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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025, or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 1-3754
Ally Financial Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 38-0572512
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Ally Detroit Center
500 Woodward Avenue, Floor 10
Detroit, Michigan 48226
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
(866) 710-4623
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbols |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | ALLY |  | NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☑
At October 28, 2025, the number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common stock was 308,053,195 shares.
1

Table of Contents
Index
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

|  |  | Page
| Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms |  | 3
Part I — Financial Information |  |
Item 1. | Financial Statements |  | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (unaudited) for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025, and 2024 |  | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (unaudited) at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024 |  | 7
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (unaudited) for the Three Months and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025, and 2024 |  | 9
| Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025, and 2024 |  | 11
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) |  | 13
| Note 1. Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Changes in Significant Accounting Policies |  | 13
| Note 2. Held-for-sale Operations |  | 14
| Note 3. Revenue from Contracts with Customers |  | 15
| Note 4. Other Income, Net of Losses |  | 17
| Note 5. Reserves for Insurance Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses |  | 17
| Note 6. Other Operating Expenses |  | 18
| Note 7. Investment Securities |  | 19
| Note 8. Finance Receivables and Loans, Net |  | 23
| Note 9. Leasing |  | 35
| Note 10. Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities |  | 37
| Note 11. Other Assets |  | 41
| Note 12. Deposit Liabilities |  | 43
| Note 13. Debt |  | 43
| Note 14. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities |  | 45
| Note 15. Preferred Stock |  | 45
| Note 16. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | 46
| Note 17. Earnings per Common Share |  | 49
| Note 18. Regulatory Capital and Other Regulatory Matters |  | 49
| Note 19. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities |  | 53
| Note 20. Income Taxes |  | 59
| Note 21. Fair Value |  | 59
| Note 22. Offsetting Assets and Liabilities |  | 66
| Note 23. Segment Information |  | 67
| Note 24. Contingencies and Other Risks |  | 71
| Note 25. Subsequent Events |  | 71
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 72
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 124
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  | 125
Part II — Other Information |  | 126
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  | 126
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  | 126
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 126
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 126
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 126
Item 5. | Other Information |  | 126
Item 6. | Exhibits |  | 128
Signatures |  | 129

2

Table of Contents
Index of Defined Terms
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms
The following is a list of abbreviations and acronyms that are used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Term |  | Definition
ALCO |  | Asset-Liability Committee
ALM |  | Asset Liability Management
AOCI |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income
ASC |  | Accounting Standards Codification
ASU |  | Accounting Standards Update
Basel Committee |  | Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
BHC |  | Bank holding company
BHC Act |  | Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended
Board |  | Ally Board of Directors
CD |  | Certificate of deposit
CECL |  | Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 (and related Accounting Standards Updates), or current expected credit loss
CEO |  | Chief Executive Officer
CIC |  | Change in control
CIDI |  | Covered insured depository institution
COBRA |  | Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
CODM |  | Chief Operating Decision Maker
COH |  | Corporate overhead
CRA |  | Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, as amended
CSG |  | Commercial Services Group
CVA |  | Credit valuation adjustment
DBRS |  | Morningstar DBRS
DIF |  | Deposit Insurance Fund
Dodd-Frank Act |  | Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as amended
DVA |  | Debit valuation adjustment
EGRRCP Act |  | Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, as amended
ERMC |  | Enterprise Risk Management Committee
ERM |  | Enterprise Risk Management
ETF |  | Exchange-traded fund
EVE |  | Economic value of equity
Exchange Act |  | Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
F&I |  | Finance and insurance
FASB |  | Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDI Act |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended
FDIC |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDICIA |  | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, as amended
FHC |  | Financial holding company
FHLB |  | Federal Home Loan Bank
FRB |  | Federal Reserve Bank, or Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, as the context requires
FTP |  | Funds-transfer pricing
GAP |  | Guaranteed asset protection
GDP |  | Gross domestic product of the United States of America
GLB Act |  | Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, as amended
GM |  | General Motors Company
HTC |  | Historic tax credit

3

Table of Contents
Index of Defined Terms
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

Term |  | Definition
IB Finance |  | IB Finance Holding Company, LLC
IRA |  | Individual retirement account
ITC |  | Investment tax credit
LCR |  | Liquidity coverage ratio
LGD |  | Loss given default
LIHTC |  | Low-income housing tax credit
LMI |  | Low-to-moderate income
LTV |  | Loan-to-value
MD&A |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
NEO |  | Named executive officer
NMTC |  | New market tax credit
NYSE |  | New York Stock Exchange
OCI |  | Other comprehensive income
OEM |  | Automotive original equipment manufacturer
OTC |  | Over-the-counter
P&C |  | Property and casualty
PCA |  | Prompt corrective action
PCD |  | Purchased credit deteriorated
RC |  | Risk Committee of the Ally Board of Directors
ROU |  | Right-of-use
RV |  | Recreational vehicle
RWA |  | Risk-weighted asset
S&P |  | Standard & Poor’s Global
SEC |  | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Signature |  | Signature Bank
SPE |  | Special-purpose entity
Stellantis |  | Stellantis N.V.
SVB |  | Silicon Valley Bank
Tailoring Rules |  | The rules implementing Title IV of the EGRRCP Act
TLAC |  | Total loss-absorbing capacity
UPB |  | Unpaid principal balance
U.S. Basel III |  | The rules implementing the 2010 Basel III capital framework in the United States as well as related provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, as amended from time to time
U.S. GAAP |  | Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States of America
VIE |  | Variable interest entity
VMC |  | Vehicle maintenance contract
VSC |  | Vehicle service contract
WAC |  | Weighted-average coupon
wSTWF |  | Weighted short-term wholesale funding

4

Table of Contents |  | PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |  |

Item 1. Financial Statements
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on finance receivables and loans |  | $ | 2,674 |  |  | $ | 2,889 |  |  | $ | 8,007 |  |  | $ | 8,561 |  |  |
Interest on loans held-for-sale |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 48 |  |  |
Interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets |  | 250 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 728 |  |  | 793 |  |  |
Interest on cash and cash equivalents |  | 92 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 287 |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 365 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 1,068 |  |  | 1,005 |  |  |
Total financing revenue and other interest income |  | 3,387 |  |  | 3,574 |  |  | 10,105 |  |  | 10,694 |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits |  | 1,302 |  |  | 1,616 |  |  | 4,034 |  |  | 4,861 |  |  |
Interest on short-term borrowings |  | 11 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 63 |  |  |
Interest on long-term debt |  | 265 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 794 |  |  | 748 |  |  |
Interest on other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Total interest expense |  | 1,578 |  |  | 1,885 |  |  | 4,846 |  |  | 5,673 |  |  |
Net depreciation expense on operating lease assets |  | 225 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 681 |  |  | 516 |  |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  | 1,584 |  |  | 1,520 |  |  | 4,578 |  |  | 4,505 |  |  |
Other revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance premiums and service revenue earned |  | 361 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 1,084 |  |  | 1,045 |  |  |
(Loss) gain on mortgage and automotive loans, net |  | (3) |  |  | 6 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 18 |  |  |
Other gain (loss) on investments, net |  | 56 |  |  | 74 |  |  | (382) |  |  | 96 |  |  |
Other income, net of losses |  | 170 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 491 |  |  |
Total other revenue |  | 584 |  |  | 615 |  |  | 1,213 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  |
Total net revenue |  | 2,168 |  |  | 2,135 |  |  | 5,791 |  |  | 6,155 |  |  |
Provision for credit losses |  | 415 |  |  | 645 |  |  | 990 |  |  | 1,609 |  |  |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits expense |  | 447 |  |  | 435 |  |  | 1,382 |  |  | 1,396 |  |  |
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 141 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 505 |  |  | 428 |  |  |
Goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 305 |  |  | — |  |  |
Other operating expenses |  | 652 |  |  | 655 |  |  | 1,944 |  |  | 1,995 |  |  |
Total noninterest expense |  | 1,240 |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | 4,136 |  |  | 3,819 |  |  |
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense |  | 513 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 665 |  |  | 727 |  |  |
Income tax expense from continuing operations |  | 115 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 167 |  |  |
Net income from continuing operations |  | 398 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 525 |  |  | 560 |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 398 |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 525 |  |  | $ | 560 |  |  |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | 275 |  |  | 616 |  |  | 980 |  |  | 423 |  |  |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 673 |  |  | $ | 814 |  |  | $ | 1,505 |  |  | $ | 983 |  |  |

Statement continues on the next page.
The Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions, except per share data; shares in thousands) (a) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Net income from continuing operations attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 477 |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 477 |  |  |
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding (b) |  | 310,342 |  |  | 307,312 |  |  | 309,753 |  |  | 306,699 |  |  |
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding (b) |  | 313,823 |  |  | 311,044 |  |  | 312,633 |  |  | 309,786 |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income from continuing operations |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.43 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.43 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income from continuing operations |  | $ | 1.18 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 1.54 |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 1.18 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 1.54 |  |  |
Cash dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |  |  |

(a)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Earnings per share is calculated based on unrounded numbers.
(b)Includes shares related to share-based compensation that vested but were not yet issued.
Refer to Note 17 for additional earnings per share information. The Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

($ in millions, except share data) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 429 |  |  | $ | 522 |
Interest-bearing |  | 9,817 |  |  | 9,770 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 10,246 |  |  | 10,292 |
Equity securities |  | 865 |  |  | 871 |
Available-for-sale securities (amortized cost of $25,660 and $26,810) |  | 22,684 |  |  | 22,410 |
Held-to-maturity securities (fair value of $4,493 and $4,293) |  | 4,433 |  |  | 4,346 |
Loans held-for-sale, net |  | 179 |  |  | 160 |
Finance receivables and loans, net |  |  |  |
Finance receivables and loans, net of unearned income |  | 134,567 |  |  | 136,030 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (3,460) |  |  | (3,714) |
Total finance receivables and loans, net |  | 131,107 |  |  | 132,316 |
Investment in operating leases, net |  | 8,599 |  |  | 7,991 |
Premiums receivable and other insurance assets |  | 2,903 |  |  | 2,790 |
Other assets |  | 10,695 |  |  | 10,660 |
Total assets |  | $ | 191,711 |  |  | $ | 191,836 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Deposit liabilities |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 131 |
Interest-bearing |  | 148,236 |  |  | 151,443 |
Total deposit liabilities |  | 148,410 |  |  | 151,574 |
Short-term borrowings |  | 3,879 |  |  | 1,625 |
Long-term debt |  | 16,749 |  |  | 17,495 |
Interest payable |  | 1,097 |  |  | 890 |
Unearned insurance premiums and service revenue |  | 3,648 |  |  | 3,535 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 2,811 |  |  | 2,814 |
Total liabilities |  | 176,594 |  |  | 177,933 |
Contingencies (refer to Note 24) |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |
Common stock and paid-in capital ($0.01 par value, shares authorized 1,100,000,000; issued 519,147,397 and 515,777,584; and outstanding 307,827,978 and 305,387,550) |  | 22,255 |  |  | 22,142 |
Preferred stock |  | 2,324 |  |  | 2,324 |
Retained earnings |  | 427 |  |  | 270 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (2,944) |  |  | (3,924) |
Treasury stock, at cost (211,319,419 and 210,390,034 shares) |  | (6,945) |  |  | (6,909) |
Total equity |  | 15,117 |  |  | 13,903 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 191,711 |  |  | $ | 191,836 |

Statement continues on the next page.
The Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The assets of consolidated variable interest entities that can be used only to settle obligations of the consolidated variable interest entities and the liabilities of these entities for which creditors (or beneficial interest holders) do not have recourse to our general credit were as follows.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |  |
Finance receivables and loans, net |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 2,664 |  |  | $ | 4,505 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (100) |  |  | (172) |
Total finance receivables and loans, net |  | 2,564 |  |  | 4,333 |
Other assets |  | 248 |  |  | 333 |
Total assets |  | $ | 2,812 |  |  | $ | 4,666 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 1,561 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 914 |  |  | $ | 1,565 |

The Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

|  | Three months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | Common stock and paid-in capital |  | Preferred stock |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Treasury stock |  | Total equity
Balance at July 1, 2024 |  | $ | 22,077 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | (4,009) |  |  | $ | (6,901) |  |  | $ | 13,699 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 198 |
Preferred stock dividends — Series B |  |  |  |  |  | (16) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (16) |
Preferred stock dividends — Series C |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |
Share-based compensation |  | 24 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 616 |  |  |  |  | 616 |
Common stock repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Common stock dividends ($0.30 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | (95) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (95) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 22,101 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | (3,393) |  |  | $ | (6,902) |  |  | $ | 14,414 |
Balance at July 1, 2025 |  | $ | 22,235 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | (3,219) |  |  | $ | (6,944) |  |  | $ | 14,547 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | 398 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 398 |
Preferred stock dividends — Series B |  |  |  |  |  | (16) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (16) |
Preferred stock dividends — Series C |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |
Share-based compensation |  | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 275 |  |  |  |  | 275 |
Common stock repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Common stock dividends ($0.30 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | (95) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (95) |
Balance at September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 22,255 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 427 |  |  | $ | (2,944) |  |  | $ | (6,945) |  |  | $ | 15,117 |

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Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

|  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | Common stock and paid-in capital |  | Preferred stock |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Treasury stock |  | Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 21,975 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | (3,816) |  |  | $ | (6,871) |  |  | $ | 13,703 |
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles, net of tax (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2023-02 |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |
Balance at January 1, 2024 |  | $ | 21,975 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | (3,816) |  |  | $ | (6,871) |  |  | $ | 13,701 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | 560 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 560 |
Preferred stock dividends — Series B |  |  |  |  |  | (48) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (48) |
Preferred stock dividends — Series C |  |  |  |  |  | (35) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (35) |
Share-based compensation |  | 126 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 126 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 423 |  |  |  |  | 423 |
Common stock repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (31) |  |  | (31) |
Common stock dividends ($0.90 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | (282) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (282) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 22,101 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | (3,393) |  |  | $ | (6,902) |  |  | $ | 14,414 |
Balance at January 1, 2025 |  | $ | 22,142 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | (3,924) |  |  | $ | (6,909) |  |  | $ | 13,903 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | 525 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 525 |
Preferred stock dividends — Series B |  |  |  |  |  | (48) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (48) |
Preferred stock dividends — Series C |  |  |  |  |  | (35) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (35) |
Share-based compensation |  | 113 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 113 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 980 |  |  |  |  | 980 |
Common stock repurchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (36) |  |  | (36) |
Common stock dividends ($0.90 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | (285) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (285) |
Balance at September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 22,255 |  |  | $ | 2,324 |  |  | $ | 427 |  |  | $ | (2,944) |  |  | $ | (6,945) |  |  | $ | 15,117 |

(a)Refer to the section titled Recently Adopted Accounting Standards in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
The Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 525 |  |  | $ | 560 |  |  |
Reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 1,028 |  |  | 864 |  |  |
Goodwill impairment | 305 |  |  | — |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 990 |  |  | 1,609 |  |  |
Loss (gain) on mortgage and automotive loans, net | 6 |  |  | (18) |  |  |
Other loss (gain) on investments, net | 382 |  |  | (96) |  |  |
Originations and purchases of loans held-for-sale | (1,392) |  |  | (1,413) |  |  |
Proceeds from sales and repayments of loans held-for-sale | 1,505 |  |  | 1,862 |  |  |
Net change in |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes | (366) |  |  | (218) |  |  |
Interest payable | 207 |  |  | 567 |  |  |
Other assets | (227) |  |  | (181) |  |  |
Other liabilities | 10 |  |  | (130) |  |  |
Other, net | 116 |  |  | 171 |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 3,089 |  |  | 3,577 |  |  |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of equity securities | (613) |  |  | (630) |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of equity securities | 735 |  |  | 680 |  |  |
Purchases of available-for-sale securities | (4,970) |  |  | (462) |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities | 4,216 |  |  | 134 |  |  |
Proceeds from repayments of available-for-sale securities | 1,413 |  |  | 1,450 |  |  |
Purchases of held-to-maturity securities | (412) |  |  | — |  |  |
Proceeds from repayments of held-to-maturity securities | 388 |  |  | 360 |  |  |
Purchases of finance receivables and loans held-for-investment | (3,580) |  |  | (2,612) |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of finance receivables and loans initially held-for-investment | 59 |  |  | 1,190 |  |  |
Originations and repayments of finance receivables and loans initially held-for-investment and other, net | 1,306 |  |  | 1,526 |  |  |
Purchases of operating lease assets | (3,384) |  |  | (2,543) |  |  |
Disposals of operating lease assets | 2,108 |  |  | 3,113 |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of operation or business unit, net | 2,412 |  |  | 1,956 |  |  |
Net change in nonmarketable equity investments | (71) |  |  | 84 |  |  |
Other, net | (420) |  |  | (461) |  |  |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (813) |  |  | 3,785 |  |  |
Statement continues on the next page. |  |  |  |  |
The Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.

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Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Net change in short-term borrowings | 2,254 |  |  | (1,526) |  |  |
Net decrease in deposits | (3,099) |  |  | (2,757) |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 2,571 |  |  | 2,866 |  |  |
Repayments of long-term debt | (3,379) |  |  | (3,683) |  |  |
Repurchases of common stock | (36) |  |  | (31) |  |  |
Common stock dividends paid | (285) |  |  | (280) |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends paid | (83) |  |  | (83) |  |  |
Net cash used in financing activities | (2,057) |  |  | (5,494) |  |  |
Effect of exchange-rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | 5 |  |  | (3) |  |  |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | 224 |  |  | 1,865 |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 11,380 |  |  | 7,439 |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at September 30, | $ | 11,604 |  |  | $ | 9,304 |  |  |
Supplemental disclosures |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 4,572 |  |  | $ | 5,043 |  |  |
Income taxes | 161 |  |  | 94 |  |  |
Noncash items |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity securities received in consideration for loans sold | — |  |  | 56 |  |  |
Loans held-for-sale transferred to finance receivables and loans held-for-investment | 19 |  |  | 28 |  |  |
Finance receivables and loans held-for-investment transferred to loans held-for-sale | 2,404 |  |  | 1,729 |  |  |

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash from the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet to the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

September 30, ($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash and cash equivalents on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | $ | 10,246 |  |  | $ | 8,616 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash held for securitization trusts included in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (a) |  | 1,358 |  |  | 688 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows |  | $ | 11,604 |  |  | $ | 9,304 |

(a)Refer to Note 11 for additional details describing the nature of restricted cash and cash equivalent balances.
The Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
1. Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Changes in Significant Accounting Policies
Ally Financial Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context otherwise requires, Ally, the Company, we, us, or our) is a financial-services company with the nation’s largest all-digital bank and an industry-leading automotive financing and insurance business, driven by a mission to “Do It Right” and be a relentless ally for customers and communities. The Company serves customers with deposits and securities brokerage and investment advisory services as well as automotive financing and insurance offerings. The Company also includes a seasoned corporate finance business that offers capital for equity sponsors and middle-market companies. Ally is a Delaware corporation and is registered as a BHC under the BHC Act and an FHC under the GLB Act.
Our accounting and reporting policies conform to U.S. GAAP. Additionally, where applicable, the policies conform to the accounting and reporting guidelines prescribed by bank regulatory authorities. Certain reclassifications may have been made to the prior periods’ financial statements and notes to conform to the current period’s presentation, which did not have a material impact on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosure, including those of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. It also includes estimates related to the income and expenses during the reporting period and the related disclosures. In developing the estimates and assumptions, management uses all available evidence; however, actual results could differ because of uncertainties associated with estimating the amounts, timing, and likelihood of possible outcomes. Our most significant estimates pertain to the allowance for loan losses, the valuations of automotive operating lease assets and residuals, the fair value of financial instruments, and the determination of the provision for income taxes.
The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements at September 30, 2025, and for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, are unaudited but reflect all adjustments that are, in management’s opinion, necessary for the fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. Reclassifications have been made to the prior periods’ financial statements and notes to conform to the current period’s presentation. Refer to the section titled Change in Accounting Principle within Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on our method of accounting for ITCs, and Note 26 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on our change in allocation of costs to reportable segments and change in reportable segments. These unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements (and the related Notes) included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed on February 19, 2025, with the SEC.
Significant Accounting Policies
Income Taxes
In calculating the provision for interim income taxes, in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, we apply an estimated annual effective tax rate to year-to-date ordinary income. At the end of each interim period, we estimate the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year. This method differs from that described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, which describes our annual significant income tax accounting policy and related methodology.
Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding additional significant accounting policies.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09)
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The purpose of this guidance is to enhance the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures. This ASU requires that an entity disclose, on an annual basis, specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. For the state and local income tax category of the rate reconciliation, entities must disclose a qualitative description of the states and local jurisdictions that make up the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the category. For the income taxes paid disclosures, entities will be required to disclose, on an annual basis, the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes. The amendments are effective on January 1, 2025, for annual reporting and will be included in our 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The amendments must be applied using either a prospective or retrospective approach. Management does not expect the impact of these amendments to be material.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (ASU 2024-03)
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Subtopic 220-40): Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. The purpose of this ASU is to provide additional disclosure that will allow investors to better understand an entity’s performance, better assess an entity’s prospects for future cash flows, and more easily compare an entity’s performance over time and in relation to other similar entities. This ASU requires that an entity disclose, on an interim and annual basis, a disaggregation in the notes to the financial statements of certain income statement line items if the line item includes any of the five required expense categories, which are defined as (1) purchases of inventory, (2) employee compensation, (3) depreciation (including amortization of a finance ROU asset and leasehold improvements), (4) intangible asset amortization, and (5) depletion expense. For the “employee compensation” category, banking entities may continue to present compensation expense on the face of the income statement in accordance with Regulation S-X Rule 210.9-04. The disclosure should include a qualitative description of other expenses included within the income statement line item that are otherwise not disaggregated. This ASU also requires entities to disclose their total selling expenses for each reporting period. Selling expenses are not defined within the ASU, which will require entities to determine and disclose how they define selling expenses on an annual basis. The amendments are effective on January 1, 2027, for annual reporting, and for interim reporting thereafter, with early adoption permitted. The amendments must be applied using either a prospective or retrospective approach. Management does not expect the impact of these amendments to be material.
Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software (ASU 2025-06)
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. The purpose of this ASU is to improve the accounting for internal-use software costs by aligning the accounting with modern software development processes. This ASU removes all references to sequential software development project stages from U.S. GAAP, but does not change the types of costs that may be eligible to be capitalized. Under the updated guidance, entities will be required to begin capitalizing software project costs when (1) management has authorized and committed to funding the software project and (2) it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used to perform the function intended (called the “probable-to-complete” threshold). When evaluating whether the probable-to-complete threshold is met, entities must consider whether there is significant development uncertainty associated with the software, including determining whether the software project contains technological innovations or novel, unique, or unproven functions or features. Entities should also consider if there are significant performance requirements (e.g., functions or features) of the software project that have not yet been identified or continue to be substantially revised. The amendments do not define what is considered “significant” and instead will require management judgment. The amendments are effective January 1, 2028, with early adoption permitted. The amendments can be applied using a prospective approach, a retrospective approach, or a modified approach that bases the adoption of the amendments on the completion status of the software project as of the adoption date. Management is currently evaluating the impact of these amendments.
2. Held-for-sale Operations
On January 20, 2025, we formally approved our commitment to divest our credit card operations, Ally Credit Card, and entered a definitive agreement with CardWorks, Inc. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the assets and liabilities of Ally Credit Card were transferred to assets and liabilities of operations held-for-sale and sold. The sale occurred on April 1, 2025. Ally Credit Card was a component of our Corporate and Other segment. The related operating results have been presented within continuing operations in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for all periods presented.
During the fourth quarter of 2024, we began exploring strategic alternatives for Ally Credit Card, which resulted in a triggering event for goodwill impairment purposes, and recognized an $118 million goodwill impairment charge.
In connection with the classification of the operations as held-for-sale, the disposal group was measured at the lower-of-cost or fair value. First, the finance receivables and loans, along with the remaining assets and liabilities, were classified as held-for-sale and measured at the lower-of-cost or fair value. The fair value was determined based on the sales agreement with the third-party purchaser. Next, the carrying value of the disposal group was compared to fair value, which resulted in a goodwill impairment charge. Lastly, we recorded a valuation allowance on other assets related to estimated selling expenses. As a result, we recognized a net pretax loss of $8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which was comprised of a benefit of $306 million to our provision for credit losses, offset by a $2 million asset impairment related to Ally Credit Card branded plastics, a goodwill impairment charge of $305 million, and a valuation allowance on other assets of $7 million. We do not expect to recognize any significant incremental costs related to this transaction.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
3. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Our primary revenue sources, which include financing revenue and other interest income, are addressed by other U.S. GAAP topics and are not in the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. As part of our Insurance operations, we recognize revenue from insurance contracts, which are addressed by other U.S. GAAP topics and are not included in the scope of this standard. Certain noninsurance contracts within our Insurance operations, including VSCs, GAP contracts, and VMCs, are included in the scope of this standard. All revenue associated with noninsurance contracts is recognized over the contract term on a basis proportionate to the anticipated cost emergence. Further, commissions and sales expense incurred to obtain these contracts are amortized over the terms of the related policies and service contracts on the same basis as premiums and service revenue are earned, and all advertising costs are recognized as expense when incurred.
The following tables present a disaggregated view of our revenue from contracts with customers. For further information regarding our revenue recognition policies and details about the nature of our respective revenue streams, refer to Note 1 and Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Three months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | Automotive Finance operations |  | Insurance operations |  | Corporate Finance operations |  | Corporate and Other |  | Consolidated
2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from contracts with customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninsurance contracts (a) (b) (c) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 242 |
Remarketing fee income |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |
Brokerage commissions and other revenue |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |
Banking fees and interchange income (d) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Brokered/agent commissions |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Other |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers |  | 34 |  |  | 243 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | 308 |
All other revenue |  | 62 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 276 |
Total other revenue (e) |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 584 |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from contracts with customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninsurance contracts (a) (b) (c) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 246 |
Remarketing fee income |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |
Brokerage commissions and other revenue |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | 22 |
Banking fees and interchange income (d) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |
Brokered/agent commissions |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Other |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers |  | 33 |  |  | 252 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 319 |
All other revenue |  | 52 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 296 |
Total other revenue (e) |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 437 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 615 |

(a)We had opening balances of $3.0 billion in unearned revenue associated with outstanding contracts at both July 1, 2025, and 2024, and $239 million and $243 million of these balances were recognized as insurance premiums and service revenue earned in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income during the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
(b)At September 30, 2025, we had unearned revenue of $3.0 billion associated with outstanding contracts, and with respect to this balance we expect to recognize revenue of $230 million during the remainder of 2025, $816 million in 2026, $677 million in 2027, $522 million in 2028, and $748 million thereafter. At September 30, 2024, we had unearned revenue of $3.0 billion associated with outstanding contracts.
(c)We had deferred insurance assets of $1.8 billion at both July 1, 2025, and September 30, 2025, and recognized $141 million of expense during the three months ended September 30, 2025. We had deferred insurance assets of $1.8 billion at both July 1, 2024, and September 30, 2024, and recognized $141 million of expense during the three months ended September 30, 2024.
(d)Interchange income is reported net of customer rewards related to Ally Credit Card. Customer rewards expense was $7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(e)Represents a component of total net revenue. Refer to Note 23 for further information on our reportable operating segments.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | Automotive Finance operations |  | Insurance operations |  | Corporate Finance operations |  | Corporate and Other |  | Consolidated
2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from contracts with customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninsurance contracts (a) (b) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 724 |
Remarketing fee income |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |
Brokerage commissions and other revenue |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | 61 |
Banking fees and interchange income (c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 34 |
Brokered/agent commissions |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Other |  | 16 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 21 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers |  | 106 |  |  | 739 |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |  |  | 943 |
All other revenue |  | 184 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 73 |  |  | (454) |  |  | 270 |
Total other revenue (d) |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 1,206 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | (356) |  |  | $ | 1,213 |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from contracts with customers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninsurance contracts (a) (b) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 666 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 666 |
Remarketing fee income |  | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88 |
Brokerage commissions and other revenue |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | 67 |
Banking fees and interchange income (c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 35 |
Brokered/agent commissions |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Other |  | 14 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers |  | 102 |  |  | 683 |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | 887 |
All other revenue |  | 173 |  |  | 476 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 763 |
Total other revenue (d) |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | 1,159 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 1,650 |

(a)We had opening balances of $3.0 billion in unearned revenue associated with outstanding contracts at both January 1, 2025, and 2024, and $715 million and $732 million of these balances were recognized as insurance premiums and service revenue earned in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
(b)We had deferred insurance assets of $1.8 billion at both January 1, 2025, and September 30, 2025, and recognized $417 million of expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. We had deferred insurance assets of $1.8 billion at both January 1, 2024, and September 30, 2024, and recognized $432 million of expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(c)Interchange income is reported net of customer rewards related to Ally Credit Card. Customer rewards expense was $6 million and $20 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(d)Represents a component of total net revenue. Refer to Note 23 for further information on our reportable operating segments.
In addition to the components of other revenue presented above, as part of our Automotive Finance operations, we recognized net remarketing gains on the sale of off-lease vehicles of $1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and net remarketing losses of $18 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to net remarketing gains of $24 million and $129 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. These gains and losses are included in depreciation expense on operating lease assets in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Refer to Note 9 for additional information.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
4. Other Income, Net of Losses
Details of other income, net of losses, were as follows.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Late charges and other administrative fees |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  |
Remarketing fees |  | 28 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 88 |  |  |
Income from equity-method investments (a) |  | 23 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Other, net |  | 84 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 239 |  |  |
Total other income, net of losses (b) |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 491 |  |  |

(a)Refer to Note 11 for further information on our equity-method investments.
(b)Includes the activity of Ally Credit Card prior to the sale on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
5. Reserves for Insurance Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
The following table shows a rollforward of our reserves for insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses.

($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Total gross reserves for insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses at January 1, |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 140 |
Less: Reinsurance recoverable |  | 60 |  |  | 66 |
Net reserves for insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses at January 1, |  | 129 |  |  | 74 |
Net insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred related to: |  |  |  |
Current year |  | 497 |  |  | 411 |
Prior years (a) |  | 8 |  |  | 17 |
Total net insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred |  | 505 |  |  | 428 |
Net insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses paid or payable related to: |  |  |  |
Current year |  | (386) |  |  | (319) |
Prior years |  | (84) |  |  | (64) |
Total net insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses paid or payable |  | (470) |  |  | (383) |
Net reserves for insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses at September 30, |  | 164 |  |  | 119 |
Plus: Reinsurance recoverable (b) |  | 67 |  |  | 78 |
Total gross reserves for insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses at September 30, (c) |  | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 197 |

(a)There have been no material adverse changes to the reserve for prior years.
(b)Included in premiums receivable and other insurance assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(c)Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
6. Other Operating Expenses
Details of other operating expenses were as follows.

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Insurance commissions | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 486 |  |  |
Technology and communications | 108 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 319 |  |  |
Advertising and marketing | 65 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 221 |  |  |
Property and equipment depreciation | 60 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 169 |  |  |
Lease and loan administration | 43 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 136 |  |  |
Regulatory and licensing fees | 39 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 137 |  |  |
Professional services | 38 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 106 |  |  |
Vehicle remarketing and repossession | 35 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 96 |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Other | 106 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 310 |  |  |
Total other operating expenses (a) | $ | 652 |  |  | $ | 655 |  |  | $ | 1,944 |  |  | $ | 1,995 |  |  |

(a)Includes the activity of Ally Credit Card prior to the sale on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
7. Investment Securities
Our investment portfolio includes various debt and equity securities. Our debt securities, which are classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity, include government securities, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, and mortgage-backed securities. The cost, fair value, and gross unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities were as follows.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized |  | Fair value |  | Amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized |  | Fair value
($ in millions) |  | gains |  | losses |  | gains |  | losses |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies |  | $ | 2,230 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | 2,194 |  |  | $ | 2,073 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (200) |  |  | $ | 1,873 |
U.S. States and political subdivisions |  | 634 |  |  | — |  |  | (80) |  |  | 554 |  |  | 704 |  |  | — |  |  | (87) |  |  | 617 |
Foreign government |  | 205 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 204 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 194 |
Agency mortgage-backed residential (a) |  | 14,965 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (2,155) |  |  | 12,822 |  |  | 16,765 |  |  | — |  |  | (3,112) |  |  | 13,653 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 235 |  |  | — |  |  | (35) |  |  | 200 |  |  | 249 |  |  | — |  |  | (43) |  |  | 206 |
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (a) |  | 5,415 |  |  | 14 |  |  | (647) |  |  | 4,782 |  |  | 4,819 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (836) |  |  | 3,984 |
Asset-backed |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 131 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 129 |
Corporate debt |  | 1,951 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (68) |  |  | 1,903 |  |  | 1,871 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (120) |  |  | 1,754 |
Total available-for-sale securities (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) |  | $ | 25,660 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | (3,043) |  |  | $ | 22,684 |  |  | $ | 26,810 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (4,405) |  |  | $ | 22,410 |
Held-to-maturity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | $ | 1,284 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (163) |  |  | $ | 1,126 |  |  | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (196) |  |  | $ | 739 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 3,091 |  |  | 217 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,308 |  |  | 3,323 |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,465 |
Asset-backed retained notes |  | 58 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |
Total held-to-maturity securities (d) (f) (g) |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | (163) |  |  | $ | 4,493 |  |  | $ | 4,346 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | (196) |  |  | $ | 4,293 |

(a)Fair value includes basis adjustments for securities in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method. This includes a $53 million asset and a $72 million liability for agency mortgage-backed residential securities at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and a $40 million asset and a $34 million liability for agency mortgage-backed commercial securities at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. These basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific securities within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(b)Certain available-for-sale securities are included in fair value hedging relationships. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(c)Certain entities related to our Insurance operations are required to deposit securities with state regulatory authorities. These deposited securities totaled $13 million at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.
(d)Investment securities with a fair value of $3.7 billion and $3.4 billion were pledged as collateral at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. This primarily included $2.8 billion and $2.9 billion pledged to secure advances from the FHLB at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. This also included securities pledged for other purposes as required by contractual obligations or law, under which agreements we granted the counterparty the right to sell or pledge $945 million and $439 million of the underlying available-for-sale securities at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(e)Totals do not include accrued interest receivable, which was $81 million and $73 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is included in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(f)There was no allowance for credit losses recorded at both September 30, 2025, or December 31, 2024, as management determined that there were no expected credit losses in our portfolio of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities.
(g)Totals do not include accrued interest receivable, which was $13 million and $12 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is included in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
As of December 31, 2024, we did not have the intent to sell available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position and we did not believe it was more likely than not that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. In the first quarter of 2025, we executed a balance sheet repositioning of a portion of our available-for-sale securities as a result of our capital allocation planning related to the sale of Ally Credit Card. In connection with the repositioning, we sold lower-yielding securities with an amortized cost of approximately $4.6 billion for proceeds of $4.1 billion, resulting in a pre-tax loss of $495 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. We reinvested the proceeds in shorter duration, highly liquid securities at current market rates. As of September 30, 2025, we did not have the intent to sell available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position and we do not believe it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The maturity distribution of debt securities outstanding is summarized in the following tables based upon contractual maturities. Call or prepayment options may cause actual maturities to differ from contractual maturities.

|  | Total |  | Due in one year or less |  | Due after one year through five years |  | Due after five years through ten years |  | Due after ten years
($ in millions) |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield
September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of available-for-sale securities (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies |  | $ | 2,194 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | $ | 84 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | $ | 1,640 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 470 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
U.S. States and political subdivisions |  | 554 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 3.1 |
Foreign government |  | 204 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed residential (b) |  | 12,822 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,821 |  |  | 3.0 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 200 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 200 |  |  | 2.7 |
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (b) |  | 4,782 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 2,004 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 1,553 |  |  | 2.2 |
Asset-backed |  | 25 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Corporate debt |  | 1,903 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 907 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 646 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 5.5 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 22,684 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | $ | 342 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 3,938 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | $ | 3,285 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 15,119 |  |  | 2.9 |
Amortized cost of available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 25,660 |  |  |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,999 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,596 |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,720 |  |  |
Amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities (c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | $ | 1,284 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 1,284 |  |  | 3.5 | %
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 3,091 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 3,084 |  |  | 2.8 |
Asset-backed retained notes |  | 58 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 5.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total held-to-maturity securities |  | $ | 4,433 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 4,368 |  |  | 3.0 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of available-for-sale securities (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies |  | $ | 1,873 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | $ | 54 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | $ | 1,087 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | $ | 732 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
U.S. States and political subdivisions |  | 617 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 426 |  |  | 3.2 |
Foreign government |  | 194 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed residential (b) |  | 13,653 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 13,623 |  |  | 2.6 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 206 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 206 |  |  | 2.7 |
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (b) |  | 3,984 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 339 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 1,724 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 1,898 |  |  | 2.1 |
Asset-backed |  | 129 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Corporate debt |  | 1,754 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 754 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 5.3 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 22,410 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | $ | 327 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 2,438 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | $ | 3,371 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 16,274 |  |  | 2.6 |
Amortized cost of available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 26,810 |  |  |  |  | $ | 330 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,579 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,844 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,057 |  |  |
Amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities (c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | $ | 935 |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 935 |  |  | 2.7 | %
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 3,323 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 3,314 |  |  | 2.8 |
Asset-backed retained notes |  | 88 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total held-to-maturity securities |  | $ | 4,346 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 4,249 |  |  | 2.8 |

(a)Yield is calculated using the effective yield of each security at the end of the period, weighted based on the market value by security for the securities within each maturity distribution range. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon and amortized cost inclusive of hedge basis adjustments for dedesignated hedges, and excludes expected capital gains and losses. Yield does not consider hedging effects for securities in active hedges.
(b)Fair value includes basis adjustments for securities in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method. This includes a $53 million asset and a $72 million liability for agency mortgage-backed residential securities at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and a $40 million asset and a $34 million liability for agency mortgage-backed commercial securities at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. These basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific securities within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(c)Yield is calculated using the effective yield of each security at the end of the period, weighted based on amortized cost by security for the securities within each maturity distribution range. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon and amortized cost and excludes capital gains, capital losses, and the premium or discount on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity.
The balances of cash equivalents were $373 million and $106 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and were composed primarily of money-market funds.
20

Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table presents interest and dividends on investment securities.

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Taxable interest | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 668 |  |  | $ | 732 |  |  |
Taxable dividends | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Interest and dividends exempt from U.S. federal income tax | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 16 |  |  |
Interest and dividends on investment securities | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 701 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  |

The following table presents gross gains and losses realized upon the sales of available-for-sale securities, and net gains or losses on equity securities held during the period.

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |
Gross realized losses (a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (495) |  |  | — |  |  |
Net realized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (492) |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Net realized gain on equity securities | 28 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 53 |  |  |
Net unrealized gain on equity securities | 27 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 41 |  |  |
Other gain (loss) on investments, net | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | (382) |  |  | $ | 96 |  |  |

(a)Includes losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the balance sheet repositioning of our available-for-sale securities portfolio.
The following table presents the credit quality of our held-to-maturity securities, based on the latest available information as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The credit ratings are sourced from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, which include S&P, Moody’s, Fitch, and DBRS. The ratings presented are a composite of the ratings sourced from the agencies or, if the ratings cannot be sourced from the agencies, are based on the asset type of the particular security. All our held-to-maturity securities were current in their payment of principal and interest as of both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. We have not recorded any interest income reversals on our held-to-maturity securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, or September 30, 2024.

