an estimated ultimate average loss for each accident year to produce ultimate loss estimates. •Stochastic modeling: The stochastic modeling produces a range of possible outcomes based on varying assumptions related to the particular product being modeled. For many exposures, especially those that can be considered long-tail, a particular accident or policy year may not have a sufficient volume of paid losses to produce a statistically reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In such a case, the Company's actuaries typically assign more weight to the incurred development method than to the paid development method. As claims continue to settle and the volume of paid loss increases, the actuaries may assign additional weight to the paid development method. For most of the Company's products, even the incurred losses for accident or policy years that are early in the claim settlement process will not be of sufficient volume to produce a reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In these cases, the Company may not assign much, if any weight to the paid and incurred development methods. The Company may use the loss ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and/or frequency times severity methods. For short-tail exposures, the paid and incurred development methods can often be relied on sooner, primarily because the Company's history includes a sufficient number of years to cover the entire period over which paid and incurred losses are expected to change. However, the Company may also use the loss ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson and/or frequency times severity methods for short-tail exposures. For other more complex reserve groups where the above methods may not produce reliable indications, the Company uses additional methods tailored to the characteristics of the specific situation. The Company's reserving methodologies for mass tort and A&EP are similar as both are based on detailed reviews of large accounts with estimates of ultimate payments based on the facts in each case and the Company's view of applicable law and coverage litigation. Gross and Net Carried Reserves The following tables present the gross and net carried reserves.
December 31, 2022 | Specialty |  | Commercial |  | International |  | Life & Group |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total
(In millions) |  |  |  |  |
Gross Case Reserves | $ | 1,529 |  |  | $ | 3,156 |  |  | $ | 817 |  |  | $ | 3,457 |  |  | $ | 1,428 |  |  | $ | 10,387 |
Gross IBNR Reserves | 5,349 |  |  | 6,239 |  |  | 1,586 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 1,321 |  |  | 14,712 |
Total Gross Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves | $ | 6,878 |  |  | $ | 9,395 |  |  | $ | 2,403 |  |  | $ | 3,674 |  |  | $ | 2,749 |  |  | $ | 25,099 |
Net Case Reserves | $ | 1,310 |  |  | $ | 2,809 |  |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 3,377 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 8,319 |
Net IBNR Reserves | 4,253 |  |  | 5,621 |  |  | 1,317 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 11,589 |
Total Net Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves | $ | 5,563 |  |  | $ | 8,430 |  |  | $ | 2,003 |  |  | $ | 3,573 |  |  | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 19,908 |
December 31, 2021 | Specialty |  | Commercial |  | International |  | Life & Group |  | Corporate & Other |  | Total
(In millions) |  |  |  |  |
Gross Case Reserves | $ | 1,578 |  |  | $ | 3,184 |  |  | $ | 859 |  |  | $ | 3,383 |  |  | $ | 1,551 |  |  | $ | 10,555 |
Gross IBNR Reserves | 4,855 |  |  | 5,706 |  |  | 1,421 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | 13,619 |
Total Gross Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves | $ | 6,433 |  |  | $ | 8,890 |  |  | $ | 2,280 |  |  | $ | 3,754 |  |  | $ | 2,817 |  |  | $ | 24,174 |
Net Case Reserves | $ | 1,338 |  |  | $ | 2,850 |  |  | $ | 744 |  |  | $ | 3,291 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 8,369 |
Net IBNR Reserves | 3,927 |  |  | 5,215 |  |  | 1,196 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 10,836 |
Total Net Carried Claim and Claim Adjustment Expense Reserves | $ | 5,265 |  |  | $ | 8,065 |  |  | $ | 1,940 |  |  | $ | 3,641 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 19,205 |
Net Prior Year Development Changes in estimates of claim and claim adjustment expense reserves, net of reinsurance, for prior years are defined as net prior year loss reserve development (development). These changes can be favorable or unfavorable. The following table presents development recorded for the Specialty, Commercial, International and Corporate & Other segments.
