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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☑ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2019
or
☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File No. 1-13653
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
Incorporated under the Laws of Ohio IRS Employer I.D. No. 31-1544320
301 East Fourth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
(513) 579-2121
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐
Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
| Common Stock |  | AFG |  | New York Stock Exchange
| 6-1/4% Subordinated Debentures due September 30, 2054 |  | AFGE |  | New York Stock Exchange
| 6% Subordinated Debentures due November 15, 2055 |  | AFGH |  | New York Stock Exchange
| 5.875% Subordinated Debentures due March 30, 2059 |  | AFGB |  | New York Stock Exchange

As of August 1, 2019, there were 89,941,874 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding, excluding 14.9 million shares owned by subsidiaries.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
Part I — Financial Information |
Item 1 — Financial Statements: |
Consolidated Balance Sheet | 2
Consolidated Statement of Earnings | 3
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income | 4
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity | 5
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows | 7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 36
Item 3 — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk | 96
Item 4 — Controls and Procedures | 96
Part II — Other Information |
Item 2 — Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 96
Item 6 — Exhibits | 96
Signature | 97

Table of Contents
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
PART I
ITEM I — FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (UNAUDITED)
(Dollars in Millions)

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,374 |  |  | $ | 1,515 |
Investments: |  |  |
Fixed maturities, available for sale at fair value (amortized cost — $42,908 and $41,837) | 44,710 |  |  | 41,997 |
Fixed maturities, trading at fair value | 106 |  |  | 105 |
Equity securities, at fair value | 1,985 |  |  | 1,814 |
Investments accounted for using the equity method | 1,506 |  |  | 1,374 |
Mortgage loans | 1,073 |  |  | 1,068 |
Policy loans | 170 |  |  | 174 |
Equity index call options | 712 |  |  | 184 |
Real estate and other investments | 271 |  |  | 267 |
Total cash and investments | 52,907 |  |  | 48,498 |
Recoverables from reinsurers | 3,150 |  |  | 3,349 |
Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 651 |  |  | 610 |
Agents’ balances and premiums receivable | 1,398 |  |  | 1,234 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs | 1,203 |  |  | 1,682 |
Assets of managed investment entities | 4,781 |  |  | 4,700 |
Other receivables | 999 |  |  | 1,090 |
Variable annuity assets (separate accounts) | 616 |  |  | 557 |
Other assets | 1,785 |  |  | 1,529 |
Goodwill | 207 |  |  | 207 |
Total assets | $ | 67,697 |  |  | $ | 63,456 |
Liabilities and Equity: |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses | $ | 9,577 |  |  | $ | 9,741 |
Unearned premiums | 2,683 |  |  | 2,595 |
Annuity benefits accumulated | 39,044 |  |  | 36,616 |
Life, accident and health reserves | 619 |  |  | 635 |
Payable to reinsurers | 755 |  |  | 752 |
Liabilities of managed investment entities | 4,590 |  |  | 4,512 |
Long-term debt | 1,423 |  |  | 1,302 |
Variable annuity liabilities (separate accounts) | 616 |  |  | 557 |
Other liabilities | 2,300 |  |  | 1,774 |
Total liabilities | 61,607 |  |  | 58,484 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common Stock, no par value — 200,000,000 shares authorized — 89,917,601 and 89,291,724 shares outstanding | 90 |  |  | 89 |
Capital surplus | 1,277 |  |  | 1,245 |
Retained earnings | 3,914 |  |  | 3,588 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax | 809 |  |  | 48 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 6,090 |  |  | 4,970 |
Noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 2 |
Total equity | 6,090 |  |  | 4,972 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 67,697 |  |  | $ | 63,456 |

2

Table of Contents
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EARNINGS (UNAUDITED)
(In Millions, Except Per Share Data)

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums | $ | 1,200 |  |  | $ | 1,161 |  |  | $ | 2,373 |  |  | $ | 2,268 |
Life, accident and health net earned premiums | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 12 |
Net investment income | 580 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 1,122 |  |  | 1,025 |
Realized gains (losses) on securities (*) | 56 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 240 |  |  | (62 | )
Income (loss) of managed investment entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | 70 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 122 |
Loss on change in fair value of assets/liabilities | (2 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (5 | )
Other income | 51 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 92 |
Total revenues | 1,960 |  |  | 1,833 |  |  | 3,984 |  |  | 3,452 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 723 |  |  | 693 |  |  | 1,415 |  |  | 1,334 |
Commissions and other underwriting expenses | 426 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 825 |  |  | 781 |
Annuity benefits | 339 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 650 |  |  | 442 |
Life, accident and health benefits | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 22 |
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses | 33 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 132 |
Interest charges on borrowed money | 17 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 31 |
Expenses of managed investment entities | 59 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 102 |
Other expenses | 96 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 174 |
Total costs and expenses | 1,701 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | 3,312 |  |  | 3,018 |
Earnings before income taxes | 259 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 672 |  |  | 434 |
Provision for income taxes | 50 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 85 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 209 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 349 |
Less: Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (6 | )
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | 355 |
Earnings Attributable to Shareholders per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.34 |  |  | $ | 2.36 |  |  | $ | 6.02 |  |  | $ | 3.99 |
Diluted | $ | 2.31 |  |  | $ | 2.31 |  |  | $ | 5.94 |  |  | $ | 3.92 |
Average number of Common Shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 89.7 |  |  | 89.0 |  |  | 89.6 |  |  | 88.8 |
Diluted | 91.0 |  |  | 90.7 |  |  | 90.8 |  |  | 90.5 |
________________________________________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(*) Consists of the following: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) before impairments | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | (61 | )
Losses on securities with impairment | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (1 | )
Non-credit portion recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairment charges recognized in earnings | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (1 | )
Total realized gains (losses) on securities | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | (62 | )

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In Millions)

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 535 |  |  | $ | 349 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities arising during the period | 356 |  |  | (148 | ) |  | 740 |  |  | (427 | )
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings | (8 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | (1 | )
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities | 348 |  |  | (151 | ) |  | 729 |  |  | (428 | )
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges | 18 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 29 |  |  | (14 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (3 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 366 |  |  | (158 | ) |  | 762 |  |  | (445 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 575 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 1,297 |  |  | (96 | )
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (6 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to shareholders | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 1,300 |  |  | $ | (90 | )

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(Dollars in Millions)

|  |  |  | Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  | Redeemable
Common Shares |  |  | Common Stock and Capital Surplus |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comp. Income (Loss) |  | Total |  | Noncon- trolling Interests |  | Total Equity |  | Noncon- trolling Interests
Balance at March 31, 2019 | 89,637,713 |  |  |  | $ | 1,346 |  |  | $ | 3,875 |  |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 5,665 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,665 |  |  | $ | — |
Net earnings (losses) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | (1 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 365 |  |  | 365 |  |  | — |  |  | 365 |  |  | 1 |
Dividends ($1.90 per share) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (170 | ) |  | — |  |  | (170 | ) |  | — |  |  | (170 | ) |  | — |
Shares issued: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercise of stock options | 247,753 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock awards | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other benefit plans | 30,081 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Dividend reinvestment plan | 7,596 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Shares exchanged — benefit plans | (3,519 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |
Forfeitures of restricted stock | (2,023 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 89,917,601 |  |  |  | $ | 1,367 |  |  | $ | 3,914 |  |  | $ | 809 |  |  | $ | 6,090 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,090 |  |  | $ | — |
Balance at March 31, 2018 | 88,881,213 |  |  |  | $ | 1,294 |  |  | $ | 3,584 |  |  | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | 5,183 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,183 |  |  | $ | — |
Net earnings (losses) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | — |  |  | 210 |  |  | (2 | )
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (158 | ) |  | (158 | ) |  | — |  |  | (158 | ) |  | — |
Dividends ($1.85 per share) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (165 | ) |  | — |  |  | (165 | ) |  | — |  |  | (165 | ) |  | — |
Shares issued: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercise of stock options | 157,412 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock awards | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other benefit plans | 21,093 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Dividend reinvestment plan | 15,227 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Shares exchanged — benefit plans | (428 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Forfeitures of restricted stock | (2,403 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 2 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | 89,072,114 |  |  |  | $ | 1,309 |  |  | $ | 3,628 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 5,084 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,084 |  |  | $ | — |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED) — CONTINUED
(Dollars in Millions)

|  |  |  | Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  | Redeemable
Common Shares |  |  | Common Stock and Capital Surplus |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comp. Income (Loss) |  | Total |  | Noncon- trolling Interests |  | Total Equity |  | Noncon- trolling Interests
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 89,291,724 |  |  |  | $ | 1,334 |  |  | $ | 3,588 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 4,970 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 4,972 |  |  | $ | — |
Net earnings (losses) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 539 |  |  | — |  |  | 539 |  |  | — |  |  | 539 |  |  | (4 | )
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 761 |  |  | 761 |  |  | — |  |  | 761 |  |  | 1 |
Dividends ($2.30 per share) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (206 | ) |  | — |  |  | (206 | ) |  | — |  |  | (206 | ) |  | — |
Shares issued: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercise of stock options | 400,006 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock awards | 232,565 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other benefit plans | 41,143 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
Dividend reinvestment plan | 9,489 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |
Shares exchanged — benefit plans | (46,989 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |
Forfeitures of restricted stock | (10,337 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | 3 |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 89,917,601 |  |  |  | $ | 1,367 |  |  | $ | 3,914 |  |  | $ | 809 |  |  | $ | 6,090 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,090 |  |  | $ | — |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 88,275,460 |  |  |  | $ | 1,269 |  |  | $ | 3,248 |  |  | $ | 813 |  |  | $ | 5,330 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 5,331 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Cumulative effect of accounting change | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 225 |  |  | (221 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |
Net earnings (losses) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 355 |  |  | — |  |  | 355 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 354 |  |  | (5 | )
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (445 | ) |  | (445 | ) |  | — |  |  | (445 | ) |  | — |
Dividends ($2.20 per share) | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (196 | ) |  | — |  |  | (196 | ) |  | — |  |  | (196 | ) |  | — |
Shares issued: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercise of stock options | 531,726 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock awards | 200,625 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other benefit plans | 73,676 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |
Dividend reinvestment plan | 18,006 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |
Shares exchanged — benefit plans | (24,310 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |
Forfeitures of restricted stock | (3,069 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 2 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | 89,072,114 |  |  |  | $ | 1,309 |  |  | $ | 3,628 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 5,084 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,084 |  |  | $ | — |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(In Millions)