($ in millions) |  | AAA |  | AA |  | A |  | BBB |  | Total (a)
September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,284 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,284 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 3,021 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,091 |
Asset-backed retained notes |  | 53 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 58 |
Total held-to-maturity securities |  | $ | 3,074 |  |  | $ | 1,355 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 935 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 3,241 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,323 |
Asset-backed retained notes |  | 81 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 88 |
Total held-to-maturity securities |  | $ | 3,322 |  |  | $ | 1,016 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 4,346 |

(a)Rating agencies indicate that they base their ratings on many quantitative and qualitative factors, which may include capital adequacy, liquidity, asset quality, business mix, level and quality of earnings, and the current operating, legislative, and regulatory environment. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities, and the ratings are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency.
21

Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table summarizes available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, which we evaluated to determine if a credit loss exists requiring the recognition of an allowance for credit losses. For additional information on our methodology, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have not recorded any interest income reversals on our available-for-sale securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, or September 30, 2024.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer
($ in millions) |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized loss |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized loss |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized loss |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized loss
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 604 |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,873 |  |  | $ | (200) |
U.S. States and political subdivisions |  | 53 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 426 |  |  | (79) |  |  | 87 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 472 |  |  | (85) |
Foreign government |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |  |  | (5) |
Agency mortgage-backed residential (a) |  | 547 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 10,451 |  |  | (2,154) |  |  | 127 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 13,518 |  |  | (3,109) |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 200 |  |  | (35) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 206 |  |  | (43) |
Agency mortgage-backed commercial (a) |  | 191 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3,590 |  |  | (646) |  |  | 428 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 3,445 |  |  | (825) |
Asset-backed |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |  |  | (2) |
Corporate debt |  | 65 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | (67) |  |  | 265 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | (114) |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 872 |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 16,542 |  |  | $ | (3,039) |  |  | $ | 947 |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | 21,069 |  |  | $ | (4,383) |

(a)Includes basis adjustments for certain securities that are included in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific securities within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, management determined that there were no expected credit losses for securities in an unrealized loss position. This analysis considered a variety of factors including, but not limited to, performance indicators of the issuer, default rates, industry analyst reports, credit ratings, and other relevant information, which indicated that contractual cash flows are expected to occur. As a result of this evaluation, management determined that no credit reserves were required at September 30, 2025, or December 31, 2024.
22

Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
8. Finance Receivables and Loans, Net
The composition of finance receivables and loans reported at amortized cost basis was as follows.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Consumer automotive (a) |  | $ | 84,994 |  |  | $ | 83,757 |
Consumer mortgage (b) |  | 16,253 |  |  | 17,234 |
Consumer other (c) |  | — |  |  | 2,294 |
Total consumer |  | 101,247 |  |  | 103,285 |
Commercial |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | 17,137 |  |  | 18,259 |
Other (d) |  | 9,169 |  |  | 8,212 |
Commercial real estate |  | 7,014 |  |  | 6,274 |
Total commercial |  | 33,320 |  |  | 32,745 |
Total finance receivables and loans (e) (f) |  | $ | 134,567 |  |  | $ | 136,030 |

(a)Certain finance receivables and loans are included in fair value hedging relationships. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(b)Includes loans originated as interest-only mortgage loans of $5 million and $12 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, of which all have exited the interest-only period.
(c)Consists of credit card finance receivables and loans. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information. Billed interest on our credit card loans was included within finance receivables and loans, net as of December 31, 2024.
(d)Includes $26 million of PCD loans that were acquired for $2 million of cash considerations during the three months ended September 30, 2025, which have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination. We recognized an initial allowance for loan losses of $24 million on these PCD loans.
(e)Totals include net unearned income, unamortized premiums and discounts, and deferred fees and costs of $2.4 billion and $2.3 billion at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(f)Totals do not include accrued interest receivable, which was $761 million and $839 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is included in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The following tables present an analysis of the activity in the allowance for loan losses on finance receivables and loans for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

Three months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) |  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  |  |  | Commercial |  | Total
Allowance at July 1, 2025 |  | $ | 3,166 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 3,416 |
Charge-offs (a) |  | (662) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (662) |
Recoveries |  | 263 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 267 |
Net charge-offs |  | (399) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (395) |
Provision for credit losses |  | 419 |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | 415 |
Other (b) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 24 |  |  | 24 |
Allowance at September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 3,186 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 3,460 |

(a)Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our charge-off policies.
(b)Commercial includes $24 million of allowance for loan losses recognized on PCD loans acquired during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) |  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  | Consumer other (a) |  | Commercial |  | Total
Allowance at January 1, 2025 |  | $ | 3,170 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 3,714 |
Charge-offs (b) |  | (1,937) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (68) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2,009) |
Recoveries |  | 727 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 741 |
Net charge-offs |  | (1,210) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (63) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1,268) |
Provision for credit losses |  | 1,226 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (257) |  |  | 25 |  |  | 990 |
Other (c) |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 24 |
Allowance at September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 3,186 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 3,460 |

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(b)Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our charge-off policies.
(c)Commercial includes $24 million of allowance for loan losses recognized on PCD loans acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
23

Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

Three months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) |  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  | Consumer other (a) |  | Commercial |  | Total
Allowance at July 1, 2024 |  | $ | 3,055 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 3,572 |
Charge-offs (b) |  | (683) |  |  | — |  |  | (61) |  |  | — |  |  | (744) |
Recoveries |  | 216 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 227 |
Net charge-offs |  | (467) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (52) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (517) |
Provision for credit losses |  | 578 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 58 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 645 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Allowance at September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 3,166 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 3,700 |

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(b)Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our charge-off policies.

Nine months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) |  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  | Consumer other (a) |  | Commercial |  | Total
Allowance at January 1, 2024 |  | $ | 3,083 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 3,587 |
Charge-offs (b) |  | (1,976) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (199) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2,178) |
Recoveries |  | 654 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 687 |
Net charge-offs |  | (1,322) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (176) |  |  | 5 |  |  | (1,491) |
Write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale (c) |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |
Provision for credit losses |  | 1,410 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 191 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1,609 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Allowance at September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 3,166 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 3,700 |

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(b)Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our charge-off policies.
(c)Consumer automotive includes a $5 million reduction of allowance from the completion of a retail securitization transaction during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, resulting in the deconsolidation of the assets and liabilities from our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The following table presents sales of finance receivables and loans and transfers of finance receivables and loans from held-for-investment to held-for-sale based on net carrying value.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Consumer automotive |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,108 |
Consumer mortgage |  | 8 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 325 |
Consumer other (a) |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2,248 |  |  | —
Commercial |  | 5 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 296 |
Total sales and transfers |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 2,404 |  |  | $ | 1,729 |

(a)Consists of credit card finance receivables and loans. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
The following table presents purchases of finance receivables and loans based on unpaid principal balance at the time of purchase.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 1,258 |  |  | $ | 802 |  |  | $ | 3,242 |  |  | $ | 2,377 |
Consumer mortgage |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 15
Commercial |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |
Total purchases of finance receivables and loans |  | $ | 1,284 |  |  | $ | 809 |  |  | $ | 3,276 |  |  | $ | 2,392 |

24

Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Nonaccrual Loans
The following tables present the amortized cost of our finance receivables and loans on nonaccrual status. All consumer or commercial finance receivables and loans that were 90 days or more past due were on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. We recorded interest income from cash payments associated with finance receivables and loans on nonaccrual status of $4 million and $11 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $4 million and $14 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our accounting policy for finance receivables and loans on nonaccrual status.

|  |  |  |  |  | September 30, 2025
($ in millions) |  | Nonaccrual status at Jan. 1, 2025 |  | Nonaccrual status at Jul. 1, 2025 |  | Nonaccrual status |  | Nonaccrual with no allowance (a)
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  | $ | 1,134 |  |  | $ | 1,140 |  |  | $ | 426 |
Consumer mortgage |  | 54 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 53 |
Consumer other (b) |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  | 1,375 |  |  | 1,203 |  |  | 1,210 |  |  | 479 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | 15 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Other (c) |  | 94 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 4 |
Commercial real estate |  | 2 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 8 |
Total commercial |  | 111 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 21 |
Total finance receivables and loans |  | $ | 1,486 |  |  | $ | 1,359 |  |  | $ | 1,353 |  |  | $ | 500 |

(a)Represents a component of nonaccrual status at end of period.
(b)Consists of credit card finance receivables and loans. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(c)Includes PCD loans acquired during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

|  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2024
($ in millions) |  | Nonaccrual status at Jan. 1, 2024 |  | Nonaccrual status at Jul. 1, 2024 |  | Nonaccrual status |  | Nonaccrual with no allowance (a)
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 1,129 |  |  | $ | 978 |  |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  | $ | 476 |
Consumer mortgage |  | 54 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 36 |
Consumer other (b) |  | 92 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  | 1,275 |  |  | 1,099 |  |  | 1,375 |  |  | 512 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | 18 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 98 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 4 |
Commercial real estate |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Total commercial |  | 119 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 6 |
Total finance receivables and loans |  | $ | 1,394 |  |  | $ | 1,215 |  |  | $ | 1,486 |  |  | $ | 518 |

(a)Represents a component of nonaccrual status at end of period.
(b)Consists of credit card finance receivables and loans. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
Credit Quality Indicators
We evaluate the credit quality of our consumer loan portfolio based on the aging status of the loan and by payment activity. Loan delinquency reporting is generally based upon borrower payment activity, relative to the contractual terms of the loan.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following tables present the amortized cost basis of our consumer finance receivables and loans by credit quality indicator based on delinquency status and origination year.

| Origination year |  | Revolving loans converted to term |
September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 and prior | Revolving loans | Total
Consumer automotive |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 26,219 |  | $ | 22,326 |  | $ | 14,493 |  | $ | 10,345 |  | $ | 5,166 |  | $ | 2,281 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 80,830 |
30–59 days past due | 284 |  | 578 |  | 633 |  | 615 |  | 366 |  | 162 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,638 |
60–89 days past due | 78 |  | 232 |  | 283 |  | 287 |  | 156 |  | 68 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,104 |
90 or more days past due | 30 |  | 89 |  | 104 |  | 106 |  | 62 |  | 33 |  | — |  | — |  | 424 |
Total consumer automotive (a) | 26,611 |  | 23,225 |  | 15,513 |  | 11,353 |  | 5,750 |  | 2,544 |  | — |  | — |  | 84,996 |
Consumer mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | — |  | 18 |  | 31 |  | 1,791 |  | 9,376 |  | 4,803 |  | 97 |  | 10 |  | 16,126 |
30–59 days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |  | 26 |  | 24 |  | 1 |  | — |  | 60 |
60–89 days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 5 |  | — |  | — |  | 12 |
90 or more days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6 |  | 17 |  | 29 |  | 1 |  | 2 |  | 55 |
Total consumer mortgage | — |  | 18 |  | 31 |  | 1,811 |  | 9,421 |  | 4,861 |  | 99 |  | 12 |  | 16,253 |
Total consumer | $ | 26,611 |  | $ | 23,243 |  | $ | 15,544 |  | $ | 13,164 |  | $ | 15,171 |  | $ | 7,405 |  | $ | 99 |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | 101,249 |

(a)Certain consumer automotive loans are included in fair value hedging relationships. The amortized cost excludes a liability of $2 million related to basis adjustments for loans in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method at September 30, 2025. These basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific loans within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.

| Origination year |  | Revolving loans converted to term |
December 31, 2024 ($ in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 and prior | Revolving loans | Total
Consumer automotive |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 30,322 |  | $ | 20,387 |  | $ | 15,234 |  | $ | 8,368 |  | $ | 3,064 |  | $ | 1,849 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 79,224 |
30–59 days past due | 419 |  | 756 |  | 841 |  | 546 |  | 174 |  | 141 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,877 |
60–89 days past due | 131 |  | 338 |  | 390 |  | 240 |  | 75 |  | 56 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,230 |
90 or more days past due | 47 |  | 123 |  | 142 |  | 93 |  | 31 |  | 31 |  | — |  | — |  | 467 |
Total consumer automotive (a) | 30,919 |  | 21,604 |  | 16,607 |  | 9,247 |  | 3,344 |  | 2,077 |  | — |  | — |  | 83,798 |
Consumer mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 13 |  | 31 |  | 1,901 |  | 9,834 |  | 1,714 |  | 3,503 |  | 115 |  | 15 |  | 17,126 |
30–59 days past due | — |  | — |  | 7 |  | 9 |  | 5 |  | 27 |  | — |  | — |  | 48 |
60–89 days past due | — |  | — |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | 4 |  | — |  | — |  | 13 |
90 or more days past due | — |  | 2 |  | 2 |  | 9 |  | 1 |  | 30 |  | 1 |  | 2 |  | 47 |
Total consumer mortgage | 13 |  | 33 |  | 1,914 |  | 9,856 |  | 1,721 |  | 3,564 |  | 116 |  | 17 |  | 17,234 |
Consumer other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,140 |  | — |  | 2,140 |
30–59 days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 35 |  | — |  | 35 |
60–89 days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 33 |  | — |  | 33 |
90 or more days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 86 |  | — |  | 86 |
Total consumer other (b) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,294 |  | — |  | 2,294 |
Total consumer | $ | 30,932 |  | $ | 21,637 |  | $ | 18,521 |  | $ | 19,103 |  | $ | 5,065 |  | $ | 5,641 |  | $ | 2,410 |  | $ | 17 |  | $ | 103,326 |

(a)Certain consumer automotive loans are included in fair value hedging relationships. The amortized cost excludes a liability of $41 million related to basis adjustments for loans in closed portfolios with active hedges under the portfolio layer method at December 31, 2024. These basis adjustments would be allocated to the amortized cost of specific loans within the pool if the hedge was dedesignated. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(b)Consists of credit card finance receivables and loans. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
We evaluate the credit quality of our commercial loan portfolio using regulatory risk ratings, which are based on relevant information about the borrower’s financial condition, including current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, and current economic trends, among other factors. We use the following definitions for risk ratings below Pass.
•Special mention — Loans that have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or the institution’s credit position at some future date.
•Substandard — Loans that are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. These loans have a well-defined weakness or weakness that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
•Doubtful — Loans that have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the additional characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, based on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.
•Loss — Loans that are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.
The regulatory risk classification utilized is influenced by internal credit risk ratings, which are based on a variety of factors. A borrower’s internal credit risk rating is updated at least annually, and more frequently when a borrower’s credit profile changes, including when we become aware of potential credit deterioration. The following tables present the amortized cost basis of our commercial finance receivables and loans by credit quality indicator based on risk rating and origination year.

| Origination year |  | Revolving loans converted to term |
September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 and prior | Revolving loans | Total
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 269 |  | $ | 437 |  | $ | 266 |  | $ | 281 |  | $ | 103 |  | $ | 81 |  | $ | 14,303 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 15,740 |
Special mention | 2 |  | 2 |  | 23 |  | 12 |  | 19 |  | 3 |  | 1,290 |  | — |  | 1,351 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 46 |  | — |  | 46 |
Total automotive | 271 |  | 439 |  | 289 |  | 293 |  | 122 |  | 84 |  | 15,639 |  | — |  | 17,137 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 561 |  | 636 |  | 173 |  | 315 |  | 216 |  | 332 |  | 5,711 |  | 128 |  | 8,072 |
Special mention | — |  | 31 |  | — |  | 232 |  | 160 |  | 97 |  | 308 |  | 22 |  | 850 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 20 |  | 62 |  | 42 |  | — |  | 124 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 107 |  | 16 |  | — |  | 123 |
Total other | 561 |  | 667 |  | 173 |  | 547 |  | 396 |  | 598 |  | 6,077 |  | 150 |  | 9,169 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 1,198 |  | 1,076 |  | 804 |  | 1,051 |  | 963 |  | 1,576 |  | 11 |  | 58 |  | 6,737 |
Special mention | 3 |  | 42 |  | 45 |  | 94 |  | 46 |  | 37 |  | — |  | — |  | 267 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 2 |  | 5 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 7 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3 |
Total commercial real estate | 1,201 |  | 1,118 |  | 853 |  | 1,151 |  | 1,009 |  | 1,613 |  | 11 |  | 58 |  | 7,014 |
Total commercial | $ | 2,033 |  | $ | 2,224 |  | $ | 1,315 |  | $ | 1,991 |  | $ | 1,527 |  | $ | 2,295 |  | $ | 21,727 |  | $ | 208 |  | $ | 33,320 |

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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

| Origination year |  | Revolving loans converted to term |
December 31, 2024 ($ in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 and prior | Revolving loans | Total
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 522 |  | $ | 336 |  | $ | 337 |  | $ | 125 |  | $ | 64 |  | $ | 52 |  | $ | 15,005 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 16,441 |
Special mention | 3 |  | 38 |  | 15 |  | 25 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  | 1,694 |  | — |  | 1,779 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 33 |  | — |  | 33 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6 |  | — |  | 6 |
Total automotive | 525 |  | 374 |  | 352 |  | 150 |  | 67 |  | 53 |  | 16,738 |  | — |  | 18,259 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 707 |  | 296 |  | 261 |  | 199 |  | 18 |  | 205 |  | 5,047 |  | 84 |  | 6,817 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | 394 |  | 280 |  | 186 |  | 76 |  | 226 |  | 32 |  | 1,194 |
Substandard | — |  | 27 |  | — |  | 23 |  | 46 |  | 54 |  | 12 |  | 4 |  | 166 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 26 |  | 9 |  | — |  | 35 |
Total other | 707 |  | 323 |  | 655 |  | 502 |  | 250 |  | 361 |  | 5,294 |  | 120 |  | 8,212 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 959 |  | 904 |  | 1,228 |  | 1,030 |  | 757 |  | 1,137 |  | — |  | 36 |  | 6,051 |
Special mention | 6 |  | 51 |  | 69 |  | 57 |  | 35 |  | 3 |  | — |  | — |  | 221 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |
Total commercial real estate | 965 |  | 955 |  | 1,298 |  | 1,087 |  | 792 |  | 1,141 |  | — |  | 36 |  | 6,274 |
Total commercial | $ | 2,197 |  | $ | 1,652 |  | $ | 2,305 |  | $ | 1,739 |  | $ | 1,109 |  | $ | 1,555 |  | $ | 22,032 |  | $ | 156 |  | $ | 32,745 |

The following table presents an analysis of our past-due commercial finance receivables and loans recorded at amortized cost basis.

($ in millions) |  | 30–59 days past due |  | 60–89 days past due |  | 90 days or more past due |  | Total past due |  | Current |  | Total finance receivables and loans
September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,137 |  |  | $ | 17,137 |
Other |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 9,099 |  |  | 9,169 |
Commercial real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7,013 |  |  | 7,014 |
Total commercial |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 33,249 |  |  | $ | 33,320 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 18,254 |  |  | $ | 18,259 |
Other |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 8,177 |  |  | 8,212 |
Commercial real estate |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 6,272 |  |  | 6,274 |
Total commercial |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 32,703 |  |  | $ | 32,745 |

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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following tables present gross charge-offs of our finance receivables and loans for each portfolio class by origination year during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and during the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our charge-off policy.

| Origination year |  | Revolving loans converted to term |
September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 and prior | Revolving loans | Total
Consumer automotive | $ | 65 |  | $ | 405 |  | $ | 574 |  | $ | 517 |  | $ | 252 |  | $ | 124 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,937 |
Consumer mortgage | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |
Consumer other (a) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 64 |  | 4 |  | 68 |
Total consumer | 65 |  | 405 |  | 574 |  | 518 |  | 253 |  | 124 |  | 64 |  | 4 |  | 2,007 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 2 |
Total commercial | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 2 |
Total finance receivables and loans | $ | 65 |  | $ | 405 |  | $ | 574 |  | $ | 518 |  | $ | 254 |  | $ | 124 |  | $ | 65 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2,009 |

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.

| Origination year |  | Revolving loans converted to term |
December 31, 2024 ($ in millions) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 and prior | Revolving loans | Total
Consumer automotive (a) | $ | 160 |  | $ | 779 |  | $ | 943 |  | $ | 510 |  | $ | 137 |  | $ | 152 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,681 |
Consumer mortgage | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |
Consumer other (b) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 246 |  | 16 |  | 262 |
Total consumer | 160 |  | 779 |  | 943 |  | 511 |  | 137 |  | 153 |  | 246 |  | 16 |  | 2,945 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 2 |  | — |  | 3 |
Total commercial | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 2 |  | — |  | 3 |
Total finance receivables and loans | $ | 160 |  | $ | 779 |  | $ | 943 |  | $ | 511 |  | $ | 137 |  | $ | 154 |  | $ | 248 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 2,948 |

(a)Excludes $5 million of write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale from the completion of a retail securitization transaction during the year ended December 31, 2024, resulting in the deconsolidation of the assets and liabilities from our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(b)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Loan Modifications
The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified subsequent to origination during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, for each portfolio segment, by modification type. For additional information on loan modification types in scope of this disclosure, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The below tables exclude consumer mortgage finance receivables and loans currently enrolled in a trial modification program. Trial modifications generally represent a three-month period during which the borrower makes monthly payments under the anticipated modified payment terms. If the borrower successfully completes the trial loan modification program, the contractual terms of the loan are updated and the modification is considered permanent. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, there were $8 million and $4 million of consumer mortgage finance receivables and loans in a trial modification program, respectively.

| Payment extensions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) | Payment deferrals |  | Contractual maturity extensions |  | Principal forgiveness |  | Interest rate concessions |  | Combination |  | Total
Consumer automotive | $ | — |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 242 |
Consumer mortgage | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Total consumer | 1 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 245 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Commercial real estate | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Total commercial | 3 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Total finance receivables and loans | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 267 |

| Payment extensions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) | Payment deferrals |  | Contractual maturity extensions |  | Principal forgiveness |  | Interest rate concessions |  | Combination |  | Total (a)
Consumer automotive | $ | — |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 457 |
Consumer mortgage | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |
Total consumer | 1 |  |  | 451 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 463 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Other | 3 |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |
Commercial real estate | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Total commercial | 7 |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |
Total finance receivables and loans | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 527 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 562 |

(a)Represents 0.4% of total finance receivables and loans outstanding as of September 30, 2025.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

| Payment extensions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) | Payment deferrals |  | Contractual maturity extensions |  | Principal forgiveness |  | Interest rate concessions |  | Combination |  | Total
Consumer automotive | $ | — |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132 |
Consumer mortgage | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Consumer other (a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Total consumer | — |  |  | 131 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 140 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Other | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 39 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total commercial | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 77 |
Total finance receivables and loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 217 |

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.

| Payment extensions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) | Payment deferrals |  | Contractual maturity extensions |  | Principal forgiveness |  | Interest rate concessions |  | Combination |  | Total (a)
Consumer automotive | $ | — |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 309 |
Consumer mortgage | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Consumer other (b) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Total consumer | — |  |  | 307 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 325 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Other | — |  |  | 174 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 188 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total commercial | 5 |  |  | 174 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 231 |
Total finance receivables and loans | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 481 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 556 |

(a)Represents 0.4% of total finance receivables and loans outstanding as of September 30, 2024.
(b)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
The following tables present the financial effect of loan modifications that occurred during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

| Payment extensions (a) |  | Principal forgiveness |  | Interest rate concessions (a) |  | Combination (a) (b)
Three months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) | Number of months extended/deferred |  | Amount forgiven |  | Initial rate |  | Revised rate |  | Remaining term |  | Revised remaining term |  | Initial rate |  | Revised rate
Consumer automotive | 36 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 69 |  | 98 |  | 11.7 | % |  | 7.6 | %
Consumer mortgage | 213 |  | — |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 24 |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | %
Commercial real estate | 6 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial | 21 |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(a)Calculated using a weighted-average balance for each portfolio class.
(b)Term is presented in number of months.
31

Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

| Payment extensions (a) |  | Principal forgiveness |  | Interest rate concessions (a) |  | Combination (a) (b) (c)
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) | Number of months extended/deferred |  | Amount forgiven |  | Initial rate |  | Revised rate |  | Remaining term |  | Revised remaining term |  | Initial rate |  | Revised rate
Consumer automotive | 33 |  | $ | 2 |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 70 |  | 95 |  | 12.4 | % |  | 8.1 | %
Consumer mortgage | 215 |  | — |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 284 |  | 408 |  | 4.1 |  |  | 2.3 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 12.5 | % |  | 7.9 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | %
Other | 17 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate | 6 |  | — |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial | 16 |  | $ | — |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(a)Calculated using a weighted-average balance for each portfolio class.
(b)Term is presented in number of months.
(c)Some consumer mortgage combination loan modifications include deferrals of principal. The weighted average number of months deferred for these loans was 134 months.

| Payment extensions (a) |  | Principal forgiveness |  | Interest rate concessions (a) |  | Combination (a) (b)
Three months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) | Number of months extended/deferred |  | Amount forgiven |  | Initial rate |  | Revised rate |  | Remaining term |  | Revised remaining term |  | Initial rate |  | Revised rate
Consumer automotive | 30 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | %
Consumer mortgage | 126 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer other (c) | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 30.4 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 11.0 | % |  | 7.9 | % |  | — |  | — |  | — | % |  | — | %
Other | 15 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  | 60 |  | 5.5 |  |  | 4.3 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |  | 90 |  | 11.0 |  |  | 6.0 |
Total commercial | 15 |  | $ | — |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 7 |  | 61 |  | 5.7 |  |  | 4.3 |

(a)Calculated using a weighted-average balance for each portfolio class.
(b)Term is presented in number of months.
(c)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

| Payment extensions (a) |  | Principal forgiveness |  | Interest rate concessions (a) |  | Combination (a) (b)
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) | Number of months extended/deferred |  | Amount forgiven |  | Initial rate |  | Revised rate |  | Remaining term |  | Revised remaining term |  | Initial rate |  | Revised rate
Consumer automotive | 29 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | %
Consumer mortgage | 176 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer other (c) | — |  | 1 |  |  | 30.4 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | 10 |  | $ | — |  |  | 11.0 | % |  | 7.9 | % |  | — |  | — |  | — | % |  | — | %
Other | 37 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  | 60 |  | 5.5 |  |  | 4.3 |
Commercial real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |  | 90 |  | 11.0 |  |  | 6.0 |
Total commercial | 36 |  | $ | — |  |  | 11.0 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 7 |  | 61 |  | 5.7 |  |  | 4.3 |

(a)Calculated using a weighted-average balance for each portfolio class.
(b)Term is presented in number of months.
(c)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
The following tables present the subsequent performance of loans recorded at amortized cost, by portfolio segment and credit quality indicator, that were modified within the 12 months prior to September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) |  | Current |  | 30–59 days past due |  | 60–89 days past due |  | 90 or more days past due |  | Total
Consumer automotive |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contractual maturity extensions |  | $ | 459 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 558 |
Principal forgiveness |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |
Combination |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Total consumer automotive |  | 462 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 568 |
Consumer mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment deferrals |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Contractual maturity extensions |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Interest rate concessions |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Combination |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Total consumer mortgage |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |
Total consumer |  | $ | 466 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 574 |

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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) |  | Pass |  | Special mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate concessions |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9 |
Total automotive |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment deferrals |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Contractual maturity extensions |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |
Total other |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 79 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment deferrals |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |
Interest rate concessions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Total commercial real estate |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |
Total commercial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 99 |

September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) |  | Current |  | 30–59 days past due |  | 60–89 days past due |  | 90 or more days past due |  | Total
Consumer automotive |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contractual maturity extensions |  | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 416 |
Principal forgiveness |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Combination |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total consumer automotive |  | 317 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 421 |
Consumer mortgage |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contractual maturity extensions |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Combination |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total consumer mortgage |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Consumer other (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate concessions |  | 10 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 16 |
Total consumer other |  | 10 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 16 |
Total consumer |  | $ | 330 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 441 |

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) |  | Pass |  | Special mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment deferrals |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5 |
Interest rate concessions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 37 |
Total automotive |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contractual maturity extensions |  | 118 |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | 174 |
Combination |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Total other |  | 118 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 188 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Combination |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total commercial real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total commercial |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 231 |

As of September 30, 2025, 2,075 consumer automotive loans with a total amortized cost of $51 million redefaulted within 12 months of modification, whereas 1,205 consumer automotive loans with a total amortized cost of $29 million redefaulted within 12 months of modification as of September 30, 2024.
9. Leasing
Ally as the Lessee
We have operating leases for certain of our corporate facilities, which have remaining lease terms of 7 months to 11 years. Most of the property leases have fixed payment terms with annual fixed-escalation clauses and include options to extend or terminate the lease. We do not include these term extensions or termination provisions in our estimates of the lease term if we do not consider it reasonably certain that the options will be exercised.
We also have operating leases for a fleet of vehicles that is used by our sales force for business purposes, with noncancelable lease terms of 367 days. Thereafter, the leases are month-to-month, up to a maximum of 48 months from inception.
During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we paid $9 million and $27 million, respectively, in cash for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities at September 30, 2025, compared to $9 million and $26 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. These amounts are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, we obtained $25 million and $19 million, respectively, of ROU assets in exchange for new lease liabilities. As of September 30, 2025, the weighted-average remaining lease term of our operating lease portfolio was 4 years, and the weighted-average discount rate was 3.56%, compared to 3 years and 3.32% as of December 31, 2024.
The following table presents future minimum rental payments we are required to make under operating leases that have commenced as of September 30, 2025, and that have noncancelable lease terms expiring after September 30, 2025.

($ in millions) |  |
2025 |  | $ | 10 |
2026 |  | 38 |
2027 |  | 30 |
2028 |  | 21 |
2029 |  | 3 |
2030 and thereafter |  | 13 |
Total undiscounted cash flows |  | 115 |
Difference between undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows |  | (9) |
Total lease liability |  | $ | 106 |

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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table details the components of total net operating lease expense.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Operating lease expense |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  |
Variable lease expense |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Total lease expense, net (a) |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |

(a)Included in other operating expenses in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
Ally as the Lessor
Investment in Operating Leases
We purchase consumer operating lease contracts and the associated vehicles from automotive dealerships or manufacturers after those contracts are executed. The amount we pay for an operating lease contract is based on the negotiated price for the vehicle less vehicle trade-in, down payment from the consumer, tax credits, and available automotive manufacturer incentives. Under the operating lease, the consumer is obligated to make payments in amounts equal to the amount by which the negotiated purchase price of the vehicle (less any trade-in value, down payment, tax credits, or available manufacturer incentives) exceeds the contract residual value (including residual support) of the vehicle at lease termination, plus operating lease rental charges. The customer can terminate the lease at any point after commencement, subject to additional charges and fees. The consumer, dealership, or automotive manufacturer may have the option to purchase the vehicle at the end of the lease term, which generally range from 24 to 60 months, at the residual value of the vehicle, however it is not reasonably certain this option will be exercised and accordingly our consumer leases are classified as operating leases. In addition to the charges described above, the consumer is generally responsible for certain charges related to excess mileage or excessive wear and tear on the vehicle. These charges are deemed variable lease payments and, as these payments are not based on a rate or index, they are recognized as net depreciation expense on operating lease assets in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income as incurred.
When we acquire a consumer operating lease, we assume ownership of the vehicle. We require that property damage, bodily injury, collision, and comprehensive insurance be obtained by the lessee on all consumer operating leases. When vehicles are not purchased by customers, the receiving dealer, or automotive manufacturer at scheduled lease termination, the vehicle is returned to us for remarketing. We generally bear the risk of loss to the extent the value of a leased vehicle upon remarketing is below the expected residual value after adjusting for any OEM residual value guarantees. At termination, our actual sales proceeds from remarketing the vehicle may be higher or lower than the estimated residual value after adjusting for any OEM residual value guarantees resulting in a gain or loss on remarketing, which is included in net depreciation expense on operating lease assets in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Excessive mileage or excessive wear and tear on the vehicle during the lease may impact the sales proceeds received upon remarketing. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, consumer operating leases with a carrying value, net of accumulated depreciation, of $3.5 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, were covered by OEM residual value guarantees. Substantially all were covered under an OEM residual value guarantee of approximately 50% of the vehicles’ contract residual value at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.
The following table details our investment in operating leases.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Vehicles |  | $ | 9,944 |  |  | $ | 9,519 |
Accumulated depreciation |  | (1,345) |  |  | (1,528) |
Investment in operating leases, net |  | $ | 8,599 |  |  | $ | 7,991 |

The following table presents future minimum rental payments we have the right to receive under operating leases with noncancelable lease terms expiring after September 30, 2025.

($ in millions) |  |
2025 |  | $ | 391 |
2026 |  | 1,336 |
2027 |  | 807 |
2028 |  | 226 |
2029 |  | 20 |
2030 and thereafter |  | 1 |
Total lease payments from operating leases |  | $ | 2,781 |

36

Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
We recognized operating lease revenue of $365 million and $1.1 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $316 million and $1.0 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Depreciation expense on operating lease assets includes net remarketing gains and losses recognized on the sale of operating lease assets. The following table summarizes the components of depreciation expense on operating lease assets.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Depreciation expense on operating lease assets (excluding remarketing (gains) losses) (a) |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 663 |  |  | $ | 645 |  |  |
Remarketing (gains) losses, net |  | (1) |  |  | (24) |  |  | 18 |  |  | (129) |  |  |
Net depreciation expense on operating lease assets |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 516 |  |  |

(a)Includes variable lease payments related to excess mileage and excessive wear and tear on vehicles of $5 million and $17 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $6 million and $16 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Finance Leases
In our Automotive Finance operations, we also hold automotive leases that require finance lease treatment as prescribed by ASC Topic 842, Leases. Our total gross investment in finance leases, which consists of lease payment receivables, and is included in finance receivables and loans, net, on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, was $491 million and $496 million as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Interest income on finance lease receivables was $10 million and $31 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $11 million and $34 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and is included in interest and fees on finance receivables and loans in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
The following table presents future minimum rental payments we have the right to receive under finance leases with noncancelable lease terms expiring after September 30, 2025.

($ in millions) |  |
2025 |  | $ | 51 |
2026 |  | 177 |
2027 |  | 144 |
2028 |  | 110 |
2029 |  | 54 |
2030 and thereafter |  | 31 |
Total undiscounted cash flows |  | 567 |
Difference between undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows |  | (76) |
Present value of lease payments recorded as lease receivable |  | $ | 491 |

10. Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities
We securitize, transfer, and service consumer automotive loans. We often securitize these loans (also referred to as financial assets) using SPEs. An SPE is a legal entity that is designed to fulfill a specified limited need of the sponsor. Our principal use of SPEs is to obtain liquidity by securitizing certain of our financial assets. SPEs are often VIEs and may or may not be included on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Additionally, we sell consumer automotive whole-loans to SPEs where we have a continuing involvement.
VIEs are legal entities that either have an insufficient amount of equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or, as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack the ability to control the entity’s activities that most significantly impact economic performance through voting or similar rights, or do not have the obligation to absorb the expected losses or the right to receive expected residual returns of the entity.
The VIEs included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet represent SPEs where we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary, primarily due to our servicing activities and our beneficial interests in the VIE that could be potentially significant.
The nature, purpose, and activities of nonconsolidated SPEs are similar to those of our consolidated SPEs with the primary difference being the nature and extent of our continuing involvement. For nonconsolidated SPEs, the transferred financial assets are removed from our balance sheet provided the conditions for sale accounting are met. The financial assets obtained from the sale are primarily reported as cash or retained interests (if applicable). Liabilities incurred as part of these sales, are recorded at fair value at the time of sale and are reported as accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Upon the sale of the loans, we recognize a gain or loss on sale for the difference between the assets recognized, the assets derecognized, and the liabilities recognized as part of the transaction. With
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
respect to our ongoing right to service the assets we sell, the servicing fee we receive represents adequate compensation, and consequently, we do not recognize a servicing asset or liability.
We had pretax losses on sales of financial assets into nonconsolidated VIEs of $3 million and $5 million during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as compared to pretax gains of $1 million and $2 million during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
We provide long-term guarantee contracts to investors in certain nonconsolidated affordable housing entities and have extended a line of credit to provide liquidity. Since we do not have control over the entities or the power to make decisions, we do not consolidate the entities and our involvement is limited to the guarantee and the line of credit.
We are involved with various other nonconsolidated equity investments, including affordable housing entities and venture capital funds and loan funds. We do not consolidate these entities and our involvement is limited to our outstanding investment, additional capital committed to these funds plus any previously recognized LIHTCs that are subject to recapture.
Refer to Note 1 and Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further description of our securitization activities and our involvement with VIEs.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table presents our involvement in consolidated and nonconsolidated VIEs in which we hold variable interests. We have excluded certain transactions with nonconsolidated entities from the balances presented in the table below, where our only continuing involvement relates to financial interests obtained through the ordinary course of business, primarily from lending and investing arrangements. For additional detail related to the assets and liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities, refer to the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

($ in millions) |  | Carrying value of total assets | Carrying value of total liabilities | Assets sold to nonconsolidated VIEs (a) |  | Maximum exposure to loss in nonconsolidated VIEs
September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
On‑balance sheet variable interest entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 11,560 |  | (b) | $ | 1,054 |  | (c) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |
Off-balance sheet variable interest entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive (d) |  | 61 |  | (e) | — |  |  | 3,057 |  |  | 3,118 |  | (f)
Commercial other |  | 2,785 |  | (g) | 857 |  | (h) | — |  |  | 3,578 |  | (i)
Total |  | $ | 14,406 |  |  | $ | 1,911 |  |  | $ | 3,057 |  |  | $ | 6,696 |  |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
On-balance sheet variable interest entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 12,821 |  | (b) | $ | 1,683 |  | (c) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |
Off-balance sheet variable interest entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive (d) |  | 92 |  | (e) | — |  |  | 2,885 |  |  | 2,977 |  | (f)
Consumer other (j) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86 |  |  | 86 |  |
Commercial other |  | 2,768 |  | (g) | 1,022 |  | (h) | — |  |  | 3,482 |  | (i)
Total |  | $ | 15,681 |  |  | $ | 2,705 |  |  | $ | 2,971 |  |  | $ | 6,545 |  |

(a)Represents the current unpaid principal balance of outstanding consumer automotive and credit card finance receivables and loans within the VIEs.
(b)Includes $8.7 billion and $8.2 billion of assets that were not encumbered by VIE beneficial interests held by third parties at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Ally or consolidated affiliates hold the interests in these assets.
(c)Includes $140 million and $118 million of liabilities that were not obligations to third-party beneficial interest holders at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(d)Includes activity where we sell loans through a pass-through program to a third party.
(e)Represents retained notes and certificated residual interests, of which $58 million and $88 million were classified as held-to-maturity securities at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and $3 million and $4 million were classified as other assets at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. These assets represent our compliance with the risk retention rules under the Dodd-Frank Act, requiring us to retain at least five percent of the credit risk of the assets underlying asset-backed securitizations.
(f)Maximum exposure to loss represents the current unpaid principal balance of outstanding loans based on our customary representation and warranty provisions. This measure is based on the unlikely event that all the loans have underwriting defects or other defects that trigger a representation and warranty provision and the collateral supporting the loans are worthless. This required disclosure is not an indication of our expected loss.
(g)Amounts are classified as other assets except for $54 million and $50 million classified as equity securities at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(h)Amounts are classified as accrued expenses and other liabilities.
(i)For certain nonconsolidated affordable housing entities, maximum exposure to loss represents the yield we guaranteed investors through long-term guarantee contracts. The amount disclosed is based on the unlikely event that the yield delivered to investors in the form of LIHTCs and other tax credits is recaptured. For nonconsolidated equity investments, maximum exposure to loss represents our outstanding investment, additional committed capital, and LIHTCs and other tax credits subject to recapture. The amount disclosed is based on the unlikely event that our committed capital is funded, our investments become worthless, and the tax credits previously delivered to us are recaptured. This required disclosure is not an indication of our expected loss.
(j)Includes balances from Ally Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Cash Flows with Nonconsolidated Special-Purpose Entities
The following table summarizes cash flows received and paid related to SPEs and asset-backed financings where the transfer is accounted for as a sale and we have a continuing involvement with the transferred consumer automotive and credit card assets (for example, servicing) that were outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024. Additionally, this table contains information regarding cash flows received from and paid to nonconsolidated SPEs that existed during each period.

|  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Consumer automotive |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash proceeds from transfers completed during the period |  | $ | 1,010 |  |  | $ | 1,468 |  |  |
Servicing fees |  | 44 |  |  | 44 |  |  |
Cash flows received on retained interests in securitization entities |  | 33 |  |  | 41 |  |  |
Other cash flows received |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  |
Cash disbursements for repurchases during the period |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Consumer other (a) |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash proceeds from transfers completed during the period |  | 8 |  |  | 35 |  |  |
Servicing fees |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  |

(a)Includes activity from Ally Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
Delinquencies and Net Credit Losses
The following tables present quantitative information about off-balance sheet securitizations and whole-loan sales where we have continuing involvement.

|  | Total amount |  | Amount 60 days or more past due
($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Off-balance-sheet securitization entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 1,156 |  |  | $ | 1,730 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Whole-loan sales (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive |  | 1,901 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 83 |
Consumer other (b) |  | — |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Total |  | $ | 3,057 |  |  | $ | 2,971 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 115 |

(a)Whole-loan sales are not part of a securitization transaction, but represent consumer automotive and credit card pools of loans sold to third-party investors.
(b)Includes balances related to Ally Credit Card at December 31, 2024. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.

|  | Net credit losses
|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Off-balance-sheet securitization entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 14 |
Whole-loan sales (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive |  | 28 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 54 |
Consumer other (b) |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 29 |
Total |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 97 |

(a)Whole-loan sales are not part of a securitization transaction, but represent consumer automotive and credit card pools of loans sold to third-party investors.
(b)Includes activity from Ally Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
40

Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
11. Other Assets
The components of other assets were as follows.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Property and equipment at cost |  | $ | 2,269 |  |  | $ | 2,226 |
Accumulated depreciation |  | (1,093) |  |  | (973) |
Net property and equipment |  | 1,176 |  |  | 1,253 |
Net deferred tax assets |  | 2,175 |  |  | 1,916 |
Proportional amortization investments (a) (b) |  | 2,080 |  |  | 2,131 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents (c) |  | 1,131 |  |  | 788 |
Accrued interest, fees, and rent receivables (d) |  | 896 |  |  | 929 |
Nonmarketable equity investments |  | 858 |  |  | 789 |
Equity-method investments (e) |  | 705 |  |  | 632 |
Restricted cash held for securitization trusts (f) |  | 227 |  |  | 300 |
Other accounts receivable |  | 213 |  |  | 312 |
Goodwill |  | 190 |  |  | 551 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 91 |  |  | 92 |
Net intangible assets |  | — |  |  | 54 |
Other assets |  | 953 |  |  | 913 |
Total other assets |  | $ | 10,695 |  |  | $ | 10,660 |

(a)Proportional amortization investments includes qualifying LIHTC, NMTC, and HTC investments.
(b)Presented gross of the associated unfunded commitment. Refer to Note 14 for further information.
(c)Primarily represents restricted cash equivalents funded through the issuance of credit-linked notes. Additionally, includes a number of arrangements with third parties where certain restrictions are placed on balances we hold due to collateral agreements associated with operational processes with a third-party bank, partner, or letter of credit arrangements and corresponding collateral requirements. Refer to Note 18 for further information about the issuance of credit-linked notes.
(d)Primarily relates to accrued interest, fees, and rent receivables related to our consumer automotive and commercial automotive finance receivables and loans.
(e)Primarily relates to investments made in connection with our CRA program.
(f)Includes restricted cash collected from customer payments on securitized receivables, which are distributed by us to investors as payments on the related secured debt, and cash reserve deposits utilized as a form of credit enhancement for various securitization transactions.
The following table summarizes information about our proportional amortization investments.

