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Income tax and deferred taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Major components of tax expense (income) [abstract] |
Income tax and deferred taxes | Income tax and deferred taxes Tax receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows: 25.1 Current and non-current tax assets (a)Current
Current tax assets |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Monthly provisional income tax payments, Chilean companies |  | 584,382 |  | 894
Monthly provisional income tax payments, foreign companies |  | 26,741 |  | 96,906
Corporate tax credits (1) |  | 1,918 |  | 653
1st category tax absorbed by tax losses (2) |  | 1,872 |  | 169
Taxes in recovery process |  | 22,120 |  | 126,292
Total |  | 637,033 |  | 224,914
(b)Non-current
Non-current tax assets |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Non current tax receivable (see note 20.3) |  | 59,541 |  | 127,114
Total |  | 59,541 |  | 127,114
(1)These credits are available for companies and are related to corporate tax payments in April of the following year. These credits include, among others, credits for training expenses (SENCE), credits for acquisition of fixed assets, donations and credits in Chile for taxes paid abroad. (2)This concept corresponds to the tax loss absorptions determined by the company at the end of the year, which must be attributed to the dividends received during the year. 25.2 Current tax liabilities
Current tax liabilities |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Chilean income tax |  | 636 |  | 337,245
Specific mining tax to lithium mining (see note 20.3) |  | 162,743 |  | —
Foreign company income tax |  | 20,254 |  | 19,366
Total |  | 183,633 |  | 356,611
Income tax is calculated based on the income statements or loss for tax purposes that is applied to the effective tax rate applicable in Chile. As established by Law No. 20,780 is 27%. The royalty is determined by applying the taxable rate to the net operating income obtained, according to the chart in force. The Company currently provisioned 5.49% for mining royalties that involve operations in the Salar de Atacama and 5.00% for caliche extraction operations. The income tax rate for the main countries where the Company operates is presented below:
Country |  | Income tax 2023 |  | Income tax 2022
Spain |  | 25 % |  | 25 %
Belgium |  | 25 % |  | 25 %
Mexico |  | 30 % |  | 30 %
United States |  | 21% +3% |  | 21% + 3.51%
South Africa |  | 27 % |  | 28 %
South Korea |  | 24 % (2) |  | 25 %
China |  | 25%+12% (1) |  | 25%+12% (1)
(1)Additional tax of 12% on VAT payable. (2)Sliding scale from 9% to 24% of taxable income. 25.3 Income tax and deferred taxes (a)Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023
|  | Net liability position
Description of deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 |  | Assets |  | Liabilities
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Unrealized loss |  | 321,340 |  | —
Property, plant and equipment and capitalized interest (1) |  | — |  | (240,056) |
Restoration and rehabilitation provision |  | 6,336 |  | —
Manufacturing expenses |  | — |  | (159,879) |
Employee benefits and unemployment insurance |  | — |  | (9,438) |
Vacation accrual |  | 9,373 |  | —
Inventory provision |  | 34,718 |  | —
Materials provision |  | 14,405 |  | —
Others employee benefits |  | 6,561 |  | —
Research and development expenses |  | — |  | (16,046) |
Bad debt provision |  | 3,060 |  | —
Provision for legal complaints and expenses |  | 2,932 |  | —
Loan acquisition expenses |  | — |  | (12,735) |
Financial instruments recorded at market value |  | — |  | (52,016)
Specific tax on mining activity |  | — |  | (3,303) |
Tax loss benefit |  | 23,340 |  | —
Other |  | — |  | (21,119)
Foreign items (other) |  | 75 |  | —
Balances to date |  | 422,140 |  | (514,592) |
Net balance |  |  |  | (92,452)
(1)This includes right-of-use assets. (b)Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022
|  | Net liability position
Description of deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 |  | Assets |  | Liabilities
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Unrealized loss |  | 655,695 |  |  | — |
Property, plant and equipment and capitalized interest (1) |  | — |  |  | (244,560) |
Restoration and rehabilitation provision |  | 4,685 |  |  | — |
Manufacturing expenses |  | — |  |  | (139,383) |
Employee benefits and unemployment insurance |  | — |  |  | (8,995) |
Vacation accrual |  | 7,650 |  |  | — |
Inventory provision |  | 27,512 |  |  | — |