Years ended December 31 |  |  |  |  |
(In millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development: |  |  |  |  |
Specialty | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | (61) |
Commercial | (43) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (7) |
International | (13) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |
Corporate & Other | 64 |  |  | 60 |  | 50 |
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development | $ | (32) |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (20) |
Unfavorable development of $64 million was recorded within the Corporate & Other segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 largely associated with legacy mass tort abuse claims, including the Diocese of Rochester proposed settlement. Unfavorable development of $60 million and $50 million was recorded within the Corporate & Other segment for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 due to legacy mass tort exposures, primarily related to abuse. Segment Development Tables For the Specialty, Commercial and International segments, the following tables present further detail and commentary on the development reflected in the financial statements for each of the periods presented. Also presented are loss reserve development tables that illustrate the change over time of reserves established for claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses arising from short-duration insurance contracts for certain lines of business within each of these segments. Not all lines of business or segments are presented based on their context to the Company's overall loss reserves, calendar year reserve development, or calendar year net earned premiums. Insurance contracts are considered to be short-duration contracts when the contracts are not expected to remain in force for an extended period of time. The Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses tables, reading across, show the cumulative net incurred claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses relating to each accident year at the end of the stated calendar year. Changes in the cumulative amount across time are the result of the Company's expanded awareness of additional facts and circumstances that pertain to the unsettled claims. The Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses tables, reading across, show the cumulative amount paid for claims in each accident year as of the end of the stated calendar year. The Net Strengthening or (Releases) of Prior Accident Year Reserves tables, reading across, show the net increase or decrease in the cumulative net incurred accident year claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses during each stated calendar year and indicates whether the reserves for that accident year were strengthened or released. The information in the tables is reported on a net basis after reinsurance and does not include the effects of discounting. The information contained in calendar years 2021 and prior is unaudited. Information contained in the tables pertaining to the Company's International segment has been presented at the year-end 2022 foreign currency exchange rates for all periods presented to remove the effects of foreign currency exchange rate changes between calendar years. The Company has presented development information for the Hardy business prospectively from the date of acquisition and is presented as a separate table within the Company's International segment. To the extent the Company enters into a commutation, the transaction is reported on a prospective basis. To the extent that the Company enters into a disposition, the effects of the disposition are reported on a retrospective basis by removing the balances associated with the disposed of business. The amounts reported for the cumulative number of reported claims include direct and assumed open and closed claims by accident year at the claimant level. The number excludes claim counts for claims within a policy deductible where the insured is responsible for payment of losses in the deductible layer. Claim count data for certain assumed reinsurance contracts is unavailable. IBNR includes reserves for incurred but not reported losses and expected development on case reserves. The Company does not establish case reserves for allocated loss adjusted expenses (ALAE), therefore ALAE reserves are also included in the estimate of IBNR. Specialty The following table presents further detail of the development recorded for the Specialty segment.
Years ended December 31 |  |  |  |  |
(In millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development: |  |  |  |  |
Medical Professional Liability | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Other Professional Liability and Management Liability | 50 |  |  | 24 |  |  | (15) |
Surety | (83) |  |  | (73) |  |  | (69) |
Warranty | (21) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (7) |
Other | (4) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | (61) |
2022 Unfavorable development in medical professional liability was due to higher than expected large loss activity in multiple accident years. Unfavorable development in other professional liability and management liability was due to higher than expected claim severity and frequency in the Company’s cyber and professional errors and omissions (E&O) businesses in multiple accident years. Favorable development in surety was primarily due to lower than expected frequency and lack of systemic activity in recent accident years. Favorable development in warranty was due to lower than expected loss emergence in a recent accident year. 2021 Unfavorable development in medical professional liability was due to higher than expected large loss activity in recent accident years. Unfavorable development in other professional liability and management liability was due to higher than expected frequency of large losses in multiple accident years, and higher than expected claim severity and frequency in the Company’s cyber business in recent accident years. Favorable development in surety was primarily due to lower than expected frequency and lack of systemic activity in recent accident years. Favorable development in warranty was due to lower than expected loss emergence in a recent accident year. 2020 Unfavorable development in medical professional liability was primarily due to higher than expected frequency of large losses in recent accident years and unfavorable outcomes on specific claims in older accident years. Favorable development in other professional liability and management liability was primarily due to lower than expected loss emergence in accident year 2017 and accident years prior to 2010. Favorable development in surety was due to lower than expected frequency and lack of systemic loss activity for accident years 2019 and prior Specialty - Line of Business Composition The table below provides the line of business composition of the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for the Specialty segment.