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Tax credits and other tax benefits from proportional amortization investments (a) (b) | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  |
Investment amortization expense recognized as a component of income tax expense (a) | 73 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 174 |  |  |
Net benefit from proportional amortization investments (a) | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  |

(a)Amounts are included within income tax expense from continuing operations on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income and as a component of operating activities within deferred income taxes, other assets, and other liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
(b)There were no impairment losses recognized during both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, resulting from the forfeiture or ineligibility of tax credits or other circumstances.
Our proportional amortization investments were $2.1 billion at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, and are included within other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unfunded commitments to provide additional capital to proportional amortization investments were $856 million and $1.0 billion at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are included within accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Substantially all of the unfunded commitments at September 30, 2025, are expected to be paid out within the next five years.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The total carrying value of the nonmarketable equity investments held at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, including cumulative unrealized gains and losses, was as follows.

($ in millions) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
FRB stock | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 440 |
FHLB stock | 310 |  |  | 258 |
Equity investments without a readily determinable fair value |  |  |
Cost basis | 91 |  |  | 74 |
Adjustments |  |  |
Upward adjustments | 53 |  |  | 53 |
Downward adjustments (including impairment) | (38) |  |  | (36) |
Carrying amount, equity investments without a readily determinable fair value | 106 |  |  | 91 |
Nonmarketable equity investments | $ | 858 |  |  | $ | 789 |

During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, unrealized gains and losses included in the carrying value of the nonmarketable equity investments still held as of September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, were as follows.

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Upward adjustments | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |
Downward adjustments (including impairment) (a) | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | $ | (2) |  |  | $ | (19) |

(a)No impairment on FHLB and FRB stock was recognized during both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024.
The carrying balance of goodwill by reportable operating segment was as follows.

($ in millions) |  | Automotive Finance operations |  | Insurance operations |  | Corporate and Other (a) |  | Total
Goodwill at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 622 |  |  | $ | 669 |
Goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (118) |  |  | (118) |
Goodwill at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 551 |
Goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (305) |  |  | (305) |
Transfer to assets of operations held-for-sale (b) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (56) |  |  | (56) |
Goodwill at September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 190 |

(a)Includes $143 million of goodwill associated with Ally Invest at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, and $361 million of goodwill associated with Ally Credit Card at December 31, 2024.
(b)We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a $118 million goodwill impairment charge when we began exploring strategic alternatives for Ally Credit Card, which resulted in a triggering event for goodwill impairment. As a result, we performed a quantitative impairment test using a combination of valuation methodologies, including an income approach and a market approach, to determine the fair market value of Ally Credit Card as of the valuation date, November 30, 2024, which resulted in the impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2024.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized a $305 million goodwill impairment charge at Corporate and Other related to the transfer of Ally Credit Card to held-for-sale on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Subsequent to the impairment charge, the goodwill balance of $56 million was transferred to assets of operations held-for-sale on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. For additional information, refer to Note 2.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The net carrying value of intangible assets by class was as follows.

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
($ in millions) | Gross intangible assets |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Net carrying value |  | Gross intangible assets |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Net carrying value
Technology | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | (39) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | (77) |  |  | $ | 40 |
Customer lists | 41 |  |  | (41) |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | (41) |  |  | — |
Purchased credit card relationships | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 14 |
Trademarks | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |
Total intangible assets | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | (80) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 185 |  |  | $ | (131) |  |  | $ | 54 |

12. Deposit Liabilities
Deposit liabilities consisted of the following.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 131 |
Interest-bearing deposits |  |  |  |
Savings, money market, and spending accounts |  | 107,445 |  |  | 104,201 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 40,791 |  |  | 47,242 |
Total deposit liabilities |  | $ | 148,410 |  |  | $ | 151,574 |

At September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, certificates of deposit included $6.1 billion and $6.8 billion, respectively, of those in denominations in excess of $250 thousand.
13. Debt
Short-Term Borrowings
The following table presents the composition of our short-term borrowings portfolio.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
($ in millions) |  | Unsecured |  | Secured (a) |  | Total |  | Unsecured |  | Secured (a) |  | Total
Federal Home Loan Bank |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,350 |  |  | $ | 3,350 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,625 |  |  | $ | 1,625 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  | — |  |  | 529 |  |  | 529 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total short-term borrowings |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,879 |  |  | $ | 3,879 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,625 |  |  | $ | 1,625 |

(a)Refer to the section below titled Long-Term Debt for further details on assets restricted as collateral for payment of the related debt.
We periodically enter into term repurchase agreements—short-term borrowing agreements in which we sell securities to one or more investors while simultaneously committing to repurchase them at a specified future date, at the stated price plus accrued interest. As of September 30, 2025, the securities sold under agreements to repurchase consisted of $529 million in U.S. Treasury securities, of which $429 million are set to mature within 30 days, and $100 million are set to mature within 31 to 60 days.
The primary risk associated with these repurchase agreements is that the counterparty will be unable to perform under the terms of the contract. As the borrower, we are exposed to the excess market value of the securities pledged over the amount borrowed. Daily mark-to-market collateral management is designed to limit this risk to the initial margin. However, should a counterparty declare bankruptcy or become insolvent, we may incur additional delays and costs. In some instances, we may place or receive cash collateral with counterparties under collateral arrangements associated with our repurchase agreements. As of September 30, 2025, we did not place or receive cash collateral related to repurchase agreements.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Long-Term Debt
The following table presents the composition of our long-term debt portfolio.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
($ in millions) |  | Unsecured |  | Secured |  | Total |  | Unsecured |  | Secured |  | Total
Long-term debt (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due within one year |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | $ | 2,418 |  |  | $ | 3,506 |  |  | $ | 2,408 |  |  | $ | 2,411 |  |  | $ | 4,819 |
Due after one year |  | 9,994 |  |  | 3,249 |  |  | 13,243 |  |  | 8,654 |  |  | 4,022 |  |  | 12,676 |
Total long-term debt (b) |  | $ | 11,082 |  |  | $ | 5,667 |  |  | $ | 16,749 |  |  | $ | 11,062 |  |  | $ | 6,433 |  |  | $ | 17,495 |

(a)Includes basis adjustments related to the application of hedge accounting. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.
(b)Includes advances from the FHLB of Pittsburgh of $7.1 billion and $4.2 billion at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The following table presents the scheduled remaining maturity of long-term debt at September 30, 2025, assuming no early redemptions will occur. The amounts below include adjustments to the carrying value resulting from the application of hedge accounting. The actual payment of secured debt may vary based on the payment activity of the related pledged assets.

($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | 2029 |  | 2030 and thereafter |  | Total
Unsecured |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 1,096 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 1,614 |  |  | $ | 896 |  |  | $ | 1,778 |  |  | $ | 6,326 |  |  | $ | 11,790 |
Original issue discount |  | (19) |  |  | (82) |  |  | (94) |  |  | (107) |  |  | (123) |  |  | (283) |  |  | (708) |
Total unsecured |  | 1,077 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1,520 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | 6,043 |  |  | 11,082 |
Secured |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | 689 |  |  | 2,246 |  |  | 1,633 |  |  | 954 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 5,667 |
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 1,766 |  |  | $ | 2,244 |  |  | $ | 3,153 |  |  | $ | 1,743 |  |  | $ | 1,752 |  |  | $ | 6,091 |  |  | $ | 16,749 |

The following table summarizes assets restricted as collateral for the payment of the related debt obligation.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Consumer automotive finance receivables |  | $ | 36,396 |  |  |  |  | $ | 38,316 |  |  |
Consumer mortgage finance receivables |  | 16,288 |  |  |  |  | 17,269 |  |  |
Commercial finance receivables |  | 7,034 |  |  |  |  | 6,297 |  |  |
Investment securities (amortized cost of $3,136 and $2,822) (a) |  | 3,326 |  |  |  |  | 2,946 |  |  |
Other assets (b) |  | 980 |  |  |  |  | 669 |  |  |
Total assets restricted as collateral (c) (d) |  | $ | 64,024 |  |  |  |  | $ | 65,497 |  |  |
Secured debt (e) |  | $ | 9,546 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,058 |  |  |

(a)A portion of the restricted investment securities at September 30, 2025, was restricted under repurchase agreements. Refer to the section above titled Short-Term Borrowings for information on the repurchase agreements.
(b)Includes the collateral accounts restricted for the payment of credit-linked notes recorded within restricted cash and cash equivalents. Excludes restricted cash and cash reserves for securitization trusts. Refer to Note 11 and Note 18 for additional information.
(c)All restricted assets are those of Ally Bank.
(d)Ally Bank has an advance agreement with the FHLB, and had assets pledged to secure borrowings that were restricted as collateral to the FHLB totaling $26.1 billion and $26.5 billion at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. These assets were primarily composed of consumer mortgage finance receivables and loans as well as mortgage-backed securities. Ally Bank has access to the FRB Discount Window and had assets pledged and restricted as collateral to the FRB totaling $33.7 billion and $33.8 billion at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. These assets were composed of consumer automotive finance receivables and loans. Availability under these programs is only for the operations of Ally Bank and cannot be used to fund the operations or liabilities of Ally or its other subsidiaries.
(e)Includes $3.9 billion and $1.6 billion of short-term borrowings at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
14. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
The components of accrued expenses and other liabilities were as follows.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Unfunded commitments for proportional amortization investments (a) |  | $ | 856 |  |  | $ | 1,019 |
Accounts payable |  | 562 |  |  | 505 |
Employee compensation and benefits |  | 377 |  |  | 424 |
Reserves for insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses (b) |  | 231 |  |  | 189 |
Deferred revenue |  | 144 |  |  | 122 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 106 |  |  | 111 |
Other liabilities |  | 535 |  |  | 444 |
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities (c) |  | $ | 2,811 |  |  | $ | 2,814 |

(a)Primarily relates to unfunded commitments for investments in qualified affordable housing projects.
(b)Refer to Note 5 for further information.
(c)We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
15. Preferred Stock
The following table summarizes information about our preferred stock. For additional information regarding our preferred stock, refer to Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Series B preferred stock (a) |  |  |
Issuance date | April 22, 2021 |  | April 22, 2021
Carrying value ($ in millions) | $ | 1,335 |  | $ | 1,335
Par value (per share) | $ | 0.01 |  | $ | 0.01
Liquidation preference (per share) | $ | 1,000 |  | $ | 1,000
Number of shares authorized | 1,350,000 |  | 1,350,000
Number of shares issued and outstanding | 1,350,000 |  | 1,350,000
Dividend/coupon |  |  |
Prior to May 15, 2026 | 4.700% |  | 4.700%
On and after May 15, 2026 | Five Year Treasury + 3.868% |  | Five Year Treasury + 3.868%
Series C preferred stock (a) |  |  |
Issuance date | June 2, 2021 |  | June 2, 2021
Carrying value ($ in millions) | $ | 989 |  | $ | 989
Par value (per share) | $ | 0.01 |  | $ | 0.01
Liquidation preference (per share) | $ | 1,000 |  | $ | 1,000
Number of shares authorized | 1,000,000 |  | 1,000,000
Number of shares issued and outstanding | 1,000,000 |  | 1,000,000
Dividend/coupon |  |  |
Prior to May 15, 2028 | 4.700% |  | 4.700%
On and after May 15, 2028 | Seven Year Treasury + 3.481% |  | Seven Year Treasury + 3.481%

(a)We may, at our option, redeem the Series B and Series C shares on any dividend payment date on or after May 15, 2026, or May 15, 2028, respectively, or at any time within 90 days following a regulatory event that precludes the instruments from being included in additional Tier 1 capital.
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Table of Contents
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
16. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following tables present changes, net of tax, in each component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

| Three months ended September 30,
| Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | Available- for-sale securities (a) |  | Held-to-maturity securities |  | Translation adjustments and net investment hedges (b) |  | Cash flow hedges (b) |  |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Balance at July 1, 2024 | $ | (3,353) |  |  | $ | (650) |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | (26) |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,009) |
Net change | 588 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  | 616 |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | $ | (2,765) |  |  | $ | (632) |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,393) |
Balance at July 1, 2025 | $ | (2,647) |  |  | $ | (584) |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,219) |
Net change | 253 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 275 |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | $ | (2,394) |  |  | $ | (567) |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,944) |

(a)Represents the after-tax difference between the fair value and amortized cost of our available-for-sale securities portfolio. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.
(b)For additional information on derivative instruments and hedging activities, refer to Note 19.

| Nine months ended September 30,
| Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | Available- for-sale securities (a) |  | Held-to-maturity securities |  | Translation adjustments and net investment hedges (b) |  | Cash flow hedges (b) |  |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Balance at January 1, 2024 | $ | (3,146) |  |  | $ | (682) |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,816) |
Net change | 381 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  |  |  | 423 |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | $ | (2,765) |  |  | $ | (632) |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | (17) |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,393) |
Balance at January 1, 2025 | $ | (3,307) |  |  | $ | (616) |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | (21) |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,924) |
Net change | 913 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  | 980 |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | $ | (2,394) |  |  | $ | (567) |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,944) |

(a)Represents the after-tax difference between the fair value and amortized cost of our available-for-sale securities portfolio. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.
(b)For additional information on derivative instruments and hedging activities, refer to Note 19.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following tables present the before- and after-tax changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Three months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) | Before tax |  | Tax effect |  | After tax
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period | $ | 334 |  |  | $ | (80) |  |  | $ | 254 |
Less: Net realized gains reclassified to income from continuing operations | 1 |  | (a) | — | (b) | 1
Net change | 333 |  |  | (80) |  |  | 253 |
Held-to-maturity securities |  |  |  |  |
Less: Amortization of amounts previously recorded upon transfer from available-for-sale | (22) |  | (c) | 5 |  | (b) | (17) |
Translation adjustments |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period | (5) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (4) |
Net investment hedges (d) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period | 5 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 4
Cash flow hedges (d) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Less: Net realized losses reclassified to income from continuing operations | (8) |  | (e) | 2 | (b) | (6) |
Net change | 7 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 5 |
Other comprehensive income | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | (87) |  |  | $ | 275 |

(a)Includes gains reclassified to other gain (loss) on investments, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(b)Includes amounts reclassified to income tax expense from continuing operations in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(c)Includes amounts reclassified to interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(d)For additional information on derivative instruments and hedging activities, refer to Note 19.
(e)Includes losses reclassified to interest and fees on finance receivables and loans in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

Three months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) | Before tax |  | Tax effect |  | After tax
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period | $ | 772 |  |  | $ | (183) |  |  | $ | 589 |
Less: Net realized gains reclassified to income from continuing operations | 1 | (a) | — |  | (b) | 1 |
Net change | 771 |  | (183) |  | 588
Held-to-maturity securities |  |  |  |  |
Less: Amortization of amounts previously recorded upon transfer from available-for-sale (c) | (23) |  | (d) | 5 | (b) | (18)
Translation adjustments |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period | 2 |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Net investment hedges (e) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Cash flow hedges (e) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period | 8 |  | (2) |  |  | 6 |
Less: Net realized losses reclassified to income from continuing operations | (4) |  | (f) | 1 |  | (b) | (3) |
Net change | 12 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 9 |
Other comprehensive income | $ | 807 |  |  | $ | (191) |  |  | $ | 616 |

(a)Includes gains reclassified to other gain (loss) on investments, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(b)Includes amounts reclassified to income tax expense from continuing operations in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(c)For additional information on the securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, refer to Note 7.
(d)Includes amounts reclassified to interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(e)For additional information on derivative instruments and hedging activities, refer to Note 19.
(f)Includes losses reclassified to interest and fees on finance receivables and loans in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) | Before tax |  | Tax effect |  | After tax
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period | $ | 706 |  |  | $ | (168) |  |  | $ | 538 |
Less: Net realized losses reclassified to income from continuing operations | (492) |  | (a) | 117 |  | (b) | (375) |
Net change | 1,198 |  |  | (285) |  |  | 913 |
Held-to-maturity securities |  |  |  |  |
Less: Amortization of amounts previously recorded upon transfer from available-for-sale | (64) |  | (c) | 15 |  | (b) | (49) |
Translation adjustments |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period | 7 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 5 |
Net investment hedges (d) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period | (4) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (3) |
Cash flow hedges (d) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |
Less: Net realized losses reclassified to income from continuing operations | (23) |  | (e) | 5 |  | (b) | (18) |
Net change | 21 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 16 |
Other comprehensive income | $ | 1,286 |  |  | $ | (306) |  |  | $ | 980 |

(a)Includes losses reclassified to other gain (loss) on investments, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income related to the balance sheet repositioning of our available-for-sale securities portfolio. Refer to Note 7 for additional information.
(b)Includes amounts reclassified to income tax expense from continuing operations in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(c)Includes amounts reclassified to interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(d)For additional information on derivative instruments and hedging activities, refer to Note 19.
(e)Includes losses reclassified to interest and fees on finance receivables and loans in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

Nine months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) | Before tax |  | Tax effect |  | After tax
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | (119) |  |  | $ | 383 |
Less: Net realized gains reclassified to income from continuing operations | 2 | (a) | — |  | (b) | 2
Net change | 500 |  |  | (119) |  |  | 381 |
Held-to-maturity securities |  |  |  |  |
Less: Amortization of amounts previously recorded upon transfer from available-for-sale (c) | (65) |  | (d) | 15 |  | (b) | (50) |
Translation adjustments |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period | (5) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (4) |
Net investment hedges (e) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period | 5 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 4 |
Cash flow hedges (e) |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period | (17) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (13) |
Less: Net realized losses reclassified to income from continuing operations | (7) |  | (f) | 2 |  | (b) | (5) |
Net change | (10) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (8) |
Other comprehensive income | $ | 555 |  |  | $ | (132) |  |  | $ | 423 |

(a)Includes gains reclassified to other gain (loss) on investments, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(b)Includes amounts reclassified to income tax expense from continuing operations in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(c)For additional information on the securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, refer to Note 7.
(d)Includes amounts reclassified to interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(e)For additional information on derivative instruments and hedging activities, refer to Note 19.
(f)Includes losses reclassified to interest and fees on finance receivables and loans in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
17. Earnings per Common Share
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions, except per share data; shares in thousands) (a) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Net income from continuing operations |  | $ | 398 |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 525 |  |  | $ | 560 |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends — Series B |  | (16) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (48) |  |  | (48) |  |  |
Preferred stock dividends — Series C |  | (11) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (35) |  |  |
Net income from continuing operations attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 477 |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 477 |  |  |
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding (b) |  | 310,342 |  |  | 307,312 |  |  | 309,753 |  |  | 306,699 |  |  |
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding (b) |  | 313,823 |  |  | 311,044 |  |  | 312,633 |  |  | 309,786 |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income from continuing operations |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.43 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 1.19 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.43 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income from continuing operations |  | $ | 1.18 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 1.54 |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 1.18 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.41 |  |  | $ | 1.54 |  |  |

(a)Figures in the table may not recalculate exactly due to rounding. Earnings per share is calculated based on unrounded numbers.
(b)Includes shares related to share-based compensation that vested but were not yet issued.
18. Regulatory Capital and Other Regulatory Matters
Ally is subject to enhanced prudential standards that have been established by the FRB under the Dodd-Frank Act, as amended by the EGRRCP Act and as applied to Category IV firms under the Tailoring Rules. Refer to the discussion below, however, about rules proposed by the U.S. banking agencies in 2023 that would significantly alter the Tailoring Rules. Currently, as a Category IV firm, Ally is (1) subject to supervisory stress testing on a two-year cycle, (2) required to submit an annual capital plan to the FRB, (3) exempted from company-run capital stress testing requirements, (4) required to maintain a buffer of unencumbered highly liquid assets to meet projected net stressed cash outflows over a 30-day planning horizon, (5) exempted from the requirements of the LCR and the net stable funding ratio (provided that our average wSTWF continues to remain under $50 billion), and (6) exempted from the requirements of the supplementary leverage ratio, the countercyclical capital buffer, and single-counterparty credit limits. Even so, we are subject to rules enabling the FRB to conduct supervisory stress testing on a more or less frequent basis based on our financial condition, size, complexity, risk profile, scope of operations, or activities or based on risks to the U.S. economy. Further, we are subject to rules requiring the resubmission of our capital plan if we determine that there has been or will be a material change in our risk profile, financial condition, or corporate structure since we last submitted the capital plan or if the FRB determines that (a) our capital plan is incomplete or our capital plan or internal capital adequacy process contains material weaknesses, (b) there has been, or will likely be, a material change in our risk profile (including a material change in our business strategy or any risk exposure), financial condition, or corporate structure, or (c) the BHC stress scenario(s) are not appropriate for our business model and portfolios, or changes in the financial markets or the macroeconomic outlook that could have a material impact on our risk profile and financial condition require the use of updated scenarios. While a resubmission is pending, without prior approval of the FRB, we would generally be prohibited from paying dividends, repurchasing our common stock, or making other capital distributions. In addition, to satisfy the FRB in its review of our capital plan, we may be required to further cease or limit these capital distributions or to issue capital instruments that could be dilutive to shareholders. The FRB also may prevent us from maintaining or expanding lending or other business activities.
Basel Capital Framework
The FRB and other U.S. banking agencies have adopted risk-based and leverage capital rules that establish minimum capital-to-asset ratios for BHCs, like Ally, and depository institutions, like Ally Bank.
The risk-based capital ratios are based on a banking organization’s RWAs, which are generally determined under the standardized approach applicable to Ally and Ally Bank by (1) assigning on-balance-sheet exposures to broad risk-weight categories according to the counterparty or, if relevant, the guarantor or collateral (with higher risk weights assigned to categories of exposures perceived as representing greater risk), and (2) multiplying off-balance-sheet exposures by specified credit conversion factors to calculate credit equivalent amounts and assigning those credit equivalent amounts to the relevant risk-weight categories. The leverage ratio, in contrast, is based on an institution’s average unweighted on-balance-sheet exposures.
Under U.S. Basel III, Ally and Ally Bank must maintain a minimum Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5%, a minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6%, and a minimum total risk-based capital ratio of 8%. On top of the minimum risk-based capital ratios, Ally and Ally Bank are subject to a capital conservation buffer requirement, which must be satisfied entirely with capital that qualifies as Common Equity Tier 1 capital. Failure to maintain more than the full amount of the capital conservation buffer requirement would result in
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
automatic restrictions on the ability of Ally and Ally Bank to make capital distributions, including dividend payments and stock repurchases and redemptions, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. U.S. Basel III also subjects Ally and Ally Bank to a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. While the capital conservation buffer requirement for Ally Bank is fixed at 2.5% of RWAs, the capital conservation buffer requirement for a Category IV firm, like Ally, is equal to its stress capital buffer requirement. The stress capital buffer requirement for Ally, in turn, is the greater of 2.5% and the result of the following calculation: (1) the difference between Ally’s starting and minimum projected Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratios under the severely adverse scenario in the supervisory stress test, plus (2) the sum of the dollar amount of Ally’s planned common stock dividends for each of the fourth through seventh quarters of its nine-quarter capital planning horizon, as a percentage of RWAs. As of September 30, 2025, the stress capital buffer requirement for Ally was 2.6%. Refer to the discussion below regarding a rule proposed by the FRB that would make certain changes to the methodology for determining the stress capital buffer requirement.
Ally and Ally Bank are currently subject to the U.S. Basel III standardized approach for credit risk but not to the U.S. Basel III advanced approaches for credit risk or operational risk. Ally is also not currently subject to the U.S. market-risk capital rule, which applies only to banking organizations with significant trading assets and liabilities. Since Ally and Ally Bank are currently not subject to the advanced approaches risk-based capital rules, we elected to apply a one-time option to exclude most components of accumulated other comprehensive income and loss from regulatory capital. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, Ally had $3.0 billion and $3.9 billion, respectively, of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of applicable income taxes, that was excluded from Common Equity Tier 1 capital. Refer to the discussion below about rules proposed by the U.S. banking agencies in 2023 that would require us to recognize all components of accumulated other comprehensive income and loss in regulatory capital, except gains and losses on cash-flow hedges where the hedged items are not recognized on our balance sheet at fair value. Refer also to Note 16 for additional details about our accumulated other comprehensive loss.
Failure to satisfy regulatory-capital requirements could result in significant sanctions—such as bars or other limits on capital distributions and discretionary bonuses to executive officers, limitations on acquisitions and new activities, restrictions on our acceptance of brokered deposits, a loss of our status as an FHC, or informal or formal enforcement and other supervisory actions—and could have a significant adverse effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements or the business, results of operations, financial condition, or prospects of Ally and Ally Bank.
The risk-based capital ratios and the Tier 1 leverage ratio play a central role in PCA, which is an enforcement framework used by the U.S. banking agencies to constrain the activities of depository institutions based on their levels of regulatory capital. Five categories have been established using thresholds for the Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, the Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, the total risk-based capital ratio, and the Tier 1 leverage ratio: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution, including any payment of a cash dividend or a management fee to its BHC, if the depository institution would become undercapitalized after the distribution. An undercapitalized institution is also subject to growth limitations and must submit and fulfill a capital restoration plan. Although BHCs are not subject to the PCA framework, the FRB is empowered to compel a BHC to take measures—such as the execution of financial or performance guarantees—when PCA is required in connection with one of its depository-institution subsidiaries. At both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, Ally Bank met the capital ratios required to be well capitalized under the PCA framework.
Under FDICIA and the PCA framework, insured depository institutions such as Ally Bank must be well capitalized or, with a waiver from the FDIC, adequately capitalized in order to accept brokered deposits, and even adequately capitalized institutions are subject to some restrictions on the rates they may offer for brokered deposits. Our brokered deposits totaled $5.0 billion at September 30, 2025, which represented 3.4% of total deposit liabilities.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table summarizes our capital ratios under U.S. Basel III.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | Required minimum (a) |  | Well-capitalized minimum
($ in millions) |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |
Capital ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ally Financial Inc. |  | $ | 15,184 |  |  | 10.07 | % |  | $ | 15,058 |  |  | 9.82 | % |  | 4.50 | % |  | (b)
Ally Bank |  | 17,773 |  |  | 12.62 |  |  | 17,229 |  |  | 11.94 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ally Financial Inc. |  | $ | 17,440 |  |  | 11.57 | % |  | $ | 17,324 |  |  | 11.30 | % |  | 6.00 | % |  | 6.00 | %
Ally Bank |  | 17,773 |  |  | 12.62 |  |  | 17,229 |  |  | 11.94 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | 8.00 |
Total (to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ally Financial Inc. |  | $ | 20,259 |  |  | 13.44 | % |  | $ | 20,182 |  |  | 13.16 | % |  | 8.00 | % |  | 10.00 | %
Ally Bank |  | 19,555 |  |  | 13.88 |  |  | 19,052 |  |  | 13.21 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 leverage (to adjusted quarterly average assets) (c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ally Financial Inc. |  | $ | 17,440 |  |  | 9.18 | % |  | $ | 17,324 |  |  | 8.92 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  | (b)
Ally Bank |  | 17,773 |  |  | 9.95 |  |  | 17,229 |  |  | 9.40 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 5.00 | %

(a)In addition to the minimum risk-based capital requirements for the Common Equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital, and total capital ratios, Ally was required to maintain a minimum capital conservation buffer of 2.6% at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, and Ally Bank was required to maintain a minimum capital conservation buffer of 2.5% at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.
(b)Currently, there is no ratio component for determining whether a BHC is “well-capitalized.”
(c)Federal regulatory reporting guidelines require the calculation of adjusted quarterly average assets using a daily average methodology.
On January 1, 2020, we adopted CECL. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information about our allowance for loan losses accounting policy. Under a rule finalized by the FRB and other U.S. banking agencies in 2020, we delayed recognizing the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital until after a two-year deferral period, which for us extended through December 31, 2021. Beginning on January 1, 2022, we were required to phase in 25% of the previously deferred estimated capital impact of CECL, with an additional 25% phased in at the beginning of each subsequent year until fully phased in by the first quarter of 2025. The estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital that we deferred and began phasing in on January 1, 2022, was generally calculated as the entire day-one impact at adoption plus 25% of the subsequent change in allowance during the two-year deferral period. As of January 1, 2025, the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital was fully phased in.
In July 2023, the U.S. banking agencies issued a proposed rule to customize and implement revisions to the global Basel III capital framework that were approved by the Basel Committee in December 2017. The proposal would replace the current “advanced approaches” with a new expanded risk-based approach based on new standardized approaches for credit risk, operational risk and credit valuation adjustment risk, and would significantly revise risk-based capital requirements for all banking institutions with assets of $100 billion or more, including Ally and Ally Bank. Significantly, the proposed rule requires the recognition in regulatory capital of most elements of accumulated other comprehensive income and loss and the application of deductions, limitations, and criteria for specified capital investments, minority interests, and TLAC holdings. Under the proposed rule, a three-year transition period would apply to the recognition of accumulated other comprehensive income and loss in regulatory capital and the use of the expanded risk-based approach. The phase-in of accumulated other comprehensive income and loss is expected to significantly affect our levels of regulatory capital. While we believe that this would be manageable, we also anticipate that our levels of regulatory capital would need to be gradually increased in advance of and during the proposed transition period. A final rule related to the July 2023 proposed rule has not been issued, and the FRB has indicated that it expects to work with the other U.S. banking agencies on a revised proposal.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
In August 2023, the U.S. banking agencies issued a proposed rule to improve the resolvability of Category IV firms, like Ally. The proposed rule would require Category II, III, and IV firms, their large consolidated banks, and other institutions to issue and maintain minimum amounts of eligible long-term debt in an amount that is the greater of (i) 6 percent of total RWAs, (ii) 3.5 percent of average total consolidated assets, and (iii) 2.5 percent of total leverage exposure. CIDIs, like Ally Bank, that are consolidated subsidiaries of covered entities, like Ally, would be required to issue eligible long-term debt internally to a company that consolidates the CIDI, which would in turn be required to purchase that long-term debt. Only long-term debt instruments that are most readily able to absorb losses in a resolution proceeding would qualify, and the operations of covered entities would be subject to clean-holding-company requirements such as prohibitions and limitations on their liabilities to unaffiliated entities. Under the proposed rule, a transition period would apply with 25, 50, and 100 percent of the long-term-debt requirements coming into effect by the end of the first, second, and third years, respectively, after finalization of the rule. We are still assessing the impact of this proposed rule but, due to the current structure and amount of debt instruments issued by Ally and Ally Bank, we expect it to significantly affect us.
In April 2025, the FRB issued a proposed rule that would modify certain aspects of its supervisory stress tests. Under the proposed rule, the stress capital buffer requirement for Category I–III firms subject to the capital plan rule would be calculated using a methodology that averages results from each of the prior two consecutive annual supervisory stress tests. For Category IV firms subject to the capital plan rule, like Ally, the stress capital buffer requirement would be determined under this two-year averaging methodology only if they choose or are otherwise required to be subject to consecutive supervisory stress tests. According to the FRB, this change is intended to reduce the volatility of a firm’s regulatory capital requirement inherent in the current approach of using the results from only the most recent supervisory stress test. Additionally, to provide firms additional time to adjust to their new regulatory capital requirements, the proposal would delay the annual effective date of a firm’s updated stress capital buffer requirement from October 1 to January 1 of the following year. The proposed rule would be effective beginning with the stress capital buffer requirement from the 2025 supervisory stress test, which would average the stress capital decline components from the 2024 and 2025 supervisory stress tests for applicable firms. The FRB also indicated its intent to propose additional changes later in 2025 to improve the transparency of its supervisory stress tests, including disclosure for public comment on its underlying models and hypothetical scenarios for 2026 supervisory stress tests.
Whether and when final rules related to these proposals may be adopted and take effect, as well as what changes to the proposed rules may be reflected in any such final rules, remain unclear.
Capital Planning and Stress Tests
Under the Tailoring Rules, we are generally subject to supervisory stress testing on a two-year cycle and exempted from mandated company-run capital stress testing requirements. We are also required to submit an annual capital plan to the FRB. Our annual capital plan must include an assessment of our expected uses and sources of capital and a description of all planned capital actions over a nine-quarter planning horizon, including any issuance of a debt or equity capital instrument, any dividend or other capital distribution, and any similar action that the FRB determines could have an impact on our capital. The plan must also include a detailed description of our process for assessing capital adequacy, including a discussion of how we, under expected and stressful conditions, will maintain capital commensurate with our risks and above the minimum regulatory capital ratios, will serve as a source of strength to Ally Bank, and will maintain sufficient capital to continue our operations by maintaining ready access to funding, meeting our obligations to creditors and other counterparties, and continuing to serve as a credit intermediary.
The Tailoring Rules align capital planning, supervisory stress testing, and stress capital buffer requirements for large banking organizations, like Ally. As a Category IV firm, Ally is expected to have the ability to elect to participate in the supervisory stress test—and receive a correspondingly updated stress capital buffer requirement—in a year in which Ally would not generally be subject to the supervisory stress test. Refer to the section titled Basel Capital Framework above for further discussion about our stress capital buffer requirements. During a year in which Ally does not undergo a supervisory stress test, we would receive an updated stress capital buffer requirement only to reflect our updated planned common-stock dividends. Ally did not elect to participate in the 2023 or 2025 supervisory stress tests, but was subject to the 2024 supervisory stress test.
We received an updated preliminary stress capital buffer requirement based on our 2023 capital plan submission from the FRB in June 2023 that remained unchanged at 2.5%. The 2.5% stress capital buffer requirement was finalized in July 2023 and became effective in October 2023. We submitted our 2024 capital plan to the FRB in April 2024, and received an updated preliminary stress capital buffer requirement from the FRB in June 2024 of 2.6%. The updated 2.6% stress capital buffer requirement was finalized in August 2024, and became effective in October 2024. We submitted our 2025 capital plan to the FRB in April 2025, and received in June 2025 an updated preliminary stress capital buffer requirement that remained unchanged at 2.6%. The 2.6% stress capital buffer requirement was finalized in August 2025, and became effective in October 2025.
In February 2023 and December 2024, we accessed the unsecured debt capital markets each time issuing $500 million of additional subordinated notes, which qualify as Tier 2 capital for Ally under U.S. Basel III. In June 2024, November 2024, and August 2025, we accessed the debt capital markets and issued $330 million, $440 million, and $550 million, respectively, of credit-linked notes based on reference portfolios of $3.0 billion, $4.0 billion, and $5.0 billion of consumer automotive loans. The proceeds from these credit-linked notes issuances constitute prefunded credit protection for mezzanine tranches of the respective reference portfolio and are recognized as restricted cash and cash equivalents in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. These transactions are structured to enable us to apply the securitization framework under U.S. Basel III when determining RWA for our retained exposure, which recognizes the credit risk mitigation benefits and generally provides lower risk weights relative to those assigned to consumer automotive loans that are not securitized.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Our ability to make capital distributions, including our ability to pay dividends or repurchase shares of our common stock, will continue to be subject to the FRB’s review and our internal governance requirements, including approval by our Board. The amount and size of any future dividends and share repurchases also will be subject to various factors, including Ally’s capital and liquidity positions, accounting and regulatory considerations (including any restrictions that may be imposed by the FRB and any changes to capital, liquidity, and other regulatory requirements that may be proposed or adopted by the U.S. banking agencies), the taxation of share repurchases, financial and operational performance, alternative uses of capital, common-stock price, and general market conditions, and may be extended, modified, or discontinued at any time.
The following table presents information related to our common stock and distributions to our common shareholders.

|  | Common stock repurchased during period (a) (b) |  | Number of common shares outstanding |  | Cash dividends declared per common share (c)
($ in millions, except per share data; shares in thousands) |  | Approximate dollar value |  | Number of shares |  | Beginning of period |  | End of period |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First quarter |  | $ | 29 |  |  | 781 |  |  | 302,459 |  |  | 303,978 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |
Second quarter |  | 1 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 303,978 |  |  | 304,656 |  |  | 0.30 |
Third quarter |  | 1 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 304,656 |  |  | 304,715 |  |  | 0.30 |
Fourth quarter |  | 7 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 304,715 |  |  | 305,388 |  |  | 0.30 |
2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First quarter |  | $ | 34 |  |  | 877 |  |  | 305,388 |  |  | 307,152 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |
Second quarter |  | 1 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 307,152 |  |  | 307,787 |  |  | 0.30 |
Third quarter |  | 1 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 307,787 |  |  | 307,828 |  |  | 0.30 |