Materials provision |  | 11,915 |  |  | — |
Others employee benefits |  | 1,177 |  |  | — |
Research and development expenses |  | — |  |  | (12,294) |
Bad debt provision |  | 715 |  |  | — |
Provision for legal complaints and expenses |  | 6,827 |  |  | — |
Loan acquisition expenses |  | — |  |  | (8,793) |
Financial instruments recorded at market value |  | 5,226 |  |  | — |
Specific tax on mining activity |  | — |  |  | (5,799) |
Tax loss benefit |  | 10,059 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 2,913 |  |  | — |
Foreign items (other) |  | 96 |  |  | — |
Balances to date |  | 734,470 |  |  | (419,824) |
Net balance |  |  |  | 314,646 |
(1)This item includes right-of-use assets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, are as follows:
Movements of deferred tax assets and liabilities |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Deferred tax assets |  | 302,236 |  | 604,471
Deferred tax liabilities |  | (394,688) |  |  | (289,825) |
Total |  | (92,452) |  | 314,646 |
(c)Reconciliation of changes in deferred tax (liabilities) assets as of December 31, 2023
Reconciliation of changes in deferred tax assets (liabilities) in deferred tax as of December 31, 2023 |  | Deferred tax (liability) asset at beginning of period |  | Deferred tax (expense) benefit recognized in income for the year |  | Deferred taxes related to items (credited) charged directly to equity |  | Total change in deferred taxes |  | Deferred tax (liability) asset at end of period
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Unrealized loss |  | 655,695 |  |  | (334,355) |  |  | — |  |  | (334,355) |  |  | 321,340 |
Property, plant and equipment and capitalized interest |  | (244,560) |  |  | 4,504 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,504 |  |  | (240,056) |
Restoration and rehabilitation provision |  | 4,685 |  |  | 1,651 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,651 |  |  | 6,336 |
Manufacturing expenses |  | (139,383) |  |  | (20,496) |  |  | — |  |  | (20,496) |  |  | (159,879) |
Employee benefits and unemployment insurance |  | (8,995) |  |  | (2,020) |  |  | 1,577 |  |  | (443) |  |  | (9,438) |
Vacation accrual |  | 7,650 |  |  | 1,723 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,723 |  |  | 9,373 |
Inventory provision |  | 27,512 |  |  | 7,206 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,206 |  |  | 34,718 |
Materials provision |  | 11,915 |  |  | 2,490 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,490 |  |  | 14,405 |
Derivative financial instruments |  | — |  |  | 5,047 |  |  | (5,047) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Others employee benefits |  | 1,177 |  |  | 5,384 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,384 |  |  | 6,561 |
Research and development expenses |  | (12,294) |  |  | (3,752) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,752) |  |  | (16,046) |
Bad debt provision |  | 715 |  |  | 2,345 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,345 |  |  | 3,060 |
Provision for legal complaints and expenses |  | 6,827 |  |  | (3,895) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,895) |  |  | 2,932 |
Loan approval expenses |  | (8,793) |  |  | (3,942) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,942) |  |  | (12,735) |
Financial instruments recorded at market value |  | 5,226 |  |  | — |  |  | (57,242) |  |  | (57,242) |  |  | (52,016) |
Specific tax on mining activity |  | (5,799) |  |  | 2,491 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,496 |  |  | (3,303) |
Tax loss benefit |  | 10,059 |  |  | 13,281 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,281 |  |  | 23,340 |
Others |  | 2,913 |  |  | (24,032) |  |  | — |  |  | (24,032) |  |  | (21,119) |
Foreign items (other) |  | 96 |  |  | (21) |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  | 75 |
Total temporary differences, unused losses and unused tax credits |  | 314,646 |  |  | (346,391) |  |  | (60,707) |  |  | (407,098) |  |  | (92,452) |
(d)Reconciliation of changes in deferred tax (liabilities) assets as of December 31, 2022
Reconciliation of changes in deferred tax assets (liabilities) in deferred tax as of December 31, 2022 |  | Deferred tax (liability) asset at beginning of period |  | Deferred tax (expense) benefit recognized in income for the year |  | Deferred taxes related to items (credited) charged directly to equity |  | Total change in deferred taxes |  | Deferred tax (liability) asset at end of period
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Unrealized loss |  | 144,181 |  |  | 511,514 |  |  | — |  |  | 511,514 |  |  | 655,695 |