As of December 31 |
(In millions) | 2022
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses: |
Medical Professional Liability | $ | 1,526 |
Other Professional Liability and Management Liability | 3,514 |
Surety | 396 |
Warranty | 50 |
Other | 77 |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 5,563 |
Specialty - Medical Professional Liability Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |  | As of December 31, 2022
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | IBNR |  | Cumulative Number of Claims
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 462 |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 525 |  |  | $ | 535 |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | 19,587 |
2014 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 529 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 524 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 19,818 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 433 |  |  | 499 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 494 |  |  | 488 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 501 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 18,203 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 427 |  |  | 487 |  |  | 485 |  |  | 499 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 16,136 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 412 |  |  | 449 |  |  | 458 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 15,288 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 404 |  |  | 429 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 448 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 15,163 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 430 |  |  | 445 |  |  | 458 |  |  | 471 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 14,189 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 477 |  |  | 476 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 10,679 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 377 |  |  | 376 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 8,801 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 329 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 6,717 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 4,624 |  |  | $ | 988 |  |  |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year
(In millions) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 462 |  |  | $ | 495 |  |  | $ | 508 |  |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 517 |
2014 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 472 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 497 |  |  | 504 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 22 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 384 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 444 |  |  | 458 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 339 |  |  | 401 |  |  | 436 |  |  | 460 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 235 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 355 |  |  | 388 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 211 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 349 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 280 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 139 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | 49 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 3,154 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented |  | $ | 1,470 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 |  | 25 |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented |  | 31 |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses |  | $ | 1,526 |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
For the years ended December 31 |  |  | Calendar Year |  |
(In millions) |  |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | Total
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | (14) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 68 |
2014 |  |  |  |  | 39 |  |  | 48 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 5 |  |  | (6) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 77 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (16) |  |  | (6) |  |  | 22 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (3) |  |  | 65 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 14 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 81 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 5 |  |  | 48 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 66 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 41 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (21) |  |  | (22) |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Total net development for the accident years presented above |  | 34 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 16 |  |  |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited. Specialty - Other Professional Liability and Management Liability Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |  | As of December 31, 2022
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | IBNR |  | Cumulative Number of Claims
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 884 |  |  | $ | 894 |  |  | $ | 926 |  |  | $ | 885 |  |  | $ | 866 |  |  | $ | 863 |  |  | $ | 850 |  |  | $ | 846 |  |  | $ | 833 |  |  | $ | 829 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | 17,953 |
2014 |  |  | 878 |  |  | 898 |  |  | 885 |  |  | 831 |  |  | 835 |  |  | 854 |  |  | 845 |  |  | 841 |  |  | 842 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 17,583 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 888 |  |  | 892 |  |  | 877 |  |  | 832 |  |  | 807 |  |  | 813 |  |  | 836 |  |  | 855 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 17,452 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 901 |  |  | 900 |  |  | 900 |  |  | 904 |  |  | 907 |  |  | 891 |  |  | 888 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 17,976 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 847 |  |  | 845 |  |  | 813 |  |  | 791 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 18,181 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 850 |  |  | 864 |  |  | 869 |  |  | 906 |  |  | 923 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 19,995 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 837 |  |  | 845 |  |  | 856 |  |  | 876 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 19,447 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 930 |  |  | 944 |  |  | 951 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 19,333 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | 1,038 |  |  | 706 |  |  | 17,983 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,120 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 15,327 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 9,080 |  |  | $ | 2,673 |  |  |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year
(In millions) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | 702 |  |  | $ | 754 |  |  | $ | 771 |  |  | $ | 779 |  |  | $ | 787 |  |  | $ | 791 |
2014 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 392 |  |  | 515 |  |  | 647 |  |  | 707 |  |  | 743 |  |  | 787 |  |  | 802 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 60 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 404 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 612 |  |  | 677 |  |  | 725 |  |  | 794 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 701 |  |  | 736 |  |  | 784 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 57 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 394 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 557 |  |  | 596 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 599 |  |  | 706 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 422 |  |  | 567 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 400 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58 |  |  | 217 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 5,721 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented |  | $ | 3,359 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 |  | 99 |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented |  | 56 |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses |  | $ | 3,514 |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
For the years ended December 31 |  |  | Calendar Year |  |
(In millions) |  |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | Total
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (41) |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (55) |
2014 |  |  |  |  | 20 |  |  | (13) |  |  | (54) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 19 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (4) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (36) |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | (15) |  |  | (45) |  |  | (25) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 19 |  |  | (33) |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (16) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (13) |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | (32) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (89) |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 73 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 39 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 21 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total net development for the accident years presented above |  | (13) |  |  | 36 |  |  | 41 |  |  |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 |  | (2) |  |  | (14) |  |  | 9 |  |  |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited. Specialty - Surety Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |  | As of December 31, 2022
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | IBNR |  | Cumulative Number of Claims
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | 5,092 |
2014 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5,127 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 131 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,074 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 124 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5,544 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 120 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5,855 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 114 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 6,196 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 119 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 6,033 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 128 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 4,452 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 137 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 4,168 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 155 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 2,772 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 801 |  |  | $ | 351 |  |  |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year
(In millions) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 79 |
2014 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 38 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 42 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 41 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 62 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 40 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 59 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 28 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | 20 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 421 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented |  | $ | 380 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 |  | (4) |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented |  | 20 |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses |  | $ | 396 |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
For the years ended December 31 |  |  | Calendar Year |  |
(In millions) |  |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | Total
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (38) |
2014 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (30) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (15) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (81) |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (27) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (86) |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (15) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (66) |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |  | (12) |  |  | (19) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (54) |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | (17) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (58) |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (32) |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  | (38) |  |  | (47) |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8) |  |  | (8) |
Total net development for the accident years presented above |  | (66) |  |  | (75) |  |  | (83) |  |  |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 |  | (3) |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Total |  | $ | (69) |  |  | $ | (73) |  |  | $ | (83) |  |  |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited. Commercial The following table presents further detail of the development recorded for the Commercial segment.