(a)Includes shares of common stock withheld to cover income taxes owed by participants in our share-based incentive plans.
(b)Since the commencement of our initial stock-repurchase program in the third quarter of 2016, we have reduced the number of outstanding shares of our common stock by 36%, from 484 million as of June 30, 2016, to 308 million as of September 30, 2025. Except for repurchases made of shares withheld to cover income taxes owed by participants in our share-based incentive plans, we did not make any common-stock repurchases in 2024 or the first nine months of 2025, and at this time, the Board has not authorized a stock-repurchase program for 2025.
(c)On October 7, 2025, our Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.30 per share on all common stock payable on November 14, 2025, to shareholders of record at the close of business on October 31, 2025.
19. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We enter into derivative instruments, which may include interest rate swaps, foreign-currency forwards, equity options, and interest rate options, in connection with our risk-management activities. Our primary objective for using derivative financial instruments is to manage interest rate risk associated with our fixed-rate and variable-rate assets and liabilities, foreign exchange risks related to our net investments in foreign subsidiaries, as well as foreign-currency denominated assets and liabilities, and other market risks related to our investment portfolio.
Interest Rate Risk
We monitor our mix of fixed-rate and variable-rate assets and liabilities and may enter into interest rate swaps, forwards, and options to achieve a more desired mix of fixed-rate and variable-rate assets and liabilities. We execute these trades to modify our exposure to interest rate risk by converting certain fixed-rate instruments to a variable-rate and certain variable-rate instruments to a fixed-rate. We use a mix of both derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting treatment and economic hedges that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
Derivatives qualifying for hedge accounting treatment can include receive-fixed swaps designated as fair value hedges of specific fixed-rate unsecured debt obligations, receive-fixed swaps designated as fair value hedges of specific fixed-rate FHLB advances, pay-fixed swaps designated as fair value hedges of securities within our available-for-sale portfolio, and pay-fixed swaps designated as fair value hedges of fixed-rate held-for-investment consumer automotive loan assets. Other derivatives qualifying for hedge accounting consist of interest rate floor contracts designated as cash flow hedges of the expected future cash flows in the form of interest receipts on a portion of our dealer floorplan commercial loans.
We have the ability to execute economic hedges, which could consist of interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, forwards, and options to mitigate interest rate risk.
We also entered into interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments that were executed as part of our mortgage business that met the accounting definition of a derivative.
Foreign Exchange Risk
We enter into derivative financial instrument contracts to mitigate the risk associated with variability in cash flows related to our various foreign-currency exposures.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
We enter into foreign-currency forwards with external counterparties as net investment hedges of foreign exchange exposure on our investment in foreign subsidiaries. Our equity is impacted by the cumulative translation adjustments resulting from the translation of foreign subsidiary results; this impact is reflected in our accumulated other comprehensive income and loss. We also periodically enter into foreign-currency forwards to economically hedge any foreign-denominated debt, centralized lending, and foreign-denominated third-party loans. These foreign-currency forwards used as economic hedges are recorded at fair value with changes recorded as income or expense offsetting the gains and losses on the associated foreign-currency transactions.
Investment Risk
We enter into equity options to mitigate the risk associated with our exposure to the equity markets.
Credit Risk
We enter into various retail automotive-loan purchase agreements with certain counterparties. As part of those agreements, we may be required to pay the counterparty at agreed upon measurement dates and determinable amounts if actual credit performance of the acquired loans on the measurement date is better than what was estimated at the time of acquisition. Based upon these terms, these contracts meet the accounting definition of a derivative.
We enter into arrangements with certain counterparties through which we issue credit-linked notes covering a specified pool of loans. These notes contain an embedded derivative (referred to as credit-linked note derivatives), which provides us credit protection against the risk of loss when a specified credit event occurs on the reference pool.
Counterparty Credit Risk
Derivative financial instruments contain an element of credit risk if counterparties are unable to meet the terms of the agreements. Credit risk associated with derivative financial instruments is measured as the net replacement cost should the counterparties that owe us under the contract completely fail to perform under the terms of those contracts, with adjustments to reflect the exchange of collateral for margined transactions.
We manage our risk to financial counterparties through internal credit analysis, limits, and monitoring. Additionally, derivatives and repurchase agreements are entered into with approved counterparties using industry standard agreements.
We execute certain OTC derivatives, such as interest rate caps and floors, using bilateral agreements with financial counterparties. Bilateral agreements generally require both parties to post collateral in the event the fair values of the derivative financial instruments meet posting thresholds established under the agreements. If either party defaults on the obligation, the secured party may seize the collateral. Payments related to the exchange of collateral for OTC derivatives are recognized as collateral.
We also execute certain derivatives, such as interest rate swaps, with clearinghouses, which require us to post and receive collateral. For these clearinghouse derivatives, these payments are recognized as settlements rather than collateral.
Certain derivative instruments contain provisions that require us to either post additional collateral or immediately settle any outstanding liability balances upon the occurrence of a specified credit-risk-related event. No such specified credit-risk-related events occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, or September 30, 2024.
We placed noncash collateral with counterparties totaling $377 million, supporting our derivative positions at September 30, 2025, compared to $414 million at December 31, 2024. These amounts include noncash collateral placed at clearinghouses and exclude cash and noncash collateral pledged under repurchase agreements. The receivables for cash collateral placed are included on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in other assets. We granted our counterparties the right to sell or pledge the noncash collateral.
We received cash collateral from counterparties totaling $4 million and $11 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. These amounts exclude cash and noncash collateral pledged under repurchase agreements. The payables for cash collateral received are included on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in accrued expenses and other liabilities.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Balance Sheet Presentation
The following table summarizes the amounts of derivative instruments reported on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The amounts are presented on a gross basis, are segregated by derivatives that are designated and qualifying as hedging instruments or those that are not, and are further segregated by type of contract within those two categories.
Derivative contracts in a receivable and payable position exclude open trade equity on derivatives cleared through central clearing counterparties. Any associated margin exchanged with our central clearing counterparties are treated as settlements of the derivative exposure, rather than collateral. Such payments are recognized as settlements of the derivatives contracts in a receivable and payable position on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Notional amounts are reference amounts from which contractual obligations are derived and are not recorded on the balance sheet. In our view, derivative notional is not an accurate measure of our derivative exposure when viewed in isolation from other factors, such as market rate fluctuations and counterparty credit risk.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Derivative contracts in a |  | Notional amount |  | Derivative contracts in a |  | Notional amount
($ in millions) |  | receivable position |  | payable position |  | receivable position |  | payable position |
Derivatives designated as accounting hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Swaps |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,257 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33,300 |
Purchased options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,150 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,150 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forwards |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 170 |
Total derivatives designated as accounting hedges |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,598 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,620 |
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forwards |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |
Written options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |
Total interest rate risk |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 172 |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forwards |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Total foreign exchange risk |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Credit contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit-linked note derivatives |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 980 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 669 |
Other credit derivatives (a) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | n/a
Total credit risk |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 980 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 669 |
Total derivatives not designated as accounting hedges |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,015 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 888 |
Total derivatives |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,613 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 40,508 |

n/a = not applicable
(a)The maximum potential amount of undiscounted future payments that could be required under these credit derivatives was $10 million as of December 31, 2024.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table presents amounts recorded on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges.

|  | Carrying amount of the hedged items |  | Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged items
|  | Total |  | Discontinued (a)
($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities (b) |  | $ | 15,418 |  |  | $ | 15,194 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (248) |  |  | $ | (91) |  |  | $ | (132) |
Finance receivables and loans, net (c) |  | 31,980 |  |  | 34,493 |  |  | — |  |  | (51) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (10) |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 4,411 |  |  | $ | 5,987 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 88 |

(a)Represents the fair value hedging adjustment on qualifying hedges for which the hedging relationship was discontinued. This represents a subset of the amounts reported in the total hedging adjustment.
(b)These amounts include the amortized cost basis and unallocated basis adjustments of closed portfolios of available-for-sale securities used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the stated amount of assets in the closed portfolios anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge period. At both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the amortized cost basis and unallocated basis adjustments of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $13.9 billion, of which $13.6 billion, represents the amortized cost basis and unallocated basis adjustments of closed portfolios designated in an active hedge relationship. At September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the total cumulative basis adjustments associated with these hedging relationships was a $2 million asset and a $209 million liability, respectively, of which the portion related to discontinued hedging relationships was a $91 million liability and a $103 million liability, respectively. At September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the notional amounts of the designated hedged items were $11.5 billion and $12.0 billion, respectively, with cumulative basis adjustments of a $93 million asset and a $106 million liability, respectively, which would be allocated across the entire remaining closed pool upon dedesignation of the hedge relationship. Refer to Note 7 for a reconciliation of the amortized cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale securities.
(c)These amounts include the carrying value of closed portfolios of loan receivables used to designate hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the stated amount of assets in the closed portfolios anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge period. At September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $32.0 billion and $34.5 billion, respectively, of which $24.8 billion and $33.4 billion, respectively, represents the carrying value of closed portfolios designated in an active hedge relationship. At December 31, 2024, the total cumulative basis adjustments associated with these hedging relationships was a $51 million liability. At September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the cumulative basis adjustments associated with discontinued hedging relationships was a $2 million asset and a $10 million liability, respectively. At September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the notional amounts of the designated hedged items were $14.3 billion and $20.1 billion, respectively, with cumulative basis adjustments of a $2 million liability and a $41 million liability, respectively, which would be allocated across the entire remaining closed pool upon dedesignation of the hedge relationship.
Statement of Income Presentation
The following table summarizes the location and amounts of gains and losses on derivative instruments not designated as accounting hedges reported in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Gain (loss) recognized in earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on mortgage and automotive loans, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  |
Total interest rate contracts |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 16 |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other operating expenses |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Total foreign exchange contracts |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Credit contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income, net of losses |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Total credit contracts |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Equity contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income, net of losses |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Total equity contracts |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |
Total gain recognized in earnings |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  |

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following tables summarize the location and amounts of gains and losses on derivative instruments designated as qualifying fair value and cash flow hedges reported in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

| Interest and fees on finance receivables and loans |  | Interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets |  |  |  | Interest on long-term debt
Three months ended September 30, ($ in millions) | 2025 | 2024 |  |  | 2025 | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 | 2024 |
Gain (loss) on fair value hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged available-for-sale securities | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | 327 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments on available-for-sale securities | — |  | — |  |  |  | (10) |  | (327) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Hedged fixed-rate consumer automotive loans | 7 |  | 190 |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments on fixed-rate consumer automotive loans | (7) |  | (190) |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Total gain on fair value hedging relationships | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Loss on cash flow hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged variable-rate commercial loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income | (8) |  | (4) |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Total loss on cash flow hedging relationships | $ | (8) |  | $ | (4) |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |
Total amounts presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income | $ | 2,674 |  | $ | 2,889 |  |  |  | $ | 250 |  | $ | 262 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 265 |  | $ | 256 |  |

| Interest and fees on finance receivables and loans |  | Interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets |  |  |  | Interest on long-term debt
Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) | 2025 | 2024 |  |  | 2025 | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 | 2024 |
Gain (loss) on fair value hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged available-for-sale securities | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 224 |  | $ | 94 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments on available-for-sale securities | — |  | — |  |  |  | (224) |  | (94) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Hedged fixed-rate consumer automotive loans | 48 |  | 107 |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments on fixed-rate consumer automotive loans | (48) |  | (107) |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Total gain on fair value hedging relationships | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Loss on cash flow hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedged variable-rate commercial loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income | (23) |  | (7) |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Total loss on cash flow hedging relationships | $ | (23) |  | $ | (7) |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |
Total amounts presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income | $ | 8,007 |  | $ | 8,561 |  |  |  | $ | 728 |  | $ | 793 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 794 |  | $ | 748 |  |

During the next 12 months, we estimate $18 million of losses will be reclassified into pretax earnings from derivatives designated as cash flow hedges.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following tables summarize the location and amounts of gains and losses related to interest and amortization on derivative instruments designated as qualifying fair value and cash flow hedges reported in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

| Interest and fees on finance receivables and loans |  | Interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets |  |  |  | Interest on long-term debt
Three months ended September 30, ($ in millions) | 2025 | 2024 |  |  | 2025 | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 | 2024 |
Gain on fair value hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of deferred unsecured debt basis adjustments | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 2 |  |
Amortization of deferred secured debt basis adjustments (FHLB advances) | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | 1 |  |
Amortization of deferred basis adjustments of available-for-sale securities | — |  | — |  |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Interest for qualifying accounting hedges of available-for-sale securities | — |  | — |  |  |  | 17 |  | 50 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Amortization of deferred loan basis adjustments | (1) |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Interest for qualifying accounting hedges of consumer automotive loans held for investment | 17 |  | 59 |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Total gain on fair value hedging relationships | $ | 16 |  | $ | 62 |  |  |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 56 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 3 |  |

| Interest and fees on finance receivables and loans |  | Interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets |  |  |  | Interest on long-term debt
Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) | 2025 | 2024 |  |  | 2025 | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 | 2024 |
Gain on fair value hedging relationships |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of deferred unsecured debt basis adjustments | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 7 |  |
Amortization of deferred secured debt basis adjustments (FHLB advances) | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | 2 |  |
Amortization of deferred basis adjustments of available-for-sale securities | — |  | — |  |  |  | 13 |  | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Interest for qualifying accounting hedges of available-for-sale securities | — |  | — |  |  |  | 49 |  | 147 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Amortization of deferred loan basis adjustments | 3 |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Interest for qualifying accounting hedges of consumer automotive loans held for investment | 51 |  | 206 |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  |
Total gain on fair value hedging relationships | $ | 54 |  | $ | 218 |  |  |  | $ | 62 |  | $ | 164 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 9 |  |

The following table summarizes the effect of cash flow hedges on accumulated other comprehensive loss.

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Interest rate contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  |

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table summarizes the effect of net investment hedges on accumulated other comprehensive loss.

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Foreign exchange contracts (a) (b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  |

(a)There were no amounts excluded from effectiveness testing for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, or 2024.
(b)Gains and losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss are reported as other income, net of losses, in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. There were no amounts reclassified for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, or 2024.
20. Income Taxes
We recognized total income tax expense from continuing operations of $115 million and $140 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $67 million and $167 million for the same periods in 2024. The increase in income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily due to the tax effects of an increase in pretax earnings during the three months ended September 30, 2025. The decrease in income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily due to the tax effects of a decrease in pre-tax earnings during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
As of each reporting date, we consider existing evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact our view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. We continue to believe it is more likely than not that the benefit for certain foreign tax credit carryforwards and state net operating loss carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we continue to provide a partial valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets relating to these carryforwards and it is reasonably possible that the valuation allowance may change in the next 12 months.
21. Fair Value
Fair Value Measurements
For purposes of this disclosure, fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. Fair value is based on the assumptions we believe market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability. Additionally, entities are required to consider all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring the fair value of a liability.
U.S. GAAP specifies a three-level hierarchy that is used when measuring and disclosing fair value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices available in active markets (i.e., observable inputs) and the lowest priority to data lacking transparency (i.e., unobservable inputs). An instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation. The following is a description of the three hierarchy levels.
Level 1 Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. Additionally, the entity must have the ability to access the active market, and the quoted prices cannot be adjusted by the entity.
Level 2 Inputs are other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best assumptions of how market participants would price the assets or liabilities. Generally, Level 3 assets and liabilities are valued using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques that require significant judgment or estimation.
Judgment is used in estimating inputs to our internal valuation models used to estimate our Level 3 fair value measurements. Level 3 inputs such as interest rate movements, prepayment speeds, credit losses, and discount rates are inherently difficult to estimate. Changes to these inputs can have a significant effect on fair value measurements and amounts that could be realized.
The following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies used to measure material assets and liabilities at fair value and details of the valuation models, key inputs to those models, and significant assumptions utilized.
•Equity securities — We hold various marketable equity securities measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Measurements based on observable market prices are classified as Level 1.
•Available-for-sale securities — We carry our available-for-sale securities at fair value based on external pricing sources. We classify our securities as Level 1 when fair value is determined using quoted prices available for the same instruments trading in
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
active markets. We classify our securities as Level 2 when fair value is determined using prices for similar instruments trading in active markets. We perform pricing validation procedures for our available-for-sale securities.
•Derivative instruments — We enter into a variety of derivative financial instruments as part of our risk-management strategies. Certain of these derivatives are exchange traded, such as equity options. To determine the fair value of these instruments, we utilize the quoted market prices for those particular derivative contracts; therefore, we classified these contracts as Level 1.
We also execute OTC and centrally cleared derivative contracts, such as interest rate swaps, foreign-currency denominated forward contracts, caps, floors, and agency to-be-announced securities. We utilize third-party-developed valuation models that are widely accepted in the market to value these derivative contracts. The specific terms of the contract and market observable inputs (such as interest rate forward curves, interpolated volatility assumptions, or equity pricing) are used in the model. We classified these derivative contracts as Level 2 because all significant inputs into these models were market observable.
We also entered into interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments that were executed as part of our mortgage operations, certain of which met the accounting definition of a derivative and therefore were recorded as derivatives on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Interest rate lock commitments were valued with unobservable inputs, so they are classified as Level 3. Certain forward commitments are Level 2 and others are Level 3 depending on the valuation model inputs.
We purchase automotive finance receivables and loans from third parties as part of forward flow arrangements and, from time-to-time, execute opportunistic ad-hoc bulk purchases. As part of those agreements, we may be required to pay the counterparty at agreed upon measurement dates and determinable amounts if actual credit performance of the acquired loans on the measurement date is better than what was estimated at the time of acquisition. Because these contracts meet the accounting definition of a derivative, we recognize a liability at fair value for these deferred purchase price payments. The fair value of these liabilities is determined using a discounted cash flow method. To estimate cash flows, we utilize various significant assumptions, including market observable inputs (for example, forward interest rates) and internally developed inputs (for example, prepayment speeds, delinquency levels, and expected credit losses). These liabilities are valued using internal loss models with unobservable inputs, and are classified as Level 3.
We are required to consider all aspects of nonperformance risk, including our own credit standing, when measuring fair value of derivative assets and liabilities. We reduce credit risk on the majority of our derivatives by entering into legally enforceable agreements that enable the posting and receiving of collateral associated with the fair value of our derivative positions on an ongoing basis. In the event that we do not enter into legally enforceable agreements that enable the posting and receiving of collateral, we will consider our credit risk in the valuation of derivative liabilities through a DVA and the credit risk of our counterparties in the valuation of derivative assets through a CVA, if warranted. When measuring these valuation adjustments, we generally use credit default swap spreads.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Recurring Fair Value
The following tables display the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis including financial instruments elected for the fair value option. We often economically hedge the fair value change of our assets or liabilities with derivatives. The tables below display the hedges separately from the hedged items; therefore, they do not directly display the impact of our risk-management activities.

|  | Recurring fair value measurements
September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities (a) (b) |  | $ | 810 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 810 |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies |  | 2,194 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,194 |
U.S. States and political subdivisions |  | — |  |  | 519 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 554 |
Foreign government |  | 35 |  |  | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | 204 |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | — |  |  | 12,822 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,822 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | — |  |  | 200 |  |  | — |  |  | 200 |
Agency mortgage-backed commercial |  | — |  |  | 4,782 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,782 |
Asset-backed |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
Corporate debt |  | — |  |  | 1,903 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,903 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | 2,229 |  |  | 20,420 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 22,684 |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative contracts in a receivable position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Total derivative contracts in a receivable position |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Total assets |  | $ | 3,039 |  |  | $ | 20,424 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 23,498 |

(a)Our direct investment in any one industry did not exceed 14%. The concentration calculation excludes our investment in mutual funds and ETFs.
(b)Excludes $55 million of equity securities that are measured at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient and therefore are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

|  | Recurring fair value measurements
December 31, 2024 ($ in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities (a) (b) |  | $ | 820 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 820 |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies |  | 1,873 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,873 |
U.S. States and political subdivisions |  | — |  |  | 582 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 617 |
Foreign government |  | 36 |  |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 194 |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | — |  |  | 13,653 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,653 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | — |  |  | 206 |  |  | — |  |  | 206 |
Agency mortgage-backed commercial |  | — |  |  | 3,984 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,984 |
Asset-backed |  | — |  |  | 129 |  |  | — |  |  | 129 |
Corporate debt |  | — |  |  | 1,754 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,754 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | 1,909 |  |  | 20,466 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 22,410 |
Loans held-for-sale (c) |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 16 |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative contracts in a receivable position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Foreign currency |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Total derivative contracts in a receivable position |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 12 |
Total assets |  | $ | 2,729 |  |  | $ | 20,488 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 23,258 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative contracts in a payable position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Total derivative contracts in a payable position |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |

(a)Our direct investment in any one industry did not exceed 14%. The concentration calculation excludes our investment in mutual funds and ETFs.
(b)Excludes $51 million of equity securities that are measured at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient and therefore are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.
(c)Consumer mortgage loans carried at fair value due to fair value option elections.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following tables present the reconciliation for all Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. We often economically hedge the fair value change of our assets or liabilities with derivatives and other financial instruments. The Level 3 items presented below may be hedged by derivatives and other financial instruments that are classified as Level 1 or Level 2. Thus, the following tables do not fully reflect the impact of our risk-management activities.

| Equity securities |  | Available-for-sale securities |  | Loans held-for-sale (a) |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value at July 1, | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35 |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized/unrealized gains |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in OCI | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases and originations (b) | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 27 |  |  | — |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | (11) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuances | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Settlements | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value at September 30, | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35 |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains still held at September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in OCI | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a)Consumer mortgage loans carried at fair value due to fair value option elections.
(b)Includes a $27 million reclassification of a commercial and industrial exposure to an available-for-sale debt security during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

| Derivative liabilities, net of derivative assets (a)
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024
Liabilities |  |  |
Fair value at July 1, | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Net realized/unrealized gains |  |  |
Included in earnings | — |  |  | (5) |
Included in OCI | — |  |  | — |
Purchases and originations | — |  |  | — |
Sales | — |  |  | — |
Issuances | — |  |  | — |
Settlements | (4) |  |  | — |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 (b) | — |  |  | 5 |
Fair value at September 30, | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |
Net unrealized gains still held at September 30, |  |  |
Included in earnings | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2) |
Included in OCI | — |  |  | — |

(a)Net realized/unrealized gains are reported as (loss) gain on mortgage and automotive loans, net, and other income, net of losses, in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(b)Represents the settlement value of interest rate derivative assets that are transferred to loans held-for-sale within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during the three months ended September 30, 2024. These transfers are deemed to have occurred at the end of the reporting period.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

| Equity securities |  | Available-for-sale securities |  | Loans held-for-sale (a) |  |  |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value at January 1, | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 35 |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net realized/unrealized gains |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in OCI | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases and originations (b) | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 29 |  |  | 9 |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | (14) |  | (11) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuances | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Settlements | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  | (1) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value at September 30, | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35 |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains still held at September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in OCI | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a)Consumer mortgage loans carried at fair value due to fair value option elections.
(b)Includes a $27 million reclassification of a commercial and industrial exposure to an available-for-sale debt security during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

| Derivative liabilities, net of derivative assets (a)
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024
Liabilities |  |  |
Fair value at January 1, | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Net realized/unrealized gains |  |  |
Included in earnings | (1) |  |  | (14) |
Included in OCI | — |  |  | — |
Purchases and originations | — |  |  | — |
Sales | — |  |  | — |
Issuances | — |  |  | — |
Settlements | (4) |  |  | (5) |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 (b) | 2 |  |  | 14 |
Fair value at September 30, | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |
Net unrealized gains still held at September 30, |  |  |
Included in earnings | $ | — |  |  | $ | (7) |
Included in OCI | — |  |  | — |

(a)Net realized/unrealized gains are reported as (loss) gain on mortgage and automotive loans, net, and other income, net of losses, in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(b)Represents the settlement value of interest rate derivative assets that are transferred to loans held-for-sale within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during both the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024. These transfers are deemed to have occurred at the end of the reporting period.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Nonrecurring Fair Value
We may be required to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value from time to time. These periodic fair value measures typically result from the application of lower-of-cost or fair value accounting or certain impairment measures. These items would constitute nonrecurring fair value measures.
The following tables display assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and still held at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. The amounts are generally as of the end of each period presented, which approximate the fair value measurements that occurred during each period.

|  | Nonrecurring fair value measurements |  | Lower-of-cost-or-fair-value reserve, valuation reserve, or cumulative adjustments |  | Total gain (loss) included in earnings |
September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held-for-sale, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | n/m | (a)
Commercial finance receivables and loans, net (b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m | (a)
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |  |  | (95) |  |  | n/m | (a)
Total commercial finance receivables and loans, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (95) |  |  | n/m | (a)
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repossessed and foreclosed assets (c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | (2) |  |  | n/m | (a)
Total assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | (97) |  |  | n/m |

n/m = not meaningful
(a)We consider the applicable valuation allowance, allowance for loan losses, or cumulative adjustments to be the most relevant indicator of the impact on earnings caused by the fair value measurement. Accordingly, the table above excludes total gains and losses included in earnings for these items. The carrying values are inclusive of the respective valuation reserve, loan loss allowance, or cumulative adjustment.
(b)Represents collateral-dependent loans held for investment for which a nonrecurring measurement was made. The related allowance for loan losses represents the cumulative fair value adjustments for those specific receivables.
(c)The allowance provided for repossessed and foreclosed assets represents any cumulative valuation adjustment recognized to adjust the assets to fair value.

|  | Nonrecurring fair value measurements |  | Lower-of-cost-or-fair-value reserve, valuation reserve, or cumulative adjustments |  | Total gain (loss) included in earnings |
December 31, 2024 ($ in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held-for-sale, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | n/m | (a)
Commercial finance receivables and loans, net (b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (2) |  |  | n/m | (a)
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |  |  | (63) |  |  | n/m | (a)
Total commercial finance receivables and loans, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (65) |  |  | n/m | (a)
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill (c) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 362 |  |  | 362 |  |  | (118) |  |  | n/m | (a)
Repossessed and foreclosed assets (d) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (1) |  |  | n/m | (a)
Total assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | (184) |  |  | n/m |

n/m = not meaningful
(a)We consider the applicable valuation allowance, allowance for loan losses, or cumulative adjustments to be the most relevant indicator of the impact on earnings caused by the fair value measurement. Accordingly, the table above excludes total gains and losses included in earnings for these items. The carrying values are inclusive of the respective valuation reserve, loan loss allowance, or cumulative adjustment.
(b)Represents collateral-dependent loans held for investment for which a nonrecurring measurement was made. The related allowance for loan losses represents the cumulative fair value adjustments for those specific receivables.
(c)As of December 31, 2024, we recognized a $118 million impairment of goodwill at Ally Credit Card. Refer to Note 11 for further discussion.
(d)The allowance provided for repossessed and foreclosed assets represents any cumulative valuation adjustment recognized to adjust the assets to fair value.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Fair Value Option for Financial Assets
We elected the fair value option for an insignificant amount of conforming mortgage loans held-for-sale and certain non-conforming jumbo mortgage loans held-for-sale to mitigate earnings volatility by better matching the accounting for the assets with the related derivatives. Our intent in electing fair value measurement was to mitigate a divergence between accounting gains or losses and economic exposure for certain assets and liabilities.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying and estimated fair value of financial instruments, except for those recorded at fair value on a recurring basis presented in the previous section of this note titled Recurring Fair Value. When possible, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value. Where quoted market prices are not available, the fair value is internally derived based on appropriate valuation methodologies with respect to the amount and timing of future cash flows and estimated discount rates. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting current market data to develop the market assumptions and inputs necessary to estimate fair value. As such, the actual amount received to sell an asset or the amount paid to settle a liability could differ from our estimates. Fair value information presented herein was based on information available at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

|  |  | Estimated fair value
($ in millions) | Carrying value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity securities | $ | 4,433 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,493 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,493 |
Loans held-for-sale, net | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 179 |  |  | 179 |
Finance receivables and loans, net | 131,107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 134,472 |  |  | 134,472 |
FHLB/FRB stock (a) | 752 |  |  | — |  |  | 752 |  |  | — |  |  | 752 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit liabilities | $ | 40,791 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,947 |  |  | $ | 40,947 |
Short-term borrowings | 3,879 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,880 |  |  | 3,880 |
Long-term debt | 16,749 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,134 |  |  | 4,884 |  |  | 18,018 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity securities | $ | 4,346 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,293 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,293 |
Loans held-for-sale, net | 144 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |  |  | 144 |
Finance receivables and loans, net | 132,316 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 134,603 |  |  | 134,603 |
FHLB/FRB stock (a) | 698 |  |  | — |  |  | 698 |  |  | — |  |  | 698 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit liabilities | $ | 47,242 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,403 |  |  | $ | 47,403 |
Short-term borrowings | 1,625 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,625 |  |  | 1,625 |
Long-term debt | 17,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,535 |  |  | 4,982 |  |  | 18,517 |

(a)Included in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
In addition to the financial instruments presented in the above table, we have various financial instruments for which the carrying value approximates the fair value due to their short-term nature and limited credit risk. These instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, cash collateral, accrued interest receivable, accrued interest payable, trade receivables and payables, and other short-term receivables and payables. Included in cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value due to interest rate, quoted price, or penalty on withdrawal. Classified as Level 1 under the fair value hierarchy, cash and cash equivalents generally expose us to limited credit risk and are so near maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.
22. Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
Our derivative contracts and repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions are generally supported by qualifying master netting and master repurchase agreements. These agreements are legally enforceable bilateral agreements that (i) create a single legal obligation for all individual transactions covered by the agreement to the nondefaulting entity upon an event of default of the counterparty, including bankruptcy, insolvency, or similar proceeding, and (ii) provide the nondefaulting entity the right to accelerate, terminate, and close-out on a net basis all transactions under the agreement and to liquidate or set off collateral promptly upon an event of default of the counterparty.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
To further mitigate the risk of counterparty default related to derivative instruments, we maintain collateral agreements with certain counterparties. The agreements require both parties to maintain collateral in the event the fair values of the derivative financial instruments meet established thresholds. In the event that either party defaults on the obligation, the secured party may seize the collateral. Generally, our collateral arrangements are bilateral such that we and the counterparty post collateral for the obligation. Contractual terms provide for standard and customary exchange of collateral based on changes in the market value of the outstanding derivatives. A party posts additional collateral when their obligation rises or removes collateral when it falls, such that the net replacement cost of the nondefaulting party is covered in the event of counterparty default.
In certain instances, as it relates to our derivative instruments, we have the option to report derivative assets and liabilities as well as assets and liabilities associated with cash collateral received or delivered that is governed by a master netting agreement on a net basis as long as certain qualifying criteria are met. Similarly, for our repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions, we have the option to report recognized assets and liabilities subject to a master netting agreement on a net basis if certain qualifying criteria are met. At September 30, 2025, these instruments are reported as gross assets and gross liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. For additional information on derivative instruments and hedging activities, refer to Note 19.
The composition of offsetting derivative instruments, financial assets, and financial liabilities was as follows.

|  | Gross amounts of recognized assets/liabilities |  | Gross amounts offset on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Net amounts of assets/liabilities presented on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Gross amounts not offset on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet |  |
($ in millions) |  |  |  |  | Financial instruments |  | Collateral (a) (b) (c) |  | Net amount
September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (d) |  | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (528) |  |  | $ | 1 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 529 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (528) |  |  | $ | 1 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets (e) |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 2 |
Total assets |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | 2 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities (f) |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |

(a)Financial collateral received or pledged shown as a balance based on the sum of all net asset and liability positions between Ally and each individual derivative counterparty.
(b)Amounts disclosed are limited to the financial asset or liability balance and, accordingly, exclude excess collateral received or pledged and noncash collateral received. We do not record noncash collateral received on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet unless certain conditions are met.
(c)Certain agreements grant us the right to sell or pledge the noncash assets we receive as collateral. We have not sold or pledged any of the noncash collateral received under these agreements.
(d)For additional information on securities sold under agreements to repurchase, refer to Note 13.
(e)Includes derivative assets with no offsetting arrangements of $1 million as of December 31, 2024.
(f)Includes derivative liabilities with no offsetting arrangements of $4 million as of December 31, 2024.
23. Segment Information
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that engage in business activity from which revenues are earned and expenses incurred for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by our CODM in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. We define our CODM as the CEO. The CODM uses pretax income to evaluate income generated from segment assets, and to assess a segment’s performance by comparing the results, relative to other segments. Additionally, the budgeting and forecasting process monitors budget versus actual results with emphasis on pretax income, which are also used in assessing the performance of a segment.
We report our results of operations on a business-line basis through three operating segments: Automotive Finance operations, Insurance operations, and Corporate Finance operations, with the remaining activity reported in Corporate and Other. The operating segments are
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
determined based on the products and services offered, and reflect the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by our CODM and management. The following is a description of each of our reportable operating segments.
Dealer Financial Services
Dealer Financial Services comprises the following two segments.
•Automotive Finance operations — One of the largest full-service automotive finance operations in the United States providing automotive financing services to consumers, automotive dealers and retailers, companies, and municipalities. Our automotive finance services include providing retail installment sales contracts, loans and operating leases, offering term loans to dealers, financing dealer floorplans and other lines of credit to dealers, warehouse lines to automotive retailers, fleet financing, providing financing to companies and municipalities for the purchase or lease of vehicles, and vehicle-remarketing services.
•Insurance operations — A complementary automotive-focused business offering both consumer finance protection and insurance products sold primarily through the automotive dealer channel, and commercial insurance products sold directly to dealers. As part of our focus on offering dealers a broad range of consumer financial and insurance products, we provide VSCs, VMCs, and GAP products. We also underwrite select commercial insurance coverages, which primarily insure dealers’ vehicle inventory.
Corporate Finance operations
Our Corporate Finance operations provide senior secured asset-based and leveraged cash flow loans to mostly U.S.-based middle-market companies, with a focus on businesses owned by private equity sponsors. These loans are typically used for leveraged buyouts, refinancing and recapitalizations, mergers and acquisitions, growth, turnarounds, and debtor-in-possession financings. We also provide, through our Private Credit Finance business, asset managers and other financing sources with partial funding for their direct-lending activities, which is principally leveraged loans. We have a commercial real estate product primarily focused on lending to skilled nursing facilities, senior housing, memory care facilities, and medical office buildings. Additionally, we have an energy vertical that finances large-scale energy and infrastructure projects.
Corporate and Other
Corporate and Other primarily consists of centralized corporate treasury activities, such as management of the cash and corporate investment securities and loan portfolios, short- and long-term debt, retail and brokered deposit liabilities, derivative instruments, original issue discount, and the residual impacts of our corporate FTP and treasury ALM activities. Corporate and Other also includes certain equity investments, which primarily consist of FHLB and FRB stock—as well as other equity investments through Ally Ventures, our strategic investment business, and reclassifications and eliminations between the reportable operating segments. Financial results related to Ally Invest, our digital brokerage and advisory offering, Ally Lending, Ally Credit Card, the management of our consumer mortgage portfolio, and CRA loans and investments are also included within Corporate and Other. We closed the sale of Ally Lending on March 1, 2024. Consumer mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025, which has and will continue to result in a gradual run-off of our consumer mortgage loan portfolio. Additionally, we closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
We utilize an FTP methodology for the majority of our business operations. The FTP methodology assigns charge rates and credit rates to classes of assets and liabilities on a match funded basis, utilizing a benchmark rate curve plus an assumed credit spread. The assumed credit spread is calculated based on a composite investment grade unsecured yield curve or based on advance rates published by the FHLB for any asset that is eligible to be pledged as collateral to the FHLB. While the baseline FTP components at Ally assume 100% debt funding, the methodology also incorporates a credit on the allocated capital for each business line based on the business line’s allocated cost of funding. For business lines not subject to an FTP funding allocation, the FTP methodology applies a capital charge to the amount of excess equity that the business line holds, relative to its regulatory capital and other adjustments. The net residual impact of the FTP methodology is included within the results of Corporate and Other.
The information presented in our reportable operating segments is based in part on internal allocations and methodologies, including a COH methodology, which involves management judgment. COH methodology is used for measuring the profit and loss of our reportable operating segments. We have various enterprise functions, such as technology, marketing, finance, compliance, internal audit, and risk. Operating expenses from the enterprise functions are either directly allocated to the reportable operating segment, indirectly allocated to the reportable operating segment utilizing the COH methodology, or remain in Corporate and Other. COH methodology considers the reportable operating segment expense base and enterprise function expenses. The reportable operating segment expense base is used to determine the allocation mix. This mix is applied to the allocable expenses in Corporate and Other to determine the COH for the respective reportable operating segment. Allocable enterprise function costs are primarily technology, marketing expenses, and marketing sponsorships. Generally, costs that remain within Corporate and Other that are not allocated to our reportable operating segments include operating costs of deposits, treasury activities, and other corporate activities.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Financial information for our reportable operating segments is summarized as follows.