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Operating Activities: |  |  |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | $ | 535 |  |  | $ | 349 |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 72 |  |  | 106 |
Annuity benefits | 650 |  |  | 442 |
Realized (gains) losses on investing activities | (241 | ) |  | 64 |
Net sales of trading securities | — |  |  | 83 |
Deferred annuity and life policy acquisition costs | (120 | ) |  | (127 | )
Change in: |  |  |
Reinsurance and other receivables | 85 |  |  | 72 |
Other assets | (298 | ) |  | (16 | )
Insurance claims and reserves | (92 | ) |  | (268 | )
Payable to reinsurers | 3 |  |  | (22 | )
Other liabilities | 329 |  |  | 55 |
Managed investment entities’ assets/liabilities | (3 | ) |  | 138 |
Other operating activities, net | (43 | ) |  | (53 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 877 |  |  | 823 |
Investing Activities: |  |  |
Purchases of: |  |  |
Fixed maturities | (3,761 | ) |  | (4,549 | )
Equity securities | (80 | ) |  | (248 | )
Mortgage loans | (43 | ) |  | (90 | )
Equity index options and other investments | (467 | ) |  | (446 | )
Real estate, property and equipment | (20 | ) |  | (44 | )
Proceeds from: |  |  |
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities | 2,347 |  |  | 2,283 |
Repayments of mortgage loans | 38 |  |  | 68 |
Sales of fixed maturities | 459 |  |  | 203 |
Sales of equity securities | 139 |  |  | 106 |
Sales and settlements of equity index options and other investments | 329 |  |  | 446 |
Sales of real estate, property and equipment | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Managed investment entities: |  |  |
Purchases of investments | (697 | ) |  | (1,261 | )
Proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments | 702 |  |  | 1,035 |
Other investing activities, net | — |  |  | 11 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,052 | ) |  | (2,485 | )
Financing Activities: |  |  |
Annuity receipts | 2,744 |  |  | 2,547 |
Annuity surrenders, benefits and withdrawals | (1,668 | ) |  | (1,372 | )
Net transfers from variable annuity assets | 28 |  |  | 21 |
Additional long-term borrowings | 121 |  |  | — |
Issuances of managed investment entities’ liabilities | — |  |  | 1,572 |
Retirements of managed investment entities’ liabilities | (5 | ) |  | (1,461 | )
Issuances of Common Stock | 19 |  |  | 21 |
Cash dividends paid on Common Stock | (205 | ) |  | (194 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,034 |  |  | 1,134 |
Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents | 859 |  |  | (528 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 1,515 |  |  | 2,338 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 2,374 |  |  | $ | 1,810 |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INDEX TO NOTES
A. | Accounting Policies |  | I. | Goodwill and Other Intangibles |
B. | Acquisition of Business |  | J. | Long-Term Debt |
C. | Segments of Operations |  | K. | Leases |
D. | Fair Value Measurements |  | L. | Shareholders’ Equity |
E. | Investments |  | M. | Income Taxes |
F. | Derivatives |  | N. | Contingencies |
G. | Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs |  | O. | Insurance |
H. | Managed Investment Entities |  |  |  |

A. Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements for American Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“AFG”) are unaudited; however, management believes that all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals unless otherwise disclosed herein) necessary for fair presentation have been made. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all information and footnotes necessary to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).
Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to conform to the current year’s presentation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The results of operations of companies since their formation or acquisition are included in the consolidated financial statements. Events or transactions occurring subsequent to June 30, 2019, and prior to the filing of this Form 10-Q, have been evaluated for potential recognition or disclosure herein.
The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Changes in circumstances could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimates.
Fair Value Measurements Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The standards establish a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (“inputs”) are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect AFG’s assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. AFG did not have any material nonrecurring fair value measurements in the first six months of 2019.
Investments On January 1, 2018, AFG adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01, which requires all equity securities other than those accounted for under the equity method to be reported at fair value with holding gains and losses recognized in net earnings. At December 31, 2017, AFG had $1.60 billion in equity securities classified as “available for sale” under the prior guidance with holding gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) instead of net earnings. At the date of adoption, the $221 million net unrealized gain on equity securities included in AOCI was reclassified to retained earnings as the cumulative effect of an accounting change. The cumulative effect of the accounting change also includes the net unrealized gain on AFG’s small number of limited partnerships and similar investments carried at cost under the prior guidance that are carried at fair value through net earnings under the new guidance ($4 million net of tax at the date of adoption).
Holding gains and losses on equity securities carried at fair value are generally recorded in realized gains (losses) on securities. However, AFG records holding gains and losses on securities classified as “trading” under previous guidance, its small portfolio of limited partnerships and similar investments carried at fair value and certain other securities classified at purchase as “fair value through net investment income” in net investment income.
Fixed maturity securities classified as “available for sale” are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Fixed maturity securities classified as “trading” are reported at fair value with changes in unrealized holding gains or losses during the period included in net investment income. Mortgage and policy loans are carried primarily at the aggregate unpaid balance.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Premiums and discounts on fixed maturity securities are amortized using the effective interest method. Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are amortized over a period based on estimated future principal payments, including prepayments. Prepayment assumptions are reviewed periodically and adjusted to reflect actual prepayments and changes in expectations.
Limited partnerships and similar investments are generally accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, AFG records its share of the earnings or losses of the investee based on when they are reported by the investee in its financial statements rather than in the period in which the investee declares a dividend. AFG’s share of the earnings or losses from equity method investments is generally recorded on a quarter lag due to the timing of the receipt of the investee’s financial statements. AFG’s equity in the earnings (losses) of limited partnerships and similar investments is included in net investment income.
Gains or losses on fixed maturity securities are determined on the specific identification basis. When a decline in the value of a specific investment is considered to be other-than-temporary at the balance sheet date, a provision for impairment is charged to earnings (included in realized gains (losses) on securities) and the cost basis of that investment is reduced. If management can assert that it does not intend to sell an impaired fixed maturity security and it is not more likely than not that it will have to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, then the other-than-temporary impairment is separated into two components: (i) the amount related to credit losses (recorded in earnings) and (ii) the amount related to all other factors (recorded in other comprehensive income). The credit-related portion of an other-than-temporary impairment is measured by comparing a security’s amortized cost to the present value of its current expected cash flows discounted at its effective yield prior to the impairment charge. Both components are shown in the statement of earnings. If management intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, an impairment charge to earnings is recorded to reduce the amortized cost of that security to fair value.
Derivatives Derivatives included in AFG’s Balance Sheet are recorded at fair value. Changes in fair value of derivatives are included in earnings, unless the derivatives are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges. Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting under GAAP consist primarily of (i) components of certain fixed maturity securities (primarily interest-only and principal-only MBS) and (ii) the equity-based component of certain annuity products (included in annuity benefits accumulated) and related equity index options designed to be consistent with the characteristics of the liabilities and used to mitigate the risk embedded in those annuity products.
To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of a derivative contract, AFG formally documents the relationship between the terms of the hedge and the hedged items and its risk management objective. This documentation includes defining how hedge effectiveness and ineffectiveness will be measured on a retrospective and prospective basis.
Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI and are reclassified into earnings when the variability of the cash flows from the hedged items impacts earnings. Any hedge ineffectiveness is immediately recorded in current period earnings. When the change in the fair value of a qualifying cash flow hedge is included in earnings, it is included in the same line item in the statement of earnings as the cash flows from the hedged item. AFG uses interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities included in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities.
Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of cost of subsidiaries over AFG’s equity in their underlying net assets. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to an impairment test at least annually. An entity is not required to complete the quantitative annual goodwill impairment test on a reporting unit if the entity elects to perform a qualitative analysis and determines that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value exceeds its carrying amount.
Reinsurance Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured policies. AFG’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries report as assets (i) the estimated reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, including an estimate for losses incurred but not reported, and (ii) amounts paid or due to reinsurers applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. Payable to reinsurers includes ceded premiums due to reinsurers, as well as ceded premiums retained by AFG’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries under contracts to fund ceded losses as they become due. AFG’s insurance subsidiaries also assume reinsurance from other companies. Earnings on reinsurance assumed is recognized based on information received from ceding companies.
An AFG subsidiary cedes life insurance policies to a third party on a funds withheld basis whereby the subsidiary retains the assets (securities) associated with the reinsurance contract. Interest is credited to the reinsurer based on the actual investment
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
performance of the retained assets. This reinsurance contract is considered to contain an embedded derivative (that must be adjusted to fair value) because the yield on the payable is based on a specific block of the ceding company’s assets, rather than the overall creditworthiness of the ceding company. AFG determined that changes in the fair value of the underlying portfolio of fixed maturity securities is an appropriate measure of the value of the embedded derivative. The securities related to this contract are classified as “trading.” The adjustment to fair value on the embedded derivative offsets the investment income recorded on the adjustment to fair value of the related trading portfolio.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (“DPAC”) Policy acquisition costs (principally commissions, premium taxes and certain underwriting and policy issuance costs) directly related to the successful acquisition or renewal of an insurance contract are deferred. DPAC also includes capitalized costs associated with sales inducements offered to fixed annuity policyholders such as enhanced interest rates and premium and persistency bonuses.
For the property and casualty companies, DPAC is limited based upon recoverability without any consideration for anticipated investment income and is charged against income ratably over the terms of the related policies. A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of expected claims costs, claims adjustment expenses and unamortized acquisition costs exceed the related unearned premiums. A premium deficiency is first recognized by charging any unamortized acquisition costs to expense to the extent required to eliminate the deficiency. If the premium deficiency is greater than unamortized acquisition costs, a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency and reported with unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.
DPAC related to annuities is deferred to the extent deemed recoverable and amortized, with interest, in relation to the present value of actual and expected gross profits on the policies. Expected gross profits consist principally of estimated future investment margin (estimated future net investment income less interest credited on policyholder funds) and surrender, mortality, and other life and annuity policy charges, less death, annuitization and guaranteed withdrawal benefits in excess of account balances and estimated future policy administration expenses. To the extent that realized gains and losses result in adjustments to the amortization of DPAC related to annuities, such adjustments are reflected as components of realized gains (losses) on securities.
DPAC related to traditional life and health insurance is amortized over the expected premium paying period of the related policies, in proportion to the ratio of annual premium revenues to total anticipated premium revenues. See “Life, Accident and Health Reserves” below for details on the impact of loss recognition on the accounting for traditional life and health insurance contracts.
DPAC includes the present value of future profits on business in force of annuity and life, accident and health insurance companies acquired (“PVFP”). PVFP represents the portion of the costs to acquire companies that is allocated to the value of the right to receive future cash flows from insurance contracts existing at the date of acquisition. PVFP is amortized with interest in relation to expected gross profits of the acquired policies for annuities and universal life products and in relation to the premium paying period for traditional life and health insurance products.
DPAC and certain other balance sheet amounts related to annuity and life businesses are also adjusted, net of tax, for the change in expense that would have been recorded if the unrealized gains (losses) from securities had actually been realized. These adjustments are included in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities, a component of AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet.
Managed Investment Entities A company is considered the primary beneficiary of, and therefore must consolidate, a variable interest entity (“VIE”) based primarily on its ability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact that entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of, or receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
AFG manages, and has investments in, collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) that are VIEs (see Note H — “Managed Investment Entities”). AFG has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of these CLOs because (i) its role as asset manager gives it the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the CLOs and (ii) through its investment in the CLO debt tranches, it has exposure to CLO losses (limited to the amount AFG invested) and the right to receive CLO benefits that could potentially be significant to the CLOs.
Because AFG has no right to use the CLO assets and no obligation to pay the CLO liabilities, the assets and liabilities of the CLOs are shown separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. AFG has elected the fair value option for reporting on the CLO assets and liabilities to improve the transparency of financial reporting related to the CLOs. The net gain or loss from accounting for the CLO assets and liabilities at fair value is presented separately in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.
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The fair values of a CLO’s assets may differ from the separately measured fair values of its liabilities even though the CLO liabilities only have recourse to the CLO assets. AFG has set the carrying value of the CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at a separately measured fair value. CLO earnings attributable to AFG’s shareholders are measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs and management fees earned.
Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses The net liabilities stated for unpaid claims and for expenses of investigation and adjustment of unpaid claims represent management’s best estimate and are based upon (i) the accumulation of case estimates for losses reported prior to the close of the accounting period on direct business written; (ii) estimates received from ceding reinsurers and insurance pools and associations; (iii) estimates of unreported losses (including possible development on known claims) based on past experience; (iv) estimates based on experience of expenses for investigating and adjusting claims; and (v) the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Establishing reserves for asbestos, environmental and other mass tort claims involves considerably more judgment than other types of claims due to, among other things, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, novel theories of coverage, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage.
Loss reserve liabilities are subject to the impact of changes in claim amounts and frequency and other factors. Changes in estimates of the liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are reflected in the statement of earnings in the period in which determined. Despite the variability inherent in such estimates, management believes that the liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are adequate.
Annuity Benefits Accumulated Annuity receipts and benefit payments are recorded as increases or decreases in annuity benefits accumulated rather than as revenue and expense. Increases in this liability for interest credited are charged to annuity benefits expense and decreases for annuity policy charges are recorded in other income. For traditional fixed annuities, the liability for annuity benefits accumulated represents the account value that had accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date. For fixed-indexed annuities (“FIAs”), the liability for annuity benefits accumulated includes an embedded derivative that represents the estimated fair value of the index participation with the remaining component representing the discounted value of the guaranteed minimum contract benefits.
For certain products, annuity benefits accumulated also includes reserves for accrued persistency and premium bonuses, guaranteed withdrawals and excess benefits expected to be paid on future deaths and annuitizations (“EDAR”). The liabilities for EDAR and guaranteed withdrawals are accrued for and modified using assumptions consistent with those used in determining DPAC and DPAC amortization, except that amounts are determined in relation to the present value of total expected assessments. Total expected assessments consist principally of estimated future investment margin, surrender, mortality, and other life and annuity policy charges, and unearned revenues once they are recognized as income.
Annuity benefits accumulated also includes amounts advanced from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati.
Unearned Revenue Certain upfront policy charges on annuities are deferred as unearned revenue (included in other liabilities) and recognized in net earnings (included in other income) using the same assumptions and estimated gross profits used to amortize DPAC.
Life, Accident and Health Reserves Liabilities for future policy benefits under traditional life, accident and health policies are computed using the net level premium method. Computations are based on the original projections of investment yields, mortality, morbidity and surrenders and include provisions for unfavorable deviations unless a loss recognition event (premium deficiency) occurs. Claim reserves and liabilities established for accident and health claims are modified as necessary to reflect actual experience and developing trends.
For long-duration contracts (such as traditional life and long-term care policies), loss recognition occurs when, based on current expectations as of the measurement date, existing contract liabilities plus the present value of future premiums (including reasonably expected rate increases) are not expected to cover the present value of future claims payments and related settlement and maintenance costs (excluding overhead) as well as unamortized acquisition costs. If a block of business is determined to be in loss recognition, a charge is recorded in earnings in an amount equal to the excess of the present value of expected future claims costs and unamortized acquisition costs over existing reserves plus the present value of expected future premiums (with no provision for adverse deviation). The charge is recorded first to reduce unamortized acquisition costs and then as an additional reserve (if unamortized acquisition costs have been reduced to zero).
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In addition, reserves for traditional life and long-term care policies are subject to adjustment for loss recognition charges that would have been recorded if the unrealized gains (losses) from securities had actually been realized. This adjustment is included in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities, a component of AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet.
Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s outstanding debt are presented in its Balance Sheet as a direct reduction in the carrying value of long-term debt and are amortized over the life of the related debt using the effective interest method as a component of interest expense. Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s revolving credit facilities are included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet.
Variable Annuity Assets and Liabilities Separate accounts related to variable annuities represent the fair value of deposits invested in underlying investment funds on which AFG earns a fee. Investment funds are selected and may be changed only by the policyholder, who retains all investment risk.
AFG’s variable annuity contracts contain a guaranteed minimum death benefit (“GMDB”) to be paid if the policyholder dies before the annuity payout period commences. In periods of declining equity markets, the GMDB may exceed the value of the policyholder’s account. A GMDB liability is established for future excess death benefits using assumptions together with a range of reasonably possible scenarios for investment fund performance that are consistent with DPAC capitalization and amortization assumptions.
Leases On January 1, 2019, AFG adopted ASU 2016-02, which requires entities that lease assets for terms longer than one year to recognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases on the balance sheet based on the present value of contractual cash flows. As permitted under the ASU, AFG adopted the guidance on a modified retrospective basis (comparative periods were not adjusted) and elected the following accounting policies and practical expedients:

• | exclude leases with a term of 12 months or less from the calculation of lease assets and liabilities,

• | not separate lease and non-lease components except for buildings (office space and storage facilities),

• | for contracts existing at the date of adoption – not reassess whether a contract is a lease or contains a lease, how initial direct costs were accounted for or whether the lease is an operating or finance lease, and

• | use hindsight to determine the lease term for leases existing at the date of adoption.

