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INCOME TAXES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

INCOME TAXES

Summary of income (loss) before income taxes

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Years Ended December 31,
​		2020		2021		2022
PRC including Hong Kong and Taiwan	​	(392)	​	617	​	(483)
Germany		(1,606)		(632)		(410)
Other		(281)		(393)		(713)
Total		(2,279)		(408)		(1,606)

​

Schedule of tax expense (benefit)

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Years Ended December 31,
​		2020		2021		2022
Current Tax		338		555		475
Deferred Tax		(553)		(543)		(268)
Total		(215)		12		207

​

Schedule of a reconciliation between the effective income tax rate and PRC statutory income tax rate

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Years Ended December 31,					​
​		2020		2021		2022	​
PRC statutory tax rate		25	%	25	%	25	%
Tax effect of non-deductible expenses and non-taxable income in determining taxable profit		(6)	%	(6)	%	(6)	%
Effect of different tax rate of group entities operating in other jurisdictions		(2)	%	(6)	%	(10)	%
Effect of change in valuation allowance		(10)	%	(24)	%	(15)	%
Effect of tax holiday		1	%	9	%	1	%
Effect of cash dividends		0	%	(8)	%	(6)	%
Effect of excess tax benefit of share-based rewards		1	%	7	%	(2)	%
Effective tax rate		9	%	(3)	%	(13)	%

​

Schedule of the aggregate amount and per share effect of the tax holidays

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Years Ended December 31,
​		2020		2021		2022
Aggregate amount		31		37		22
Per share effect—basic		0.01		0.01		0.01
Per share effect—diluted		0.01		0.01		0.01

​

Schedule of the principal components of the Group's deferred income tax assets and liabilities

​

​	​	​	​	​
​	​	As of December 31,
​		2021		2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net loss carryforward		1,271		1,678
Deferred revenue		326		349
Long-term assets		238		303
Bad debt provision		40		59
Accrued payroll		45		41
Other accrued expenses		3		(9)
Share-based compensation		29		31
Others		150		150
Valuation allowance		(466)		(731)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance		1,636		1,871
Deferred tax liabilities:		​		​
Fair value adjustment for Building, land use rights and identified intangible assets due to acquisition		1,596		1,596
Others		31		40
Total deferred tax liabilities	​	1,627		1,636
Net deferred tax assets	​	9	​	235
Analysis as:	​	​	​	​
Deferred tax assets	​	862	​	1,093
Deferred tax liabilities	​	853	​	858
Net deferred tax assets		9	​	235

​

Summary of movement of the valuation allowance

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Years Ended December 31,
​		2020		2021		2022
Balance at the beginning of the year	​	(152)	​	(369)	​	(466)
Provided		(249)		(151)		(338)
Reversed		32		37		41
Written off		—		17		32
Balance at the end of the year		(369)		(466)		(731)

​

Schedule of unrecognized tax benefits

​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Years Ended December 31,
​		2020		2021		2022
Balance at January 1		18		50		60
Addition for tax positions		32		10		5
Balance at December 31		50		60		65

​

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure of income before income tax between domestic and foreign jurisdictions.

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Tabular disclosure of the change in unrecognized tax benefits.

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Tabular disclosure of the income tax exemptions and reductions which have been granted by taxing authorities for a specified period, applicable term of the exemptions and reductions, estimated dollar value of tax benefits, and per share benefits.

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Tabular disclosure of valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to net realizable value, including identification of the deferred tax asset more likely than not will not be fully realized and the corresponding amount of the valuation allowance.

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