Three months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | Automotive Finance operations |  | Insurance operations |  | Corporate Finance operations |  | Corporate and Other |  | Consolidated (a)
2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total financing revenue and other interest income |  | $ | 2,666 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 434 |  |  | $ | 3,387 |
Total interest expense |  | 1,128 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 307 |  |  | 1,578 |
Net depreciation expense on operating lease assets |  | 225 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 225 |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  | 1,313 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 1,584 |
Other revenue |  | 96 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 584 |
Total net revenue |  | 1,409 |  |  | 453 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 2,168 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 410 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 415 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits expense |  | 172 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 447 |
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 141 |
Other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology and communications expenses |  | 31 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 108 |
Other (b) |  | 375 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (42) |  |  | 544 |
Total other operating expenses |  | 406 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 652 |
Total noninterest expense |  | 578 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 1,240 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | (82) |  |  | $ | 513 |
Total assets |  | $ | 113,726 |  |  | $ | 9,848 |  |  | $ | 11,343 |  |  | $ | 56,794 |  |  | $ | 191,711 |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total financing revenue and other interest income |  | $ | 2,637 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 646 |  |  | $ | 3,574 |
Total interest expense |  | 1,101 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 1,885 |
Net depreciation expense on operating lease assets |  | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 169 |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  | 1,367 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1,520 |
Other revenue |  | 85 |  |  | 437 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 615 |
Total net revenue |  | 1,452 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 2,135 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 579 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 645 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits expense |  | 165 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 435 |
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | — |  |  | 135 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135 |
Other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology and communications expenses |  | 32 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 110 |
Other (b) |  | 321 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 545 |
Total other operating expenses |  | 353 |  |  | 203 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 655 |
Total noninterest expense |  | 518 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 1,225 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | (297) |  |  | $ | 265 |
Total assets |  | $ | 113,583 |  |  | $ | 9,455 |  |  | $ | 10,398 |  |  | $ | 59,234 |  |  | $ | 192,670 |

(a)Net financing revenue and other interest income after the provision for credit losses totaled $1.2 billion and $875 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
(b)Primarily consists of insurance commissions, advertising and marketing, and property and equipment depreciation expenses. Refer to Note 6 for additional information.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | Automotive Finance operations |  | Insurance operations |  | Corporate Finance operations |  | Corporate and Other |  | Consolidated (a)
2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total financing revenue and other interest income |  | $ | 7,840 |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 692 |  |  | $ | 1,435 |  |  | $ | 10,105 |
Total interest expense |  | 3,286 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 1,146 |  |  | 4,846 |
Net depreciation expense on operating lease assets |  | 681 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 681 |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  | 3,873 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 4,578 |
Other revenue |  | 290 |  |  | 1,206 |  |  | 73 |  |  | (356) |  |  | 1,213 |
Total net revenue |  | 4,163 |  |  | 1,299 |  |  | 396 |  |  | (67) |  |  | 5,791 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 1,231 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | (261) |  |  | 990 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits expense |  | 521 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 713 |  |  | 1,382 |
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | — |  |  | 505 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 505 |
Goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 305 |  |  | 305 |
Other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology and communications expenses |  | 90 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 312 |
Other (b) |  | 1,053 |  |  | 586 |  |  | 42 |  |  | (49) |  |  | 1,632 |
Total other operating expenses |  | 1,143 |  |  | 600 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 1,944 |
Total noninterest expense |  | 1,664 |  |  | 1,190 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 1,173 |  |  | 4,136 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 1,268 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | (979) |  |  | $ | 665 |
Total assets |  | $ | 113,726 |  |  | $ | 9,848 |  |  | $ | 11,343 |  |  | $ | 56,794 |  |  | $ | 191,711 |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total financing revenue and other interest income |  | $ | 7,819 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 769 |  |  | $ | 1,983 |  |  | $ | 10,694 |
Total interest expense |  | 3,176 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 2,029 |  |  | 5,673 |
Net depreciation expense on operating lease assets |  | 516 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 516 |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  | 4,127 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 341 |  |  | (46) |  |  | 4,505 |
Other revenue |  | 275 |  |  | 1,159 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 1,650 |
Total net revenue |  | 4,402 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 6,155 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 1,410 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 1,609 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits expense |  | 503 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 751 |  |  | 1,396 |
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | — |  |  | 428 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 428 |
Other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology and communications expenses |  | 95 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 319 |
Other (b) |  | 975 |  |  | 587 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 1,676 |
Total other operating expenses |  | 1,070 |  |  | 601 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 281 |  |  | 1,995 |
Total noninterest expense |  | 1,573 |  |  | 1,110 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 1,032 |  |  | 3,819 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | (1,138) |  |  | $ | 727 |
Total assets |  | $ | 113,583 |  |  | $ | 9,455 |  |  | $ | 10,398 |  |  | $ | 59,234 |  |  | $ | 192,670 |

(a)Net financing revenue and other interest income after the provision for credit losses totaled $3.6 billion and $2.9 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
(b)Primarily consists of insurance commissions, advertising and marketing, and property and equipment depreciation expenses. Refer to Note 6 for additional information.
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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
24. Contingencies and Other Risks
As a financial-services company, we are regularly involved in pending or threatened legal proceedings and other matters and are or may be subject to potential liability in connection with them. These legal matters may be formal or informal and include litigation and arbitration with one or more identified claimants, certified or purported class actions with yet-to-be-identified claimants, and regulatory or other governmental information-gathering requests, examinations, investigations, and enforcement proceedings. Our legal matters exist in varying stages of adjudication, arbitration, negotiation, or investigation and span our business lines and operations. Claims may be based in law or equity — such as those arising under contracts or in tort and those involving banking, consumer-protection, securities, tax, employment, and other laws — and some can present novel legal theories and allege substantial or indeterminate damages.
Ally and its subsidiaries, including Ally Bank, also are or may be subject to potential liability under other contingent exposures, including indemnification, domestic and foreign taxes, self-insurance, and other miscellaneous contingencies.
We accrue for a legal matter or other contingent exposure when a loss becomes probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Accruals are evaluated each quarter and may be adjusted, upward or downward, based on our best judgment after consultation with counsel. No assurance exists that our accruals will not need to be adjusted in the future. When a probable or reasonably possible loss on a legal matter or other contingent exposure could be material to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows, we provide disclosure in this note as prescribed by ASC Topic 450, Contingencies. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to our policy for establishing accruals.
The course and outcome of legal matters are inherently unpredictable. This is especially so when a matter is still in its early stages, the damages sought are indeterminate or unsupported, significant facts are unclear or disputed, novel questions of law or other meaningful legal uncertainties exist, a request to certify a proceeding as a class action is outstanding or granted, multiple parties are named, or regulatory or other governmental entities are involved. Other contingent exposures and their ultimate resolution are similarly unpredictable for reasons that can vary based on the circumstances.
As a result, we often are unable to determine how or when threatened or pending legal matters and other contingent exposures will be resolved and what losses may be incrementally and ultimately incurred. Actual losses may be higher or lower than any amounts accrued or estimated for those matters and other exposures, possibly to a significant degree.
Subject to the foregoing, based on our current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, we do not believe that the ultimate outcomes of currently threatened or pending legal matters and other contingent exposures are likely to be material to our consolidated financial condition after taking into account existing accruals. In light of the uncertainties inherent in these matters and other exposures, however, one or more of them could be material to our results of operations or cash flows during a particular reporting period, depending on factors such as the amount of the loss or liability and the level of our income for that period.
25. Subsequent Events
Declaration of Common Dividend
On October 7, 2025, our Board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.30 per share on all common stock. The dividend is payable on November 14, 2025, to shareholders of record at the close of business on October 31, 2025.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Cautionary Notice about Forward-Looking Statements and Other Terms
From time to time we have made, and in the future will make, forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements often use words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “pursue,” “seek,” “continue,” “estimate,” “project,” “outlook,” “forecast,” “potential,” “target,” “objective,” “trend,” “plan,” “goal,” “initiative,” “priorities,” or other words of comparable meaning or future-tense or conditional verbs such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” or “could.” Forward-looking statements convey our expectations, intentions, or forecasts about future events, circumstances, or results.
This report, including any information incorporated by reference in this report, contains forward-looking statements. We also may make forward-looking statements in other documents that are filed or furnished with the SEC. In addition, we may make forward-looking statements orally or in writing to investors, analysts, members of the media, or others.
All forward-looking statements, by their nature, are subject to assumptions, risks, and uncertainties, which may change over time and many of which are beyond our control. You should not rely on any forward-looking statement as a prediction or guarantee about the future. Actual future objectives, strategies, plans, prospects, performance, conditions, or results may differ materially from those set forth in any forward-looking statement. While no list of assumptions, risks, or uncertainties could be complete, some of the factors that may cause actual results or other future events or circumstances to differ from those in forward-looking statements include:
•evolving local, regional, national, or international business, economic, or political conditions;
•changes in laws or the regulatory or supervisory environment, including as a result of financial-services legislation, regulation, or policies or changes in government officials or other personnel;
•changes in monetary, fiscal, or trade laws or policies, including as a result of actions by governmental agencies, central banks, or supranational authorities;
•changes in accounting standards or policies;
•changes in the automotive industry or the markets for new or used vehicles, including the rise of vehicle sharing and ride hailing, the development of autonomous and alternative-energy vehicles, and the impact of demographic shifts on attitudes and behaviors toward vehicle type, ownership, and use;
•any instability or breakdown in the financial system, including as a result of the failure of a financial institution or other participants in it (such as the banking failures during 2023);
•disruptions or shifts in investor sentiment or behavior in the securities, capital, or other financial markets, including financial or systemic shocks and volatility or changes in market liquidity, interest or currency rates, or valuations;
•changes in business or consumer sentiment, preferences, or behavior, including spending, borrowing, or saving by businesses or households;
•changes in our corporate or business strategies, the composition of our assets, or the way in which we fund those assets;
•our ability to execute our business strategy for Ally Bank, including its digital focus;
•our ability to optimize our automotive finance and insurance businesses and to continue diversifying into and growing other consumer and commercial business lines, including corporate finance, brokerage, and personal advice;
•our ability to develop capital plans acceptable to the FRB and our ability to implement them, including any payment of dividends or share repurchases;
•our ability to conduct appropriate stress tests and effectively plan for and manage capital or liquidity consistent with evolving business or operational needs, risk-management standards, and regulatory or supervisory requirements or expectations;
•our ability to cost-effectively fund our business and operations, including through deposits (which could be subject to sudden withdrawals) and the capital markets;
•changes in any credit rating assigned to Ally, including Ally Bank, or the ratings for our insurance business;
•adverse publicity or other reputational harm to us, our service providers, or our senior officers;
•our ability to develop, maintain, or market our products or services or to absorb unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with those products or services;
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•our ability to innovate, to anticipate the needs of current or future customers, to successfully compete, to increase or hold market share in changing competitive environments, or to deal with pricing or other competitive pressures;
•the continuing profitability and viability of our dealer-centric automotive finance and insurance businesses, especially in the face of competition from captive finance companies and their automotive manufacturing sponsors and challenges to the dealer’s role as intermediary between manufacturers and purchasers;
•our ability to appropriately underwrite loans that we originate or purchase and to otherwise manage credit risk;
•changes in the credit, liquidity, or other financial condition of our customers, counterparties, service providers, or competitors;
•our ability to effectively deal with economic, business, or market slowdowns or disruptions;
•our ability to address heightened scrutiny and expectations from supervisory or other governmental authorities and to timely and credibly remediate related concerns or deficiencies;
•judicial, regulatory, or administrative inquiries, examinations, investigations, proceedings, disputes, or rulings that create uncertainty for, or are adverse to, us or the financial services industry;
•the potential outcomes of judicial, regulatory, or administrative inquiries, examinations, investigations, proceedings, or disputes to which we are or may be subject, and our ability to absorb and address any damages or other remedies that are sought or awarded, and any collateral consequences;
•the performance and availability of third-party service providers on whom we rely in delivering products and services to our customers and otherwise conducting our business and operations;
•our ability to manage and mitigate security risks, including our capacity to withstand cyberattacks;
•our ability to maintain secure and functional financial, accounting, technology, data processing, or other operating systems or infrastructure;
•the adequacy of our corporate governance, risk-management framework, compliance programs, or internal controls over financial reporting, including our ability to control lapses or deficiencies in financial reporting or to effectively mitigate or manage operational risk;
•the efficacy of our methods or models in assessing business strategies or opportunities or in valuing, measuring, estimating, monitoring, or managing positions or risk;
•our ability to keep pace with changes in technology, such as artificial intelligence, that affect us or our customers, counterparties, service providers, or competitors or to maintain rights or interests in associated intellectual property;
•our ability to successfully make acquisitions or divestitures or to integrate acquired businesses;
•the adequacy of our succession planning for key executives or other personnel and our ability to attract or retain qualified employees;
•natural or man-made disasters, calamities, or conflicts, including terrorist events, cyber-warfare, and pandemics;
•our ability to meet stakeholder expectations on sustainability-related issues;
•policies and other actions of governments to manage and mitigate climate and other sustainability issues, and the effects of climate change or the transition to a lower-carbon economy on our business, operations, and reputation; or
•other assumptions, risks, or uncertainties described in the Risk Factors (Part II, Item 1A herein), Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Part I, Item 2 herein), or the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Part I, Item 1 herein) in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or described in any of the Company’s annual, quarterly or current reports.
In addition, recent announcements regarding changes in U.S. trade policies and practices, as well as counter tariffs and other reciprocal actions by other jurisdictions, have contributed to increased volatility in financial markets and adversely affected economic conditions. Risks related to the continuation or escalation of tariffs and other trading restrictions, particularly to the extent impacting the automobile industry and related sectors, and the potential impact on inflation, global trade, new and used automobile sales, consumer purchasing power, customer creditworthiness and general economic conditions, could cause our financial results to differ from the anticipated results expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements.
Any forward-looking statement made by us or on our behalf speaks only as of the date that it was made. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement to reflect the impact of events, circumstances, or results that arise after the date that the statement was made,
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except as required by applicable securities laws. You, however, should consult further disclosures (including disclosures of a forward-looking nature) that we may make in any subsequent Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or Current Report on Form 8-K.
Unless the context otherwise requires, the following definitions apply. The term “loans” means the following consumer and commercial products associated with our direct and indirect financing activities: loans, retail installment sales contracts, lines of credit, and other financing products excluding operating leases. The term “operating leases” means consumer- and commercial-vehicle lease agreements where Ally is the lessor and the lessee is generally not obligated to acquire ownership of the vehicle at lease-end or compensate Ally for the vehicle’s residual value. The terms “lend,” “finance,” and “originate” mean our direct extension or origination of loans, our purchase or acquisition of loans, or our purchase of operating leases, as applicable. The term “consumer” means all consumer products associated with our loan and operating-lease activities and all commercial retail installment sales contracts. The term “commercial” means all commercial products associated with our loan activities, other than commercial retail installment sales contracts. The term “partnerships” means business arrangements rather than partnerships as defined by law.
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Overview
Ally Financial Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries unless the context otherwise requires, Ally, the Company, we, us, or our) is a financial-services company with the nation’s largest all-digital bank and an industry-leading automotive financing and insurance business, driven by a mission to “Do It Right” and be a relentless ally for customers and communities. The Company serves customers with deposits and securities brokerage and investment advisory services as well as automotive financing and insurance offerings. The Company also includes a seasoned corporate finance business that offers capital for equity sponsors and middle-market companies. Ally is a Delaware corporation and is registered as a BHC under the BHC Act and an FHC under the GLB Act.
Primary Business Lines
Dealer Financial Services, which includes our Automotive Finance and Insurance operations, and Corporate Finance are our primary business lines. The remaining activity is reported in Corporate and Other, which primarily consists of centralized treasury activities as well as Ally Invest, our digital brokerage and personal advice offering, Ally Lending, Ally Credit Card, the management of our consumer mortgage portfolio, CRA loans and investments, and certain strategic investments through Ally Ventures. We closed the sale of Ally Lending on March 1, 2024. Consumer mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025, which has and will continue to result in a gradual run-off of our consumer mortgage loan portfolio. Additionally, we closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. For further information, refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table summarizes the operating results excluding discontinued operations of each business line. Operating results for each of the business lines are more fully described in the MD&A sections that follow.

| Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  |  |
Total net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Financial Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive Finance | $ | 1,409 |  |  | $ | 1,452 |  |  | (3) |  | $ | 4,163 |  |  | $ | 4,402 |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |  |
Insurance | 453 |  |  | 467 |  |  | (3) |  | 1,299 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |
Corporate Finance | 136 |  |  | 146 |  |  | (7) |  | 396 |  |  | 431 |  |  |  |  | (8) |  |  |
Corporate and Other | 170 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 143 |  | (67) |  |  | 80 |  |  |  |  | (184) |  |  |
Total | $ | 2,168 |  |  | $ | 2,135 |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 5,791 |  |  | $ | 6,155 |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |  |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Financial Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive Finance | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | 355 |  |  | 19 |  | $ | 1,268 |  |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  |
Insurance | 79 |  |  | 102 |  |  | (23) |  | 109 |  |  | 132 |  |  |  |  | (17) |  |  |
Corporate Finance | 95 |  |  | 105 |  |  | (10) |  | 267 |  |  | 314 |  |  |  |  | (15) |  |  |
Corporate and Other | (82) |  |  | (297) |  |  | 72 |  | (979) |  |  | (1,138) |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Total | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | 94 |  | $ | 665 |  |  | $ | 727 |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  |

•Our Dealer Financial Services business is one of the largest full-service automotive finance operations in the country and offers a wide range of financial services and insurance products to automotive dealerships and their customers. Dealer Financial Services comprises our Automotive Finance and Insurance segments.
Our Automotive Finance operations include purchasing retail installment sales contracts and operating leases from dealers and automotive retailers, extending automotive loans directly to consumers, offering term loans to dealers, financing dealer floorplans and providing other lines of credit to dealers, supplying warehouse lines to automotive retailers, offering automotive-fleet financing, providing financing to companies and municipalities for the purchase or lease of vehicles, and supplying vehicle-remarketing services. Our success as an automotive finance provider is driven by the consistent and broad range of products and services we offer to dealers and automotive retailers. The automotive marketplace is dynamic and evolving, including substantial investments in electrification by automotive manufacturers and suppliers. We continue to identify and cultivate relationships with automotive retailers, including those with leading e-commerce platforms. We also operate an online direct-lending platform for consumers seeking direct financing. We believe these products will enable us to respond to the growing trends for a more streamlined and digital automotive financing process to serve both dealers and consumers. Additionally, we provide comprehensive automotive remarketing services, including the use of SmartAuction, our online auction platform, which efficiently supports dealer-to-dealer and other commercial wholesale vehicle transactions. SmartAuction provides diversified fee-based revenue and serves as a means of deepening relationships with our dealership customers. Beyond offering a full suite of solutions for our dealership customers, we also offer application pass-through programs for credit applications that do not meet our underwriting criteria, allowing dealers to provide expanded access to credit for consumers and improve sales at their dealership. Through our pass-through programs, we are able to monetize our declined applications by generating a combination of acquisition fee and servicing revenue for loans that are
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originated, sold to, and serviced on behalf of a third-party lender, or one-time acquisition fees for loans funded and serviced by a third party. Furthermore, our strong and expansive dealer relationships, comprehensive suite of products and services, full-spectrum financing, and depth of experience position us to evolve with future shifts in automobile technologies, including electrification. We have provided and continue to provide automobile financing for battery-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, including brands such as Tesla, Jeep, Alfa Romeo, and Chevrolet. This positions us to remain a leader in automotive financing as we believe the majority of these vehicles will be sold through dealerships and automotive retailers with whom we have an established relationship. Additionally, we continue to partner and build relationships with automotive manufacturers who use a direct-to-consumer model. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, $1.5 billion of our consumer automotive retail loan originations and purchases, and $2.0 billion of our operating lease originations and purchases, were for battery-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. As of September 30, 2025, $3.0 billion of our consumer automotive finance receivables and loans had battery-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles as the underlying collateral, and $4.4 billion of our investment in operating leases, net of accumulated depreciation, were battery-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles.
We have focused on developing dealer relationships beyond those relationships that primarily were developed through our previous role as a captive finance company for GM and a preferred provider for Stellantis. We have established relationships with thousands of automotive dealers through our customer-centric approach and specialized incentive programs designed to drive loyalty amongst dealers to our products and services. Outside of GM and Stellantis, our other OEM-franchised dealers include brands such as Ford, Toyota, Hyundai, Kia, Nissan, Honda, and others, including automotive manufacturers who use a direct-to-consumer model. Our non-OEM-franchised dealers and automotive retailers include used-vehicle-only retailers with a national presence, as well as online-only automotive retailers, such as Carvana, CarMax, and EchoPark.
Our Insurance operations offer both consumer finance protection and insurance products sold primarily through the automotive dealer channel in the U.S. and Canada, and commercial insurance products sold directly to dealers in the U.S. Our insurance business provides a strong dealer value proposition through our deep industry knowledge, strong service levels, and diversified product suite that complements our automotive finance business in order to drive strong retention rates and help protect and grow the business of our dealer customers. In addition to our product offerings, we provide consultative services and training to assist dealers in optimizing F&I results while achieving high levels of customer satisfaction and regulatory compliance. We also advise dealers regarding necessary liability and physical damage coverages critical to protecting a dealer’s business. We continue to evolve our product suite and digital capabilities to position our business for future opportunities through growing third-party relationships and sales through our online direct-lending platform.
We are a market-leading provider of dealer insurance products, offering a variety of commercial products and levels of coverage. Vehicle inventory insurance for dealers provides physical damage protection for dealers’ floorplan vehicles that may be financed by Ally, another lender, or may be owned by the dealer. Dealers who receive wholesale financing from us are eligible for insurance incentives such as automatic eligibility for our preferred insurance programs. We continue to grow our market position leveraging our scale and significant experience in this space. We also offer property, liability, and other ancillary coverages to dealers, and during the third quarter of 2025, we became the underwriting carrier on the majority of these product offerings.
Our dealer F&I products are primarily distributed indirectly through the automotive dealer network which includes dealer relationships of approximately 1,500 in the U.S. where we serve 2.4 million consumers. As part of our focus on offering dealers a broad range of consumer F&I products, we offer VSCs, VMCs, and GAP products. Ally Premier Protection is our flagship VSC offering, which provides coverage for new and used vehicles of virtually all makes and models offering owners and lessees mechanical repair protection and roadside assistance beyond the manufacturer’s new vehicle warranty. Our GAP products cover certain amounts owed by a customer beyond their covered vehicle’s value in the event the vehicle is damaged or stolen and declared a total loss. We offer F&I products in Canada, where we serve over 500,000 consumers and are the preferred VSC and other protection plan provider for GM Canada. Our contract to serve as the preferred VSC and protection plan provider for GM Canada extends into the third quarter of 2027.
We also underwrite ClearGuard on the SmartAuction platform, which is a protection product designed to minimize the risk to dealers from arbitration claims for eligible vehicles sold at auction. On a smaller scale, we also periodically assume other non-automotive insurance risks through quota share arrangements and perform services as an underwriting carrier for insurance programs managed by a third party where we cede the majority of such business to external reinsurance markets.
Our dealer-centric business model, value-added products and services, full-spectrum financing, and business expertise proven over many credit cycles, make us a premier automotive finance and insurance company ready to support and strengthen over 21,000 active dealer relationships as of September 30, 2025. A dealer is considered to have an active relationship with us if we provided automotive financing, remarketing, or insurance services during the three months ended September 30, 2025.
•Our Corporate Finance operations primarily offer senior-secured loans to private equity sponsor-owned U.S.-based middle-market companies and to well-established asset managers that mostly provide leveraged loans. The portfolio is composed of floating-rate asset-based and leveraged cash flow/enterprise value loans. Our Corporate Finance operations had $11.3 billion of assets at September 30, 2025, and generated $396 million of total net revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and continues to offer attractive returns and diversification benefits to our broader lending portfolio. Our Sponsor Finance business focuses on companies owned by private-equity sponsors with loans typically used for leveraged buyouts, refinancing and
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recapitalizations, mergers and acquisitions, growth, co-lending arrangements, turnarounds, and debtor-in-possession financings. Additionally, our Private Credit Finance business provides asset managers and other financing sources with facilities to partially fund their direct-lending activities. We have a commercial real estate product primarily focused on lending to skilled nursing facilities, senior housing, memory care facilities, and medical office buildings. Additionally, we have an energy vertical that finances large-scale energy and infrastructure projects.
•Corporate and Other primarily consists of centralized corporate treasury activities such as management of the cash and corporate investment securities and loan portfolios, short- and long-term debt, retail and brokered deposit liabilities, derivative instruments, original issue discount, and the residual impacts of our corporate FTP and treasury ALM activities. Corporate and Other also includes activity related to certain equity investments, which primarily consist of FHLB and FRB stock, as well as other equity investments through Ally Ventures, our strategic investment business. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes the management of our consumer mortgage portfolio, CRA loans and investments, and reclassifications and eliminations between the reportable operating segments. Costs that are not allocated to our reportable operating segments as part of our COH methodology, which involves management judgment, are also included in Corporate and Other. These costs include operating costs of deposits, treasury activities, and other corporate activities.
Corporate and Other includes the results of Ally Invest, our digital brokerage and advisory offering, which enables us to complement our competitive deposit products with low-cost investing. The digital advisory business aligns with our strategy to create a premier digital financial services company and provides additional sources of fee income through asset management and certain other fees, with minimal balance sheet utilization. This business also provides an additional source of low-cost deposits through arrangements with Ally Invest’s clearing broker.
Corporate and Other included Ally Credit Card prior to the sale, which was completed on April 1, 2025. For further information, refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Corporate and Other includes the financial results of our mortgage operations, which consist of our held-for-sale and held-for-investment consumer mortgage loan portfolios. Consumer mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025, which has and will continue to result in a gradual run-off of our consumer mortgage loan portfolio.
Corporate and Other includes our CRA loans. In its most recent performance evaluation in 2025, Ally Bank received an “Outstanding” rating for the CRA strategic plan (2023–2024). Failure by Ally Bank to maintain a “Satisfactory” or better rating on its most recent examination under the CRA may adversely affect our ability to expand our financial and related activities as an FHC or make acquisitions.
On October 24, 2023, the U.S. banking agencies issued a final rule to modernize their regulations related to the CRA. The final rule amends their CRA regulations by introducing new tests to evaluate the CRA performance of banks, which most significantly impacts banks with over $2 billion in assets and imposes additional requirements on banks with over $10 billion in assets. Major changes to the CRA regulations include modifications related to the delineation of assessment areas, the overall evaluation framework including performance standards and metrics, the definition of community development activities, and data collection and reporting. Most provisions of the final rule will become effective on January 1, 2026, and the data reporting requirements will become effective on January 1, 2027. The final rule is stayed as to the plaintiff trade associations while a federal court considers the validity of the rule. On July 15, 2025, the FDIC Board of Directors voted to approve a notice of proposed rulemaking to be issued with the Federal Reserve and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to both rescind the CRA final rule and reinstate the CRA framework that existed prior to the final rule, with certain technical amendments.
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Macroeconomic Environment
We employ an internal team of economists to enhance our planning and forecasting capabilities. This team conducts industry and market research, monitors economic risks, and helps support various forms of scenario planning. This group closely monitors macroeconomic trends, such as unemployment rate and sales of new light motor vehicles, given the nature of our business and the potential impacts on our exposure to risks. As of August 31, 2025, the unemployment rate increased to 4.3%. Sales of new light motor vehicles rose to an average annual rate of 16.4 million during July and August of 2025. Sales of new light motor vehicles remain below the pre-pandemic annual pace of 17.0 million in 2019, which has limited incoming used vehicle supply and supported used vehicle values.
Our baseline forecast utilized in calculating the quantitative allowance for loan losses as of September 30, 2025, anticipated the unemployment rate peaking at approximately 4.6% in the second quarter of 2026, before reverting to the historical mean of approximately 5.8% by the third quarter of 2028. Additionally, our baseline forecast anticipated deceleration of GDP growth as measured on a quarter-over-quarter seasonally adjusted annualized rate basis through the fourth quarter of 2025, followed by increases in GDP growth through the second quarter of 2026, before reverting to the historical mean of approximately 2.1% by the second quarter of 2028, and increases in new light vehicle sales on a seasonally adjusted annualized rate basis from more than 15 million units in the third quarter of 2025, to approximately 16 million units by the first quarter of 2027, before reverting to the historical mean of 15 million units by the third quarter of 2028. We also maintain a qualitative allowance framework to account for ongoing risks and volatility in the macroeconomic environment, including the impacts from tariffs, inflation, consumer financial health, and geopolitical uncertainty, that could adversely impact frequency of loss and LGD. Refer to the Risk Management section of this MD&A for further discussion on our allowance for loan losses.
Macroeconomic risks remain elevated due to impacts from tariffs, inflation, and geopolitical uncertainty. Uncertainty around the scope and timing of changes to fiscal, regulatory, and trade policies, as well as impacts from recent legislative action (such as “H.R. 1”, commonly referred to as the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act”) could act as a source of volatility in our baseline forecasts, particularly with respect to real GDP growth, inflation, unemployment, vehicle sales, and other consumer measures, which could materially impact our risk profile. Announcements regarding changes in U.S. trade policies and practices, as well as counter tariffs and other reciprocal actions by other jurisdictions, have continued to contribute to increased volatility in financial markets and could adversely affect economic conditions. Risks related to the continuation or escalation of tariffs and other trading restrictions, particularly to the extent impacting the automobile industry and related sectors, and the potential impact on inflation, global trade, new and used automobile prices and sales, consumer purchasing power, customer creditworthiness and general economic conditions, could cause our financial results to differ from the anticipated results expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our consolidated operating results for the periods shown. Refer to the reportable operating segment sections of the MD&A that follow for a more complete discussion of operating results by business line.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total financing revenue and other interest income |  | $ | 3,387 |  |  | $ | 3,574 |  |  | (5) |  | $ | 10,105 |  |  | $ | 10,694 |  |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |
Total interest expense |  | 1,578 |  |  | 1,885 |  |  | 16 |  | 4,846 |  |  | 5,673 |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |
Net depreciation expense on operating lease assets |  | 225 |  |  | 169 |  |  | (33) |  | 681 |  |  | 516 |  |  |  |  |  | (32) |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  | 1,584 |  |  | 1,520 |  |  | 4 |  | 4,578 |  |  | 4,505 |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |
Other revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance premiums and service revenue earned |  | 361 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 1 |  | 1,084 |  |  | 1,045 |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |
(Loss) gain on mortgage and automotive loans, net |  | (3) |  |  | 6 |  |  | (150) |  | (6) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  |  | (133) |  |
Other gain (loss) on investments, net |  | 56 |  |  | 74 |  |  | (24) |  | (382) |  |  | 96 |  |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Other income, net of losses |  | 170 |  |  | 176 |  |  | (3) |  | 517 |  |  | 491 |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |
Total other revenue |  | 584 |  |  | 615 |  |  | (5) |  | 1,213 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  |  |  |  | (26) |  |
Total net revenue |  | 2,168 |  |  | 2,135 |  |  | 2 |  | 5,791 |  |  | 6,155 |  |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |
Provision for credit losses |  | 415 |  |  | 645 |  |  | 36 |  | 990 |  |  | 1,609 |  |  |  |  |  | 38 |  |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits expense |  | 447 |  |  | 435 |  |  | (3) |  | 1,382 |  |  | 1,396 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 141 |  |  | 135 |  |  | (4) |  | 505 |  |  | 428 |  |  |  |  |  | (18) |  |
Goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | n/m |  | 305 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Other operating expenses |  | 652 |  |  | 655 |  |  | — |  | 1,944 |  |  | 1,995 |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |
Total noninterest expense |  | 1,240 |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | (1) |  | 4,136 |  |  | 3,819 |  |  |  |  |  | (8) |  |
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense |  | 513 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 94 |  | 665 |  |  | 727 |  |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |
Income tax expense from continuing operations |  | 115 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (72) |  | 140 |  |  | 167 |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |
Net income from continuing operations |  | $ | 398 |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | 101 |  | $ | 525 |  |  | $ | 560 |  |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |
Financial ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets (a) |  | 0.84 | % |  | 0.41 | % |  | n/m |  | 0.37 | % |  | 0.39 | % |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Return on average equity (a) |  | 10.56 | % |  | 5.46 | % |  | n/m |  | 4.84 | % |  | 5.37 | % |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Equity to assets (a) |  | 7.98 | % |  | 7.52 | % |  | n/m |  | 7.72 | % |  | 7.22 | % |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Common dividend payout ratio (b) |  | 25.21 | % |  | 54.55 | % |  | n/m |  | 62.94 | % |  | 57.69 | % |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |

n/m = not meaningful
(a)The ratios were based on average assets and average total equity using an average daily balance methodology.
(b)The common dividend payout ratio was calculated using basic earnings per common share.
We earned net income from continuing operations of $398 million and $525 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $198 million and $560 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in income for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by lower provision for credit losses and higher net financing revenue and other interest income, partially offset by an increase in tax expense from continuing operations. The decrease in income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by other loss on investments, net, and higher total noninterest expense, partially offset by lower provision for credit losses and higher net financing revenue and other interest income.
Net financing revenue and other interest income increased $64 million and $73 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by lower total interest expense in response to lower benchmark interest rates, which decreased our cost of funds associated with our deposit liabilities. The increases were partially offset by the sale of Ally Credit Card, which closed on April 1, 2025, and unfavorable remarketing performance on our off-lease vehicles resulting from lower auction prices on the sale of specific vehicle models and lower termination volume.
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Insurance premiums and service revenue earned was $361 million and $1.1 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $359 million and $1.0 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by growth in our vehicle inventory insurance business as we continue to grow new relationships.
Other gain (loss) on investments, net, was a gain of $56 million and a loss of $382 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to gains of $74 million and $96 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to lower gains from equity securities as compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily attributable to our balance sheet repositioning of a portion of our available-for-sales securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Refer to Note 7 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Other income, net of losses, decreased $6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and increased $26 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to lower late charges and other administrative fees from the sale of Ally Credit Card, partially offset by favorable performance from equity-method investments. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by favorable performance from equity-method investments, partially offset by lower late charges and other administrative fees.
The provision for credit losses decreased $230 million and $619 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by lower net charge-offs within our consumer other portfolio due to the sale of Ally Credit Card and lower net charge-offs within our consumer automotive portfolio. The decrease in provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by a provision benefit associated with the sale of Ally Credit Card and lower net charge-offs within our consumer automotive portfolio. Refer to the Risk Management section of this MD&A for further discussion on our provision for credit losses.
Noninterest expense increased $15 million and $317 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2024. The increase for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to higher compensation and benefits, and higher insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses from insurance portfolio growth. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by the impairment of goodwill associated with the sale of Ally Credit Card, in addition to higher insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses from our vehicle inventory insurance business. The increase was partially offset by lower operating expenses and lower compensation and benefits.
We recognized total income tax expense from continuing operations of $115 million and $140 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $67 million and $167 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily due to the tax effects of an increase in pretax earnings during the three months ended September 30, 2025. The decrease in income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily due to the tax effects of a decrease in pre-tax earnings during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Dealer Financial Services
Results for Dealer Financial Services are presented by reportable operating segment, which includes our Automotive Finance and Insurance operations.
Automotive Finance
Results of Operations
The following table summarizes the operating results of our Automotive Finance operations. The amounts presented are before the elimination of balances and transactions with our other reportable operating segments.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer |  | $ | 1,961 |  |  | $ | 1,889 |  |  | 4 |  | $ | 5,757 |  |  | $ | 5,534 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |
Commercial |  | 338 |  |  | 432 |  |  | (22) |  | 1,008 |  |  | 1,278 |  |  |  |  | (21) |  |
Loans held-for-sale |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | n/m |  | 7 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Operating leases |  | 365 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 16 |  | 1,068 |  |  | 1,005 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |
Total financing revenue and other interest income |  | 2,666 |  |  | 2,637 |  |  | 1 |  | 7,840 |  |  | 7,819 |  |  |  |  | — |  |
Interest expense |  | 1,128 |  |  | 1,101 |  |  | (2) |  | 3,286 |  |  | 3,176 |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |
Net depreciation expense on operating lease assets (a) |  | 225 |  |  | 169 |  |  | (33) |  | 681 |  |  | 516 |  |  |  |  | (32) |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  | 1,313 |  |  | 1,367 |  |  | (4) |  | 3,873 |  |  | 4,127 |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |
Other revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) gain on automotive loans, net |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | n/m |  | (5) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Other income, net of losses |  | 99 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 16 |  | 295 |  |  | 274 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |
Total other revenue |  | 96 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 13 |  | 290 |  |  | 275 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |
Total net revenue |  | 1,409 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | (3) |  | 4,163 |  |  | 4,402 |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |
Provision for credit losses |  | 410 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 29 |  | 1,231 |  |  | 1,410 |  |  |  |  | 13 |  |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits expense |  | 172 |  |  | 165 |  |  | (4) |  | 521 |  |  | 503 |  |  |  |  | (4) |  |
Other operating expenses |  | 406 |  |  | 353 |  |  | (15) |  | 1,143 |  |  | 1,070 |  |  |  |  | (7) |  |
Total noninterest expense |  | 578 |  |  | 518 |  |  | (12) |  | 1,664 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  |  |  | (6) |  |
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense |  | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | 355 |  |  | 19 |  | $ | 1,268 |  |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 113,726 |  |  | $ | 113,583 |  |  | — |  | $ | 113,726 |  |  | $ | 113,583 |  |  |  |  | — |  |

n/m = not meaningful
(a)Includes net remarketing gains of $1 million and net remarketing losses of $18 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to net remarketing gains of $24 million and $129 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Our Automotive Finance operations earned income from continuing operations before income tax expense of $421 million and $1.3 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $355 million and $1.4 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the increase was primarily due to lower provision for credit losses, partially offset by higher total noninterest expense and higher net depreciation expense on operating lease assets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the decrease was primarily due to higher net depreciation expense on operating lease assets and higher total noninterest expense, partially offset by lower provision for credit losses.
Consumer automotive loan financing revenue and other interest income increased $72 million and $223 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases were primarily driven by higher average consumer assets resulting from origination growth and higher portfolio yields as higher yielding originations replace maturity of lower yielding assets resulting from pricing actions.
Commercial loan financing revenue and other interest income decreased $94 million and $270 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases
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were primarily due to lower average outstanding wholesale floorplan balances within the Stellantis dealer channel and lower yield driven by lower benchmark interest rates, as our commercial automotive loans are generally variable-rate.
Interest expense increased $27 million and $110 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by higher funding costs as a result of a gradual shift in the composition of our consumer portfolios to loans and leases originated during a higher interest rate environment.
Total net operating lease revenue decreased $7 million and $102 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. The decreases in net operating lease revenue for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were driven by lower remarketing performance. We recognized net remarketing gains of $1 million and net remarketing losses of $18 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to net remarketing gains of $24 million and $129 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases in remarketing gains for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by lower auction prices on the sale of specific vehicle models and lower termination volume. Refer to the Operating Lease Residual Risk Management section of this MD&A for further discussion.
The provision for credit losses decreased $169 million and $179 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases in provision for credit losses for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by lower net charge-offs within our consumer automotive portfolio. Additionally, for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024, our consumer automotive portfolio experienced an increase in reserves, which included additional reserves associated with the estimated impact of Hurricane Helene. Refer to the Risk Management section of this MD&A for further discussion on our provision for credit losses.
Total noninterest expense increased $60 million and $91 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily due to increased expenses to support the growth of our consumer product suite and expand our digital capabilities and portfolio of products.
The following table presents the average balance and yield of the loan and operating lease portfolios of our Automotive Financing operations.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
($ in millions) |  | Average balance (a) | Yield |  | Average balance (a) | Yield |  | Average balance (a) | Yield |  | Average balance (a) | Yield |  |  |
Finance receivables and loans, net (b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer automotive (c) |  | $ | 84,590 |  | 9.20 | % |  | $ | 83,622 |  | 8.99 | % |  | $ | 84,067 |  | 9.16 | % |  | $ | 83,815 |  | 8.82 | % |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wholesale floorplan (d) |  | 14,771 |  | 6.65 |  |  | 17,535 |  | 7.76 |  |  | 14,886 |  | 6.65 |  |  | 17,458 |  | 7.72 |  |  |  |
Other commercial automotive (e) |  | 6,348 |  | 5.66 |  |  | 6,348 |  | 5.65 |  |  | 6,327 |  | 5.65 |  |  | 6,369 |  | 5.64 |  |  |  |
Investment in operating leases, net (f) |  | 8,255 |  | 6.70 |  |  | 8,038 |  | 7.22 |  |  | 8,044 |  | 6.43 |  |  | 8,433 |  | 7.72 |  |  |  |

(a)Average balances are calculated using an average daily balance methodology. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding our basis of presentation and significant accounting policies, which are in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
(b)Nonperforming finance receivables and loans are included in the average balances. For information on our accounting policies regarding nonperforming status, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(c)Excludes the effects of derivative financial instruments designated as hedges, which is included within Corporate and Other. Including the impact of hedging activities, the yield was 9.27% and 9.24% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and 9.29% and 9.18% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(d)Excludes the effects of derivative financial instruments designated as hedges, which is included within Corporate and Other. Including the impact of hedging activities, the yield was 6.42% and 6.44% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and 7.68% and 7.67% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(e)Consists primarily of automotive dealer term loans, including those to finance dealership land and buildings, and dealer fleet financing.
(f)Yield includes net gains on the sale of off-lease vehicles of $1 million and net losses of $18 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and net gains of $24 million and $129 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Excluding these gains and losses on sale, the yield was 6.64% and 6.72% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to 6.03% and 5.68% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
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During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our portfolio yield for consumer automotive loans, excluding the impact of hedging activities, increased 21 and 34 basis points, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by a shift in portfolio mix as higher yielding originations replace the maturity of lower yielding assets resulting from pricing actions. Our portfolio yield for consumer automotive loans, including the effects of derivative financial instruments designated as hedges, were 7 and 8 basis points higher than our portfolio yield for consumer automotive loans excluding the effects of derivative financial instruments designated as hedges for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. This is attributable to the execution of hedging strategies that are used to mitigate interest rate risks. The effects of derivative financial instruments designated as hedges are included within Corporate and Other. Refer to Note 19 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our portfolio yield for commercial wholesale floorplan loans, excluding the impact of hedging activities, decreased 111 and 107 basis points, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. The decreases were primarily due to lower benchmark interest rates, as our commercial automotive loans are generally variable-rate.
Our portfolio yield for investment in operating leases, net, including gains and losses on the sale of off-lease vehicles, decreased 52 and 129 basis points to 6.70% and 6.43% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as compared to 7.22% and 7.72% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases were due to lower remarketing gains, which decreased $23 million and $147 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. Refer to the Operating Lease Residual Risk Management section of this MD&A for further discussion.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Automotive Financing Volume
Consumer Automotive Financing
The following table presents retail loan originations and purchases by credit tier and product type.

|  | Used retail |  | New retail
Credit Tier (a) |  | Volume ($ in billions) |  | % Share of volume |  | Average FICO® |  | Volume ($ in billions) |  | % Share of volume |  | Average FICO®
Three months ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 759 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 769 |
A |  | 2.9 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 687 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 687 |
B |  | 1.0 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 641 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 650 |
C |  | 0.3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 604 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 615 |
D |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 573 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 579 |
E |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 554 |
Total retail loan originations |  | $ | 7.0 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 702 |  |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 725 |
Three months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S |  | $ | 2.4 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 761 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 759 |
A |  | 2.5 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 687 |
B |  | 0.7 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 643 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 651 |
C |  | 0.2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 605 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 616 |
D |  | 0.1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 573 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 566 |
Total retail loan originations |  | $ | 5.9 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 707 |  |  | $ | 2.5 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 716 |
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S |  | $ | 7.5 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 762 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 771 |
A |  | 8.5 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 687 |
B |  | 2.9 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 644 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 650 |
C |  | 0.8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 607 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 611 |
D |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 573 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 571 |
E |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 553 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 553 |
Total retail loan originations |  | $ | 20.1 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 704 |  |  | $ | 9.1 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 726 |
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
S |  | $ | 7.4 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 759 |  |  | $ | 3.8 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 757 |
A |  | 8.0 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 687 |
B |  | 2.4 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 643 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 652 |
C |  | 0.6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 603 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 617 |
D |  | 0.2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 567 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 567 |
Total retail loan originations |  | $ | 18.6 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 706 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 714 |

(a)Represents Ally’s internal credit score, incorporating numerous borrower and structure attributes including: severity and aging of delinquency; number of credit inquiries; LTV ratio; term; payment-to-income ratio; and debt-to-income ratio. We periodically update our underwriting scorecard, which can have an impact on our credit tier scoring.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table presents the percentage of total retail loan originations and purchases, in dollars, by the loan term in months.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
0–71 |  | 17 | % |  | 15 | % |  | 17 | % |  | 15 | % |  |
72–75 |  | 60 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 62 |  |  |
76 + |  | 23 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 23 |  |  |
Total retail loan originations |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |

Retail loan originations with a term of 76 months or more represented 23% of total retail loan originations for both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 24% and 23% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Substantially all the loans originated with a term of 76 months or more during both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, were considered to be prime and in credit tiers S, A, or B. Our underwriting processes are designed to consider various deal structure variables—such as payment-to-income, LTV, debt-to-income, and FICO® score—that compensate for longer loan terms and mitigate underwriting risk.
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, approximately 84% of our used retail loan originations were for vehicles with a model year of 2019 or newer. According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, the average age of light vehicles in operation in the United States during 2024 was approximately 13 years. Substantially all used retail loan originations with a term of 76 months or more during the three months ended September 30, 2025, were for vehicles with a model year of 2019 or newer.
The following table presents the percentage of total outstanding retail loans by origination year.