Adoption of the new guidance resulted in AFG recognizing a lease liability of $198 million (included in other liabilities) and a corresponding right-of-use asset of $174 million (which is presented net of $24 million in deferred rent and lease incentives) on January 1, 2019. Deferred rent and lease incentives were recognized as liabilities under the previous guidance and result from the straight-line expensing of operating leases. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material effect on the AFG’s results of operations or liquidity. See Note K — “Leases” for additional disclosures.
Noncontrolling Interests For balance sheet purposes, noncontrolling interests represent the interests of shareholders other than AFG in consolidated entities. In the statement of earnings, net earnings and losses attributable to noncontrolling interests represents such shareholders’ interest in the earnings and losses of those entities. Noncontrolling interests that are redeemable at the option of the holder are presented separately in the mezzanine section of the balance sheet (between liabilities and equity).
Premium Recognition Property and casualty premiums are earned generally over the terms of the policies on a pro rata basis. Unearned premiums represent that portion of premiums written, which is applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. On reinsurance assumed from other insurance companies or written through various underwriting organizations, unearned premiums are based on information received from such companies and organizations. For traditional life, accident and health products, premiums are recognized as revenue when legally collectible from policyholders. For interest-sensitive life and universal life products, premiums are recorded in a policyholder account, which is reflected as a liability. Revenue is recognized as amounts are assessed against the policyholder account for mortality coverage and contract expenses.
Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are calculated using the liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases and are measured using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is established to reduce total deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recorded in net earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.
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AFG recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only when the position is more likely than not to be sustained under examination by the appropriate taxing authority. Interest and penalties on AFG’s reserve for uncertain tax positions are recognized as a component of tax expense.
Stock-Based Compensation All share-based grants are recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over their vesting periods based on their calculated fair value at the date of grant. AFG uses the Black Scholes pricing model to measure the fair value of employee stock options. See Note L — “Shareholders’ Equity” for further information.
AFG records excess tax benefits or deficiencies for share-based payments through income tax expense in the statement of earnings. In addition, AFG accounts for forfeitures of awards when they occur.
Benefit Plans AFG provides retirement benefits to qualified employees of participating companies through the AFG 401(k) Retirement and Savings Plan, a defined contribution plan. AFG makes all contributions to the retirement fund portion of the plan and matches a percentage of employee contributions to the savings fund. Company contributions are expensed in the year for which they are declared. AFG and many of its subsidiaries provide health care and life insurance benefits to eligible retirees. AFG also provides postemployment benefits to former or inactive employees (primarily those on disability) who were not deemed retired under other company plans. The projected future cost of providing these benefits is expensed over the period employees earn such benefits.
Earnings Per Share Although basic earnings per share only considers shares of common stock outstanding during the period, the calculation of diluted earnings per share includes the following adjustments to weighted average common shares related to stock-based compensation plans: second quarter 2019 and 2018 — 1.3 million and 1.7 million; first six months of 2019 and 2018 — 1.2 million and 1.7 million, respectively.
There were no anti-dilutive potential common shares in the second quarter or first six months of 2019 or 2018.
Statement of Cash Flows For cash flow purposes, “investing activities” are defined as making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments, property and equipment and businesses. “Financing activities” include obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on their investments, borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed. Annuity receipts, surrenders, benefits and withdrawals are also reflected as financing activities. All other activities are considered “operating.” Short-term investments having original maturities of three months or less when purchased are considered to be cash equivalents for purposes of the financial statements.
B. Acquisition of Business
Effective June 10, 2019, National Interstate, a property and casualty insurance subsidiary of AFG, entered into an agreement with Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. (“AFH”) to become the exclusive underwriter of AFH’s paratransit book of business. National Interstate estimates that the majority of AFH’s $110 million paratransit business will be eligible for quotation under this arrangement over the first 12 months following inception of the agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, AFH will act as an underwriting manager for National Interstate for at least 12 months, after which time National Interstate is entitled to acquire the renewal rights for the business from AFH for a purchase price equal to 15% of the in force gross written premiums at that date. The majority of the purchase price ultimately paid for the renewal rights will be recorded as an intangible renewal rights asset and will be amortized over the estimated life of the business acquired. In connection with the transaction, AFG was granted a five-year warrant to acquire approximately 2.4 million shares of AFH. The estimated fair value of the warrant was approximately $1 million at the date it was received.
C. Segments of Operations
AFG manages its business as three segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance, (ii) Annuity and (iii) Other, which includes holding company costs, revenues and costs of AFG’s limited insurance operations outside of property and casualty insurance and annuities, and operations attributable to the noncontrolling interests of the managed investment entities.
AFG reports its property and casualty insurance business in the following Specialty sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, which includes physical damage and liability coverage for buses and trucks, inland and ocean marine, agricultural-related products and other commercial property coverages, (ii) Specialty casualty, which includes primarily excess and surplus, executive and professional liability, general liability, umbrella and excess liability, specialty coverages in targeted markets, customized programs for small to mid-sized businesses and workers’ compensation insurance, and (iii) Specialty
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financial, which includes risk management insurance programs for lending and leasing institutions (including equipment leasing and collateral and lender-placed mortgage property insurance), fidelity and surety products and trade credit insurance. Premiums and underwriting profit included under Other specialty represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments and amortization of deferred gains on retroactive reinsurance transactions related to the sales of businesses in prior years. AFG’s annuity business sells traditional fixed, fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities in the retail, financial institutions, broker-dealer and registered investment advisor markets. AFG’s reportable segments and their components were determined based primarily upon similar economic characteristics, products and services.
The following tables (in millions) show AFG’s revenues and earnings before income taxes by segment and sub-segment.

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums earned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specialty |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and transportation | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | 740 |  |  | $ | 724 |
Specialty casualty | 634 |  |  | 595 |  |  | 1,263 |  |  | 1,174 |
Specialty financial | 151 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 308 |
Other specialty | 36 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 62 |
Total premiums earned | 1,200 |  |  | 1,161 |  |  | 2,373 |  |  | 2,268 |
Net investment income | 124 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 215 |
Other income | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |
Total property and casualty insurance | 1,326 |  |  | 1,278 |  |  | 2,606 |  |  | 2,487 |
Annuity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income | 451 |  |  | 412 |  |  | 886 |  |  | 806 |
Other income | 27 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 53 |
Total annuity | 478 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 940 |  |  | 859 |
Other | 100 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 168 |
Total revenues before realized gains (losses) | 1,904 |  |  | 1,802 |  |  | 3,744 |  |  | 3,514 |
Realized gains (losses) on securities | 56 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 240 |  |  | (62 | )
Total revenues | $ | 1,960 |  |  | $ | 1,833 |  |  | $ | 3,984 |  |  | $ | 3,452 |

Earnings Before Income Taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Underwriting: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Specialty |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and transportation | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 56 |
Specialty casualty | 47 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 70 |
Specialty financial | 21 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 37 |
Other specialty | (12 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | 2 |
Other lines | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | )
Total underwriting | 59 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 163 |
Investment and other income, net | 115 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 199 |
Total property and casualty insurance | 174 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 362 |
Annuity | 71 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 224 |
Other (*) | (42 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | (85 | ) |  | (90 | )
Total earnings before realized gains (losses) and income taxes | 203 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 432 |  |  | 496 |
Realized gains (losses) on securities | 56 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 240 |  |  | (62 | )
Total earnings before income taxes | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | 672 |  |  | $ | 434 |

(*) | Includes holding company interest and expenses.

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D. Fair Value Measurements
Accounting standards for measuring fair value are based on inputs used in estimating fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1 — Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (markets in which transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis). AFG’s Level 1 financial instruments consist primarily of publicly traded equity securities, highly liquid government bonds for which quoted market prices in active markets are available and short-term investments of managed investment entities.
Level 2 — Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets (markets in which there are few transactions, the prices are not current, price quotations vary substantially over time or among market makers, or in which little information is released publicly); and valuations based on other significant inputs that are observable in active markets. AFG’s Level 2 financial instruments include separate account assets, corporate and municipal fixed maturity securities, asset-backed securities (“ABS”), mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), non-affiliated common stocks, equity index options and investments of managed investment entities priced using observable inputs. Level 2 inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, corroborated broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads and benchmark securities. When non-binding broker quotes can be corroborated by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs, they are classified as Level 2.
Level 3 — Valuations derived from market valuation techniques generally consistent with those used to estimate the fair values of Level 2 financial instruments in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable or when the market for a security exhibits significantly less liquidity relative to markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements. The unobservable inputs may include management’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use based on the best information available at the valuation date. AFG’s Level 3 is comprised of financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on non-binding broker quotes or internally developed using significant inputs not based on, or corroborated by, observable market information.
As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities,” AFG has set the carrying value of its CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at separately measured fair values. As a result, the CLO liabilities are categorized within the fair value hierarchy on the same basis (proportionally) as the related CLO assets. Since the portion of the CLO liabilities allocated to Level 3 is derived from the fair value of the CLO assets, these amounts are excluded from the progression of Level 3 financial instruments.
AFG’s management is responsible for the valuation process and uses data from outside sources (including nationally recognized pricing services and broker/dealers) in establishing fair value. AFG’s internal investment professionals are a group of approximately 20 analysts whose primary responsibility is to manage AFG’s investment portfolio. These professionals monitor individual investments as well as overall industries and are active in the financial markets on a daily basis. The group is led by AFG’s chief investment officer, who reports directly to one of AFG’s Co-CEOs. Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, the Company communicates directly with the pricing services regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the service to value specific securities.
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Assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):

| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale (“AFS”) fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and government agencies | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 228 |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 6,914 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 6,996 |
Foreign government | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |
Residential MBS | — |  |  | 2,528 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 2,667 |
Commercial MBS | — |  |  | 924 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 974 |
Collateralized loan obligations | — |  |  | 4,283 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 4,333 |
Other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 5,577 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 5,944 |
Corporate and other | 29 |  |  | 21,376 |  |  | 2,014 |  |  | 23,419 |
Total AFS fixed maturities | 172 |  |  | 41,828 |  |  | 2,710 |  |  | 44,710 |
Trading fixed maturities | 4 |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 106 |
Equity securities | 1,532 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 377 |  |  | 1,985 |
Equity index call options | — |  |  | 712 |  |  | — |  |  | 712 |
Assets of managed investment entities (“MIE”) | 225 |  |  | 4,537 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 4,781 |
Variable annuity assets (separate accounts) (*) | — |  |  | 616 |  |  | — |  |  | 616 |
Other assets — derivatives | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |
Total assets accounted for at fair value | $ | 1,933 |  |  | $ | 47,925 |  |  | $ | 3,106 |  |  | $ | 52,964 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities of managed investment entities | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 4,356 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 4,590 |
Derivatives in annuity benefits accumulated | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,541 |  |  | 3,541 |
Other liabilities — derivatives | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 4,368 |  |  | $ | 3,559 |  |  | $ | 8,143 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and government agencies | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 233 |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 6,880 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 6,939 |
Foreign government | — |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | 142 |
Residential MBS | — |  |  | 2,547 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 2,744 |
Commercial MBS | — |  |  | 864 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 920 |
Collateralized loan obligations | — |  |  | 4,162 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 4,278 |
Other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 4,802 |  |  | 731 |  |  | 5,533 |
Corporate and other | 28 |  |  | 19,184 |  |  | 1,996 |  |  | 21,208 |
Total AFS fixed maturities | 169 |  |  | 38,664 |  |  | 3,164 |  |  | 41,997 |
Trading fixed maturities | 9 |  |  | 96 |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |
Equity securities | 1,410 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 336 |  |  | 1,814 |
Equity index call options | — |  |  | 184 |  |  | — |  |  | 184 |
Assets of managed investment entities | 203 |  |  | 4,476 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 4,700 |
Variable annuity assets (separate accounts) (*) | — |  |  | 557 |  |  | — |  |  | 557 |
Other assets — derivatives | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Total assets accounted for at fair value | $ | 1,791 |  |  | $ | 44,061 |  |  | $ | 3,521 |  |  | $ | 49,373 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities of managed investment entities | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 4,297 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 4,512 |
Derivatives in annuity benefits accumulated | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,720 |  |  | 2,720 |
Other liabilities — derivatives | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 4,346 |  |  | $ | 2,740 |  |  | $ | 7,281 |

(*) | Variable annuity liabilities equal the fair value of variable annuity assets.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
During the second quarter and first six months of 2019, there was one preferred stock with an aggregate fair value of $6 million that transferred from Level 1 to Level 2. During the second quarter and first six months of 2018, there were two preferred stocks with an aggregate fair value of $6 million that transferred from Level 1 to Level 2.
Approximately 6% of the total assets carried at fair value at June 30, 2019, were Level 3 assets. Approximately 55% ($1.71 billion) of the Level 3 assets were priced using non-binding broker quotes, for which there is a lack of transparency as to the inputs used to determine fair value. Details as to the quantitative inputs are neither provided by the brokers nor otherwise reasonably obtainable by AFG.
Internally developed Level 3 asset fair values represent approximately $1.19 billion at June 30, 2019. Of this amount, approximately $833 million relates to fixed maturity securities that were priced using management’s best estimate of an appropriate credit spread over the treasury yield (of a similar duration) to discount future expected cash flows using a third party model. The credit spread applied by management is the significant unobservable input. For this group of approximately 140 securities, the average spread used was 576 basis points over the reference treasury yield and the spreads ranged from 100 basis points to 2,966 basis points (approximately 80% of the spreads were between 400 and 700 basis points). Had management used higher spreads, the fair value of this group of securities would have been lower. Conversely, if the spreads used were lower, the fair values would have been higher. For the remainder of the internally developed prices, any justifiable changes in unobservable inputs used to determine fair value would not have resulted in a material change in AFG’s financial position.
The derivatives embedded in AFG’s fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuity liabilities are measured using a discounted cash flow approach and had a fair value of $3.54 billion at June 30, 2019. The following table presents information about the unobservable inputs used by management in determining fair value of these Level 3 liabilities. See Note F — “Derivatives.”

| Unobservable Input |  | Range |
| Adjustment for insurance subsidiary’s credit risk |  | less than 0.1% – 2.4% over the risk free rate |
| Risk margin for uncertainty in cash flows |  | 0.73% reduction in the discount rate |
| Surrenders |  | 4% – 23% of indexed account value |
| Partial surrenders |  | 2% – 9% of indexed account value |
| Annuitizations |  | 0.1% – 1% of indexed account value |
| Deaths |  | 1.7% – 9.5% of indexed account value |
| Budgeted option costs |  | 2.6% – 3.6% of indexed account value |

The range of adjustments for insurance subsidiary’s credit risk is based on the Moody’s corporate A2 bond index and reflects credit spread variations across the yield curve. The range of projected surrender rates reflects the specific surrender charges and other features of AFG’s individual fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuity products with an expected range of 7% to 11% in the majority of future calendar years (4% to 23% over all periods). Increasing the budgeted option cost or risk margin for uncertainty in cash flow assumptions in the table above would increase the fair value of the fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuity embedded derivatives, while increasing any of the other unobservable inputs in the table above would decrease the fair value of the embedded derivatives.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Changes in balances of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value during the second quarter and first six months of 2019 and 2018 are presented below (in millions). The transfers into and out of Level 3 were due to changes in the availability of market observable inputs and $29 million of equity securities transferred into Level 3 in the first quarter of 2018 related to a small number of limited partnerships and similar investments carried at cost under the prior guidance that are carried at fair value through net earnings under new guidance adopted on January 1, 2018, as discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Investments.” All transfers are reflected in the table at fair value as of the end of the reporting period.

|  |  | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2019 |  | Net earnings |  | Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Purchases and issuances |  | Sales and settlements |  | Transfer into Level 3 |  | Transfer out of Level 3 |  | Balance at June 30, 2019
AFS fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |
State and municipal | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |
Residential MBS | 169 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (32 | ) |  | 139 |
Commercial MBS | 55 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 50 |
Collateralized loan obligations | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |
Other asset-backed securities | 633 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | — |  |  | (268 | ) |  | 367 |
Corporate and other | 2,346 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 229 |  |  | (161 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (422 | ) |  | 2,014 |
Total AFS fixed maturities | 3,311 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 246 |  |  | (186 | ) |  | 35 |  |  | (727 | ) |  | 2,710 |
Equity securities | 354 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 377 |
Assets of MIE | 20 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Total Level 3 assets | $ | 3,685 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  | $ | (187 | ) |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | (727 | ) |  | $ | 3,106 |
Embedded derivatives | $ | (3,247 | ) |  | $ | (251 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (101 | ) |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,541 | )
Total Level 3 liabilities (b) | $ | (3,247 | ) |  | $ | (251 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (101 | ) |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,541 | )

|  |  | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2018 |  | Net earnings |  | Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Purchases and issuances |  | Sales and settlements |  | Transfer into Level 3 |  | Transfer out of Level 3 |  | Balance at June 30, 2018
AFS fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |
State and municipal | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |
Residential MBS | 115 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 50 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 147 |
Commercial MBS | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |
Collateralized loan obligations | 181 |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 212 |
Other asset-backed securities | 731 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 101 |  |  | (20 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 792 |
Corporate and other | 1,238 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 234 |  |  | (48 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 1,408 |
Total AFS fixed maturities | 2,382 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | 379 |  |  | (73 | ) |  | 50 |  |  | (41 | ) |  | 2,684 |
Equity securities | 194 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 230 |
Assets of MIE | 24 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
Total Level 3 assets | $ | 2,600 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | (73 | ) |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | (41 | ) |  | $ | 2,937 |
Embedded derivatives (a) | $ | (2,549 | ) |  | $ | (126 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (141 | ) |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,776 | )
Total Level 3 liabilities (b) | $ | (2,549 | ) |  | $ | (126 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (141 | ) |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,776 | )

(a) | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net earnings for the embedded derivatives reflects losses related to the unlocking of actuarial assumptions of $44 million in the second quarter of 2018.