Years ended December 31 |  |  |  |  |
(In millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Auto | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 33 |
General Liability | 67 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |
Workers' Compensation | (152) |  |  | (82) |  |  | (96) |
Property and Other | (7) |  |  | 8 |  |  | 41 |
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (7) |
2022 Unfavorable development in commercial auto and general liability was due to higher than expected claim severity across multiple accident years. Favorable development in workers’ compensation was due to favorable medical trends driving lower than expected severity in multiple accident years. 2021 Unfavorable development in commercial auto was due to higher than expected claim severity in the Company’s middle market and construction businesses in multiple accident years. Unfavorable development in general liability was due to higher than expected claim severity in the Company’s construction and umbrella businesses in multiple accident years. Favorable development in workers’ compensation was due to favorable medical trends driving lower than expected severity in multiple accident years. 2020 Unfavorable development in commercial auto was due to higher than expected claim severity in the Company's middle market and construction businesses in recent accident years. Unfavorable development in general liability was driven by increased bodily injury severities in accident years 2012 through 2016 and higher than expected frequency and severity in the Company’s umbrella business in accident years 2015 through 2019. Favorable development in workers’ compensation was due to favorable medical trends driving lower than expected severity in multiple accident years. Unfavorable development in property and other was primarily due to higher than expected large loss activity in accident year 2019 in the Company's middle market, national accounts and marine business units Commercial - Line of Business Composition The table below provides the line of business composition of the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for the Commercial segment.
As of December 31 |
(In millions) | 2022
Net Claim and claim adjustment expenses: |
Commercial Auto | $ | 787 |
General Liability | 3,206 |
Workers' Compensation | 3,739 |
Property and Other | 698 |
Total net liability for claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 8,430 |
Commercial - Commercial Auto Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |  | As of December 31, 2022
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | IBNR |  | Cumulative Number of Claims
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | 39,431 |
2014 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 33,631 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 201 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 30,430 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 198 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 30,452 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 199 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 30,947 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 229 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 245 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 34,319 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 257 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 37,237 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 310 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 304 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 29,070 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 397 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 32,575 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 437 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 30,229 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 2,771 |  |  | $ | 521 |  |  |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year
(In millions) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | 239 |
2014 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 199 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 52 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 179 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 52 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 190 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 225 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 238 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 257 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 197 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83 |  |  | 168 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 112 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 2,004 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented |  | $ | 767 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 |  | 4 |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented |  | 16 |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses |  | $ | 787 |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
For the years ended December 31 |  |  | Calendar Year |  |
(In millions) |  |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | Total
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (3) |
2014 |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (33) |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (19) |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 40 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 25 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 66 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (6) |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  | (9) |
Total net development for the accident years presented above |  | 32 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 47 |  |  |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited. Commercial - General Liability Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |  | As of December 31, 2022
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | IBNR |  | Cumulative Number of Claims
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 655 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 655 |  |  | $ | 613 |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 620 |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 624 |  |  | $ | 629 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | 33,738 |
2014 |  |  | 653 |  |  | 658 |  |  | 654 |  |  | 631 |  |  | 635 |  |  | 658 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 676 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 28,131 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 581 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 574 |  |  | 589 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 602 |  |  | 617 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 24,200 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 623 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 667 |  |  | 671 |  |  | 673 |  |  | 683 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 24,699 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 632 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 634 |  |  | 630 |  |  | 652 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 22,359 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 653 |  |  | 644 |  |  | 646 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 650 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 20,242 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 680 |  |  | 682 |  |  | 682 |  |  | 691 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 19,265 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 723 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 726 |  |  | 434 |  |  | 13,998 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 782 |  |  | 784 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 13,775 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 929 |  |  | 835 |  |  | 10,572 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 7,046 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year
(In millions) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | 352 |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 551 |  |  | $ | 572 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 586 |