September 30, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Pre-2021 |  | 3 | % |  | 8 | % |  |
2021 |  | 7 |  |  | 13 |  |  |
2022 |  | 13 |  |  | 22 |  |  |
2023 |  | 18 |  |  | 28 |  |  |
2024 |  | 27 |  |  | 29 |  |  |
2025 |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  |
Total retail |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |

The following tables present the total retail loan and operating lease origination and purchase dollars and percentage mix by product type and by channel.

| Consumer automotive financing originations |  | % Share of Ally originations
Three months ended September 30, ($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Used retail | $ | 7,038 |  |  | $ | 5,887 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 63 |
New retail | 3,130 |  |  | 2,546 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 27 |
Lease | 1,527 |  |  | 957 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 10 |
Total consumer automotive financing originations (a) | $ | 11,695 |  |  | $ | 9,390 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |

(a)Includes CSG originations of $1.0 billion and $856 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

| Consumer automotive financing originations |  |  |  | % Share of Ally originations
Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Used retail | $ | 20,143 |  |  | $ | 18,562 |  |  |  |  | 61 |  |  | 64 |  |  |
New retail | 9,170 |  |  | 7,744 |  |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | 27 |  |  |
Lease | 3,533 |  |  | 2,617 |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | 9 |  |  |
Total consumer automotive financing originations (a) | $ | 32,846 |  |  | $ | 28,923 |  |  |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |  |  |

(a)Includes CSG originations of $2.8 billion and $2.9 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

|  | Consumer automotive financing originations |  |  | % Share of Ally originations
Three months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024
GM dealers |  | $ | 2,718 |  |  | $ | 1,997 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  | 21 |
Stellantis dealers |  | 1,472 |  |  | 1,521 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 16 |
Other dealers and automotive retailers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OEM-franchised dealers (a) |  | 4,734 |  |  | 3,698 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  | 40 |
Non-OEM-franchised dealers and automotive retailers |  | 2,771 |  |  | 2,174 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  | 23 |
Total other dealers and automotive retailers |  | 7,505 |  |  | 5,872 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | 63 |
Total consumer automotive financing originations |  | $ | 11,695 |  |  | $ | 9,390 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |

(a)Includes automotive manufacturers with a direct-to-consumer model.

|  | Consumer automotive financing originations |  |  | % Share of Ally originations
Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
GM dealers |  | $ | 7,461 |  |  | $ | 6,482 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  | 22 |  |  |
Stellantis dealers |  | 4,222 |  |  | 4,770 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 17 |  |  |
Other dealers and automotive retailers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OEM-franchised dealers (a) |  | 13,424 |  |  | 11,094 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  | 38 |  |  |
Non-OEM-franchised dealers and automotive retailers |  | 7,739 |  |  | 6,577 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  | 23 |  |  |
Total other dealers and automotive retailers |  | 21,163 |  |  | 17,671 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | 61 |  |  |
Total consumer automotive financing originations |  | $ | 32,846 |  |  | $ | 28,923 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |  |  |

(a)Includes automotive manufacturers with a direct-to-consumer model.
Total consumer automotive loan and operating lease originations increased $2.3 billion and $3.9 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. The increases were primarily driven by higher industry new and used vehicle sales, increased demand for electric vehicle leasing, and strong dealer engagement.
We have included origination metrics by loan term and FICO® Score within this MD&A. In addition, we employ our own risk evaluation, including proprietary risk models, in evaluating credit risk, as described in the section titled Automotive Financing Volume—Acquisition and Underwriting within the MD&A in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following tables present the percentage of retail loan and operating lease originations and purchases, in dollars, by FICO® Score and product type. We define prime consumer automotive loans primarily as those loans with a FICO® Score at origination of 620 or greater.

|  | Used retail |  | New retail |  | Lease
Three months ended September 30, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
760 + |  | 24 | % |  | 25 | % |  | 30 | % |  | 25 | % |  | 48 | % |  | 54 | %
720–759 |  | 14 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 17 |
660–719 |  | 28 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 20 |
620–659 |  | 18 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 6 |
540–619 |  | 10 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
< 540 |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unscored (a) |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total consumer automotive financing originations |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

(a)Unscored are primarily CSG contracts with business entities that have no FICO® Score.

|  | Used retail |  | New retail |  | Lease
Nine months ended September 30, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
760 + |  | 24 | % |  | 25 | % |  | 31 | % |  | 23 | % |  | 50 | % |  | 53 | %
720–759 |  | 14 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 16 |
660–719 |  | 28 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 20 |
620–659 |  | 18 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
540–619 |  | 10 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
< 540 |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unscored (a) |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Total consumer automotive financing originations |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

(a)Unscored are primarily CSG contracts with business entities that have no FICO® Score.
Originations with a FICO® Score of less than 620 (considered nonprime) represented 9% of total consumer loan and operating lease originations for both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to 8% for both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Consumer loans and operating leases with FICO® Scores of less than 540 represented 1% of total originations for both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 1% for both the same periods in 2024. Nonprime applications are subject to more stringent underwriting criteria (for example, maximum payment-to-income ratio, maximum debt-to-income ratio, and maximum amount financed), and our nonprime loan portfolio generally does not include any loans with a term of 76 months or more. The carrying value of our held-for-investment, nonprime consumer automotive loans before allowance for loan losses was $8.3 billion and $8.2 billion at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, or approximately 9.8% and 9.7% of our total consumer automotive loans at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. For discussion of our credit-risk-management practices and performance, refer to the section below titled Risk Management.
During the fourth quarter of 2025, we amended our relationship with Carvana, a leading e-commerce platform for buying and selling used vehicles. Specifically, we increased our committed facility by $2.0 billion to a maximum of $6.0 billion to support our continued efforts to optimize risk-adjusted returns. This commitment is effective for 364 days. As part of the agreement, we continue to purchase finance receivables on a periodic basis within prescribed eligibility requirements and risk appetite, consistent with purchase practices in prior years. All the finance receivables purchased through this channel are used vehicles, and are included in non-OEM-franchised dealers and automotive retailers in our consumer origination metrics. While different vintages and credit tiers exhibit varying performance, collectively to date, finance receivables purchased from Carvana have generally exhibited consistent delinquency and loss performance compared to loans with similar credit characteristics acquired through our indirect dealer channel. Consumer finance receivables and loans sourced from Carvana represented 9.6% and 8.6% of our total consumer automotive finance receivables and loans as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Loan purchases from Carvana were 11% and 10% of our total consumer automotive financing originations during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as compared to 8% and 7% for the same periods in 2024.
For discussion of manufacturer marketing incentives, refer to the section titled Automotive Financing Volume—Manufacturer Marketing Incentives within the MD&A in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Commercial Wholesale Financing Volume
The following table presents the percentage of average balance of our commercial wholesale floorplan finance receivables, in dollars, by product type and by channel.

|  | Average balance
|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Stellantis new vehicles |  | 29 | % |  | 38 | % |  | 29 | % |  | 41 | % |  |
GM new vehicles |  | 27 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 24 |  |  |
Other new vehicles |  | 23 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 19 |  |  |
Used vehicles |  | 21 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 16 |  |  |
Total |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |
Total commercial wholesale finance receivables |  | $ | 14,771 |  |  | $ | 17,535 |  |  | $ | 14,886 |  |  | $ | 17,458 |  |  |

Average commercial wholesale financing receivables outstanding decreased $2.8 billion and $2.6 billion during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2024. The decreases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same periods in 2024, were primarily due to a decrease within the Stellantis dealer channel.
Carvana's commercial line of credit totals $1.5 billion, with a scheduled maturity in the second quarter of 2027. The line of credit represents a commitment to fund Carvana’s wholesale floorplan financing of used vehicles and is consistent in form and structure with our other wholesale floorplan financing arrangements. This includes the line of credit being fully collateralized to mitigate counterparty credit risk in the event of a default. At September 30, 2025, Carvana’s gross wholesale floorplan assets outstanding balance was $73 million.
Other Commercial Automotive Financing
We also provide other forms of commercial financing for the automotive industry including automotive dealer term and revolving loans and automotive fleet financing. Automotive dealer term and revolving loans are loans that we make to dealers to finance other aspects of the dealership business, including acquisitions. These loans are usually secured by real estate or other dealership assets and are typically personally guaranteed by the individual owners of the dealership. Additionally, these loans generally include cross-collateral and cross-default provisions. Automotive fleet financing credit lines may be obtained by dealers, their affiliates, and other independent companies that are used to purchase vehicles, which they lease or rent to others. The average balances of other commercial automotive loans remained unchanged for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and decreased $42 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024, resulting in an average balance of $6.3 billion for both the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Insurance
Results of Operations
The following table summarizes the operating results of our Insurance operations. The amounts presented are before the elimination of balances and transactions with our other reportable segments.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  |
Insurance premiums and other income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance premiums and service revenue earned |  | $ | 361 |  |  | $ | 359 |  |  | 1 |  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 1,045 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |
Interest and dividends on investment securities, cash and cash equivalents, and other earning assets, net (a) |  | 33 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 10 |  | 93 |  |  | 83 |  |  |  |  | 12 |  |
Other gain on investments, net (b) |  | 56 |  |  | 75 |  |  | (25) |  | 111 |  |  | 104 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |
Other income, net of losses |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  | 11 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |
Total insurance premiums and other income |  | 453 |  |  | 467 |  |  | (3) |  | 1,299 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 141 |  |  | 135 |  |  | (4) |  | 505 |  |  | 428 |  |  |  |  | (18) |  |
Acquisition and underwriting expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits expense |  | 29 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (7) |  | 85 |  |  | 81 |  |  |  |  | (5) |  |
Insurance commissions expense |  | 158 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 4 |  | 474 |  |  | 486 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |
Other expenses |  | 46 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (18) |  | 126 |  |  | 115 |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |
Total acquisition and underwriting expense |  | 233 |  |  | 230 |  |  | (1) |  | 685 |  |  | 682 |  |  |  |  | — |  |
Total expense |  | 374 |  |  | 365 |  |  | (2) |  | 1,190 |  |  | 1,110 |  |  |  |  | (7) |  |
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | (23) |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  |  |  | (17) |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 9,848 |  |  | $ | 9,455 |  |  | 4 |  | $ | 9,848 |  |  | $ | 9,455 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |
Insurance premiums and service revenue written |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 384 |  |  | — |  | $ | 1,119 |  |  | $ | 1,082 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |
Combined ratio (c) |  | 102.6 | % |  | 100.6 | % |  |  |  | 108.7 | % |  | 105.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

(a)Includes interest expense of $16 million and $45 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $13 million and $40 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(b)Includes net unrealized gains on equity securities of $27 million and $43 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and net unrealized gains of $56 million and $46 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(c)Management uses a combined ratio as a primary measure of underwriting profitability. Underwriting profitability is indicated by a combined ratio under 100% and is calculated as the sum of all incurred losses and expenses (excluding interest and income tax expense) divided by the total of premiums and service revenue earned and other income (excluding interest, dividends, and other investment activity).
Our Insurance operations earned income from continuing operations before income tax expense of $79 million and $109 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to income of $102 million and $132 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by a decrease in other gain on investments, as a result of lower unrealized gains on our equity portfolio. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by higher insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses, partially offset by higher insurance premiums and other income from growth in our insurance portfolio and higher investment income.
Insurance premiums and service revenue earned was $361 million and $1.1 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $359 million and $1.0 billion for the same periods in 2024. The increases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by growth in our vehicle inventory insurance business as we continue to grow new relationships.
Other gain on investments, net was $56 million and $111 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $75 million and $104 million for the same periods in 2024. This consisted of realized capital gains of $28 million and $68 million during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $19 million and $58 million for the same periods in 2024. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was driven by net unrealized gains on equity securities of $27 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $56 million during the same period in 2024, partially offset by higher realized gains. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was driven by higher realized gains, partially offset by net unrealized gains on equity securities of $43 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $46 million during the same period in 2024.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses totaled $141 million and $505 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $135 million and $428 million for the same periods in 2024. The increase for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to insurance portfolio growth. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to higher weather losses driven by growth in our vehicle inventory insurance business. During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, weather-related loss and loss adjustment expenses from our vehicle inventory insurance business were $22 million and $171 million, respectively, compared to $26 million and $121 million during the same periods in 2024. We utilized our excess of loss reinsurance and ceded weather-related losses on our vehicle inventory insurance business during the first three quarters of 2024, and the first quarter of 2025, as losses exceeded the retention limit, helping to partially mitigate the impact of weather losses, primarily due to severe hailstorms. In April 2025, we renewed our annual excess of loss reinsurance agreement and continue to utilize this coverage for our vehicle inventory insurance to manage our risk of weather-related losses, under which retention limits vary for each quarter.
Our combined ratio was 102.6% and 108.7% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to 100.6% and 105.3% for the same periods in 2024. The increase for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024, was primarily driven by higher insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses and higher acquisition and underwriting expenses, partially offset by insurance portfolio growth. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by higher net weather losses compared to the same period in 2024, partially offset by higher earned premiums from our vehicle inventory insurance business.
Premium and Service Revenue Written
The following table summarizes premium and service revenue written by product, net of premiums ceded to reinsurers, and premiums and service revenue assumed from third parties. VSC and GAP revenue are earned over the life of the service contract on a basis proportionate to the anticipated loss pattern. Refer to Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of this revenue stream.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Finance and insurance products |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vehicle service contracts |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | 553 |  |  |
Guaranteed asset protection and other finance and insurance products (a) |  | 91 |  |  | 71 |  |  |  |  | 248 |  |  | 202 |  |  |
Total finance and insurance products |  | 260 |  |  | 259 |  |  |  |  | 762 |  |  | 755 |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance (b) |  | 108 |  |  | 115 |  |  |  |  | 323 |  |  | 287 |  |  |
Other premium and service revenue written (c) |  | 17 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  | 34 |  |  | 40 |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 384 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,119 |  |  | $ | 1,082 |  |  |

(a)Other financial and insurance products include VMCs, ClearGuard, and other ancillary products.
(b)P&C insurance includes vehicle inventory insurance and dealer ancillary products including property and liability coverage earned on a straight-line basis.
(c)Primarily includes non-automotive assumed reinsurance and revenue associated with performing services as an underwriting carrier.
Insurance premiums and service revenue written was $385 million and $1.1 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $384 million and $1.1 billion for the same periods in 2024. The increase for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to growth in our GAP and other ancillary F&I products, as well as other diversified non-automotive written premiums, partially offset by lower VSC volume and higher P&C reinsurance costs. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to higher written premiums from our P&C business primarily driven by growth in vehicle inventory insurance business relationships, increasing our market share, and higher finance and insurance products, partially offset by higher reinsurance costs.
Cash and Investments
A significant aspect of our Insurance operations is the investment of proceeds from premiums and other revenue sources. We use these investments to satisfy our obligations related to future claims at the time these claims are settled. Our Insurance operations have an Investment Committee, which develops guidelines and strategies for these investments. The guidelines established by this committee reflect our risk appetite, liquidity requirements, regulatory requirements, and rating agency considerations, among other factors.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table summarizes the composition of our Insurance operations cash and investment portfolio at fair value.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing cash |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 91 |
Interest-bearing cash |  | 509 |  |  | 527 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 611 |  |  | 618 |
Equity securities |  | 864 |  |  | 867 |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies |  | 590 |  |  | 464 |
U.S. States and political subdivisions |  | 318 |  |  | 361 |
Foreign government |  | 204 |  |  | 194 |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | 1,155 |  |  | 853 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 200 |  |  | 206 |
Corporate debt |  | 1,903 |  |  | 1,754 |
Total available-for-sale securities (amortized cost of $4,663 and $4,274) |  | 4,370 |  |  | 3,832 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and securities |  | $ | 5,845 |  |  | $ | 5,317 |

In addition to these cash and investment securities, the Insurance segment has interest-bearing intercompany arrangements with Corporate and Other, callable on demand. The intercompany loan balance due to Insurance was $696 million and $864 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and related interest income of $5 million and $14 million was recognized for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $4 million and $11 million for the same periods in 2024.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Corporate Finance
Results of Operations
The following table summarizes the activities of our Corporate Finance operations. The amounts presented are before the elimination of balances and transactions with our reportable segments.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on finance receivables and loans |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | (4) |  |  |  | $ | 686 |  |  | $ | 758 |  |  |  | (9) |
Interest on loans held-for-sale |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (33) |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (45) |
Interest expense |  | 127 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 369 |  |  | 428 |  |  |  | 14 |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  | 111 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 323 |  |  | 341 |  |  |  | (5) |
Total other revenue |  | 25 |  |  | 37 |  |  | (32) |  |  |  | 73 |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | (19) |
Total net revenue |  | 136 |  |  | 146 |  |  | (7) |  |  |  | 396 |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | (8) |
Provision for credit losses |  | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (54) |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits expense |  | 19 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (12) |  |  |  | 63 |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | (3) |
Other operating expenses |  | 14 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (8) |  |  |  | 46 |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | (7) |
Total noninterest expense |  | 33 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (10) |  |  |  | 109 |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | (5) |
Income from continuing operations before income tax expense |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | (10) |  |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 314 |  |  |  | (15) |
Total assets |  | $ | 11,343 |  |  | $ | 10,398 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | $ | 11,343 |  |  | $ | 10,398 |  |  |  | 9 |

Our Corporate Finance operations earned income from continuing operations before income tax expense of $95 million and $267 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $105 million and $314 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily due to lower total other revenue. Additionally, the decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was driven by lower net financing revenue and other interest income and higher provision for credit losses.
Net financing revenue and other interest income was $111 million and $323 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $109 million and $341 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by lower accelerated deferred fees from early loan payoffs, which were elevated during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Other revenue decreased $12 million and $17 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by lower syndication income. Additionally, the decreases were driven by lower fee income on revolving credit lines due to higher utilization as compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
The provision for credit losses decreased $3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and increased $7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same periods in 2024. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by lower portfolio growth as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by portfolio growth. Refer to the Risk Management section of this MD&A for further discussion on our provision for credit losses.
Total noninterest expense increased $3 million and $5 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increases were primarily due to higher direct and allocated expenses related to the growth of the business.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Credit Portfolio
The following table presents loans held-for-sale, the amortized cost of finance receivables and loans outstanding, unfunded lending commitments, and total serviced loans of our Corporate Finance operations. As of September 30, 2025, 62% of our loans and 61% of our lending commitments were asset based, with all in a first-lien position. Additionally, total criticized exposures were 9.4% and 14.2% of total Corporate Finance finance receivables and loans at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Loans held-for-sale, net |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 105 |
Finance receivables and loans (a) |  | $ | 11,289 |  |  | $ | 9,593 |
Unfunded lending commitments (b) |  | $ | 7,931 |  |  | $ | 7,913 |
Total serviced loans |  | $ | 14,661 |  |  | $ | 12,820 |

(a)Includes $9.0 billion and $8.1 billion of commercial and industrial loans at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and $2.3 billion and $1.5 billion of commercial real estate loans at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Our commercial real estate loans are primarily focused on lending to skilled nursing facilities, senior housing, memory care facilities, and medical office buildings. There are no exposures related to commercial office buildings.
(b)Includes unused revolving credit line commitments for loans held-for-sale and finance receivables and loans, signed commitment letters, and standby letter of credit facilities, which are issued on behalf of clients and may contingently require us to make payments to a third-party beneficiary in the event of a draw by the beneficiary thereunder. As many of these commitments are subject to borrowing base agreements and other restrictive covenants or may expire without being fully drawn, the stated amounts of these unfunded commitments are not necessarily indicative of future cash requirements.
The following table presents the percentage of total finance receivables and loans of our Corporate Finance operations by industry concentration. The finance receivables and loans are reported at amortized cost.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Industry |  |  |  |
Financial services |  | 42.3 | % |  | 42.1 | %
Health services |  | 19.4 |  |  | 15.1 |
Services |  | 13.5 |  |  | 14.3 |
Chemicals and metals |  | 7.8 |  |  | 7.4 |
Machinery, equipment, and electronics |  | 5.6 |  |  | 6.7 |
Automotive and transportation |  | 4.8 |  |  | 7.0 |
Wholesale |  | 3.4 |  |  | 3.0 |
Construction |  | 1.4 |  |  | 1.3 |
Retail trade |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.0 |
Other manufactured products |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.5 |
Other |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.6 |
Total finance receivables and loans |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

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Corporate and Other
The following table summarizes the activities of Corporate and Other, which primarily consist of centralized corporate treasury activities such as management of the cash and corporate investment securities and loan portfolios, short- and long-term debt, retail and brokered deposit liabilities, derivative instruments, original issue discount, and the residual impacts of our corporate FTP and treasury ALM activities. Corporate and Other also includes certain equity investments, which primarily consist of FHLB and FRB stock as well as other strategic investments through Ally Ventures, the management of our consumer mortgage portfolio, the activity related to Ally Invest, Ally Lending, Ally Credit Card, CRA loans and investments, and reclassifications and eliminations between the reportable operating segments. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes costs that are not allocated to our reportable operating segments as part of our COH methodology, which involves management judgment. Refer to Note 23 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  | Favorable/(unfavorable) % change |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on finance receivables and loans (a) |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | (58) |  | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 980 |  |  |  |  | (45) |  |
Interest on loans held-for-sale |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  | 4 |  |  | 35 |  |  |  |  | (89) |  |
Interest and dividends on investment securities and other earning assets (b) |  | 211 |  |  | 231 |  |  | (9) |  | 619 |  |  | 699 |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |
Interest on cash and cash equivalents |  | 87 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (7) |  | 270 |  |  | 269 |  |  |  |  | — |  |
Total financing revenue and other interest income |  | 434 |  |  | 646 |  |  | (33) |  | 1,435 |  |  | 1,983 |  |  |  |  | (28) |  |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Original issue discount amortization (c) |  | 19 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (12) |  | 55 |  |  | 51 |  |  |  |  | (8) |  |
Other interest expense (d) |  | 288 |  |  | 615 |  |  | 53 |  | 1,091 |  |  | 1,978 |  |  |  |  | 45 |  |
Total interest expense |  | 307 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 51 |  | 1,146 |  |  | 2,029 |  |  |  |  | 44 |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  | 127 |  |  | 14 |  |  | n/m |  | 289 |  |  | (46) |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Other revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain (loss) on mortgage and automotive loans, net |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | (100) |  | (1) |  |  | 17 |  |  |  |  | (106) |  |
Other loss on investments, net |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 100 |  | (493) |  |  | (9) |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Other income, net of losses |  | 43 |  |  | 52 |  |  | (17) |  | 138 |  |  | 118 |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |
Total other revenue |  | 43 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (23) |  | (356) |  |  | 126 |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Total net revenue |  | 170 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 143 |  | (67) |  |  | 80 |  |  |  |  | (184) |  |
Provision for credit losses |  | (3) |  |  | 55 |  |  | 105 |  | (261) |  |  | 186 |  |  |  |  | n/m |  |
Total noninterest expense (e) |  | 255 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 18 |  | 1,173 |  |  | 1,032 |  |  |  |  | (14) |  |
Loss from continuing operations before income tax benefit |  | $ | (82) |  |  | $ | (297) |  |  | 72 |  | $ | (979) |  |  | $ | (1,138) |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 56,794 |  |  | $ | 59,234 |  |  | (4) |  | $ | 56,794 |  |  | $ | 59,234 |  |  |  |  | (4) |  |

n/m = not meaningful
(a)Includes financing revenue from our consumer mortgage portfolio and impacts associated with hedging activities within our automotive loan portfolio. Additionally includes financing revenue from our consumer other portfolios prior to the completion of the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025.
(b)Includes impacts associated with hedging activities of our available-for-sale securities.
(c)Amortization is included as interest on long-term debt in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
(d)Includes the residual impacts of our FTP methodology and impacts of hedging activities of certain debt obligations.
(e)Includes reductions of $233 million and $661 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $204 million and $612 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024, related to the allocation of COH expenses to other segments. The receiving segments record their allocation of COH expense within other operating expense.
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The following table summarizes total assets for Corporate and Other.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents and securities |  | $ | 32,382 |  |  | $ | 32,599 |
Other investments |  | 3,507 |  |  | 3,442 |
Mortgage finance receivables and loans, net |  | 16,236 |  |  | 17,215 |
Credit card finance receivables and loans, net (a) |  | — |  |  | 1,975 |
Other (b) |  | 4,669 |  |  | 4,519 |
Total assets |  | $ | 56,794 |  |  | $ | 59,750 |

(a)We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(b)Primarily includes net deferred tax assets, net property and equipment, and goodwill. Refer to Note 11 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
The following table presents the scheduled remaining amortization of the original issue discount at September 30, 2025.

Year ended December 31, ($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | 2029 |  | 2030 and thereafter (a) |  | Total
Original issue discount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding balance at year end |  | $ | 689 |  |  | $ | 607 |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 406 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Total amortization (b) |  | 19 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 283 |  |  | $ | 708 |

(a)The maximum annual scheduled amortization for any individual year is $143 million in 2030.
(b)The amortization is included as interest on long-term debt in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.
Corporate and Other incurred a loss from continuing operations before income tax benefit of $82 million and $979 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $297 million and $1.1 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in loss for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by higher net financing revenue, lower provision for credit losses, and lower noninterest expense. The decrease in loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by lower provision for credit losses and higher net financing revenue, partially offset by lower total other revenue and higher noninterest expense.
Total financing revenue and other interest income was $434 million and $1.4 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $646 million and $2.0 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by lower average assets due to the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025, lower income from our hedging activities, and the continued run-off of our consumer mortgage portfolio. Additionally, the decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was driven by lower average assets due to the sale of Ally Lending in the first quarter of 2024.
Total interest expense decreased $325 million and $883 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Interest expense in our Corporate and Other segment includes our external borrowing costs less the amount charged to our operating segments, which is based on our FTP methodology. The decreases in interest expense for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by a lower interest rate environment when compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024, as well as the sale of Ally Credit Card.
Total other revenue decreased $13 million and $482 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were driven by lower late charges and other administrative fees as a result of the sale of Ally Credit Card. Additionally, the decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was driven by a balance sheet repositioning of a portion of our available-for-sale securities during the first quarter of 2025. Refer to Note 7 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
The provision for credit losses decreased $58 million and $447 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in provision for credit losses for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by lower net charge-offs within our consumer other portfolio due to the sale of Ally Credit Card. The decrease in provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was driven by a provision benefit associated with the sale of Ally Credit Card. Refer to the Risk Management section of this MD&A for further discussion on our provision for credit losses.
Noninterest expense decreased $57 million and increased $141 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by lower operating expenses as a result of the sale of Ally Credit Card. The increase for the nine
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months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by the impairment of goodwill associated with the sale of Ally Credit Card, partially offset by lower operating expenses as a result of the sales of Ally Credit Card and Ally Lending, and lower compensation and benefits.
Cash and Securities
The following table summarizes the composition of the cash and securities portfolio at fair value for Corporate and Other.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing cash |  | $ | 327 |  |  | $ | 431 |
Interest-bearing cash |  | 9,308 |  |  | 9,243 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 9,635 |  |  | 9,674 |
Equity securities |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies |  | 1,604 |  |  | 1,409 |
U.S. States and political subdivisions |  | 236 |  |  | 256 |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | 11,667 |  |  | 12,800 |
Agency mortgage-backed commercial |  | 4,782 |  |  | 3,984 |
Asset-backed |  | 25 |  |  | 129 |
Total available-for-sale securities (amortized cost of $20,997 and $22,536) |  | 18,314 |  |  | 18,578 |
Held-to-maturity securities |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  |  |  |
Agency mortgage-backed residential |  | 1,126 |  |  | 739 |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | 3,308 |  |  | 3,465 |
Asset-backed retained notes |  | 59 |  |  | 89 |
Total held-to-maturity securities (amortized cost of $4,433 and $4,346) |  | 4,493 |  |  | 4,293 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and securities |  | $ | 32,442 |  |  | $ | 32,546 |

Other Investments
The following table summarizes other investments at carrying value for Corporate and Other. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on these investments.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Other assets |  |  |  |
Proportional amortization investments (a) |  | $ | 2,080 |  |  | $ | 2,131 |
Nonmarketable equity investments |  | 792 |  |  | 730 |
Equity-method investments (b) |  | 635 |  |  | 581 |
Total other investments |  | $ | 3,507 |  |  | $ | 3,442 |

(a)Proportional amortization investments includes qualifying LIHTC, NMTC, and HTC investments.
(b)Primarily comprises 77 and 66 investments made in connection with our CRA program at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. The carrying value of these investments was $626 million and $573 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Nonmarketable equity investments and equity-method investments include strategic investments made through Ally Ventures. Ally Ventures identifies, invests in, and builds relationships with key startups. At September 30, 2025, the carrying value of investments made through Ally Ventures was $34 million, comprising 18 investments, as compared to $36 million, comprising 19 investments at December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 11 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
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Ally Invest
Ally Invest is our digital brokerage and advisory offering, which enables us to complement our competitive deposit products with low-cost and commission-free investing. The following table presents trading days and average customer trades per day, the number of funded accounts, total net customer assets, and total customer cash balances as of the end of each of the last five quarters.

| September 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2025 |  | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | September 30, 2024
Trading days (a) | 63.5 |  |  | 62.0 |  |  | 60.0 |  |  | 63.0 |  |  | 63.5 |
Average customer trades per day, (in thousands) | 26.6 |  |  | 26.6 |  |  | 30.6 |  |  | 29.3 |  |  | 26.9 |
Funded accounts (b) (in thousands) | 534 |  |  | 532 |  |  | 533 |  |  | 532 |  |  | 532 |
Total net customer assets (b) ($ in millions) | $ | 21,049 |  |  | $ | 19,257 |  |  | $ | 17,130 |  |  | $ | 18,459 |  |  | $ | 17,466 |
Total customer cash balances (b) ($ in millions) | $ | 1,508 |  |  | $ | 1,476 |  |  | $ | 1,406 |  |  | $ | 1,436 |  |  | $ | 1,393 |

(a)Represents the number of days the NYSE and other U.S. stock exchange markets are open for trading. A half day represents a day when the U.S. markets close early.
(b)Represents activity across the brokerage, robo and advisory portfolios.
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, total funded accounts remained relatively flat from the prior quarter and from the third quarter of 2024. Average customer trades per day were flat from the prior quarter and decreased 1% from the third quarter of 2024, driven by evolving market conditions and customer engagement. Additionally, net customer assets increased 9% from the prior quarter and increased 21% from the third quarter of 2024, as a result of changes in equity market valuations.
Mortgage
Mortgage operations consist of our held-for-sale and held-for-investment consumer mortgage loan portfolios. Consumer mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025, which has and will continue to result in a gradual run-off of our consumer mortgage loan portfolio.
The following table presents the net UPB, net UPB as a percentage of total, WAC, premium net of discounts, LTV, and FICO® Scores for the products in our consumer mortgage held-for-investment loan portfolio.

Product |  | Net UPB (a) ($ in millions) |  | % of total net UPB |  | WAC |  | Net premium (discount) ($ in millions) |  | Average refreshed LTV (b) (c) |  | Average refreshed FICO® (d)
September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustable-rate |  | $ | 375 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4.03 | % |  | $ | 1 |  |  | 41.05 | % |  | 774 |
Fixed-rate |  | 15,888 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 3.14 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 46.43 |  |  | 782 |
Total |  | $ | 16,263 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 3.16 |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | 46.30 |  |  | 782 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustable-rate |  | $ | 450 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4.36 | % |  | $ | 2 |  |  | 46.01 | % |  | 770 |
Fixed-rate |  | 16,793 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 3.15 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 47.96 |  |  | 782 |
Total |  | $ | 17,243 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 3.18 |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | 47.91 |  |  | 782 |

(a)Represents UPB, net of charge-offs.
(b)Updated home values were derived using a combination of appraisals, broker price opinions, automated valuation models, and metropolitan statistical area level house price indices.
(c)Consists of only first-lien mortgages.
(d)Updated to reflect changes in credit score since loan origination.
Ally Credit Card
On April 1, 2025, we closed the sale of Ally Credit Card. For further information, refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Risk Management
Managing the risk/reward trade-off is a fundamental component of operating our businesses, and all employees are responsible for managing risk. We use multiple layers of defense to identify, monitor, and manage current and emerging risks.
•Business lines — Responsible for owning and managing all the risks that emanate from their risk-taking activities, including business units and support functions.
•Independent risk management — Operates independent of the business lines and is responsible for establishing and maintaining our risk-management framework and promulgating it enterprise-wide. Independent risk management also provides an objective, critical assessment of risks and — through oversight, effective challenge, and other means — evaluates whether Ally remains aligned with its risk appetite.
•Internal audit — Provides its own independent assessments regarding the quality of our loan portfolios as well as the effectiveness of our risk management, internal controls, and governance. Internal audit includes Audit Services and the Loan Review Group.
Our risk-management framework is overseen by the RC. The RC sets the risk appetite across our company while risk-oriented management committees, the executive leadership team, and our associates identify and monitor current and emerging risks and manage those risks within our risk appetite. Our primary types of risks include credit risk, insurance/underwriting risk, liquidity risk, market risk, business/strategic risk, reputation risk, operational risk, model risk, information technology/cybersecurity/data risk, compliance risk, and conduct risk. For more information on our risk management process, refer to the Risk Management MD&A section of our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In addition to the primary risks that we manage, climate-related risk has been identified as an emerging risk. Climate-related risk refers to the risk of loss or change in business activities arising from climate change and represents a transverse risk that could impact other risks within Ally’s risk-management framework, such as credit risk from negatively impacted borrowers, reputation risk from increased stakeholder concerns, and operational risk from physical climate risks. Refer to the section titled Climate-Related Risk within this section for more information.
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Loan and Operating Lease Exposure
The following table summarizes the exposures from our loan and operating-lease activities based on our reportable operating segments.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Finance receivables and loans |  |  |  |
Automotive Finance (a) |  | $ | 106,778 |  |  | $ | 106,655 |
Insurance (b) |  | 10 |  |  | 15 |
Corporate Finance |  | 11,289 |  |  | 9,593 |
Corporate and Other (c) (d) |  | 16,490 |  |  | 19,767 |
Total finance receivables and loans |  | 134,567 |  |  | 136,030 |
Loans held-for-sale |  |  |  |
Automotive Finance |  | 15 |  |  | 5 |
Corporate Finance |  | 78 |  |  | 105 |
Corporate and Other |  | 86 |  |  | 50 |
Total loans held-for-sale |  | 179 |  |  | 160 |
Total on-balance-sheet loans |  | 134,746 |  |  | 136,190 |
Off-balance-sheet securitized loans |  |  |  |
Automotive Finance |  | 1,156 |  |  | 1,730 |
Whole-loan sales |  |  |  |
Automotive Finance |  | 1,901 |  |  | 1,155 |
Corporate and Other (d) |  | — |  |  | 86 |
Total off-balance-sheet loans (e) |  | 3,057 |  |  | 2,971 |
Operating lease assets |  |  |  |
Automotive Finance |  | 8,599 |  |  | 7,991 |
Total operating lease assets |  | 8,599 |  |  | 7,991 |
Total loan and operating lease exposure |  | $ | 146,402 |  |  | $ | 147,152 |

(a)Includes a liability of $51 million associated with fair value hedging adjustments at December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 19 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(b)Represents insurance advance agreements with dealers that we administer through a noninsurance entity. These advances are included within our automotive commercial and industrial portfolio class.
(c)Primarily includes our consumer mortgage portfolio at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.
(d)Includes Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(e)Represents the current unpaid principal balance of outstanding loans based on our customary representation and warranty provisions.
The risks inherent in our loan and operating lease exposures are largely driven by changes in the overall economy (including GDP trends and inflationary pressures), used vehicle and housing prices, unemployment levels, real personal income, household savings, and their impact on our borrowers. The potential financial statement impact of these exposures varies depending on the accounting classification and future expected disposition strategy. We retain most of our consumer automotive loans as they complement our core business model, but we do sell loans from time to time on an opportunistic basis. We ultimately manage the associated risks based on the underlying economics of the exposure. Our operating lease residual risk may be more volatile than credit risk in stressed macroeconomic scenarios. While all operating leases are exposed to potential reductions in used vehicle values, only those where we take possession of the vehicle are affected by potential reductions in used vehicle values.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is defined as the risk of loss arising from an obligor not meeting its contractual obligations to us. Credit risk includes consumer credit risk, commercial credit risk, and counterparty credit risk.
Credit risk is a major source of potential economic loss to us. Credit risk is monitored by the executive leadership team and our associates, and is regularly reported to and reviewed with the RC. Management oversees credit decisioning, account servicing activities, and credit-risk-management processes, and manages credit risk exposures within our risk appetite. In addition, our Loan Review Group provides an independent assessment of the quality of our credit portfolios and credit-risk-management practices and reports its findings to the RC on a regular basis.
To mitigate risk, we have implemented specific policies and practices across business lines, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative analyses. This reflects our commitment to maintaining an independent and ongoing assessment of credit risk and credit quality. Our policies
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require an objective and timely assessment of the overall quality of the consumer and commercial loan and operating lease portfolios. This includes the identification of relevant trends that affect the collectability of the portfolios, microsegments of the portfolios that are potential problem areas, loans and operating leases with potential credit weaknesses, and the assessment of the adequacy of internal credit risk policies and procedures. Our consumer and commercial loan and operating lease portfolios are subject to periodic stress tests, which include economic scenarios whose severity mirrors those developed and distributed by the FRB to assess how the portfolios may perform in a severe economic downturn. In addition, we establish and maintain underwriting policies and limits across our portfolios and higher risk segments (for example, nonprime) based on our risk appetite.
Another important aspect to managing credit risk involves the need to carefully monitor and manage the performance and pricing of our loan products with the aim of generating appropriate risk-adjusted returns. When considering pricing, various granular risk-based factors are considered such as expected loss rates, loss volatility, anticipated operating costs, and targeted returns on equity. We carefully monitor credit losses and trends in credit losses relative to expected credit losses at contract inception. We closely monitor our loan performance and profitability in light of forecasted economic conditions and manage credit risk and expectations of losses in the portfolio.
We manage credit risk based on the risk profile of the borrower, the source of repayment, the underlying collateral, and current market and economic conditions. We monitor the credit risk profile of individual borrowers, various segmentations (for example, geographic region, product type, industry segment), as well as the aggregate portfolio. We perform quarterly analyses of the consumer automotive, consumer mortgage, consumer other, and commercial portfolios to assess the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses based on historical, current, and anticipated trends. Refer to Note 8 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Additionally, we utilize numerous collection strategies to mitigate loss and provide ongoing support to customers in financial distress. We have enhanced our collection strategies to include customized messaging, digital communication, and proactive monitoring of vendor performance. We may offer several types of assistance to aid our customers based on their willingness and ability to repay their loan. As part of certain programs, we offer loan modifications to qualified borrowers, including payment extensions, interest rate concessions, and principal forgiveness.
Furthermore, we manage our credit exposure to financial counterparties based on the risk profile of the counterparty. Within our policies we have established standards and requirements for managing counterparty risk exposures in a safe and sound manner. Counterparty credit risk is derived from multiple exposure types including derivatives, securities trading, securities financing transactions, lending arrangements, and certain cash balances. For more information on derivative counterparty credit risk, refer to Note 19 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
We employ an internal team of economists to enhance our planning and forecasting capabilities. This team conducts industry and market research, monitors economic risks, and helps support various forms of scenario planning. This group closely monitors macroeconomic trends, such as unemployment rate and sales of new light motor vehicles, given the nature of our business and the potential impacts on our exposure to risks. As of August 31, 2025, the unemployment rate increased to 4.3%. Sales of new light motor vehicles rose to an average annual rate of 16.4 million during July and August of 2025. Sales of new light motor vehicles remain below the pre-pandemic annual pace of 17.0 million in 2019, which has limited incoming used vehicle supply and supported used vehicle values. Additionally, used vehicle values may be impacted by availability, the price of new vehicles, or changes in customer preferences. However, macroeconomic risks remain elevated as a result of impacts from tariffs, inflation, consumer financial health, and geopolitical uncertainty.
Consumer Credit Portfolio
During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the credit performance of the consumer loan portfolio reflected our underwriting strategy to originate a diversified portfolio of consumer automotive loan assets, including new, used, prime and nonprime finance receivables and loans, and high-quality jumbo and LMI mortgage loans that were obtained through bulk loan purchases and direct-to-consumer mortgage originations. Consumer mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025, which has and will continue to result in a gradual run-off of our consumer mortgage loan portfolio. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the consumer loan portfolio also included revolving, unsecured loans through Ally Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. For further information, refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The carrying value of our nonprime held-for-investment consumer automotive loans before allowance for loan losses represented approximately 9.8% and 9.7% of our total consumer automotive loans at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. For information on our consumer credit risk practices and policies regarding delinquencies, nonperforming status, and charge-offs, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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The following table includes consumer finance receivables and loans recorded at amortized cost.