Property, plant and equipment and capitalized interest |  | (189,073) |  |  | (55,487) |  |  | — |  |  | (55,487) |  |  | (244,560) |
Restoration and rehabilitation provision |  | 6,567 |  |  | (1,882) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,882) |  |  | 4,685 |
Manufacturing expenses |  | (108,181) |  |  | (31,202) |  |  | — |  |  | (31,202) |  |  | (139,383) |
Employee benefits and unemployment insurance |  | (7,486) |  |  | (2,779) |  |  | 1,270 |  |  | (1,509) |  |  | (8,995) |
Vacation accrual |  | 6,039 |  |  | 1,611 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,611 |  |  | 7,650 |
Inventory provision |  | 20,557 |  |  | 6,955 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,955 |  |  | 27,512 |
Materials provision |  | 10,554 |  |  | 1,361 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,361 |  |  | 11,915 |
Derivative financial instruments |  | — |  |  | 7,172 |  |  | (7,172) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Others employee benefits |  | 929 |  |  | 248 |  |  | — |  |  | 248 |  |  | 1,177 |
Research and development expenses |  | (5,387) |  |  | (6,907) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,907) |  |  | (12,294) |
Bad debt provision |  | 2,708 |  |  | (1,993) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,993) |  |  | 715 |
Provision for legal complaints and expenses |  | 334 |  |  | 6,493 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,493 |  |  | 6,827 |
Loan approval expenses |  | (8,967) |  |  | 174 |  |  | — |  |  | 174 |  |  | (8,793) |
Financial instruments recorded at market value |  | 5,243 |  |  | — |  |  | (17) |  |  | (17) |  |  | 5,226 |
Specific tax on mining activity |  | (4,545) |  |  | (1,257) |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1,254) |  |  | (5,799) |
Tax loss benefit |  | 8,557 |  |  | 1,502 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,502 |  |  | 10,059 |
Others |  | (4,274) |  |  | 7,187 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,187 |  |  | 2,913 |
Foreign items (other) |  | 11,828 |  |  | (11,732) |  |  | — |  |  | (11,732) |  |  | 96 |
Total temporary differences, unused losses and unused tax credits |  | (110,416) |  |  | 430,978 |  |  | (5,916) |  |  | 425,062 |  |  | 314,646 |
(e)Deferred taxes related to benefits for tax losses The Company’s tax loss carryforwards were mainly generated by losses in Chile, which in accordance with current Chilean tax regulations have no expiration date. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, tax loss carryforwards are detailed as follows:
Deferred taxes related to benefits for tax losses |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Chile |  | 16,087 |  | 10,059
Foreign |  | 7,253 |  | —
Total |  | 23,340 |  | 10,059
The tax losses as of December 31, 2023, which are the basis for these deferred taxes correspond mainly to Servicios Integrales de Tránsitos y Transferencias S.A., SQM Potasio S.A., Comercial Hydro S.A., Orcoma SpA., Orcoma Estudio SpA, SCM Búfalo, SQM North América Corp., SQM Holland B.V., SQM Colombia., SQM Australia Pty Ltd. (f)Movements in deferred tax assets and liabilities Movements in deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are detailed as follows:
|  | Assets (liabilities)
Movements in deferred tax assets and liabilities |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Deferred tax assets and liabilities, net opening balance |  | 314,646 |  |  | (110,416) |
Increase (decrease) in deferred taxes in income |  | (346,391) |  | 430,978
Increase (decrease) deferred taxes in equity |  | (60,707) |  |  | (5,916)
Total |  | (92,452) |  | 314,646 |
(g)Disclosures on income tax (expenses) benefits Current and deferred tax (expenses) benefits are detailed as follows:
|  | (Expense) Income
Disclosures on income tax (expense) benefit |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022 |  | As of December 31, 2021
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Current income tax (expense) benefit |  |  |  |  |  |
Current tax expense (1) |  | (1,533,809) |  |  | (2,002,564) |  |  | (279,105) |
Adjustments to prior year current income tax (expense) benefit |  | 3,449 |  |  | (626) |  | 2,326 |
Current income tax expense, net, total |  | (1,530,360) |  |  | (2,003,190) |  |  | (276,779) |
Deferred tax (expense) benefit |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax benefits relating to the creation and reversal of temporary differences |  | (342,363) |  | 427,680 |  | 28,445