2014 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 376 |  |  | 481 |  |  | 547 |  |  | 569 |  |  | 607 |  |  | 624 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 19 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 501 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 561 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 481 |  |  | 524 |  |  | 582 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 399 |  |  | 471 |  |  | 553 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 307 |  |  | 428 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 322 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 192 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26 |  |  | 140 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 4,017 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented |  | $ | 3,029 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 |  | 118 |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented |  | 59 |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses |  | $ | 3,206 |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
For the years ended December 31 |  |  | Calendar Year |  |
(In millions) |  |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | Total
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (21) |
2014 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (23) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 23 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |  | (2) |  |  | 15 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 44 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 36 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 61 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 22 |  |  | 20 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 11 |  |  | (3) |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 11 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Total net development for the accident years presented above |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 79 |  |  |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (12) |  |  |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited. Commercial - Workers' Compensation Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |  | As of December 31, 2022
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | IBNR |  | Cumulative Number of Claims
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 572 |  |  | $ | 592 |  |  | $ | 618 |  |  | $ | 593 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 561 |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | 548 |  |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | 38,979 |
2014 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 480 |  |  | 479 |  |  | 452 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 448 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 33,522 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 422 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 394 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 372 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 31,899 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 426 |  |  | 405 |  |  | 396 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 366 |  |  | 355 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 31,991 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 440 |  |  | 432 |  |  | 421 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 402 |  |  | 399 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 33,130 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 450 |  |  | 440 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 415 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 34,875 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 452 |  |  | 449 |  |  | 437 |  |  | 436 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 34,324 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 477 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 29,392 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 468 |  |  | 454 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 29,886 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 497 |  |  | 308 |  |  | 28,753 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 4,298 |  |  | $ | 1,286 |  |  |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year
(In millions) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | 419 |  |  | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | 423 |
2014 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 290 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 312 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 51 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 256 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 234 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 63 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 279 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 68 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 280 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 262 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 200 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  | 164 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 79 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 2,489 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented |  | $ | 1,809 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 |  | 1,874 |
Other (2) |  | (20) |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented |  | 76 |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses |  | $ | 3,739 |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
For the years ended December 31 |  |  | Calendar Year |  |
(In millions) |  |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | Total
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | (21) |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | — |
2014 |  |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (27) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (7) |  |  | 9 |  |  | (18) |  |  | (37) |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | (25) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (14) |  |  | (12) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (19) |  |  | (69) |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (21) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (14) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (24) |  |  | (95) |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (21) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (41) |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  | (12) |  |  | (13) |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | (12) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (16) |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (31) |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14) |  |  | (14) |
Total net development for the accident years presented above |  | (80) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (110) |  |  |
Adjustment for development on a discounted basis |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (3) |  |  |
Total net development for accident years prior to 2013 |  | (18) |  |  | (34) |  |  | (49) |  |  |
Total unallocated claim adjustment expense development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | (96) |  |  | $ | (82) |  |  | $ | (152) |  |  |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited. (2) Other includes the effect of discounting lifetime claim reserves. International The following table presents further detail of the development recorded for the International segment.
Years ended December 31 |  |  |  |  |
(In millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 (1) |  | 2020 (1)
Pretax (favorable) unfavorable development: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | (2) |
Specialty | (4) |  |  | 36 |  |  | 3 |
Other | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (3) |
Total pretax (favorable) unfavorable development | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (2) |
(1) Effective December 31, 2021 the International lines of business were consolidated to align with domestic operations. Prior period information has been conformed to the new line of business presentation. 2022 Favorable development in commercial was due to lower than expected loss emergence across multiple accident years. 2021 Favorable development in commercial was due to lower than expected loss emergence across multiple accident years. Unfavorable development in specialty was due to higher than expected claim severity in the Company’s medical treatment and professional liability businesses in multiple accident years. International - Line of Business Composition The table below provides the composition of the net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for the International segment.
