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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The components of income tax expense were as follows: 
 Fiscal Year Ended March 31,
 202320222021
Current
U.S. Federal$354,569 $232,844 $(227,309)
State and local86,947 26,333 39,542 
Foreign9,120 8,486 9,250 
Total current450,636 267,663 (178,517)
Deferred
U.S. Federal(300,494)(146,581)245,624 
State and local(50,318)11,781 (13,626)
Foreign(3,090)4,603 — 
Total deferred(353,902)(130,197)231,998 
Total$96,734 $137,466 $53,481 
A reconciliation of the provision for income tax to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income from continuing operations before income taxes for each of the three years ended March 31 is as follows: 
 Fiscal Year Ended March 31,
 202320222021
Income tax expense computed at U.S. federal statutory rate$77,269 $126,981 $139,112 
Increases (reductions) resulting from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax32,599 28,762 17,586 
Foreign income taxes, net of federal tax4,765 9,243 6,679 
Non-deductible expenses, including non-deductible penalties34,825 859 918 
Re-measurement of current year losses under CARES Act
— — (76,767)
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation(5,247)(4,227)(8,556)
Research and development and other federal credits(33,159)(34,080)(30,313)
Executive compensation -162(m)4,295 3,614 3,813 
Foreign-Derived Intangible Income (FDII)(15,869)(9,115)(4,536)
Changes in uncertain tax positions (including indirect effects)(6,498)16,938 6,793 
Other3,754 (1,509)(1,248)
Income tax expense from operations$96,734 $137,466 $53,481 
For the fiscal 2021 tax year, the Company generated a tax loss for U.S. Federal and state tax purposes resulting from the treatment of costs associated with property, plant, and equipment. As a result of a provision in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), the Company was allowed to carry this loss back to the five prior tax years (fiscal years 2016 to 2020). Accordingly, the Company recorded a long-term income tax receivable in fiscal 2021 (due to the uncertainty around expectations for the timing of refund receipt) which was largely offset by a corresponding deferred tax liability reflected within the property and equipment deferred tax liability in the Company's significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities. In October 2022, the Company received a partial federal tax refund of approximately $174.0 million plus interest for its carryback claim related to the above, which reduced the long-term income tax receivable on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2023.
Tax Receivables and Payables
The Company has both income tax receivables and income tax payable on its consolidated balance sheet as follows:
 March 31,
 20232022
Current income tax receivable
$23,633 $47,142 
Long term income tax receivable
$167,821 $341,738 
Current income tax payable
$14,523 $34,324 
Current income tax receivable represents previously made estimated payments that will be applied to the Company’s future U.S. federal and state tax returns. This amount is classified as prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Current income tax payable represents current liabilities associated with the Company’s current tax returns that the Company intends to file in fiscal 2024. This amount is classified as other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.
The long-term income tax receivable primarily represents the amended U.S. federal return refund claims for research and development tax credits and the carryback claim for the fiscal 2021 net operating loss which is classified as other long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company is currently under federal audit by the IRS for fiscal years 2016, 2017 and 2019-2021 and the receipt of our U.S federal return refund claims is contingent upon the completion of the ongoing IRS audits.
Deferred Taxes
The significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
 March 31,
 20232022
Deferred income tax assets:
Accrued expenses$146,945 $80,344 
Deferred compensation47,931 56,361 
Stock-based compensation11,628 9,783 
Pension and postretirement benefits28,585 30,797 
Net operating loss and other carryforwards16,984 44,118 
Research and development expenditures and indirect effects599,381 — 
State tax credits11,516 24,268 
Operating lease liabilities69,604 82,799 
Other9,100 2,501 
Total gross deferred income tax assets941,674 330,971 
Less: Valuation allowance(11,788)(8,715)
Total net deferred income tax assets929,886 322,256 
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Unbilled receivables(177,321)(209,753)
Intangible assets(88,858)(56,657)
Property and equipment(34,905)(198,940)
Operating lease right-of-use assets(48,939)(59,401)
Other(6,083)(4,780)
Total deferred income tax liabilities(356,106)(529,531)
Net deferred income tax asset (liability)$573,780 $(207,275)
Deferred tax balances arise from temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their tax basis and are stated at the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. In determining if the Company's deferred tax assets are realizable, management considers all positive and negative evidence, including the history of generating financial reporting earnings, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, as well as any tax planning strategies.