|  | Outstanding |  | Nonperforming |  | Accruing past due 90 days or more (a)
($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Consumer automotive (b) (c) |  | $ | 84,994 |  |  | $ | 83,757 |  |  | $ | 1,140 |  |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Consumer mortgage |  | 16,253 |  |  | 17,234 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer other (d) |  | — |  |  | 2,294 |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total consumer finance receivables and loans |  | $ | 101,247 |  |  | $ | 103,285 |  |  | $ | 1,210 |  |  | $ | 1,375 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(a)Loans are generally in nonaccrual status when principal or interest has been delinquent for 90 days or more, or when full collection is not expected. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our accounting policy for finance receivables and loans on nonaccrual status.
(b)Certain finance receivables and loans are included in fair value hedging relationships. Refer to Note 19 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(c)Includes outstanding CSG loans of $8.8 billion and $9.3 billion at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and RV loans of $299 million and $360 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(d)Consists of credit card finance receivables and loans. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Total consumer finance receivables and loans decreased $2.0 billion at September 30, 2025, compared with December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the sale of Ally Credit Card, which closed on April 1, 2025. Additionally, our consumer mortgage finance receivables and loans decreased $981 million, primarily due to portfolio runoff, as we ceased mortgage originations during the second quarter of 2025. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of $1.2 billion of consumer automotive finance receivables and loans, primarily due to loan originations outpacing portfolio paydown.
Total consumer nonperforming finance receivables and loans at September 30, 2025, decreased $165 million to $1.2 billion from December 31, 2024. Refer to Note 8 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Nonperforming consumer finance receivables and loans as a percentage of total outstanding consumer finance receivables and loans was 1.2% and 1.3% at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Consumer automotive loans 30 days or more past due decreased $408 million to $4.2 billion at September 30, 2025, as compared to December 31, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we observed a decline in delinquency trends within our consumer automotive portfolio, primarily driven by seasonality and improvements from changes made to our underwriting strategies.
The following tables present consumer net charge-offs and write-downs from transfers to loans held-for-sale from finance receivables and loans at amortized cost and related ratios.

|  | Net charge-offs (recoveries) |  | Write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale |  | Total |  | Net charge-off ratios (a) |  | Combined ratios (b)
Three months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 399 |  | $ | 467 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 399 |  | $ | 467 |  |  | 1.9 | % | 2.2 | % |  | 1.9 | % | 2.2 | %
Consumer mortgage |  | (3) |  | (1) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | (3) |  | (1) |  |  | (0.1) |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  | — |
Consumer other (c) |  | — |  | 52 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 52 |  |  | — |  | 9.9 |  |  | — |  | 9.9 |
Total consumer finance receivables and loans |  | $ | 396 |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 396 |  | $ | 518 |  |  | 1.6 |  | 2.0 |  |  | 1.6 |  | 2.0 |

(a)Net charge-off ratios are calculated as net charge-offs divided by average outstanding finance receivables and loans excluding loans measured at fair value and loans held-for-sale during the period for each loan category.
(b)Net charge-off and write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale ratios are calculated as net charge-offs and write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale divided by average outstanding finance receivables and loans excluding loans measured at fair value and loans held-for-sale during the period for each loan category.
(c)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
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|  | Net charge-offs (recoveries) |  | Write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale (a) |  | Total |  | Net charge-off ratios (b) |  | Combined ratios (c)
Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 1,210 |  | $ | 1,322 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 1,210 |  | $ | 1,327 |  |  | 1.9 | % | 2.1 | % |  | 1.9 | % | 2.1 | %
Consumer mortgage |  | (4) |  | (2) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | (4) |  | (2) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Consumer other (d) |  | 63 |  | 176 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 63 |  | 176 |  |  | n/m | 11.6 |  |  | n/m | 11.6 |
Total consumer finance receivables and loans |  | $ | 1,269 |  | $ | 1,496 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 1,269 |  | $ | 1,501 |  |  | 1.7 |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.7 |  | 1.9 |

n/m = not meaningful
(a)Consumer automotive includes a $5 million reduction of allowance from the completion of a retail securitization transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, resulting in the deconsolidation of the assets and liabilities from our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(b)Net charge-off ratios are calculated as net charge-offs divided by average outstanding finance receivables and loans excluding loans measured at fair value and loans held-for-sale during the period for each loan category.
(c)Net charge-off and write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale ratios are calculated as net charge-offs and write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale divided by average outstanding finance receivables and loans excluding loans measured at fair value and loans held-for-sale during the period for each loan category.
(d)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Our net charge-offs from total consumer finance receivables and loans were $396 million and $1.3 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to $518 million and $1.5 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by lower net charge-offs within our consumer automotive portfolio, reflecting our pricing and underwriting strategies, and stability in used vehicle prices. The decreases were also driven by lower net charge-offs within our consumer other portfolio due to the sale of Ally Credit Card, which closed on April 1, 2025.
The following table summarizes total consumer loan originations for the periods shown. Total consumer loan originations include loans classified as finance receivables and loans held-for-sale during the period.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Consumer automotive (a) |  | $ | 10,605 |  |  | $ | 8,512 |  |  | $ | 30,354 |  |  | $ | 26,655 |
Consumer mortgage (b) (c) |  | — |  |  | 257 |  | 95 |  |  | 751 |
Total consumer loan originations |  | $ | 10,605 |  |  | $ | 8,769 |  |  | $ | 30,449 |  |  | $ | 27,406 |

(a)Includes loans purchased under forward flow agreements with automotive retailers, as well as $437 million and $1.0 billion of loans originated as held-for-sale for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $79 million and $349 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(b)Excludes bulk loan purchases and includes $95 million of loans originated as held-for-sale for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and $255 million and $702 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
(c)Consumer mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025.
Total consumer loan originations increased $1.8 billion and $3.0 billion for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2024, primarily due to higher originations within our consumer automotive loan portfolio as a result of higher industry new and used vehicle sales. The increases were partially offset by a decrease in consumer mortgage originations, as mortgage originations ceased during the second quarter of 2025.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following table shows the percentage of consumer finance receivables and loans by state concentration based on amortized cost.

|  | September 30, 2025 (a) |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  | Consumer other (b) |  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  | Consumer other |  |
California |  | 8.4 | % |  | 40.4 | % |  | — | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | 39.9 | % |  | 9.3 | % |  |
Texas |  | 13.5 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 7.8 |  |  |
Florida |  | 9.2 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  |
North Carolina |  | 4.8 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |
Pennsylvania |  | 4.5 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |
Georgia |  | 4.0 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |
New York |  | 4.0 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  |
New Jersey |  | 3.3 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |
Illinois |  | 3.1 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |
Ohio |  | 3.3 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |
Other United States |  | 41.9 |  |  | 32.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 42.0 |  |  | 32.2 |  |  | 45.0 |  |  |
Total consumer loans |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | — | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |

(a)Presentation is in descending order as a percentage of total consumer finance receivables and loans at September 30, 2025.
(b)We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
We monitor our consumer loan portfolio for concentration risk across the states in which we lend. The highest concentrations of consumer loans are in California and Texas, which represented an aggregate of 26.0% of our total outstanding consumer finance receivables and loans at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. Our consumer mortgage loan portfolio concentration within California, which is primarily composed of high-quality jumbo mortgage loans, generally aligns to the California share of jumbo mortgages nationally.
Commercial Credit Portfolio
For information on our commercial credit risk practices and policies regarding delinquencies, nonperforming status, and charge-offs, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The following table includes total commercial finance receivables and loans reported at amortized cost.

| Outstanding |  | Nonperforming |  | Accruing past due 90 days or more (a)
($ in millions) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive | $ | 17,137 |  |  | $ | 18,259 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other (b) (c) | 9,169 |  |  | 8,212 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 94 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate | 7,014 |  |  | 6,274 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial finance receivables and loans | $ | 33,320 |  |  | $ | 32,745 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(a)Loans are generally in nonaccrual status when principal or interest has been delinquent for 90 days or more, or when full collection is not expected. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our accounting policy for finance receivables and loans on nonaccrual status.
(b)Other commercial and industrial primarily includes senior secured commercial lending largely associated with our Corporate Finance operations.
(c)Includes PCD loans acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Total commercial finance receivables and loans outstanding increased $575 million from December 31, 2024, to $33.3 billion at September 30, 2025. Results were driven by a $1.7 billion increase in our Corporate Finance segment. This was partially offset by a $1.1 billion decrease in our Automotive Finance segment, primarily within the commercial and industrial receivables class, due to lower wholesale floorplan balances.
Total commercial nonperforming finance receivables and loans were $143 million at September 30, 2025, reflecting an increase of $32 million compared to December 31, 2024. Nonperforming commercial finance receivables and loans as a percentage of outstanding commercial finance receivables and loans was 0.4% and 0.3% at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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The following table includes total commercial net charge-offs from finance receivables and loans at amortized cost and related ratios.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | Net charge-offs (recoveries) |  | Net charge-off ratios (a) |  | Net charge-offs (recoveries) |  | Net charge-off ratios (a)
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3) |  |  | — | % |  | — | %
Other |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial finance receivables and loans |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(a)Net charge-off ratios are calculated as net charge-offs divided by average outstanding finance receivables and loans excluding loans measured at fair value and loans held-for-sale during the period for each loan category.
Commercial Real Estate
The commercial real estate portfolio consists of finance receivables and loans issued primarily to automotive dealers. Commercial real estate finance receivables and loans was $7.0 billion and $6.3 billion at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, which represented 5.2% and 4.6% of total outstanding finance receivables and loans at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. There was $4.7 billion of commercial real estate loans included in the Automotive Finance segment at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, and $2.3 billion and $1.5 billion of commercial real estate loans included in the Corporate Finance segment at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. As of both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, we had no exposures related to commercial office buildings.
The following table presents the percentage of total commercial real estate finance receivables and loans by state concentration based on amortized cost.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Florida |  | 17.6 | % |  | 16.0 | %
Texas |  | 12.8 |  |  | 14.1 |
California |  | 8.7 |  |  | 6.6 |
New York |  | 7.5 |  |  | 5.4 |
Ohio |  | 4.8 |  |  | 5.6 |
North Carolina |  | 3.9 |  |  | 4.8 |
Michigan |  | 3.8 |  |  | 4.1 |
Georgia |  | 3.0 |  |  | 3.3 |
Illinois |  | 2.5 |  |  | 2.6 |
Missouri |  | 2.4 |  |  | 2.9 |
Other United States |  | 33.0 |  |  | 34.6 |
Total commercial real estate finance receivables and loans |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Commercial Criticized Exposure
Finance receivables and loans classified as special mention, substandard, or doubtful are reported as criticized. These classifications are based on regulatory definitions and generally represent finance receivables and loans within our portfolio that have a higher default risk or have already defaulted. These finance receivables and loans require additional monitoring and review including specific actions to mitigate our potential loss.
Total criticized exposures decreased $665 million from December 31, 2024, to $2.8 billion at September 30, 2025. The decrease in total criticized exposures was primarily driven by a decrease in Special Mention loans within the commercial and industrial portfolio class of our Automotive Finance and Corporate Finance operations. Total criticized exposures were 8.3% and 10.5% of total commercial finance receivables and loans at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, representing strong overall credit performance.
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The following table presents the percentage of total commercial criticized finance receivables and loans by industry concentration based on amortized cost.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Industry |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | 65.7 | % |  | 64.4 | %
Electronics |  | 12.1 |  |  | 12.8 |
Services |  | 9.8 |  |  | 9.0 |
Other |  | 12.4 |  |  | 13.8 |
Total commercial criticized finance receivables and loans |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Repossessed and Foreclosed Assets
We classify a repossessed or foreclosed asset as held-for-sale, which is included in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, when physical possession of the collateral is taken. We dispose of the acquired collateral in a timely fashion in accordance with regulatory requirements. For more information on repossessed and foreclosed assets, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Repossessed consumer automotive loan assets in our Automotive Finance operations were $221 million and $207 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and foreclosed consumer mortgage assets were $1 million at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. Repossessed commercial automotive loan assets in our Automotive Finance operations were $1 million and $2 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Allowance for Loan Losses
Our quantitatively determined allowance under CECL is impacted by certain forecasted economic factors as further described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For example, our consumer automotive allowance for loan losses is most sensitive to state-level unemployment rates. Our process for determining the allowance for loan losses considers a borrower’s willingness and ability to pay and considers other factors, including loan modification programs. In addition to our quantitative allowance for loan losses, we also incorporate qualitative adjustments that may relate to idiosyncratic risks, climate-related events, changes in current economic conditions that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results, and other macroeconomic uncertainty.
We also monitor model performance, using model error and related assessments, and we may incorporate qualitative reserves to adjust our quantitatively determined allowance if we observe deterioration in model performance. Additionally, we perform a sensitivity analysis of our allowance utilizing varying macroeconomic scenarios, as described further within Critical Accounting Estimates — Allowance for Credit Losses within the MD&A of our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Through September 30, 2025, forecasted economic variables incorporated into our quantitative allowance processes were updated to include the current macroeconomic environment and our future expectations reflecting slow GDP growth in the near term. This included (but was not limited to) the following: the unemployment rate peaking at approximately 4.6% in the second quarter of 2026, before reverting to the historical mean of approximately 5.8% by the third quarter of 2028, deceleration of GDP growth as measured on a quarter-over-quarter seasonally adjusted annualized rate basis through the fourth quarter of 2025, followed by increases in GDP growth through the second quarter of 2026, before reverting to the historical mean of approximately 2.1% by the second quarter of 2028, and increases in new light vehicle sales on a seasonally adjusted annualized rate basis from more than 15 million units in the third quarter of 2025, to approximately 16 million units by the first quarter of 2027, before reverting to the historical mean of 15 million units by the third quarter of 2028. Additionally, we maintain a qualitative allowance framework to account for ongoing risks and volatility in the macroeconomic environment, including the impacts from tariffs, inflation, consumer financial health, and geopolitical uncertainty, that could adversely impact frequency of loss and LGD. Our overall allowance for loan losses increased $44 million from the prior quarter to $3.5 billion at September 30, 2025, representing 2.6% and 2.7% as a percentage of total finance receivables at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
The following tables present an analysis of the activity in the allowance for loan losses on finance receivables and loans for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

Three months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) |  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  |  |  | Total consumer |  | Commercial |  | Total
Allowance at July 1, 2025 |  | $ | 3,166 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,183 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 3,416 |
Charge-offs (a) |  | (662) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (662) |  |  | — |  |  | (662) |
Recoveries |  | 263 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 266 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 267 |
Net charge-offs |  | (399) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | (396) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (395) |
Provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision due to change in portfolio size |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 23 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 28 |
Provision due to incremental charge-offs |  | 399 |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  | 396 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 395 |
Provision due to all other factors |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (8) |
Total provision for credit losses |  | 419 |  |  | (3) |  |  |  |  | 416 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 415 |
Other (b) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 24 |
Allowance at September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 3,186 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,203 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 3,460 |
Net charge-offs to average finance receivables and loans outstanding for the three months ended September 30, 2025 |  | 1.9 | % |  | (0.1) | % |  |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.2 | %
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to annualized net charge-offs at September 30, 2025 |  | 2.0 |  |  | (1.6) |  |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | (167.5) |  |  | 2.2 |

(a)Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our charge-off policies.
(b)Commercial includes $24 million of allowance for loan losses recognized on PCD loans acquired during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

Nine months ended September 30, 2025 ($ in millions) |  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  | Consumer other (a) |  | Total consumer |  | Commercial |  | Total
Allowance at January 1, 2025 |  | $ | 3,170 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 3,508 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 3,714 |
Charge-offs (b) |  | (1,937) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (68) |  |  | (2,007) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2,009) |
Recoveries |  | 727 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 741 |
Net charge-offs |  | (1,210) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (63) |  |  | (1,269) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1,268) |
Provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision due to change in portfolio size |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 60 |
Provision due to incremental charge-offs |  | 1,210 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 63 |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1,268 |
Provision due to all other factors |  | (28) |  |  | — |  |  | (320) |  |  | (348) |  |  | 10 |  |  | (338) |
Total provision for credit losses |  | 1,226 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (257) |  |  | 965 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 990 |
Other (c) |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 25 |  |  | 24 |
Allowance at September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 3,186 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,203 |  |  | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 3,460 |
Net charge-offs to average finance receivables and loans outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 |  | 1.9 | % |  | — | % |  | n/m |  | 1.7 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.3 | %
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to annualized net charge-offs at September 30, 2025 |  | 2.0 |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | — |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | (169.5) |  |  | 2.0 |

n/m = not meaningful
(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(b)Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our charge-off policies.
(c)Commercial includes $24 million of allowance for loan losses recognized on PCD loans acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
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Three months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) |  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  | Consumer other (a) |  | Total consumer |  | Commercial |  | Total
Allowance at July 1, 2024 |  | $ | 3,055 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 3,376 |  |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 3,572 |
Charge-offs (b) |  | (683) |  |  | — |  |  | (61) |  |  | (744) |  |  | — |  |  | (744) |
Recoveries |  | 216 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 226 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 227 |
Net charge-offs |  | (467) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (52) |  |  | (518) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (517) |
Provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision due to change in portfolio size |  | (11) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 18 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 11 |
Provision due to incremental charge-offs |  | 467 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 52 |  |  | 518 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 517 |
Provision due to all other factors |  | 122 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (12) |  |  | 109 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 117 |
Total provision for credit losses |  | 578 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 58 |  |  | 633 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 645 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Allowance at September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 3,166 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 3,492 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 3,700 |
Net charge-offs to average finance receivables and loans outstanding for the three months ended September 30, 2024 |  | 2.2 | % |  | — | % |  | 9.9 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.5 | %
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to annualized net charge-offs at September 30, 2024 |  | 1.7 |  |  | (2.9) |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | (41.9) |  |  | 1.8 |

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(b)Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our charge-off policies.

Nine months ended September 30, 2024 ($ in millions) |  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  | Consumer other (a) |  | Total consumer |  | Commercial |  | Total
Allowance at January 1, 2024 |  | $ | 3,083 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 3,397 |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 3,587 |
Charge-offs (b) |  | (1,976) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (199) |  |  | (2,176) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2,178) |
Recoveries |  | 654 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 680 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 687 |
Net charge-offs |  | (1,322) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (176) |  |  | (1,496) |  |  | 5 |  |  | (1,491) |
Write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale (c) |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |
Provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision due to change in portfolio size |  | 3 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 27 |  |  | 28 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 24 |
Provision due to incremental charge-offs |  | 1,322 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 176 |  |  | 1,496 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 1,491 |
Provision due to all other factors |  | 85 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (12) |  |  | 71 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 94 |
Total provision for credit losses |  | 1,410 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 191 |  |  | 1,595 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1,609 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |
Allowance at September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 3,166 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | 3,492 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 3,700 |
Net charge-offs to average finance receivables and loans outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  | 2.1 | % |  | — | % |  | 11.6 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.4 | %
Net charge-offs and write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale to average finance receivables and loans outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  | 2.1 | % |  | — | % |  | 11.6 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.4 | %
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to annualized net charge-offs at September 30, 2024 |  | 1.8 |  |  | (5.2) |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | (29.7) |  |  | 1.9 |
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to annualized net charge-offs and write-downs from transfers to held-for-sale at September 30, 2024 |  | 1.8 |  |  | (5.2) |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | (29.7) |  |  | 1.9 |

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(b)Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding our charge-off policies.
(c)Consumer automotive includes a $5 million reduction of allowance from the completion of a retail securitization transaction during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, resulting in the deconsolidation of the assets and liabilities from our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

|  | Consumer automotive |  | Consumer mortgage |  | Consumer other (a) |  | Total consumer |  | Commercial |  | Total
September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses to finance receivables and loans outstanding (b) |  | 3.7 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | — | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  | 2.6 | %
Allowance for loan losses to total nonperforming finance receivables and loans (b) |  | 279.5 | % |  | 23.4 | % |  | — | % |  | 264.7 | % |  | 180.2 | % |  | 255.8 | %
Nonaccrual loans to finance receivables and loans outstanding |  | 1.3 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | — | % |  | 1.2 | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | 1.0 | %
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses to finance receivables and loans outstanding (b) |  | 3.8 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 14.1 | % |  | 3.4 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 2.7 | %
Allowance for loan losses to total nonperforming finance receivables and loans (b) |  | 262.9 | % |  | 40.6 | % |  | 364.1 | % |  | 261.6 | % |  | 133.2 | % |  | 248.4 | %
Nonaccrual loans to finance receivables and loans outstanding |  | 1.4 | % |  | 0.3 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  | 1.1 | %

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(b)Coverage percentages are based on the allowance for loan losses related to finance receivables and loans excluding those loans held at fair value as a percentage of the amortized cost.
The allowance for consumer loan losses as of September 30, 2025, decreased $289 million compared to September 30, 2024, reflecting a decrease of $307 million in the consumer other allowance, partially offset by an increase of $20 million in the consumer automotive allowance. The decrease in the allowance for consumer loan losses was primarily driven by the sale of the Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of $20 million in the consumer automotive allowance, primarily driven by portfolio growth.
The allowance for commercial loan losses as of September 30, 2025, increased $49 million compared to September 30, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by increased specific reserve activity in our Corporate Finance operations.
Provision for Loan Losses
The following table summarizes the provision for loan losses by loan portfolio class.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 419 |  |  | $ | 578 |  |  | $ | 1,226 |  |  | $ | 1,410 |  |  |
Consumer mortgage |  | (3) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (6) |  |  |
Consumer other (a) |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | (257) |  |  | 191 |  |  |
Total consumer |  | 416 |  |  | 633 |  |  | 965 |  |  | 1,595 |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | (8) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1) |  |  |
Other |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 11 |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 4 |  |  |
Total commercial |  | (1) |  |  | 12 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Total provision for loan losses |  | $ | 415 |  |  | $ | 645 |  |  | $ | 990 |  |  | $ | 1,609 |  |  |

(a)Consists of Credit Card. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
The provision for consumer credit losses decreased $217 million and $630 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decreases in provision for consumer credit losses for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily driven by lower net charge-offs within our consumer other portfolio, as a result of the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025, and lower net charge-offs within our consumer automotive portfolio. Additionally, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the decrease in provision for consumer credit losses was also primarily driven by a provision benefit associated with the sale of Ally Credit Card.
The provision for commercial credit losses decreased $13 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and increased $11 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the three months and nine months ended September 30,
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
2024. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by a decrease in specific reserves in our commercial automotive portfolio and lower portfolio growth in our Corporate Finance operations as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by an increase in portfolio growth in our Corporate Finance operations as compared to the same period in 2024.
Allowance for Loan Losses by Type
The following table summarizes the allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan portfolio class.

|  | 2025 |  | 2024
September 30, ($ in millions) |  | Allowance for loan losses |  | Allowance as a % of loans outstanding |  | Allowance as a % of total allowance for loan losses |  | Allowance for loan losses |  | Allowance as a % of loans outstanding |  | Allowance as a % of total allowance for loan losses
Consumer automotive |  | $ | 3,186 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 92.1 |  |  | $ | 3,166 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 85.6 |
Consumer mortgage |  | 17 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.5 |
Consumer other (a) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 307 |  |  | 14.1 |  |  | 8.3 |
Total consumer loans |  | 3,203 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 92.6 |  |  | 3,492 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 94.4 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | 21 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.5 |
Other |  | 186 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 4.1 |
Commercial real estate |  | 50 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.0 |
Total commercial loans |  | 257 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 5.6 |
Total allowance for loan losses |  | $ | 3,460 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 3,700 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 100.0 |

(a)Represents the allowance for loan losses on credit card finance receivables and loans. We closed the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Market Risk
Our financing, investing, and insurance activities give rise to market risk, or the potential change in the value of our assets (including securities, assets held for sale, loans, and operating leases) and liabilities (including deposits and debt) due to movements in market variables, such as interest rates, spreads, foreign-exchange rates, equity prices, off-lease vehicle prices, and other components such as liquidity.
The impact of changes in benchmark interest rates on our balance sheet represents an exposure to market risk and can affect our expected earnings. We primarily use interest rate derivatives to manage our interest rate risk exposure.
During the third quarter of 2025, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds target range to 4.00–4.25%, and subsequently lowered to 3.75–4.00% during the fourth quarter of 2025, in response to a weakening labor market. Continued high benchmark interest rates led to pricing impacts across the balance sheet. Refer to the section below titled Net Financing Revenue Sensitivity Analysis for additional information on how future rate changes may impact net financing revenue.
The fair value of our spread-sensitive assets is also exposed to spread risk. Spread is the amount of additional return over the benchmark interest rates that an investor would demand for taking exposure to primarily credit and liquidity risk of an instrument. Generally, an increase in spreads would result in a decrease in fair value measurement.
We are also exposed to marginal foreign-currency risk primarily from Canadian denominated assets and liabilities. We enter into foreign currency hedges to mitigate foreign exchange risk.
We have exposure to changes in the value of equity securities with readily determinable fair values primarily related to our Insurance operations. For such equity securities, we use equity derivatives to manage our exposure to equity price fluctuations.
As part of our CRA program, we make investments in small business investment company funds, community and workforce development funds, tax credit funds, and other CRA-eligible funds that do not qualify as proportional amortization investments. Many of these CRA funds feature private equity or venture capital structures and are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. We recognize our share of the investee’s earnings based on the performance of the funds. We recognized gains of $12 million and $31 million related to these investments during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, as compared to a $2 million gain and a $9 million loss during the same periods in 2024. The gains for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily due to the underlying performance of several investments in venture capital firms. There were no indications of impairment within our portfolio of CRA-eligible funds as of September 30, 2025.
In addition, we are exposed to changes in the value of other nonmarketable equity investments without readily determinable fair market values, which may cause volatility in our earnings.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
As of September 30, 2025, we had $3.0 billion of cumulative net unrealized losses, inclusive of tax effects, on our debt securities. During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded $254 million and $538 million of net unrealized gains, inclusive of tax effects, on our available-for-sale securities, respectively. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded in other comprehensive income within our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income, and are generally not realized unless we sell the securities prior to their stated maturity date. Refer to Note 16 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
In the first quarter of 2025, we executed a balance sheet repositioning of a portion of our available-for-sale securities as a result of our capital allocation planning related to the sale of Ally Credit Card. In connection with the repositioning, we sold lower-yielding securities with an amortized cost of approximately $4.6 billion for proceeds of $4.1 billion, resulting in a pre-tax loss of $495 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. We reinvested the proceeds in shorter duration, highly liquid securities at current market rates. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, management determined that there were no expected credit losses for available-for-sale or held-to-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position. Refer to Note 7 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
In the second quarter of 2025, we repositioned pay-fixed interest rate swaps with a notional of approximately $4.7 billion to reduce our exposure to potential aggressive near-term Federal Reserve easing of benchmark interest rates and reduce potential exposure to higher for longer interest rates.
The composition of our balance sheet, including shorter-duration fixed-rate consumer automotive loans and variable-rate commercial loans, along with our primary funding source of retail deposits, partially mitigates market risk. Additionally, we maintain risk-management controls that measure and monitor market risk using a variety of analytical techniques including market value and sensitivity analysis. Refer to Note 19 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. For information regarding our insured and uninsured deposit liabilities, refer to the Liquidity Management, Funding, and Regulatory Capital section of this MD&A.
Net Financing Revenue Sensitivity Analysis
Interest rate risk represents one of our most significant exposures to market risk. We actively monitor the level of exposure to movements in interest rates and take actions to mitigate adverse impacts these movements may have on future earnings. We use a sensitivity analysis of net financing revenue as our primary metric to measure and manage the interest rate risk of our financial instruments. In addition to net financing revenue sensitivities, EVE is used as a long-term interest rate risk measurement tool and a component of our interest rate risk management framework. EVE measures the present value of aggregate lifetime cash flows based on balance sheet and off-balance sheet positions at a specific point-in-time. We determine EVE sensitivities using a multitude of rate scenarios where the present value of future cash flows is recalculated using shocked interest rates. Interest rate risk metrics are reported at each regularly scheduled meeting of the ALCO and of the RC. Reporting includes exposure relative to risk limits, impacts to a range of rate scenarios, and sensitivity tests of key assumptions.
The execution of our current business strategy generally results in shorter-duration, fixed-rate consumer automotive loans comprising the majority of our assets and liquid, floating-rate retail deposits comprising the majority of our liabilities. This, in turn, results in a structurally liability sensitive balance sheet as our floating-rate retail deposits reprice faster than our fixed-rate consumer automotive loans when interest rates change. We prepare forward-looking baseline forecasts of pretax net financing revenue as well as anticipated future business growth, actions to alter our asset/liability positioning, and interest rates based on the implied forward curve. The analysis is highly dependent upon a variety of assumptions, one of the most significant being the repricing characteristics of retail deposits with both contractual and non-contractual maturities. We monitor industry and competitive repricing activity along with other business and market factors when developing deposit pricing assumptions.
Modeled simulations are then used to assess changes in pretax net financing revenue in multiple interest rate scenarios relative to the baseline forecast. The changes in net financing revenue relative to the baseline are defined as the sensitivity. Our simulations incorporate contractual cash flows and assumed repricing characteristics for assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet exposures and incorporate the assumed effects of changing interest rates on the prepayment and attrition rates of certain assets and liabilities. Our simulations do not assume any specific future actions are taken to mitigate the impacts of changing interest rates.
These simulations measure the potential changes in our pretax net financing revenue over the following 12 months. We test a number of alternative rate scenarios, including immediate and gradual parallel shocks to the implied forward curve. We also evaluate nonparallel shocks to interest rates and stresses to certain term points on the yield curve in isolation to capture and monitor a variety of risks.
Simulation results are driven by underlying models and assumptions that are based on trend behavior and other historical information. The underlying models and assumptions, including retail deposit pricing, are regularly monitored and evaluated, and may be updated accordingly as observed trends materialize. For example, we updated our retail deposit pricing assumptions throughout 2024, which generally increased the liability sensitivity of our balance sheet as retail deposits are assumed to reprice faster in a rising rate scenario than in a decreasing rate scenario. As a result, if future trends or behaviors deviate from those reflected in the models, actual sensitivities may vary—perhaps significantly—from those that are modeled. Actual sensitivities may differ for other reasons as well, including unplanned changes in balance sheet composition, timing of asset and liability repricing, the yield curve, customer behavior, macroeconomic conditions, the competitive environment, and management strategies. Accordingly, we do not treat the sensitivities as forecasts of net financing revenue but instead use them as a tool in managing interest rate risk. We also assess Ally’s sensitivity to interest rate risk through the performance of sensitivity testing of key assumptions including, but not limited to, prepayments and retail automotive and deposit repricing on a routine basis.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
In a stable rate scenario that assumes spot rates as of September 30, 2025, remain constant through the simulation and assumes no pricing actions, net financing revenue over the next 12 months is expected to decrease by $95 million versus the baseline forecast, due to the shape of the implied forward curve.
The following table presents the pretax dollar impact to baseline forecasted net financing revenue over the next 12 months assuming various parallel shocks to the implied forward curve as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Gradual (a) |  | Instantaneous |  | Gradual (a) |  | Instantaneous
Change in interest rates |  | ($ in millions) |  | ($ in millions)
+200 basis points |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (256) |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | (184) |
+100 basis points |  | 3 |  |  | (121) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (86) |
-100 basis points |  | (13) |  |  | 24 |  |  | (23) |  |  | 4 |

(a)Gradual changes in interest rates are recognized over 12 months.
Since December 31, 2024, the implied forward curve has steepened, driven by the front end, as expected declines in the Federal Funds Rate increased. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the sale of Ally Credit Card reduced our floating-rate asset balances, which was partially offset by an increase in floating-rate commercial loans. Additionally, we saw a shift from CDs to liquid deposits. The impact of these changes is reflected in our baseline net financing revenue forecast. As of September 30, 2025, our balance sheet is modestly asset sensitive in the near term due to our floating-rate assets and pay-fixed hedge position. However, our balance sheet remains liability sensitive over the medium term, driven by the assumed repricing of our deposits and market-based funding outpacing the assumed repricing of our floating-rate assets and pay-fixed swaps.
Our interest rate risk position is influenced by the impact of hedging activity, which primarily consists of interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges of certain fixed-rate assets and fixed-rate debt instruments. Additionally, we use interest rate floor contracts designated as cash flow hedges on certain floating-rate assets. The size, maturity, and mix of our hedging activities are adjusted as our balance sheet, ALM objectives, and the interest rate environment evolve over time.
Operating Lease Residual Risk Management
We are exposed to residual risk on vehicles in the consumer operating lease portfolio. This operating lease residual risk represents the possibility that the actual proceeds realized upon the sale of returned vehicles will be lower than the projection of these values used in establishing the pricing at lease inception. Our operating lease portfolio, net of accumulated depreciation was $8.6 billion and $8.0 billion as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. The expected lease residual value of our operating lease portfolio at scheduled termination was $6.9 billion and $6.5 billion as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Certain of our operating leases are covered by residual guarantees with counterparties, which partially mitigates the residual value risk to the extent the counterparties are able to meet the terms of the contractual agreements. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, consumer operating leases with a carrying value, net of accumulated depreciation, of $3.5 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, were covered by OEM residual value guarantees. Refer to Note 9 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. For information on our valuation of automotive operating lease residuals including periodic revisions through adjustments to depreciation expense based on current and forecasted market conditions, refer to the section titled Critical Accounting Estimates—Valuation of Automotive Operating Lease Assets and Residuals within the MD&A of our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Operating Lease Vehicle Terminations and Remarketing
The following table summarizes the volume of operating lease terminations and average gain per vehicle, as well as our methods of vehicle sales at lease termination, stated as a percentage of total operating lease vehicle disposals.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Off-lease vehicles terminated (in units) |  | 21,608 |  |  | 31,033 |  |  | 69,853 |  |  | 104,560 |  |  |
Average gain (loss) per vehicle ($ per unit) |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 771 |  |  | $ | (249) |  |  | $ | 1,231 |  |  |
Method of vehicle sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sale to dealer, lessee, and other |  | 47 | % |  | 52 | % |  | 45 | % |  | 55 | % |  |
Auction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Internet |  | 45 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 35 |  |  |
Physical |  | 8 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 10 |  |  |

We recognized an average gain per vehicle of $53 and an average loss per vehicle of $249 for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to an average gain per vehicle of $771 and $1,231 for the same periods in 2024. The decreases in
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
remarketing performance during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same periods in 2024, were primarily due to lower auction prices on the sale of specific vehicle models. The method of vehicle sales is largely dependent on the level of used vehicle values at lease termination compared to contractual residual values at lease inception. Off-lease vehicles sold to lessees and dealers decreased 10% and 18% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same periods in 2024.
Operating Lease Portfolio Mix
We monitor concentrations of our consumer operating lease portfolio by OEM, vehicle type, and OEM residual value guarantee status. The following table presents the concentration of our outstanding operating leases exposures by OEM, disaggregated by those with and without OEM residual value guarantees.

September 30, | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Operating lease exposures with OEM residual value guarantees (a) | 41 | % |  | 16 | % |  |
Operating lease exposures without OEM residual value guarantees |  |  |  |  |
Stellantis | 38 |  |  | 66 |  |  |
GM | 13 |  |  | 7 |  |  |
Other OEMs | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  |
Total exposures without OEM residual value guarantees | 59 |  |  | 84 |  |  |
Total operating lease exposures | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  |

(a)Primarily represents an exposure with one automotive manufacturer at both September 30, 2025, and 2024.
As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, $4.4 billion and $3.0 billion of our investment in operating leases, net of accumulated depreciation, were battery-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles, respectively. Substantially all of our investment in operating leases of battery-electric vehicles are covered by an OEM residual value guarantee of approximately 50% of the vehicles’ contract residual value. Refer to Note 9 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our investment in operating leases.