(b) | As previously discussed, these tables exclude the portion of MIE liabilities allocated to Level 3, which are derived from the fair value of the MIE assets.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

|  |  | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | Net earnings |  | Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Purchases and issuances |  | Sales and settlements |  | Transfer into Level 3 |  | Transfer out of Level 3 |  | Balance at June 30, 2019
AFS fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |
State and municipal | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |
Residential MBS | 197 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (54 | ) |  | 139 |
Commercial MBS | 56 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 50 |
Collateralized loan obligations | 116 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | (82 | ) |  | 50 |
Other asset-backed securities | 731 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 92 |  |  | (132 | ) |  | — |  |  | (329 | ) |  | 367 |
Corporate and other | 1,996 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 661 |  |  | (249 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (449 | ) |  | 2,014 |
Total AFS fixed maturities | 3,164 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 753 |  |  | (397 | ) |  | 35 |  |  | (919 | ) |  | 2,710 |
Equity securities | 336 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 377 |
Assets of MIE | 21 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Total Level 3 assets | $ | 3,521 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 773 |  |  | $ | (398 | ) |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | (919 | ) |  | $ | 3,106 |
Embedded derivatives | $ | (2,720 | ) |  | $ | (713 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (213 | ) |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,541 | )
Total Level 3 liabilities (b) | $ | (2,720 | ) |  | $ | (713 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (213 | ) |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,541 | )

|  |  | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | Net earnings |  | Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Purchases and issuances |  | Sales and settlements |  | Transfer into Level 3 |  | Transfer out of Level 3 |  | Balance at June 30, 2018
AFS fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |
State and municipal | 148 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (84 | ) |  | 61 |
Residential MBS | 122 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) |  | 57 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 147 |
Commercial MBS | 36 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |
Collateralized loan obligations | 180 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 212 |
Other asset-backed securities | 564 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 305 |  |  | (57 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 792 |
Corporate and other | 1,044 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 472 |  |  | (79 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 1,408 |
Total AFS fixed maturities | 2,102 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (23 | ) |  | 833 |  |  | (148 | ) |  | 57 |  |  | (129 | ) |  | 2,684 |
Equity securities | 165 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 230 |
Assets of MIE | 23 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
Total Level 3 assets | $ | 2,290 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (23 | ) |  | $ | 863 |  |  | $ | (152 | ) |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | (129 | ) |  | $ | 2,937 |
Embedded derivatives (a) | $ | (2,542 | ) |  | $ | (63 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (244 | ) |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,776 | )
Total Level 3 liabilities (b) | $ | (2,542 | ) |  | $ | (63 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (244 | ) |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,776 | )

(a) | Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net earnings for the embedded derivatives reflects losses related to the unlocking of actuarial assumptions of $44 million in the first six months of 2018.

(b) | As previously discussed, these tables exclude the portion of MIE liabilities allocated to Level 3, which are derived from the fair value of the MIE assets.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value and fair value of financial instruments that are not carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):

| Carrying |  | Fair Value
| Value |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,374 |  |  | $ | 2,374 |  |  | $ | 2,374 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Mortgage loans | 1,073 |  |  | 1,080 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,080 |
Policy loans | 170 |  |  | 170 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170 |
Total financial assets not accounted for at fair value | $ | 3,617 |  |  | $ | 3,624 |  |  | $ | 2,374 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,250 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Annuity benefits accumulated (*) | $ | 38,806 |  |  | $ | 38,634 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38,634 |
Long-term debt | 1,423 |  |  | 1,482 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,479 |  |  | 3 |
Total financial liabilities not accounted for at fair value | $ | 40,229 |  |  | $ | 40,116 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,479 |  |  | $ | 38,637 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,515 |  |  | $ | 1,515 |  |  | $ | 1,515 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Mortgage loans | 1,068 |  |  | 1,056 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,056 |
Policy loans | 174 |  |  | 174 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 174 |
Total financial assets not accounted for at fair value | $ | 2,757 |  |  | $ | 2,745 |  |  | $ | 1,515 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,230 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Annuity benefits accumulated (*) | $ | 36,384 |  |  | $ | 34,765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,765 |
Long-term debt | 1,302 |  |  | 1,231 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,228 |  |  | 3 |
Total financial liabilities not accounted for at fair value | $ | 37,686 |  |  | $ | 35,996 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,228 |  |  | $ | 34,768 |

(*) | Excludes $238 million and $232 million of life contingent annuities in the payout phase at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value. Fair values for mortgage loans are estimated by discounting the future contractual cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings. The fair value of policy loans is estimated to approximate carrying value; policy loans have no defined maturity dates and are inseparable from insurance contracts. The fair value of annuity benefits was estimated based on expected cash flows discounted using forward interest rates adjusted for the Company’s credit risk and includes the impact of maintenance expenses and capital costs. Fair values of long-term debt are based primarily on quoted market prices.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
E. Investments
Available for sale fixed maturities at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, consisted of the following (in millions):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Net Unrealized |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Net Unrealized |  | Fair Value
Gains |  | Losses |  | Gains |  | Losses
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and government agencies | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 233 |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 6,628 |  |  | 374 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 368 |  |  | 6,996 |  |  | 6,825 |  |  | 169 |  |  | (55 | ) |  | 114 |  |  | 6,939 |
Foreign government | 146 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 142 |
Residential MBS | 2,368 |  |  | 303 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 299 |  |  | 2,667 |  |  | 2,476 |  |  | 277 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | 268 |  |  | 2,744 |
Commercial MBS | 938 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | 974 |  |  | 905 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | 920 |
Collateralized loan obligations | 4,359 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | (26 | ) |  | 4,333 |  |  | 4,350 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (73 | ) |  | (72 | ) |  | 4,278 |
Other asset-backed securities | 5,749 |  |  | 205 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 195 |  |  | 5,944 |  |  | 5,431 |  |  | 129 |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 102 |  |  | 5,533 |
Corporate and other | 22,494 |  |  | 960 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | 925 |  |  | 23,419 |  |  | 21,475 |  |  | 167 |  |  | (434 | ) |  | (267 | ) |  | 21,208 |
Total fixed maturities | $ | 42,908 |  |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | (93 | ) |  | $ | 1,802 |  |  | $ | 44,710 |  |  | $ | 41,837 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | (603 | ) |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 41,997 |

The non-credit related portion of other-than-temporary impairment charges is included in other comprehensive income. Cumulative non-credit charges taken for securities still owned at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $130 million and $140 million, respectively. Gross unrealized gains on such securities at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $120 million and $119 million, respectively. Gross unrealized losses on such securities at both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $4 million. These amounts represent the non-credit other-than-temporary impairment charges recorded in AOCI adjusted for subsequent changes in fair values and relate primarily to residential MBS.
Equity securities, which are reported at fair value with holding gains and losses recognized in net earnings, consisted of the following at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in millions):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  |  |  |  | Fair Value over (under) Cost |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value over (under) Cost
| Actual Cost |  |  |  |  | Actual Cost |  |  |
|  | Fair Value |  |  |  | Fair Value |
Common stocks | $ | 1,163 |  |  | $ | 1,251 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 1,241 |  |  | $ | 1,148 |  |  | $ | (93 | )
Perpetual preferred stocks | 731 |  |  | 734 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 705 |  |  | 666 |  |  | (39 | )
Total equity securities carried at fair value | $ | 1,894 |  |  | $ | 1,985 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | 1,946 |  |  | $ | 1,814 |  |  | $ | (132 | )

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
The following tables show gross unrealized losses (dollars in millions) on available for sale fixed maturities by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at the following balance sheet dates.

| Less Than Twelve Months |  | Twelve Months or More
Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value as % of Cost |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value as % of Cost
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and government agencies | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 63 |  |  | 97 | %
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | (1 | ) |  | 92 |  |  | 99 | % |  | (5 | ) |  | 411 |  |  | 99 | %
Foreign government | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Residential MBS | (2 | ) |  | 107 |  |  | 98 | % |  | (2 | ) |  | 84 |  |  | 98 | %
Commercial MBS | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Collateralized loan obligations | (18 | ) |  | 1,840 |  |  | 99 | % |  | (18 | ) |  | 960 |  |  | 98 | %
Other asset-backed securities | (4 | ) |  | 656 |  |  | 99 | % |  | (6 | ) |  | 108 |  |  | 95 | %
Corporate and other | (9 | ) |  | 604 |  |  | 99 | % |  | (26 | ) |  | 858 |  |  | 97 | %
Total fixed maturities | $ | (34 | ) |  | $ | 3,379 |  |  | 99 | % |  | $ | (59 | ) |  | $ | 2,484 |  |  | 98 | %
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government and government agencies | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 120 |  |  | 98 | %
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | (23 | ) |  | 1,497 |  |  | 98 | % |  | (32 | ) |  | 902 |  |  | 97 | %
Foreign government | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 100 | % |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 100 | %
Residential MBS | (4 | ) |  | 279 |  |  | 99 | % |  | (5 | ) |  | 139 |  |  | 97 | %
Commercial MBS | (1 | ) |  | 147 |  |  | 99 | % |  | (1 | ) |  | 30 |  |  | 97 | %
Collateralized loan obligations | (61 | ) |  | 3,540 |  |  | 98 | % |  | (12 | ) |  | 197 |  |  | 94 | %
Asset-backed securities | (16 | ) |  | 1,866 |  |  | 99 | % |  | (11 | ) |  | 432 |  |  | 98 | %
Corporate and other | (306 | ) |  | 10,378 |  |  | 97 | % |  | (128 | ) |  | 2,078 |  |  | 94 | %
Total fixed maturities | $ | (411 | ) |  | $ | 17,766 |  |  | 98 | % |  | $ | (192 | ) |  | $ | 3,902 |  |  | 95 | %