As of December 31 |
(In millions) | 2022
Net Claim and claim adjustment expenses: |
International excluding Hardy | $ | 1,441 |
Hardy | 562 |
Total net liability for claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 2,003 |
International, Excluding Hardy Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year |  | As of December 31, 2022
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | IBNR |  | Cumulative Number of Claims
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 279 |  |  | $ | 281 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | 23,971 |
2014 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 283 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 24,962 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 280 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 23,372 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 275 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 283 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 17,813 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 290 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 348 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 18,498 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 357 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 379 |  |  | 378 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 20,849 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 331 |  |  | 344 |  |  | 341 |  |  | 348 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 18,354 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 368 |  |  | 360 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 14,952 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 396 |  |  | 385 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 13,580 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 414 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 8,320 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 3,309 |  |  | $ | 901 |  |  |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year
(In millions) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 212 |
2014 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 241 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 55 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 230 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 220 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 63 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 256 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 88 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 260 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 218 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 158 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54 |  |  | 121 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 45 |
Total |  | $ | 1,961 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented |  | $ | 1,348 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 |  | 56 |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented |  | 37 |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses |  | $ | 1,441 |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
For the years ended December 31 |  | Calendar Year |  |
(In millions) |  |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | Total (2)
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (44) |
2014 |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (7) |  |  | 17 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 11 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (5) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | (13) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (9) |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 8 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 61 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (11) |  |  | 58 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 12 |  |  | 33 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 7 |  |  | 17 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (18) |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | (11) |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited. (2) The amounts included in the loss reserve development tables above are presented at the year-end 2022 foreign currency exchange rates for all periods presented to remove the effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations between calendar years. The amounts included within the table on page 102 presenting the detail of the development recorded within the International segment include the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. International - Hardy Cumulative Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year | As of December 31, 2022
(In millions, except reported claims data) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | IBNR |  | Cumulative Number of Claims
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | 7,904 |
2014 |  |  | 182 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 168 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 164 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 8,530 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 186 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 177 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 9,722 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 224 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 216 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 10,834 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 240 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 13,204 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 264 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 298 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 15,185 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 216 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 11,374 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 206 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 6,699 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 174 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 3,384 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 187 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 1,279 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 2,016 |  |  | $ | 349 |  |  |
Cumulative Net Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses are presented in the following table.
As of December 31 | Calendar Year
(In millions) | 2013(1) |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 139 |
2014 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 148 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 162 |
2015 |  |  |  |  | 29 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 168 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 62 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 202 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 52 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 181 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 222 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 246 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 43 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 155 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 102 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 43 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23 |
Total | $ | 1,462 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented | $ | 554 |
Net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses for accident years prior to 2013 | — |
Liability for unallocated claim adjustment expenses for accident years presented | 8 |
Total net liability for unpaid claim and claim adjustment expenses | $ | 562 |
Net strengthening (releases) of prior accident year reserves is presented in the following table.
For the years ended December 31 |  | Calendar Year |  |
(In millions) |  |  | 2014(1) |  | 2015(1) |  | 2016(1) |  | 2017(1) |  | 2018(1) |  | 2019(1) |  | 2020(1) |  | 2021(1) |  | 2022 |  | Total(2)
Accident Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 17 |
2014 |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (6) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (18) |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (9) |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (11) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (8) |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 7 |  |  | 5 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (15) |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  | (10) |
(1) Data presented for these calendar years is required supplemental information, which is unaudited. (2) The amounts included in the loss reserve development tables above are presented at the year-end 2022 foreign currency exchange rates for all periods presented to remove the effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations between calendar years. The amounts included within the table on page 102 presenting the detail of the development recorded within the International segment include the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The table below presents information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022 and is presented as required supplementary information, which is unaudited.
