Property and Equipment

In accordance with our capitalization policy, expenditures made to expand the existing operating and/or earnings capacity of our assets are capitalized. We also capitalize certain costs directly related to the construction of such assets, including related internal labor costs, engineering costs and interest costs. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, capitalized interest recorded to property and equipment was $21 million, $17 million and $34 million, respectively. In addition, we capitalize interest related to investments in certain unconsolidated entities. See Note 9 for additional information. We also capitalize expenditures for the replacement and/or refurbishment of partially or fully depreciated assets in order to maintain the operating and/or earnings capacity of our existing assets. Repair and maintenance expenditures incurred in order to maintain the day to day operation of our existing assets are expensed as incurred.

Property and equipment, net is stated at cost and consisted of the following (in millions):



	Estimated Useful Lives (Years)	December 31,
	Estimated Useful Lives (Years)	2018			2017
Pipelines and related facilities ⁽¹⁾	10 - 70	$	10,137		$	9,585
Storage, terminal and rail facilities	30 - 70	5,854			5,558
Trucking equipment and other	2 - 15	410			414
Construction in progress	—	795			610
Office property and equipment	2 - 50	248			255
Land and other	N/A	422			440
Property and equipment, gross		17,866			16,862
Accumulated depreciation		(3,079		)	(2,773		)
Property and equipment, net		$	14,787		$	14,089


⁽¹⁾	We include rights-of-way, which are intangible assets, in our Pipelines and related facilities amounts within property and equipment.

We calculate our depreciation using the straight-line method, based on estimated useful lives and salvage values of our assets. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $454 million, $463 million and $470 million, respectively (including amounts related to the discontinuation of certain capital projects). See “Impairment of Long-Lived Assets” below for a discussion of our policy for the recognition of asset impairments.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets with recorded values that are not expected to be recovered through future cash flows are written down to estimated fair value in accordance with FASB guidance with respect to the accounting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. Under this guidance, a long-lived asset is tested for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that its carrying value may not be recoverable. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the carrying value exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset is recognized.

We periodically evaluate property and equipment and other long-lived assets for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. The evaluation is highly dependent on the underlying assumptions of related cash flows. The subjective assumptions used to determine the existence of an impairment in carrying value include:


•	whether there is an indication of impairment;


•	the grouping of assets;


•	the intention of “holding,” “abandoning” or “selling” an asset;


•	the forecast of undiscounted expected future cash flow over the asset’s estimated useful life; and


•	if an impairment exists, the fair value of the asset or asset group.

In addition, when we evaluate property and equipment and other long-lived assets for recoverability, it may also be necessary to review related depreciation estimates and methods.

We recognized impairments of $6 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 related to assets included in our Facilities segment. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recognized $152 million and $80 million, respectively, of non-cash charges related to the write-down of certain of our long-lived rail and other terminal assets included in our Facilities segment due to asset impairments and accelerated depreciation. Such charges are reflected in “(Gains)/losses on asset sales and asset impairments, net” on our Consolidated Financial Statements. The decline in demand for movements of crude oil by rail in the United States due to sustained unfavorable market conditions resulted in expected decreases in future cash flows for certain of our rail terminal assets, which was a triggering event that required us to assess the recoverability of our carrying value of such long-lived assets. As a result of our impairment review, we wrote off the portion of the carrying amount of these long-lived assets that exceeded their fair value. Our estimated fair values were based upon recent sales prices of comparable facilities, as well as management’s expectation of the market values for such assets based on their industry experience. We consider such inputs to be a Level 3 input in the fair value hierarchy.