At June 30, 2019, the gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities of $93 million relate to 712 securities. Investment grade securities (as determined by nationally recognized rating agencies) represented approximately 75% of the gross unrealized loss and 91% of the fair value.
AFG analyzes its MBS securities for other-than-temporary impairment each quarter based upon expected future cash flows. Management estimates expected future cash flows based upon its knowledge of the MBS market, cash flow projections (which reflect loan to collateral values, subordination, vintage and geographic concentration) received from independent sources, implied cash flows inherent in security ratings and analysis of historical payment data. In both the first six months of 2019 and 2018, AFG recorded less than $1 million in other-than-temporary impairment charges related to its residential MBS.
In the first six months of 2019 and 2018, AFG recorded $5 million and less than $1 million, respectively, in other-than-temporary impairment charges related to corporate bonds and other fixed maturities.
Management believes AFG will recover its cost basis in the securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2019.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
A progression of the credit portion of other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities for which the non-credit portion of an impairment has been recognized in other comprehensive income is shown below (in millions):

| 2019 |  | 2018
Balance at March 31 | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 144 |
Additional credit impairments on: |  |  |
Previously impaired securities | — |  |  | — |
Securities without prior impairments | — |  |  | 1 |
Reductions due to sales or redemptions | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Balance at June 30 | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 144 |
Balance at January 1 | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 145 |
Additional credit impairments on: |  |  |
Previously impaired securities | — |  |  | — |
Securities without prior impairments | — |  |  | 1 |
Reductions due to sales or redemptions | (2 | ) |  | (2 | )
Balance at June 30 | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 144 |

The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of available for sale fixed maturities as of June 30, 2019 (dollars in millions). Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.

| Amortized |  | Fair Value
Cost |  | Amount |  | %
Maturity |  |  |  |  |
One year or less | $ | 1,580 |  |  | $ | 1,601 |  |  | 4 | %
After one year through five years | 10,179 |  |  | 10,523 |  |  | 24 | %
After five years through ten years | 14,140 |  |  | 14,861 |  |  | 33 | %
After ten years | 3,595 |  |  | 3,807 |  |  | 8 | %
| 29,494 |  |  | 30,792 |  |  | 69 | %
Collateralized loan obligations and other ABS (average life of approximately 4.5 years) | 10,108 |  |  | 10,277 |  |  | 23 | %
MBS (average life of approximately 4.5 years) | 3,306 |  |  | 3,641 |  |  | 8 | %
Total | $ | 42,908 |  |  | $ | 44,710 |  |  | 100 | %

Certain risks are inherent in fixed maturity securities, including loss upon default, price volatility in reaction to changes in interest rates, and general market factors and risks associated with reinvestment of proceeds due to prepayments or redemptions in a period of declining interest rates.
There were no investments in individual issuers that exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Net Unrealized Gain on Marketable Securities In addition to adjusting fixed maturity securities classified as “available for sale” to fair value, GAAP requires that deferred policy acquisition costs and certain other balance sheet amounts related to annuity, long-term care and life businesses be adjusted to the extent that unrealized gains and losses from securities would result in adjustments to those balances had the unrealized gains or losses actually been realized. The following table shows (in millions) the components of the net unrealized gain on securities that is included in AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

| Pretax |  | Deferred Tax |  | Net
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gain on: |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities — annuity segment (*) | $ | 1,461 |  |  | $ | (307 | ) |  | $ | 1,154 |
Fixed maturities — all other | 341 |  |  | (71 | ) |  | 270 |
Total fixed maturities | 1,802 |  |  | (378 | ) |  | 1,424 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs — annuity segment | (602 | ) |  | 126 |  |  | (476 | )
Annuity benefits accumulated | (186 | ) |  | 39 |  |  | (147 | )
Unearned revenue | 14 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 11 |
Total net unrealized gain on marketable securities | $ | 1,028 |  |  | $ | (216 | ) |  | $ | 812 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gain on: |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities — annuity segment (*) | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | 80 |
Fixed maturities — all other | 59 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 46 |
Total fixed maturities | 160 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | 126 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs — annuity segment | (42 | ) |  | 9 |  |  | (33 | )
Annuity benefits accumulated | (14 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (11 | )
Unearned revenue | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total net unrealized gain on marketable securities | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | (22 | ) |  | $ | 83 |

(*) | Net unrealized gains on fixed maturity investments supporting AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated.

Net Investment Income The following table shows (in millions) investment income earned and investment expenses incurred.

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Investment income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | 431 |  |  | $ | 947 |  |  | $ | 843 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends | 22 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 40 |
Change in fair value (*) | 7 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 14 |
Equity in earnings of partnerships and similar investments | 45 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 87 |
Other | 34 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 51 |
Gross investment income | 586 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 1,134 |  |  | 1,035 |
Investment expenses | (6 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (10 | )
Net investment income | $ | 580 |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 1,122 |  |  | $ | 1,025 |

(*) | Although the change in the fair value of the majority of AFG’s equity securities is recorded in realized gains (losses) on securities, AFG records holding gains and losses in net investment income on equity securities classified as “trading” under previous guidance and on a small portfolio of limited partnership and similar investments that do not qualify for the equity method of accounting.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Realized gains (losses) and changes in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) included in AOCI related to fixed maturity and equity security investments are summarized as follows (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, 2019 |  | Three months ended June 30, 2018
| Realized gains (losses) |  |  |  | Realized gains (losses) |  |
| Before Impairments |  | Impairments |  | Total |  | Change in Unrealized |  | Before Impairments |  | Impairments |  | Total |  | Change in Unrealized
Fixed maturities | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (338 | )
Equity securities | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | — |
Mortgage loans and other investments | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other (*) | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (349 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 147 |
Total pretax | 58 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 56 |  |  | 440 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | (191 | )
Tax effects | (12 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | (92 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 40 |
Net of tax | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | (151 | )
| Six months ended June 30, 2019 |  | Six months ended June 30, 2018
| Realized gains (losses) |  |  |  | Realized gains (losses) |  |
| Before Impairments |  | Impairments |  | Total |  | Change in Unrealized |  | Before Impairments |  | Impairments |  | Total |  | Change in Unrealized
Fixed maturities | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 1,642 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (937 | )
Equity securities | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | (72 | ) |  | — |  |  | (72 | ) |  | — |
Mortgage loans and other investments | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other (*) | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (719 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 395 |
Total pretax | 244 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 240 |  |  | 923 |  |  | (61 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (62 | ) |  | (542 | )
Tax effects | (51 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | (194 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 114 |
Net of tax | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 729 |  |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (49 | ) |  | $ | (428 | )

(*) | Primarily adjustments to deferred policy acquisition costs and reserves related to the annuity business.

All equity securities other than those accounted for under the equity method are carried at fair value through net earnings. AFG recorded net holding gains (losses) on equity securities during the first six months of 2019 and 2018 on securities that were still owned at June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018 as follows (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Included in realized gains (losses) | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | (71 | )
Included in net investment income | 7 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 14 |
| $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 211 |  |  | $ | (57 | )

Gross realized gains and losses (excluding impairment write-downs and mark-to-market of derivatives) on available for sale fixed maturity investment transactions consisted of the following (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
2019 |  | 2018
Gross gains | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 16 |
Gross losses | (9 | ) |  | (8 | )

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
F. Derivatives
As discussed under “Derivatives” in Note A — “Accounting Policies,” AFG uses derivatives in certain areas of its operations.
Derivatives That Do Not Qualify for Hedge Accounting The following derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting under GAAP are included in AFG’s Balance Sheet at fair value (in millions):

|  |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Derivative |  | Balance Sheet Line |  | Asset |  | Liability |  | Asset |  | Liability
MBS with embedded derivatives |  | Fixed maturities |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | — |
Public company warrants |  | Equity securities |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities (embedded derivative) |  | Annuity benefits accumulated |  | — |  |  | 3,541 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,720 |
Equity index call options |  | Equity index call options |  | 712 |  |  | — |  |  | 184 |  |  | — |
Equity index put options |  | Other liabilities |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Reinsurance contracts (embedded derivative) |  | Other liabilities |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
|  |  |  | $ | 830 |  |  | $ | 3,546 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 2,723 |

The MBS with embedded derivatives consist of primarily interest-only and principal-only MBS. AFG records the entire change in the fair value of these securities in earnings. These investments are part of AFG’s overall investment strategy and represent a small component of AFG’s overall investment portfolio.
Warrants to purchase shares of publicly traded companies, which represent a small component of AFG’s overall investment portfolio, are considered to be derivatives that are required to be carried at fair value through earnings.
AFG’s fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities provide policyholders with a crediting rate tied, in part, to the performance of an existing stock market or other financial index. AFG attempts to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of these products through the purchase and sale of call and put options on the appropriate index. AFG receives collateral from certain counterparties to support its purchased call option assets (net of collateral required under put option contracts with the same counterparties). This collateral ($449 million at June 30, 2019 and $103 million at December 31, 2018) is included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet with an offsetting liability to return the collateral, which is included in other liabilities. AFG’s strategy is designed so that the change in the fair value of the call and put options will generally offset the economic change in the liabilities from the index participation. Both the index-based component of the annuities and the related call and put options are considered derivatives. Fluctuations in interest rates and the stock market, among other factors, can cause volatility in the periodic measurement of fair value of the embedded derivative that management believes can be inconsistent with the long-term economics of these products.
As discussed under “Reinsurance” in Note A, AFG has a reinsurance contract that is considered to contain an embedded derivative.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
The following table summarizes the gains (losses) included in AFG’s Statement of Earnings for changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting for the second quarter and first six months of 2019 and 2018 (in millions):

|  |  |  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
Derivative |  | Statement of Earnings Line |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
MBS with embedded derivatives |  | Realized gains (losses) on securities |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | (5 | )
Public company warrants |  | Realized gains (losses) on securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities (embedded derivative) (*) |  | Annuity benefits |  | (251 | ) |  | (126 | ) |  | (713 | ) |  | (63 | )
Equity index call options |  | Annuity benefits |  | 148 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 514 |  |  | 52 |
Equity index put options |  | Annuity benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Reinsurance contract (embedded derivative) |  | Net investment income |  | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 2 |
|  |  |  | $ | (98 | ) |  | $ | (36 | ) |  | $ | (188 | ) |  | $ | (15 | )

(*) | The change in fair value of the embedded derivative includes a loss related to the unlocking of actuarial assumptions of $44 million in the second quarter of 2018.