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Ultimate Net Incurred Claim and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses in Year:
| 1 |  | 2 |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 7 |  | 8 |  | 9 |  | 10
Specialty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medical Professional Liability | 3.6 | % |  | 17.0 | % |  | 23.0 | % |  | 18.0 | % |  | 11.9 | % |  | 8.2 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  | 0.9 | %
Other Professional Liability and Management Liability | 6.6 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 20.7 | % |  | 16.2 | % |  | 10.3 | % |  | 6.0 | % |  | 4.3 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 0.5 | %
Surety(1) | 19.0 | % |  | 40.5 | % |  | 20.2 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | (1.7) | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | (0.6) | % |  | — | %
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Auto | 26.1 | % |  | 22.0 | % |  | 17.6 | % |  | 13.9 | % |  | 10.4 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | 1.7 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
General Liability | 3.9 | % |  | 13.7 | % |  | 17.1 | % |  | 18.8 | % |  | 14.3 | % |  | 9.4 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 0.6 | %
Workers' Compensation | 15.3 | % |  | 22.3 | % |  | 13.7 | % |  | 9.4 | % |  | 6.1 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  | 1.1 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  | 1.1 | %
International |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International - Excluding Hardy | 18.3 | % |  | 22.5 | % |  | 10.4 | % |  | 7.1 | % |  | 6.0 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  | 6.7 | % |  | 2.9 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 1.3 | %
International - Hardy | 19.7 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 13.4 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  | 0.7 | %
(1) Due to the nature of the Surety business, average annual percentage payout of ultimate net incurred claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses has been calculated using only the payouts of mature accident years presented in the loss reserve development tables. A&EP Reserves In 2010, Continental Casualty Company (CCC) together with several of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries completed a transaction with National Indemnity Company (NICO), a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., under which substantially all of the Company’s legacy A&EP liabilities were ceded to NICO through a LPT. At the effective date of the transaction, the Company ceded approximately $1.6 billion of net A&EP claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves to NICO under a retroactive reinsurance agreement with an aggregate limit of $4 billion. The $1.6 billion of claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves ceded to NICO was net of $1.2 billion of ceded claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves under existing third-party reinsurance contracts. The NICO LPT aggregate reinsurance limit also covers credit risk on the existing third-party reinsurance related to these liabilities. The Company paid NICO a reinsurance premium of $2 billion and transferred to NICO billed third-party reinsurance receivables related to A&EP claims with a net book value of $215 million, resulting in total consideration of $2.2 billion. In years subsequent to the effective date of the LPT, the Company recognized adverse prior year development on its A&EP reserves resulting in additional amounts ceded under the LPT. As a result, the cumulative amounts ceded under the LPT have exceeded the $2.2 billion consideration paid, resulting in the NICO LPT moving into a gain position, requiring retroactive reinsurance accounting. Under retroactive reinsurance accounting, this gain is deferred and only recognized in earnings in proportion to actual paid recoveries under the LPT. Over the life of the contract, there is no economic impact as long as any additional losses incurred are within the limit of the LPT. In a period in which the Company recognizes a change in the estimate of A&EP reserves that increases or decreases the amounts ceded under the LPT, the proportion of actual paid recoveries to total ceded losses is affected and the change in the deferred gain is recognized in earnings as if the revised estimate of ceded losses was available at the effective date of the LPT. The effect of the deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit is recorded in Insurance claims and policyholders' benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The following table presents the impact of the Loss Portfolio Transfer on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Years ended December 31 |  |  |  |  |
(In millions) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Additional amounts ceded under LPT: |  |  |  |  |
Net A&EP adverse development before consideration of LPT | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 125 |
Provision for uncollectible third-party reinsurance on A&EP | (5) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (25) |
Total additional amounts ceded under LPT | 87 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 100 |
Retroactive reinsurance benefit recognized | (91) |  |  | (107) |  |  | (94) |
Pretax impact of deferred retroactive reinsurance | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Net unfavorable prior year development of $92 million, $143 million and $125 million was recognized before consideration of cessions to the LPT for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The unfavorable development in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was primarily driven by higher than anticipated defense and indemnity costs on known direct asbestos and environmental accounts and a reduction in estimated reinsurance recoverable. Additionally, in 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company released $5 million, $5 million and $25 million of its provision for uncollectible third-party reinsurance. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the cumulative amounts ceded under the LPT were $3.5 billion and $3.4 billion. The unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance benefit was $425 million and $429 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and is included within Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. NICO established a collateral trust account as security for its obligations to the Company. The fair value of the collateral trust account was $2.4 billion as of December 31, 2022. In addition, Berkshire Hathaway Inc. guaranteed the payment obligations of NICO up to the aggregate reinsurance limit as well as certain of NICO’s performance obligations under the trust agreement. NICO is responsible for claims handling and billing and collection from third-party reinsurers related to the majority of the Company’s A&EP claims. Excess Workers' Compensation LPT On February 5, 2021, CCC completed a transaction with Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (Cavello), a subsidiary of Enstar Group Limited, under which certain legacy excess workers' compensation (EWC) liabilities were ceded to Cavello. Under the terms of the transaction, based on reserves in place as of January 1, 2020, the Company ceded approximately $690 million of net EWC claim and allocated claim adjustment expense reserves to Cavello under an LPT with an aggregate limit of $1 billion. The Company paid Cavello a reinsurance premium of $697 million, less claims paid between January 1, 2020 and the closing date of the agreement of $64 million. After transaction costs, the Company recognized an after-tax loss of approximately $12 million in the Corporate & Other segment in the first quarter of 2021 related to the EWC LPT. As of December 31, 2022, the cumulative amount ceded under the EWC LPT was $690 million. Cavello established a collateral trust as security for its obligations to the Company. The fair value of the collateral trust was $608 million as of December 31, 2022. Life & Group Policyholder Reserves The Company’s Life & Group segment includes its run-off long term care business as well as structured settlement obligations not funded by annuities related to certain property and casualty claimants. Long term care policies provide benefits for nursing homes, assisted living facilities and home health care subject to various daily and lifetime caps. Generally, policyholders must continue to make periodic premium payments to keep the policy in force and the Company has the ability to increase policy premiums, subject to state regulatory approval. The Company maintains both claim and claim adjustment expense reserves as well as future policy benefit reserves for policyholder benefits for the Life & Group segment. Claim and claim adjustment expense reserves consist of estimated reserves for long term care policyholders that are currently receiving benefits, including claims that have been incurred but are not yet reported. In developing the claim and claim adjustment expense reserve estimates for long term care policies, the Company’s actuaries perform a detailed claim reserve review on an annual basis. The review analyzes the sufficiency of existing reserves for policyholders currently on claim and includes an evaluation of expected benefit utilization and claim duration. In addition, claim and claim adjustment expense reserves are also maintained for the structured settlement obligations. In developing the claim and claim adjustment expense reserve estimates for structured settlement obligations, the Company's actuaries review mortality experience on an annual basis. The Company’s recorded claim and claim adjustment expense reserves reflect management's best estimate after incorporating the results of the most recent reviews. The Company's most recent annual claim reserve reviews were completed in the third quarter of 2022. The long term care claim reserve review resulted in a $25 million pretax reduction in reserves driven by a $107 million favorable impact from the release of all remaining IBNR reserves established during 2020 and 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic partially offset by an $82 million unfavorable impact from higher claim severity, including utilization and cost of care inflation, than anticipated in the reserve estimates. The structured settlement claim reserve review resulted in a $5 million pretax reduction in reserves due to discount rate assumption changes. The Company's 2021 annual claim reserve reviews were completed in the third quarter of 2021 resulting in a $40 million pretax reduction in long term care reserves primarily due to lower claim severity than anticipated in the reserve estimates and a $2 million pretax increase in the structured settlement claim reserves primarily due to lower discount rate assumptions and mortality assumption changes. Future policy benefit reserves consist of active life reserves related to the Company’s long term care policies for policyholders that are not currently receiving benefits and represent the present value of expected future benefit payments and expenses less expected future premium. The determination of these reserves requires management to make estimates and assumptions about expected investment and policyholder experience over the life of the contract. Since many of these contracts may be in force for several decades, these assumptions are subject to significant estimation risk. The actuarial assumptions that management believes are subject to the most variability are morbidity, persistency, discount rates and anticipated future premium rate increases. Morbidity is the frequency and severity of injury, illness, sickness and diseases contracted. Persistency is the percentage of policies remaining in force and can be affected by policy lapses, benefit reductions and death. Discount rates are influenced by the investment yield on assets supporting long term care reserves which is subject to interest rate and market volatility and may also be affected by changes to the Internal Revenue Code. Future premium rate increases are generally subject to regulatory approval, and therefore the exact timing and size of the approved rate increases are unknown. As a result of this variability, the Company’s long term care reserves may be subject to material increases if actual experience develops adversely to the Company’s expectations. Annually, in the third quarter, management assesses the adequacy of its long term care future policy benefit reserves by performing a GPV to determine if there is a premium deficiency. Under the GPV, management estimates required reserves using best estimate assumptions as of the date of the assessment without provisions for adverse deviation. The GPV required reserves are then compared to the existing recorded reserves. If the GPV required reserves are greater than the existing recorded reserves, the existing assumptions are unlocked and future policy benefit reserves are increased to the greater amount. Any such increase is reflected in the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the need for such adjustment is determined. If the GPV required reserves are less than the existing recorded reserves, assumptions remain locked in and no adjustment is made. The GPV for the long term care future policy benefit reserves, performed in the third quarters of 2022 and 2021, indicated recorded reserves included a pretax margin of approximately $125 million and $72 million as of September 30, 2022 and 2021.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for liabilities related to future policy benefits and unpaid claims and claim adjustments. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 944 -SubTopic 40 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2560295 + Details
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