As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had available federal, state, and foreign net operating loss (“NOL carryforwards”) of $13.7 million and $44.1 million, respectively, that may be applied against future taxable income. The federal net operating loss of $1.3 million is primarily attributable to an acquisition and will begin to expire in fiscal 2037. The state net operating loss of $6.3 million is primarily attributable to losses in jurisdictions in which the Company does not file a consolidated return. The foreign net operating loss of $6.1 million is primarily attributable to operations in jurisdictions where the Company has not historically been profitable. The Company recorded a partial valuation allowance against those federal, state and foreign net operating losses it believes will expire prior to utilization.
Uncertain Tax Positions
The Company maintains reserves for uncertain tax positions related to unrecognized income tax benefits. These reserves involve considerable judgment and estimation and are evaluated by management based on the best information available including changes in tax laws and other information. As of March 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company has recorded $552.3 million, $79.9 million, and $62.9 million, respectively, of reserves for uncertain tax positions which includes potential tax benefits of $91.1 million, $78.5 million, and $62.7 million, respectively, that, when recognized, impact the effective tax rate. As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, $3.0 million and $3.1 million, respectively, of the reserve is reflected as a reduction to deferred taxes and the remaining balance is recorded as a component of other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of potential tax benefits for the periods presented is as follows: 
 March 31,
 202320222021
Beginning of year$78,519 $62,742 $55,221 
Increases in prior year position— 2,620 5,018 
Increases in current year position470,881 13,530 12,753 
Decreases in prior year position(1,328)(373)— 
Settlements with taxing authorities— — — 
Lapse of statute of limitations(187)— (10,250)
End of year$547,885 $78,519 $62,742 
During fiscal 2023, the Company recognized an increase in reserves for uncertain tax positions related to an increase in research and development tax credits available, as in prior years, and the required capitalization of research and development expenditures, which became effective in fiscal 2023. The unrecognized tax benefits related to the capitalization of research and development expenditures is offset by a deferred tax asset. The Company recognized accrued interest and penalties of $2.9 million, $1.7 million and $0.3 million for fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, related to the reserves for uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision. Included in the total reserve for uncertain tax positions are accrued penalties and interest of approximately $5.8 million, $2.9 million and $1.2 million at March 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various state and foreign jurisdictions. As of March 31, 2023, the Company's tax years ended March 31, 2016 and forward are open and subject to examination by the federal tax authorities. The other jurisdictions' currently open or under examination are not considered to be material.
The Company is currently contesting tax assessments from the District of Columbia Office of Tax and Revenue (“DC OTR”) for fiscal years 2013 through 2015. The assessment relates to $11.7 million of taxes, net of federal tax benefits, as of March 31, 2023.
During fiscal 2022, the Company received notification that the District of Columbia Office of Administrative Hearings ruled in favor of the DC OTR. The Company is currently appealing the decision with the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. The Company intends to continue to vigorously defend this matter. Oral arguments are expected to occur later in calendar year 2023.
The Company has taken similar tax positions with respect to subsequent fiscal years. As of March 31, 2023, the Company does not maintain reserves for any uncertain tax positions related to the contested tax benefits related to 2013 through 2015, nor does it maintain reserves for the similar tax positions taken in the subsequent fiscal years. Management continues to evaluate this position quarterly to determine if a change in estimate is needed. If an adverse final resolution were to occur with respect to uncertain tax positions related to the contested tax benefits or the similar tax positions taken for fiscal years 2013 through 2020, the total potential future tax expense that would arise would be approximately $40.2 million to $59.3 million, net of federal benefit.
Beginning in fiscal 2023, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminates the option to deduct research and development expenditures immediately in the year incurred and requires taxpayers to amortize such expenditures over five years. This provision negatively impacted our fiscal 2023 cash from operations, but had an offsetting impact on the deferred tax asset. This change in deduction methodology is the primary driver of the increase in net cash taxes paid. Prospectively, the future impact of this provision will depend on if and when this provision is deferred, modified, or repealed by Congress, including if retroactively, any guidance issued by the Treasury Department regarding the identification of appropriate costs for capitalization, and the amount of future research and development expenses paid or incurred (among other factors). While the largest impact will be to fiscal 2023 cash from operations, the impact would continue over the five year amortization period, but would decrease over the period and be immaterial in year six.