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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Components of income tax expense
Components of income tax expense are as follows (in millions):

 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Current income tax expense:
 
 
 
 
 
State income tax
$
1

 
$
2

 
$
1

Canadian federal and provincial income tax
27

 
83

 
83

Total current income tax expense
$
28

 
$
85

 
$
84

 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred income tax expense/(benefit):
 
 
 
 
 
Canadian federal and provincial income tax
$
16

 
$
(60
)
 
$
16

Total deferred income tax expense/(benefit)
$
16

 
$
(60
)
 
$
16

Total income tax expense
$
44

 
$
25

 
$
100

Summary of differences between tax expense based on the statutory federal income tax rate and the effective income tax expense
The difference between income tax expense based on the statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax expense is summarized as follows (in millions):

 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Income before tax
$
902

 
$
755

 
$
1,006

Partnership earnings not subject to current Canadian tax
(756
)
 
(723
)
 
(773
)
 
$
146

 
$
32

 
$
233

Canadian federal and provincial corporate tax rate
27
%
 
27
%
 
26
%
Income tax at statutory rate
$
39

 
$
8

 
$
61

 
 
 
 
 
 
Canadian withholding tax
$
2

 
$
13

 
$
14

Canadian permanent differences and rate changes
2

 
2

 
24

State income tax
1

 
2

 
1

Total income tax expense
$
44

 
$
25

 
$
100

Deferred tax assets and liabilities
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are aggregated by the applicable tax paying entity and jurisdiction and result from the following (in millions):

 
December 31,
 
2017
 
2016
Deferred tax assets:
 
 
 
Derivative instruments
$
74

 
$
49

Book accruals in excess of current tax deductions
22

 
24

Net operating losses
3

 
4

Total deferred tax assets
99

 
77

 
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
 
 
 
Property and equipment in excess of tax values
(455
)
 
(394
)
Other
(50
)
 
(41
)
Total deferred tax liabilities
(505
)
 
(435
)
Net deferred tax liabilities
$
(406
)
 
$
(358
)
 
 
 
 
Balance sheet classification of deferred tax assets/(liabilities):
 
 
 
Other long-term assets, net
$
3

 
$
4

Other long-term liabilities and deferred credits
(409
)
 
(362
)
 
$
(406
)
 
$
(358
)