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INCOME TAXES (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of Components of Income Tax Benefit (Expense)
Income tax benefit (expense) consisted of the following:
For the year ended December 31,
(in thousands)202220212020
Current:
Federal$(24,382)$(4,818)$— 
State(9,977)(2,915)(156)
Total current(34,359)(7,733)(156)
Deferred:
Federal(19,236)(15,851)14,088 
State1,447 (1,574)3,704 
Total deferred(17,789)(17,425)17,792 
Total tax benefit (expense)$(52,148)$(25,158)$17,636 
Schedule of Loss Before Income Taxes, By Tax Jurisdiction
Income (loss) before income taxes, by tax jurisdiction, was as follows:
For the year ended December 31,
(in thousands)202220212020
United States$341,152 $160,195 $(39,461)
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
Income taxes differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% to pretax income (loss) as a result of the following:
For the year ended December 31,
202220212020
(in thousands, except tax rates)PercentAmountPercentAmountPercentAmount
Computed income tax benefit (expense) at the statutory rate21.0 %$(71,642)21.0 %$(33,641)21.0 %$8,287 
Changes resulting from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefits3.3 %(11,395)2.7 %(4,288)4.3 %1,729 
Limitation on officer’s compensation2.3 %(8,067)1.7 %(2,638)(1.2)%(478)
Depletion in excess of basis(4.5)%15,248 (6.1)%9,663 1.1 %425 
Paycheck Protection Loan forgiveness— %— (0.5)%714 — %— 
Foreign-derived intangible income(4.0)%13,676 (1.8)%2,886 — %— 
California Competes Tax Credit, net of federal detriment(0.9)%3,160 (1.2)%1,975 — %— 
Excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation(1.0)%3,575 (0.6)%974 — %— 
Valuation allowance(0.8)%2,845 0.5 %(821)23.7 %9,333 
Other, net(0.1)%452 — %18 (4.2)%(1,660)
Total effective tax rate and income tax benefit (expense)15.3 %$(52,148)15.7 %$(25,158)44.7 %$17,636 
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities were as follows:
December 31,
(in thousands)20222021
Deferred tax assets:
Asset retirement and environmental obligations$5,643 $8,744 
Net operating losses— 2,174 
Inventories12,448 6,695 
Offtake Advances, net of debt discount— 4,034 
Shenghe Warrant— 2,329 
Research and experimental costs691 — 
Stock-based compensation3,785 2,688 
Organization costs776 860 
Credits346 764 
Other351 636 
Gross deferred tax assets24,040 28,924 
Less: Valuation allowance(346)(3,192)
Net deferred tax assets23,694 25,732 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment(36,481)(14,077)
Prepaid expenses(1,567)(1,192)
Deferred revenue(6,604)(9,938)
Mineral rights(101,195)(104,735)
Other(200)(290)
Total deferred tax liabilities(146,047)(130,232)
Non-current deferred tax liabilities, net$(122,353)$(104,500)