September 30, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Sport utility vehicle |  | 66 | % |  | 70 | % |  |
Car |  | 23 |  |  | 10 |  |  |
Truck |  | 11 |  |  | 20 |  |  |

Climate-Related Risk
We have identified and defined climate-related risk as an emerging risk. Pursuant to our risk-management framework, emerging risks include those that are newly-identified or evolving and have the potential to significantly impact Ally, but their nature and magnitude may not yet be fully known or may be rapidly changing. Refer to the section titled Risk Factors in Part I, Item 1A of our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information on climate-related risks.
Climate-related risk is generally categorized into two major categories: (1) risk related to the transition to a lower-carbon economy (transition risk) and (2) risk related to the physical impacts of climate change (physical risk). Transition risk considers how changes in policy, technology, and market preference could pose operational, financial, and reputational risk to companies. Physical risk from climate change can be acute or chronic. Acute physical risk refers to risks that are event-driven such as increased severity of extreme climate events, including tornadoes, hurricanes, or floods. Chronic physical risks refer to long-term shifts in climate patterns, such as sustained higher temperatures, that may, for example, cause sea levels to rise.
We recognize (1) the importance of understanding, preparing for and taking timely preventive action against potentially material climate-change impacts, (2) investor demand for consistent and comparable climate and environmental risk data, and (3) shifting federal and state policy focus and an increase in regulatory discussion about potential requirements and oversight. Ally is committed to developing an appropriate climate risk mitigation strategy focusing on the enhancement of our climate risk management capabilities and embedding climate risk considerations into the existing ERM framework to effectively manage climate-related financial and non-financial risks consistent with regulatory guidelines and industry best practices.
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Liquidity Management, Funding, and Regulatory Capital
Overview
The purpose of liquidity management is to enable us to meet loan and operating lease demand, debt maturities, deposit withdrawals, and other cash commitments under both normal operating conditions as well as periods of economic or financial stress. Our primary objective is to maintain cost-effective, stable and diverse sources of funding capable of sustaining the organization throughout all market cycles. Sources of funding include both retail and brokered deposits and secured and unsecured market-based funding across various maturity, interest rate, and investor profiles. Additional liquidity is available through a pool of unencumbered highly liquid securities, repurchase agreements, advances from the FHLB of Pittsburgh, the FRB Standing Repo Facility, and the FRB Discount Window.
We define liquidity risk as the risk that an institution’s financial condition or overall safety and soundness is adversely affected by the actual or perceived inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding or to easily unwind or offset specific exposures without significantly lowering market prices because of inadequate market depth or market disruptions. Liquidity risk can arise from a variety of institution-specific or market-related events that could have a negative impact on cash flows available to the organization. Effective management of liquidity risk positions an organization to meet cash flow obligations caused by unanticipated events. Managing liquidity needs and contingent funding exposures has proven essential to the solvency of financial institutions.
The ALCO, chaired by the Corporate Treasurer, is responsible for overseeing our funding and liquidity strategies. Corporate Treasury is responsible for managing our liquidity positions within limits approved by ALCO, the ERMC, and the RC. As part of managing liquidity risk, Corporate Treasury prepares monthly forecasts depicting anticipated funding needs and sources of funds, executes our funding strategies, and manages liquidity under normal as well as more severely stressed macroeconomic environments. Oversight and monitoring of liquidity risk are provided by Independent Risk Management.
The monthly liquidity forecasts demonstrate our ability to generate and obtain adequate amounts of cash to meet loan and operating lease demand, debt maturities, deposit withdrawals, and other cash commitments under normal operating conditions throughout the forecast horizon (currently through December 2028). Refer to Note 13 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of the scheduled maturity of long-term debt as of September 30, 2025. In recent years, we have become less reliant on market-based funding, reducing our exposure to disruptions in wholesale funding markets.
Funding Strategy
Liquidity and ongoing profitability are largely dependent on the timely and cost-effective access to retail deposits and funding in various segments of the capital markets. We focus on maintaining diversified funding sources across a broad base of depositors, lenders, and investors to meet liquidity needs throughout different economic cycles, including periods of financial distress. These funding sources include retail and brokered deposits, public and private asset-backed securitizations, unsecured debt, FHLB advances, and repurchase agreements. Our access to diversified funding sources enhances funding flexibility and results in a more cost-effective funding strategy over the long term. We evaluate funding markets on an ongoing basis to achieve an appropriate balance of unsecured and secured funding sources and maturity profiles.
We manage our funding to achieve a well-balanced portfolio across a spectrum of risk, maturity, and cost-of-funds characteristics. Optimizing funding at Ally Bank continues to be a key part of our long-term liquidity strategy. We optimize our funding sources at Ally Bank by prioritizing retail deposits, and maintaining access to diversified funding sources. Retail deposits are complemented by brokered deposits, repurchase agreements, securitizations, and access to FHLB funding.
Assets are primarily originated by Ally Bank to reduce parent company exposures and funding requirements, and to utilize consumer deposit-taking capabilities. This allows us to use bank funding for substantially all our automotive finance and other assets and to provide a sustainable long-term funding channel for the business, while also improving the cost of funds for the enterprise.
Liquidity Risk Management
Multiple metrics are used to measure liquidity risk, manage the liquidity position, identify related trends, and monitor these trends and metrics against established limits. These metrics include comprehensive stress tests that measure the sufficiency of the liquidity portfolio over stressed horizons ranging from overnight to 12 months, a stability ratio that measures longer-term structural liquidity, and concentration ratios that enable prudent funding diversification. In addition, we have established internal management routines designed to review all aspects of liquidity and funding plans, evaluate the adequacy of liquidity buffers, review stress testing results, and assist management in the execution of its funding strategy and risk-management accountabilities.
Our liquidity stress testing is designed to allow us to operate our businesses and to meet our contractual and contingent obligations, including unsecured debt maturities, for at least 12 months, assuming our normal access to funding is disrupted by severe market-wide and enterprise-specific events. We maintain available liquidity in the form of cash, unencumbered highly liquid securities, available FHLB capacity, and the FRB Discount Window capacity. This available liquidity is held at various legal entities and is subject to regulatory restrictions and tax implications that may limit our ability to transfer funds across entities.
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The following table summarizes our total available liquidity.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Liquid cash and equivalents (a) |  | $ | 9,536 |  |  | $ | 9,561 |
FHLB unused pledged borrowing capacity (b) |  | 10,265 |  |  | 12,211 |
Unencumbered highly liquid securities (c) |  | 19,916 |  |  | 19,950 |
FRB Discount Window pledged capacity (d) |  | 26,927 |  |  | 26,734 |
Total available liquidity |  | $ | 66,644 |  |  | $ | 68,456 |

(a)Excludes restricted cash and foreign currency cash balances.
(b)Pledged assets are primarily composed of consumer mortgage finance receivables and loans, as well as real-estate-backed loans within our Automotive Finance and Corporate Finance businesses, and non-agency mortgage-backed securities.
(c)Includes unencumbered U.S. federal government, U.S. agency, and highly liquid corporate debt securities.
(d)Pledged assets are composed of consumer automotive finance receivables and loans. Refer to Note 13 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on assets pledged to the FRB.
Recent Funding and Liquidity Developments
Key funding highlights from January 1, 2025, to date were as follows:
•In May 2025, we accessed the unsecured debt capital markets and raised $750 million through the issuance of senior notes, which provided additional liquidity at Ally Financial Inc. In July 2025, we accessed the unsecured debt capital markets and issued $600 million of senior notes, which provided additional liquidity at Ally Financial Inc.
•We raised $550 million through the issuance of credit-linked notes. The related proceeds are held within a cash collateral account as restricted cash and cash equivalents recorded within other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Funding Sources
The following table summarizes our sources of funding and the amount outstanding under each category for the periods shown.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
($ in millions) |  | On-balance-sheet funding |  | % Share of funding |  | On-balance-sheet funding |  | % Share of funding
Deposits |  | $ | 148,410 |  |  | 88 |  |  | $ | 151,574 |  |  | 89 |
Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured financings |  | 9,546 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8,058 |  |  | 5 |
Institutional term debt |  | 10,316 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 10,169 |  |  | 6 |
Retail term notes |  | 766 |  |  | — |  |  | 893 |  |  | — |
Total debt (a) |  | 20,628 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 19,120 |  |  | 11 |
Total on-balance-sheet funding |  | $ | 169,038 |  |  | 100 |  |  | $ | 170,694 |  |  | 100 |

(a)Includes hedge basis adjustments as described in Note 19 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Refer to Note 13 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of the scheduled maturity of long-term debt at September 30, 2025.
Deposits
Ally Bank is a digital direct bank with no branch network that obtains retail deposits directly from customers. We offer competitive rates and fees on a full spectrum of retail deposit products, including savings accounts, money-market demand accounts, CDs, interest-bearing spending accounts, trust accounts, and IRAs. Our primary funding source is retail deposits, which we believe, at scale, is the most efficient and stable source of funding for us when compared to other funding sources. Retail deposits constituted 84% of our total on-balance-sheet funding sources at September 30, 2025. Total deposits, which include brokered deposits obtained through third-party intermediaries, constituted 88% of total on-balance-sheet funding at September 30, 2025.
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Total uninsured deposits as calculated per regulatory guidance includes affiliate and intercompany deposits, which we believe have different risk profiles than other uninsured deposits. The amounts presented below remove affiliate and intercompany deposits from total uninsured deposits. We believe that the presentation of uninsured deposits adjusted for the impact of the affiliate deposits provides enhanced clarity of uninsured deposits at risk.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
($ in millions) |  | Amount | % of total deposits |  | Amount | % of total deposits
Uninsured deposits |  |  |  |  |  |
Total uninsured deposits, as calculated per regulatory guidelines |  | $ | 16,930 |  | 12 |  |  | $ | 17,921 |  | 12 |
Less: Affiliate and intercompany deposits |  | 5,522 |  | 4 |  |  | 6,320 |  | 4 |
Total uninsured deposits, excluding affiliate and intercompany deposits |  | $ | 11,408 |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 11,601 |  | 8 |

On November 16, 2023, the FDIC finalized a rule that imposes a special assessment to recover the costs to the DIF resulting from the FDIC’s use, in March 2023, of the systemic risk exception to the least-cost resolution test under the FDI Act in connection with the receiverships of SVB and Signature. The rule provides that the total loss estimate will be periodically adjusted and the FDIC retains the ability to cease collection early, extend the special assessment collection period and impose a final shortfall special assessment on a one-time basis. We paid $14 million in special assessments during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, our FDIC special assessment liability was $13 million.
The following table shows Ally Bank’s total primary retail deposit customers and deposit balances as of the end of each of the last five quarters.

| September 30, 2025 | June 30, 2025 | March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total primary retail deposit customers (in thousands) | 3,405 |  | 3,360 |  | 3,330 |  | 3,272 |  | 3,255 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits ($ in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail | $ | 141,843 |  | $ | 143,158 |  | $ | 146,069 |  | $ | 143,430 |  | $ | 141,449 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokered | 5,037 |  | 3,244 |  | 3,949 |  | 6,737 |  | 9,082 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other (a) | 1,530 |  | 1,464 |  | 1,410 |  | 1,407 |  | 1,419 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits | $ | 148,410 |  | $ | 147,866 |  | $ | 151,428 |  | $ | 151,574 |  | $ | 151,950 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a)Other deposits include mortgage escrow deposits. Other deposits also include a deposit related to Ally Invest customer cash balances deposited at Ally Bank by a third party of $1.4 billion as of September 30, 2025, and $1.3 billion as of each of the periods ended June 30, 2025, March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, and $1.2 billion as of September 30, 2024.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, our total deposit base decreased $3.2 billion. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, our retail deposits decreased $1.6 billion bringing the total retail deposits portfolio to $141.8 billion as of September 30, 2025. We added approximately 133,000 retail deposit customers during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, ending with approximately 3.4 million retail deposit customers as of September 30, 2025. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we proactively implemented pricing actions to reduce rates paid on several of our key deposit product offerings. These pricing actions reduced deposit balances from our most rate sensitive customers, which were more than offset by deposit growth from new customers. Brokered deposits decreased $1.7 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, due to brokered deposit maturities and calls. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, our CD deposit liabilities decreased $6.5 billion while our savings, money market, and spending account deposit liabilities increased $3.2 billion. This trend was primarily due to customer migration to liquid savings as fixed-rate CD maturities occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Strong customer acquisition and retention rates continue to deliver a favorable funding mix. Overall, we continue to maintain a relentless focus on customer experience and competitive rates.
Approximately 92% of retail deposits at Ally Bank, excluding affiliate and intercompany deposits, were FDIC-insured as of September 30, 2025. Our total available liquidity exceeded our uninsured retail deposit liabilities by $55.2 billion as of September 30, 2025. For additional information on our deposit funding by type, refer to Note 12 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
We continue to be recognized for the totality of experience and value we provide our customers. This includes our recent recognition as one of American Banker’s 2025 Top-Performing Banks and Forbes World’s Best Banks for 2025 and Best Mobile Banking Apps of 2025. Our commitment to customer service was recognized by Newsweek, who ranked Ally Bank the #1 Online Bank for Customer Service. Additionally, Nerdwallet names us “Best Bank” and “Best Bank for CDs” in 2025 and Bankrate also named Ally as “Best Bank Overall”, “Best Online Bank”, “Best CD”, “Best Money Market Account” and “Best Checking Account”. Additionally, Barron’s and Wall Street Journal both recognized our Ally Invest Robo Portfolios as best in class in 2025.
Securitizations and Secured Financings
In addition to building a larger deposit base in recent years, we maintain a presence in the securitization markets to finance our automotive loan portfolios. Securitizations and secured funding transactions, collectively referred to as securitization transactions due to their
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similarities, allow us to convert our automotive finance receivables into cash earlier than what would have occurred in the normal course of business. For additional details surrounding our securitization activities, refer to the section titled Liquidity Management, Funding, and Regulatory Capital in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
These securitization transactions may meet the criteria to be accounted for as off-balance-sheet securitization transactions if we do not hold a potentially significant economic interest or do not provide servicing or asset management functions for the financial assets held by the securitization entity. Our securitization transactions may not meet the required criteria to be accounted for as off-balance-sheet securitization transactions; therefore, they are accounted for as secured borrowings. For information regarding our off-balance sheet arrangements and securitization activities, refer to Note 1 and Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we raised $550 million through the issuance of credit-linked notes. The proceeds from this issuance constitute prefunded credit protection for mezzanine tranches of the reference portfolio and are recognized as restricted cash and cash equivalents in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. This transaction is structured to enable us to apply the securitization framework under U.S. Basel III when determining RWA for our retained exposure.
We have access to funding through advances with the FHLB. These advances are primarily secured by consumer and commercial mortgage finance receivables and loans and investment securities. As of September 30, 2025, we had pledged $26.1 billion of assets to the FHLB resulting in $17.4 billion in total funding capacity with $7.1 billion of debt outstanding.
At September 30, 2025, $64.0 billion of our total assets were restricted as collateral for the payment of debt obligations accounted for as secured borrowings. Refer to Note 13 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
Unsecured Financings
We have long-term unsecured debt outstanding from retail term note programs. These programs are composed of callable fixed-rate instruments with fixed maturity dates. There were $766 million of retail term notes outstanding at September 30, 2025. The remainder of our unsecured debt is composed of institutional term debt. In May 2025, we accessed the unsecured debt capital markets and raised $750 million through the issuance of senior notes. In July 2025, we raised an additional $600 million through the issuance of senior notes. Refer to Note 13 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about our outstanding long-term unsecured debt.
Other Secured and Unsecured Short-term Borrowings
We have access to repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the firm sells financial instruments to a buyer, typically in exchange for cash, and simultaneously enters into an agreement to repurchase the same or substantially the same financial instruments from the buyer at a stated price plus accrued interest at a future date. The securities sold in repurchase agreements include U.S. government and federal agency obligations. As of September 30, 2025, we had $529 million debt outstanding under repurchase agreements.
Additionally, we have access to the FRB Discount Window and can borrow funds to meet short-term liquidity demands. The FRB, however, is not a primary source of funding for day-to-day business. Instead, it is a liquidity source that can be accessed in stressed environments or periods of market disruption. As of September 30, 2025, we had assets pledged and restricted as collateral to the FRB totaling $33.7 billion, resulting in $26.9 billion in total funding capacity with no debt outstanding.
Guaranteed Securities
Certain senior notes (collectively, the Guaranteed Notes) issued by Ally Financial Inc. (referred to within this section as the Parent) are unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by IB Finance, a subsidiary of the Parent and the direct parent of Ally Bank, and Ally US LLC, a subsidiary of the Parent (together, the Guarantors, and the guarantee provided by each such Guarantor, the Note Guarantees). The Guarantors are primary obligors with respect to payment when due, whether at maturity, by acceleration or otherwise, of all payment obligations of the Parent in respect of the Guaranteed Notes pursuant to the terms of the applicable indenture. At both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance of the Guaranteed Notes was $2.0 billion, with the last scheduled maturity to take place in 2031.
The Note Guarantees rank equally in right of payment with the applicable Guarantor’s existing and future unsubordinated unsecured indebtedness and are subordinate to any secured indebtedness of the applicable Guarantor to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. The Note Guarantees are structurally subordinate to indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables and lease obligations, and in the case of Ally Bank, its deposits) of any nonguarantor subsidiaries of the applicable Guarantor to the extent of the value of the assets of such subsidiaries.
The Note Guarantees and all other obligations of the Guarantors will terminate and be of no further force or effect (i) upon a permissible sale, disposition, or other transfer (including through merger or consolidation) of a majority of the equity interests (including any sale, disposition or other transfer following which the applicable Guarantor is no longer a subsidiary of the Parent), of the applicable Guarantor, or (ii) upon the discharge of the Parent’s obligations related to the Guaranteed Notes.
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The following tables present summarized financial data for the Parent and the Guarantors on a combined basis. The Guarantors, both of which the Parent is deemed to possess control over, are fully consolidated after eliminating intercompany balances and transactions. Summarized financial data for nonguarantor subsidiaries is excluded.

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Net financing loss and other interest income (a) |  | $ | (241) |  |  | $ | (222) |  |  | $ | (717) |  |  | $ | (654) |  |  |
Dividends from bank subsidiaries |  | 450 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 700 |  |  | 750 |  |  |
Total other revenue |  | 45 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 100 |  |  |
Total net revenue |  | 254 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 196 |  |  |
Provision for credit losses |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 10 |  |  |
Total noninterest expense |  | 103 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 352 |  |  |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax benefit |  | 149 |  |  | 163 |  |  | (215) |  |  | (166) |  |  |
Income tax benefit from continuing operations (b) |  | (76) |  |  | (73) |  |  | (233) |  |  | (230) |  |  |
Income from continuing operations |  | 225 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 64 |  |  |
Net Income (c) |  | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  |

(a)Net financing loss and other interest income is primarily driven by interest expense on long-term debt.
(b)There is a significant variation in the customary relationship between pretax income and income tax benefit due to our accounting policy elections and consolidated tax adjustments. The income tax benefit excludes tax effects on dividends from subsidiaries.
(c)Excludes the Parent’s and Guarantors’ share of income of all nonguarantor subsidiaries.

($ in millions) |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Total assets (a) |  | $ | 7,128 |  |  | $ | 7,436 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 12,611 |  |  | $ | 12,644 |

(a)Excludes investments in all nonguarantor subsidiaries.
Cash Flows
The following summarizes the activity reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. While this information may be helpful to highlight certain macro trends and business strategies, the cash flow analysis may not be as helpful when analyzing changes in our net earnings and net assets. We believe that in addition to the traditional cash flow analysis, the discussion related to liquidity, dividends, and ALM herein may provide more useful context in evaluating our liquidity position and related activity.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.1 billion and $3.6 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. The change was primarily due to a $336 million decrease in net cash inflows from loans held-for-sale activity.
Net cash used in investing activities was $813 million, and net cash provided by investing activities was $3.8 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. The change was primarily due to a $2.3 billion increase in net cash outflows from loans held-for-investment activity, a $1.8 billion increase in net cash outflows related to operating lease assets, and a $463 million increase in net cash outflows related to available-for-sale securities.
Net cash used in financing activities was $2.1 billion and $5.5 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. The change was primarily attributable to net cash inflows related to short-term borrowings of $3.8 billion, partially offset by a net decrease in deposits of $342 million.
Capital Planning and Stress Tests
Under the Tailoring Rules, we are generally subject to supervisory stress testing on a two-year cycle and exempted from mandated company-run capital stress testing requirements. We are also required to submit an annual capital plan to the FRB. Our annual capital plan must include an assessment of our expected uses and sources of capital and a description of all planned capital actions over a nine-quarter planning horizon, including any issuance of a debt or equity capital instrument, any dividend or other capital distribution, and any similar action that the FRB determines could have an impact on our capital. The plan must also include a detailed description of our process for assessing capital adequacy, including a discussion of how we, under expected and stressful conditions, will maintain capital commensurate with our risks and above the minimum regulatory capital ratios, will serve as a source of strength to Ally Bank, and will maintain sufficient capital to continue our operations by maintaining ready access to funding, meeting our obligations to creditors and other counterparties, and continuing to serve as a credit intermediary.
The Tailoring Rules align capital planning, supervisory stress testing, and stress capital buffer requirements for large banking organizations, like Ally. As a Category IV firm, Ally is expected to have the ability to elect to participate in the supervisory stress test—and receive a correspondingly updated stress capital buffer requirement—in a year in which Ally would not generally be subject to the
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supervisory stress test. Refer to the section titled Basel Capital Framework in Note 18 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion about our stress capital buffer requirements. During a year in which Ally does not undergo a supervisory stress test, we would receive an updated stress capital buffer requirement only to reflect our updated planned common-stock dividends. Ally did not elect to participate in the 2023 or 2025 supervisory stress tests, but was subject to the 2024 supervisory stress test.
We received an updated preliminary stress capital buffer requirement based on our 2023 capital plan submission from the FRB in June 2023 that remained unchanged at 2.5%. The 2.5% stress capital buffer requirement was finalized in July 2023 and became effective in October 2023. We submitted our 2024 capital plan to the FRB in April 2024, and received an updated preliminary stress capital buffer requirement from the FRB in June 2024 of 2.6%. The updated 2.6% stress capital buffer requirement was finalized in August 2024, and became effective in October 2024. We submitted our 2025 capital plan to the FRB in April 2025, and received in June 2025 an updated preliminary stress capital buffer requirement that remained unchanged at 2.6%. The 2.6% stress capital buffer requirement was finalized in August 2025, and became effective in October 2025.
In February 2023 and December 2024, we accessed the unsecured debt capital markets each time issuing $500 million of additional subordinated notes, which qualify as Tier 2 capital for Ally under U.S. Basel III. In June 2024, November 2024, and August 2025, we accessed the debt capital markets and issued $330 million ,$440 million, and $550 million, respectively, of credit-linked notes based on reference portfolios of $3.0 billion, $4.0 billion, and $5.0 billion of consumer automotive loans. The proceeds from these credit-linked notes issuances constitute prefunded credit protection for mezzanine tranches of the respective reference portfolio and are recognized as restricted cash and cash equivalents in other assets on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. These transactions are structured to enable us to apply the securitization framework under U.S. Basel III when determining RWA for our retained exposure, which recognizes the credit risk mitigation benefits and generally provides lower risk weights relative to those assigned to consumer automotive loans that are not securitized.
Our ability to make capital distributions, including our ability to pay dividends or repurchase shares of our common stock, will continue to be subject to the FRB’s review and our internal governance requirements, including approval by our Board. The amount and size of any future dividends and share repurchases also will be subject to various factors, including Ally’s capital and liquidity positions, accounting and regulatory considerations (including any restrictions that may be imposed by the FRB and any changes to capital, liquidity, and other regulatory requirements that may be proposed or adopted by the U.S. banking agencies), the taxation of share repurchases, financial and operational performance, alternative uses of capital, common-stock price, and general market conditions, and may be extended, modified, or discontinued at any time.
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Regulatory Capital
We became subject to U.S. Basel III on January 1, 2015, although a number of its provisions—including capital buffers and certain regulatory capital deductions—were subject to phase-in periods. For further information on U.S. Basel III, refer to Note 18 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table presents selected regulatory capital data under U.S. Basel III.

|  | September 30, |  |
($ in millions) |  | 2025 |  |  |  | 2024 (a) |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio |  | 10.07 | % |  |  |  | 9.79 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 capital ratio |  | 11.57 | % |  |  |  | 11.24 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital ratio |  | 13.44 | % |  |  |  | 12.90 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage ratio (to adjusted quarterly average assets) (b) |  | 9.18 | % |  |  |  | 8.99 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total equity |  | $ | 15,117 |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,725 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CECL phase-in adjustment (c) |  | — |  |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock (d) |  | (2,324) |  |  |  |  | (2,324) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill and certain other intangibles |  | (187) |  |  |  |  | (707) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax assets arising from net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards (e) |  | (388) |  |  |  |  | (106) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AOCI-related adjustments (f) |  | 2,966 |  |  |  |  | 3,414 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 capital |  | 15,184 |  |  |  |  | 15,298 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock (d) |  | 2,324 |  |  |  |  | 2,324 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other adjustments |  | (68) |  |  |  |  | (58) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 capital |  | 17,440 |  |  |  |  | 17,564 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Qualifying subordinated debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2 |  | 984 |  |  |  |  | 696 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Qualifying allowance for loan losses and other adjustments |  | 1,835 |  |  |  |  | 1,913 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital |  | $ | 20,259 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,173 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk-weighted assets (g) |  | $ | 150,738 |  |  |  |  | $ | 156,322 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a)Capital amounts and ratios are based on regulatory filings of Ally and Ally Bank, and have not been adjusted for September 30, 2024, to reflect our change in the method of accounting for ITCs. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information about this change in accounting principle.
(b)Tier 1 leverage ratio equals Tier 1 capital divided by adjusted quarterly average total assets, which both reflect adjustments for disallowed goodwill, certain intangible assets, and disallowed deferred tax assets.
(c)We elected to delay recognizing the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital until after a two-year deferral period, which for us extended through December 31, 2021. Beginning on January 1, 2022, we phased in 25% of the previously deferred estimated capital impact of CECL, with an additional 25% phased in at the beginning of each subsequent year until fully phased in by the first quarter of 2025. As of January 1, 2025, the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital was fully phased in. Refer to Note 18 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
(d)Refer to Note 15 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details about our non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock.
(e)Contains deferred tax assets required to be deducted from capital under U.S. Basel III.
(f)Comprises adjustments related to our accumulated other comprehensive income opt-out election, which allows us to exclude most elements of accumulated other comprehensive income from regulatory capital.
(g)Risk-weighted assets are defined by regulation and are generally determined by allocating assets and specified off-balance sheet exposures to various risk categories.
Credit Ratings
The cost and availability of unsecured financing are influenced by credit ratings, which are intended to be an indicator of the creditworthiness of a particular company, security, or obligation. Lower ratings result in higher borrowing costs and reduced access to capital markets. This is particularly true for certain institutional investors whose investment guidelines require investment-grade ratings on term debt and the two highest rating categories for short-term debt (particularly money-market investors).
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Nationally recognized statistical rating organizations rate substantially all our debt. The following table summarizes our current ratings and outlook by the respective nationally recognized rating agencies.

Rating agency |  | Short-term |  | Senior unsecured debt |  | Outlook |
Fitch (a) |  | F3 |  | BBB- |  | Stable |
Moody’s (b) |  | P-3 |  | Baa3 |  | Stable |
S&P (c) |  | A-3 |  | BBB- |  | Stable |
DBRS (d) |  | R-2 (high) |  | BBB |  | Stable |

(a)Fitch affirmed our senior unsecured debt rating of BBB-, short-term rating of F3, and affirmed our outlook of Stable on March 3, 2025.
(b)Moody’s affirmed our senior unsecured rating of Baa3, our short-term rating of P-3, and affirmed our outlook of Stable on August 20, 2025.
(c)S&P affirmed our senior unsecured debt rating of BBB-, short-term rating of A-3, and affirmed our outlook of Stable on October 7, 2024.
(d)DBRS affirmed our senior unsecured debt rating of BBB, affirmed our short-term rating of R-2 (high), and affirmed our outlook of Stable on February 11, 2025.
As illustrated by the issuer ratings above, as of September 30, 2025, Ally holds an investment-grade rating from all the respective nationally recognized rating agencies.
Rating agencies indicate that they base their ratings on many quantitative and qualitative factors, which may include capital adequacy, liquidity, asset quality, business mix, level and quality of earnings, and the current operating, legislative, and regulatory environment. Rating agencies themselves could make or be required to make substantial changes to their ratings policies and practices—particularly in response to legislative and regulatory changes. Potential changes in rating methodology, as well as in the legislative and regulatory environment, and the timing of those changes could impact our ratings, which as noted above could increase our borrowing costs and reduce our access to capital.
A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities, and the ratings are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.
Critical Accounting Estimates
We identified critical accounting estimates that, as a result of judgments, uncertainties, uniqueness, and complexities of the underlying accounting standards and operations involved could result in material changes to our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows under different conditions or using different assumptions.
Our most critical accounting estimates are as follows:
•Allowance for loan losses
•Valuation of automotive lease assets and residuals
•Fair value of financial instruments
•Determination of provision for income taxes
We did not substantively change any material aspect of our methodologies and processes used in developing any of the estimates described above from what was described in the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Refer to Note 1 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion regarding the methodology used in calculating the provision for income taxes for interim financial reporting.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Statistical Table
The accompanying supplemental information should be read in conjunction with the more detailed information, including our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto, which appears elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.
Net Interest Margin Table
The following tables present an analysis of net yield on interest-earning assets (or net interest margin) for the periods shown.

|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | Increase (decrease) due to
Three months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | Average balance (a) |  | Interest income/interest expense |  | Yield/rate |  | Average balance (a) |  | Interest income/interest expense |  | Yield/rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Yield/rate |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and cash equivalents (b) (c) |  | $ | 8,465 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | 4.28 | % |  | $ | 7,867 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | 5.14 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | (10) |
Investment securities (d) |  | 27,798 |  |  | 241 |  |  | 3.44 |  |  | 29,044 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 3.46 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (12) |
Loans held-for-sale, net |  | 141 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 17.37 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 8.27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
Finance receivables and loans, net (d) (e) |  | 133,419 |  |  | 2,674 |  |  | 7.95 |  |  | 137,625 |  |  | 2,889 |  |  | 8.35 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (88) |  |  | (127) |  |  | (215) |
Investment in operating leases, net (f) |  | 8,255 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 6.70 |  |  | 8,038 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 7.22 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | (11) |  |  | (7) |
Other earning assets |  | 652 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 5.56 |  |  | 651 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 5.77 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 178,730 |  |  | 3,162 |  |  | 7.02 |  |  | 183,492 |  |  | 3,405 |  |  | 7.38 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (243) |
Noninterest-bearing cash and cash equivalents |  | 251 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 266 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | 11,699 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,711 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (3,437) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,584) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 187,243 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 191,885 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposit liabilities (d) |  | $ | 147,491 |  |  | $ | 1,302 |  |  | 3.50 | % |  | $ | 152,075 |  |  | $ | 1,616 |  |  | 4.23 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (49) |  |  | $ | (265) |  |  | $ | (314) |
Short-term borrowings |  | 897 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 4.54 |  |  | 994 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5.22 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |
Long-term debt |  | 16,375 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 6.41 |  |  | 16,597 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 6.13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | 12 |  |  | 9 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 164,763 |  |  | 1,578 |  |  | 3.80 |  |  | 169,666 |  |  | 1,885 |  |  | 4.42 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (307) |
Noninterest-bearing deposit liabilities |  | 169 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total funding sources |  | 164,932 |  |  | 1,578 |  |  | 3.80 |  |  | 169,832 |  |  | 1,885 |  |  | 4.42 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities (g) |  | 7,362 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 7,619 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | 172,294 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 177,451 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total equity |  | 14,949 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,434 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 187,243 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 191,885 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  | $ | 1,584 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,520 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 64 |
Net interest spread (h) |  |  |  |  |  | 3.22 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.96 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net yield on interest-earning assets (i) |  |  |  |  |  | 3.51 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.29 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(a)Average balances are calculated using an average daily balance methodology. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding our basis of presentation and significant accounting policies, which are in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
(b)Includes restricted interest-bearing cash and cash equivalents recorded in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(c)Includes interest expense related to margin received on derivative contracts of $3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Excluding this expense, the annualized yield was 5.29% for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
(d)Includes the effects of derivative financial instruments designated as hedges. Refer to Note 19 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about the effects of our hedging activities.
(e)Nonperforming finance receivables and loans are included in the average balances. For information on our accounting policies regarding nonperforming status, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(f)Yield includes gains on the sale of off-lease vehicles of $1 million and $24 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively. Excluding gains on the sale of off-lease vehicles, the annualized yield was 6.64% and 6.03% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively.
(g)Represents interest expense on tax liabilities included in other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The interest expense on tax liabilities is included in the net yield on interest-earning assets and excluded from the interest spread. For more information on our accounting policies regarding income taxes, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(h)Net interest spread represents the difference between the rate on total interest-earning assets and the rate on total interest-bearing liabilities.
(i)Net yield on interest-earning assets represents annualized net financing revenue and other interest income as a percentage of total interest-earning assets.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q

|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | Increase (decrease) due to
Nine months ended September 30, ($ in millions) |  | Average balance (a) |  | Interest income/interest expense |  | Yield/rate |  | Average balance (a) |  | Interest income/interest expense |  | Yield/rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Volume |  | Yield/rate |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing cash and cash equivalents (b) (c) |  | $ | 8,896 |  |  | $ | 285 |  |  | 4.28 | % |  | $ | 7,618 |  |  | $ | 287 |  |  | 5.03 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | (50) |  |  | $ | (2) |
Investment securities (d) |  | 27,781 |  |  | 701 |  |  | 3.37 |  |  | 28,962 |  |  | 763 |  |  | 3.52 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (31) |  |  | (31) |  |  | (62) |
Loans held-for-sale, net |  | 147 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 15.16 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 9.06 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (3) |
Finance receivables and loans, net (d) (e) (f) |  | 133,772 |  |  | 8,007 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 138,204 |  |  | 8,561 |  |  | 8.27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (275) |  |  | (279) |  |  | (554) |
Investment in operating leases, net (g) |  | 8,044 |  |  | 387 |  |  | 6.43 |  |  | 8,433 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 7.72 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23) |  |  | (79) |  |  | (102) |
Other earning assets |  | 634 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 5.76 |  |  | 661 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 6.21 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |
Earning assets of operations held-for-sale (h) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 423 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 8.77 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (28) |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 179,274 |  |  | 9,424 |  |  | 7.03 |  |  | 184,590 |  |  | 10,178 |  |  | 7.36 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (754) |
Noninterest-bearing cash and cash equivalents |  | 320 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 312 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | 11,860 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,639 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  | (3,513) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,577) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 187,941 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 192,964 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposit liabilities (d) |  | $ | 148,750 |  |  | $ | 4,034 |  |  | 3.63 | % |  | $ | 153,177 |  |  | $ | 4,861 |  |  | 4.24 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (140) |  |  | $ | (687) |  |  | $ | (827) |
Short-term borrowings |  | 502 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 4.32 |  |  | 1,656 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 5.10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (44) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (46) |
Long-term debt |  | 16,580 |  |  | 794 |  |  | 6.41 |  |  | 16,757 |  |  | 748 |  |  | 5.96 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8) |  |  | 54 |  |  | 46 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 165,832 |  |  | 4,845 |  |  | 3.91 |  |  | 171,590 |  |  | 5,672 |  |  | 4.42 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (827) |
Noninterest-bearing deposit liabilities |  | 153 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total funding sources |  | 165,985 |  |  | 4,845 |  |  | 3.91 |  |  | 171,744 |  |  | 5,672 |  |  | 4.42 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities (i) |  | 7,441 |  |  | 1 |  |  | n/m |  | 7,291 |  |  | 1 |  |  | n/m |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/m |  | n/m |  | — |
Total liabilities |  | 173,426 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 179,035 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total equity |  | 14,515 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,929 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 187,941 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 192,964 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net financing revenue and other interest income |  |  |  | $ | 4,578 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,505 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 73 |
Net interest spread (j) |  |  |  |  |  | 3.12 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.94 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net yield on interest-earning assets (k) |  |  |  |  |  | 3.41 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.26 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

n/m = not meaningful
(a)Average balances are calculated using an average daily balance methodology. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information regarding our basis of presentation and significant accounting policies, which are in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
(b)Includes restricted interest-bearing cash and cash equivalents recorded in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(c)Includes interest expense related to margin received on derivative contracts of $4 million and $17 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively. Excluding this expense, the annualized yield was 4.33% and 5.33% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively.
(d)Includes the effects of derivative financial instruments designated as hedges. Refer to Note 19 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about the effects of our hedging activities.
(e)Nonperforming finance receivables and loans are included in the average balances. For information on our accounting policies regarding nonperforming status, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(f)Includes average balances of credit card finance receivables and loans, net, that were transferred to loans held-for-sale on March 31, 2025, prior to the completion of the sale of Ally Credit Card on April 1, 2025. Refer to Note 2 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
(g)Yield includes losses on the sale of off-lease vehicles of $18 million and gains on the sale of off-lease vehicles of $129 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively. Excluding the loss or gain on sale, the annualized yield was 6.72% and 5.68% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively.
(h)Includes average balances of Ally Lending earning assets prior to the completion of the sale on March 1, 2024, which were transferred to assets of operations held-for-sale at December 31, 2023.
(i)Represents interest expense on tax liabilities included in other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The interest expense on tax liabilities is included in the net yield on interest-earning assets and excluded from the interest spread. For more information on our accounting policies regarding income taxes, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(j)Net interest spread represents the difference between the rate on total interest-earning assets and the rate on total interest-bearing liabilities.
(k)Net yield on interest-earning assets represents annualized net financing revenue and other interest income as a percentage of total interest-earning assets.
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Management’s Discussion and Analysis
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Refer to Note 1 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Refer to the Market Risk section of Item 2, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
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Controls and Procedures
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the specified time periods. Our disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of internal control including the possibility of human error or the circumvention or overriding of controls through individual actions or collusion. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer evaluated, with the participation of our management, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) and concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
In the normal course of business, we review our controls and procedures and make enhancements or modifications intended to support the quality of our financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Refer to Note 24 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (incorporated herein by reference) for a discussion related to our legal proceedings, which supplements the discussion of legal proceedings set forth in Note 29 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors described in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Ally did not have any unregistered sales of equity securities during the three months ended September 30, 2025.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer
The following table presents repurchases of our common stock, by month, for the three months ended September 30, 2025.

Three months ended September 30, 2025 |  | Total number of shares repurchased (a) (in thousands) |  | Weighted-average price paid per share (a) (in dollars) |  |  |  |
July 2025 |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 39.15 |  |  |  |  |
August 2025 |  | 6 |  |  | 38.84 |  |  |  |  |
September 2025 |  | 3 |  |  | 43.07 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | 25 |  |  | 39.49 |  |  |  |  |

(a)Consists of common stock withheld to cover income taxes owed by participants in our share-based incentive plans.
Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
(a) Executive Severance Plan
On October 27, 2025, the Board’s Compensation, Nominating, and Governance Committee adopted and approved the Ally Financial, Inc. Executive Severance Plan (the Plan), and designated Ally’s NEOs and other senior executives as participants in the Plan (each, a Participant).
Pursuant to the terms of the Plan, upon a CIC Qualifying Termination (as defined in the Plan), Ally will pay or provide the Participants the following benefits: (1) a lump sum amount equal to (i) the applicable CIC Severance Multiple (as defined in the Plan and which is 2.5 for our CEO and 2 for our NEOs and other Participants) times the sum of the Participant’s base salary plus the cash portion of the Participant’s Annual Target Incentive (as defined in the Plan) and (ii) the prorated cash portion of the Participant’s Annual Target Incentive for the year during which the termination occurs and (2) a lump sum amount equal to 12 months of the Participant’s medical plan COBRA premium times the Participant’s CIC Severance Multiple.
Pursuant to the terms of the Plan, upon an Involuntary Termination (as defined in the Plan), Ally will pay or provide the Participant the following severance benefits: (1) a lump sum amount equal to the applicable Involuntary Termination Severance Multiple (as defined in the Plan and which is 2 for our CEO and 1 for our NEOs and other Participants) times the Participant’s base salary and (2) a lump sum amount equal to 12 months of the Participant’s medical plan COBRA premium. In addition, the Participant will be eligible for discretionary annual incentive awards determined by Ally in accordance with the terms and conditions of Ally’s Annual Incentive Plan and Incentive Compensation Plan.
For both a CIC Qualifying Termination and an Involuntary Termination, the Plan also provides that a Participant will receive outplacement assistance through an approved vendor and that receipt of severance benefits is conditioned on the Participant’s execution and non-revocation of a release of claims (as described in the Plan).
The foregoing summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Executive Severance Plan, which is attached hereto as Exhibit 10.1 and incorporated herein by reference.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Appointment of Directors
On October 29, 2025, the Board appointed Allan P. Merrill and Gunther T. Bright to serve as members of the Board, effective November 3, 2025, until the next annual meeting of stockholders. Mr. Merrill and Mr. Bright will each participate in the standard non-management director compensation arrangements described in the “Director Compensation” section of the Ally’s ’s most recent proxy statement.
Neither Mr. Merrill nor Mr. Bright has family relationships with any director or executive officer of Ally. There are no arrangements or understandings between them and any other person pursuant to which they were selected as a director of Ally, and there are no transactions involving either Mr. Merrill or Mr. Bright that would be required to be reported under Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K.
(b) None.
(c) Director or Executive Officer Rule 10b5-1 and Non-Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, none of our directors or executive officers, as defined in Rule 16a-1 under the Exchange Act, adopted, terminated, or modified a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as such terms are defined under Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
Certain of our executive officers have made elections to participate in, and are participating in, our Employee Stock Purchase Program. By participating in this program, executive officers have made, and may from time to time make, contributory elections or other elections to have shares withheld to cover withholding taxes or pay the exercise price of stock awards, which may be designed to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act or may constitute non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements as such terms are defined under Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
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Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Item 6. Exhibits
The exhibits listed on the following index of exhibits are filed as a part of this report.

Exhibit | Description | Method of Filing
10.1 | Ally Financial Inc. Executive Severance Plan | Filed herewith.
22.1 | Subsidiary Guarantors | Filed as Exhibit 22 to the Company’s Quarterly Report for the period ended March 31, 2020, on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-3754), incorporated herein by reference.
31.1 | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) | Filed herewith.
31.2 | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) | Filed herewith.
32 | Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 | Filed herewith.
101 | The following information from our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (unaudited), (ii) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet (unaudited), (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (unaudited), (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (unaudited), and (v) the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | Filed herewith.
104 | The cover page of our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | Filed herewith.

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Signatures
Ally Financial Inc. • Form 10-Q
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, this 30 th day of October, 2025.

| Ally Financial Inc. (Registrant)
| /S/ R USSELL E. H UTCHINSON
| Russell E. Hutchinson Chief Financial Officer

| /S/ A USTIN T. M C G RATH
| Austin T. McGrath Vice President, Controller, and Chief Accounting Officer

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