Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of future non-cancelable commitments

Future noncancelable commitments related to these items at December 31, 2018 are summarized below (in millions):



	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Thereafter		Total
Leases, rights-of-way easements and other ⁽¹⁾	$	167	$	133	$	109	$	93	$	68	$	341	$	911
Other commitments ⁽²⁾	220		174		147		122		107		181		951
Total	$	387	$	307	$	256	$	215	$	175	$	522	$	1,862

⁽¹⁾

Includes operating and capital leases as defined by FASB guidance, as well as obligations for rights-of-way easements. Leases are primarily for (i) railcars, (ii) land and surface rentals, (iii) office buildings, (iv) pipeline assets and (v) vehicles and trailers. We recognize expense on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement, as applicable. Lease expense for 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $199 million, $207 million and $198 million, respectively.

⁽²⁾

Primarily includes third-party storage and transportation agreements and pipeline throughput agreements, as well as approximately $750 million associated with an agreement to transport crude oil at posted tariff rates on a pipeline that is owned by an equity method investee, in which we own a 50% interest. Our commitment to transport is supported by crude oil buy/sell agreements with third parties (including Oxy) with commensurate quantities. Expense associated with these storage, transportation and throughput agreements was approximately $228 million, $197 million and $157 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.