Tax adjustments related to the creation and reversal of temporary differences from the previous year |  | (4,028) |  | 3,298 |  |  | (682)
Total deferred tax benefits, net |  | (346,391) |  | 430,978 |  | 27,763
Income tax expense |  | (1,876,751) |  |  | (1,572,212) |  |  | (249,016) |
(1) Includes a tax expense adjustment amounting US$1,089.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 relating to the specific mining tax to lithium mining claims (see note 20.3). Income tax (expenses) benefit for foreign and domestic parties are detailed as follows:
|  | (Expense) Income
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022 |  | As of December 31, 2021
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Current income tax benefit (expense) by foreign and domestic parties, net |  |  |  |  |  |
Current income tax (expenses), foreign parties, net |  | (120,893) |  |  | (213,060) |  |  | (46,748) |
Current income tax (expenses), domestic, net (1) |  | (1,409,467) |  |  | (1,790,130) |  |  | (230,031) |
Current income tax expense, net, total |  | (1,530,360) |  |  | (2,003,190) |  |  | (276,779) |
Deferred tax benefit (expense) by foreign and domestic parties, net |  |  |  |  |  |
Current income tax (expense) benefit, foreign parties, net |  | (34,014) |  |  | (21,338) |  |  | (6,679) |
Current income tax (expense) benefits, domestic, net |  | (312,377) |  |  | 452,316 |  |  | 34,442 |
Deferred tax expense, net, total |  | (346,391) |  |  | 430,978 |  |  | 27,763 |
Income tax expense |  | (1,876,751) |  |  | (1,572,212) |  |  | (249,016) |
(1) Includes a tax expense adjustment amounting US$1,089.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 relating to the specific mining tax to lithium mining claims (see note 20.3). ________________________________________________ (h)Disclosures on the tax effects of other comprehensive income components:
|  | As of December 31, 2023
Income tax related to other income and expense components with a charge or credit to net equity |  | Amount before taxes (expense) gain |  | (Expense) income for income taxes |  | Amount after taxes
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
(Losses) income from defined benefit plans |  | (5,843) |  |  | 1,582 |  | (4,261) |
Cash flow hedges |  | 18,692 |  | (5,047) |  |  | 13,645
Reserve for (losses) income from financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 190,509 |  | (57,242) |  |  | 133,267
Total |  | 203,358 |  | (60,707) |  |  | 142,651
|  | As of December 31, 2022
Income tax related to other income and expense components with a charge or credit to net equity |  | Amount before taxes (expense) gain |  | (Expense) income for income taxes |  | Amount after taxes
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
(Losses) income from defined benefit plans |  | (6,350) |  |  | 1,273 |  |  | (5,077) |
Cash flow hedges |  | 26,622 |  |  | (7,172) |  |  | 19,450 |
Reserve for (losses) income from financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 190 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 173 |
Total |  | 20,462 |  |  | (5,916) |  |  | 14,546 |
|  | As of December 31, 2021
Income tax related to other income and expense components with a charge or credit to net equity |  | Amount before taxes (expense) gain |  | (Expense) income for income taxes |  | Amount after taxes
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Income (losses) from defined benefit plans |  | 4,679 |  | (142) |  |  | 4,537
Cash flow hedges |  | (52,762) |  |  | 14,246 |  | (38,516) |
Reserve for income (losses) from financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | (12,072) |  | 3,818 |  |  | (8,254)
Total |  | (60,155) |  | 17,922 |  |  | (42,233)
________________________________________________ (i)Explanation of the relationship between (expense) benefit for tax purposes and accounting income. Based on IAS 12, paragraph 81, letter “c”, the company has estimated that the method that discloses the most significant information for users of the financial statements is the numeric conciliation between the tax benefit (expense) and the result of multiplying the consolidated income before taxes by the current rate in Chile. The aforementioned choice is based on the fact that the Company and subsidiaries established in Chile generate a large part of the Company’s tax benefit (expense). The amounts provided by subsidiaries established outside Chile have no relative importance in the overall context. Reconciliation between the tax expense and the tax calculated by multiplying income before taxes by the Chilean corporate income tax rate.
