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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Abstract]  
Accounting Standards Updates Adopted During the Period
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 
Except as discussed below and in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, there have been no new accounting pronouncements that have become effective or have been issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 that are of significance or potential significance to us.
 
Accounting Standards Updates Adopted During the Period

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income—Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. The ASU clarifies what type of transactions involving nonfinancial assets are covered by the scope of the standard and provides guidance on how to account for those transactions, including partial sales of real estate. Within this guidance, all sales and partial sales of businesses, which may have previously been accounted for using the in-substance real estate guidance, should follow the consolidation guidance. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and must be adopted at the same time as Topic 606 (defined below). We adopted this ASU on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach. The cumulative effect of our adoption resulted in increases in both the carrying value of investments in unconsolidated entities and retained earnings of $113 million related to the retained noncontrolling interest in those entities from partial sales of businesses accounted for under in-substance real estate guidance during 2016 and 2017.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force), requiring that a statement of cash flows explain the change in total cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents during the period. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted this ASU on January 1, 2018. Our adoption did not have an impact on our statement of cash flows.
    
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, followed by a series of related accounting standard updates (collectively referred to as “Topic 606”) with the underlying principle that an entity will recognize revenue to reflect amounts expected to be received in exchange for the provision of goods and services to customers upon the transfer of control of those goods or services. We adopted Topic 606 on January 1, 2018, and applied the modified retrospective approach. See Note 3 for additional information.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Standards Updates Issued During the Period

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force), to address the accounting for implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract and to align the accounting for implementation costs for hosting arrangements, regardless of whether they convey a license to the hosted software. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2020, and we are currently evaluating the effect that our adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, modifying the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2020, and we are currently evaluating the effect that our adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-09, Codification Improvements, which makes updates for clarifications, technical corrections and other minor improvements to a wide variety of Topics to make the ASC easier to understand and to apply. The transition and effective date is based on the facts and circumstances of each amendment with some amendments effective upon issuance. The remaining amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We expect to adopt the remaining applicable amendments within this guidance on January 1, 2019, and we are currently evaluating the effect that our adoption of this guidance will have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment awards to nonemployees and eliminates the classification differences for employee and nonemployee share-based payment awards. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2019, and we do not currently anticipate that our adoption will have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Other Accounting Standards Updates

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), that revises the current accounting model for leases. The most significant changes are the clarification of the definition of a lease and required lessee recognition on the balance sheet of lease assets and liabilities with lease terms of more than 12 months (with the election of the practical expedient to exclude short-term leases on the balance sheet), including extensive quantitative and qualitative disclosures. This guidance will become effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with a modified retrospective application required. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. We expect to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2019. We have implemented a process to evaluate the impact of adopting this guidance on each type of lease contract we have entered into with counterparties. Our implementation team is in the process of determining appropriate changes to our business processes, systems and controls to support recognition and disclosure under the new standard. Although our evaluation and implementation procedures are ongoing, we currently estimate that there will be a material impact on our financial position (both lease assets and lease liabilities), as well as an increase in disclosures related to leases. However, the determination of the ultimate impact of adopting this guidance will not be known until our implementation procedures are complete and will depend on our lease portfolio as of the adoption date.