|  | (Expense) Benefit
Income Tax (Expense) Benefit |  | As of December 31, 2023 |  | As of December 31, 2022 |  | As of December 31, 2021
|  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$ |  | ThUS$
Consolidated income before taxes |  | 2,807,018 |  | 5,486,496 |  | 841,221
Statutory income tax rate in Chile |  | 27 % |  | 27 % |  | 27 %
Tax expense using the statutory tax rate |  | (757,895) |  |  | (1,481,354) |  |  | (227,130) |
Net effect of royalty tax payments |  | (6,889) |  |  | (57,500) |  |  | (13,350) |
Specific mining tax to lithium mining claims (see note 20.3) |  | (1,089,476) |  | — |  | — |
Tax effect of income from regular activities exempt from taxation and dividends from abroad |  | (1,457) |  | 3,490 |  |  | (260)
Tax rate effect of non-tax-deductible expenses for determining taxable profit (loss) |  | 3,509 |  |  | (11,058) |  |  | (2,226) |
Effect due to the difference in tax rates related to abroad subsidiaries |  | (24,748) |  |  | (25,053) |  |  | (5,622) |
Other tax effects of reconciliation of accounting income to tax expense |  | 205 |  |  | (737) |  |  | (428) |
Tax expense using the effective tax rate |  | (1,876,751) |  |  | (1,572,212) |  |  | (249,016) |
(j)Tax periods potentially subject to verification: The Group’s Companies are potentially subject to income tax audits by tax authorities in each country These audits are limited to a number of interim tax periods, which, in general, when they elapse, give rise to the expiration of these inspections. Tax audits, due to their nature, are often complex and may require several years. Below, we provide a summary of tax periods that are potentially subject to verification, in accordance with the tax regulations in force in the country of origin: (i)Chile According to article 200 of Decree Law No 830, the taxes will be reviewed for any deficiencies in terms of payment and to generate any taxes that might arise. There is a 3-year prescriptive period for such review, dating from the expiration of the legal deadline when payment should have been made. This prescriptive period can be extended to 6 years for the revision of taxes subject to declaration, when such declaration has not been filed or has been presented with maliciously false information. (ii)United States In the United States, the tax authority may review tax returns for up to 3 years from the expiration date of the tax return. In the event that an omission or error is detected in the tax return of sales or cost of sales, the review can be extended for a period of up to 6 years. (iii)Mexico: In Mexico, the tax authority can review tax returns up to 5 years from the expiration date of the tax return. (iv)Spain: In Spain, the tax authority can review tax returns up to 4 years from the expiration date of the tax return. (v)Belgium: In Belgium, the tax authority may review tax returns for up to 3 years from the expiration date of the tax return if no tax losses exist. In the event of detecting an omission or error in the tax return, the review can be extended for a period of up to 5 years. (vi)South Africa: In South Africa, the tax authority may review tax returns for up to 3 years from the expiration date of the tax return. In the event that an omission or error in the tax return is detected, the review can be extended for a period of up to 5 years. (vii)China: Tax returns up to 3 years old from the due date of the return can be reviewed, in special circumstances this can be extended to 5 years. When tax evasion or fraud is involved, the tax authorities will pursue the collection of tax and there is no time limit. (viii)South Korea: Tax returns up to 5 years old from the due date of the return can be reviewed, but this can be extended to 7 years for cross-border transactions. Failure to file the tax return on the legal due date will result in this deadline being extended by up to 5 years and 10 years for cross-border transactions. When tax evasion or fraud is involved, it will be extended by up to 10 years and 15 years for cross-border transactions.

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