Derivatives Designated and Qualifying as Cash Flow Hedges As of June 30, 2019, AFG has fifteen active interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities included in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities. The purpose of each of these swaps is to effectively convert a portion of AFG’s floating-rate fixed maturity securities to fixed rates by offsetting the variability in cash flows attributable to changes in short-term LIBOR.
Under the terms of the swaps, AFG receives fixed-rate interest payments in exchange for variable interest payments based on short-term LIBOR. The notional amounts of the interest rate swaps generally decline over each swap’s respective life (the swaps expire between August 2019 and June 2030) in anticipation of the expected decline in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities with floating interest rates based on short-term LIBOR. The total outstanding notional amount of AFG’s interest rate swaps was $2.14 billion at June 30, 2019 compared to $2.35 billion at December 31, 2018, reflecting the scheduled amortization discussed above and the termination of a swap with a notional amount of $138 million (on the settlement date) in the second quarter of 2019. The fair value of the effective portion of the interest rate swaps in an asset position and included in other assets was $54 million at June 30, 2019 and $16 million at December 31, 2018. The fair value of the effective portion of the interest rate swaps in a liability position and included in other liabilities was $7 million at June 30, 2019 and $46 million at December 31, 2018. The net unrealized gain or loss on cash flow hedges is included in AOCI, net of DPAC and deferred taxes. Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before DPAC and taxes) to net investment income were income of $1 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to a loss of $2 million in the second quarter of 2018 and losses of $1 million for the first six months of both 2019 and 2018. There was no ineffectiveness recorded in net earnings during these periods. A collateral receivable supporting these swaps of $76 million at June 30, 2019 and $135 million at December 31, 2018 is included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
G. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
A progression of deferred policy acquisition costs is presented below (in millions):

| P&C |  |  | Annuity and Other |  |  |
| Deferred |  |  | Deferred |  | Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consolidated
| Costs |  |  | Costs |  | Inducements |  | PVFP |  | Subtotal |  | Unrealized (*) |  | Total |  |  | Total
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | 312 |  |  |  | $ | 1,336 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 1,460 |  |  | $ | (325 | ) |  | $ | 1,135 |  |  |  | $ | 1,447 |
Additions | 194 |  |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 250 |
Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Periodic amortization | (175 | ) |  |  | (19 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (25 | ) |  | — |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (200 | )
Included in realized gains | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Foreign currency translation | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )
Change in unrealized | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (294 | ) |  | (294 | ) |  |  | (294 | )
Balance at June 30, 2019 | $ | 330 |  |  |  | $ | 1,373 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 1,492 |  |  | $ | (619 | ) |  | $ | 873 |  |  |  | $ | 1,203 |
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | 279 |  |  |  | $ | 1,208 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 1,352 |  |  | $ | (214 | ) |  | $ | 1,138 |  |  |  | $ | 1,417 |
Additions | 181 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 71 |  |  | — |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 252 |
Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Periodic amortization | (160 | ) |  |  | (66 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (73 | ) |  | — |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | (233 | )
Annuity unlocking | — |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 29 |
Included in realized gains | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |
Foreign currency translation | (2 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | )
Change in unrealized | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 116 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 298 |  |  |  | $ | 1,243 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | (98 | ) |  | $ | 1,284 |  |  |  | $ | 1,582 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 299 |  |  |  | $ | 1,285 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 1,413 |  |  | $ | (30 | ) |  | $ | 1,383 |  |  |  | $ | 1,682 |
Additions | 381 |  |  |  | 120 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 121 |  |  | — |  |  | 121 |  |  |  | 502 |
Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Periodic amortization | (350 | ) |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (45 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | (395 | )
Included in realized gains | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |
Foreign currency translation | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Change in unrealized | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (589 | ) |  | (589 | ) |  |  | (589 | )
Balance at June 30, 2019 | $ | 330 |  |  |  | $ | 1,373 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 1,492 |  |  | $ | (619 | ) |  | $ | 873 |  |  |  | $ | 1,203 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 270 |  |  |  | $ | 1,217 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 1,368 |  |  | $ | (422 | ) |  | $ | 946 |  |  |  | $ | 1,216 |
Additions | 343 |  |  |  | 127 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |  |  |  | 471 |
Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Periodic amortization | (314 | ) |  |  | (135 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (149 | ) |  | — |  |  | (149 | ) |  |  | (463 | )
Annuity unlocking | — |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 29 |
Included in realized gains | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |
Foreign currency translation | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )
Change in unrealized | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 324 |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 324 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 298 |  |  |  | $ | 1,243 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | (98 | ) |  | $ | 1,284 |  |  |  | $ | 1,582 |

(*) | Adjustments to DPAC related to net unrealized gains/losses on securities and cash flow hedges.

The present value of future profits (“PVFP”) amounts in the table above are net of $152 million and $148 million of accumulated amortization at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
H. Managed Investment Entities
AFG is the investment manager and its subsidiaries have investments ranging from 15.0% to 60.9% of the most subordinate debt tranche of eleven active collateralized loan obligation entities (“CLOs”), which are considered variable interest entities. AFG’s subsidiaries also own portions of the senior debt tranches of certain of these CLOs. Upon formation between 2012 and 2018, these entities issued securities in various senior and subordinate classes and invested the proceeds primarily in secured bank loans, which serve as collateral for the debt securities issued by each particular CLO. None of the collateral was purchased from AFG. AFG’s investments in the subordinate debt tranches of these entities receive residual income from the CLOs only after the CLOs pay expenses (including management fees to AFG) and interest on and returns of capital to senior levels of debt securities. There are no contractual requirements for AFG to provide additional funding for these entities. AFG has not provided and does not intend to provide any financial support to these entities.
AFG’s maximum exposure to economic loss on the CLOs that it manages is limited to its investment in those CLOs, which had an aggregate fair value of $191 million (including $128 million invested in the most subordinate tranches) at June 30, 2019, and $188 million at December 31, 2018.
In March 2018, AFG formed a new CLO, which issued $463 million face amount of liabilities (including $31 million face amount purchased by subsidiaries of AFG). During the first six months of 2019 and 2018, AFG subsidiaries received less than $1 million and $45 million, respectively, in sale and redemption proceeds from its CLO investments. During the first six months of 2018, one AFG CLO was substantially liquidated, as permitted by the CLO indenture.
The revenues and expenses of the CLOs are separately identified in AFG’s Statement of Earnings, after the elimination of management fees and earnings attributable to shareholders of AFG as measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs. Selected financial information related to the CLOs is shown below (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Investment in CLO tranches at end of period | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 192 |
Gains (losses) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | — |  |  | (29 | ) |  | 87 |  |  | (15 | )
Liabilities | (2 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | (89 | ) |  | 10 |
Management fees paid to AFG | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |
CLO earnings attributable to AFG shareholders (b) | 5 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 7 |

(a) | Included in revenues in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

(b) | Included in earnings before income taxes in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ fixed maturity investments exceeded the fair value of the investments by $145 million and $232 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ debt exceeded its carrying value by $150 million and $241 million at those dates. The CLO assets include loans with an aggregate fair value of $7 million at June 30, 2019, for which the CLOs are not accruing interest because the loans are in default (aggregate unpaid principal balance of $15 million; none at December 31, 2018).
In addition to the CLOs that it manages, AFG had investments in CLOs that are managed by third parties (therefore not consolidated), which are included in available for sale fixed maturity securities and had a carrying value of $4.33 billion at June 30, 2019 and $4.28 billion at December 31, 2018.
I. Goodwill and Other Intangibles
There were no changes in the goodwill balance of $207 million during the first six months of 2019. Included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet is $48 million at June 30, 2019 and $54 million at December 31, 2018 in amortizable intangible assets related to property and casualty insurance acquisitions. These amounts are net of accumulated amortization of $45 million and $39 million, respectively. Amortization of intangibles was $3 million and $2 million in the second quarters of 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $6 million and $4 million in the first six months of 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
J. Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Principal |  | Discount and Issue Costs |  | Carrying Value |  | Principal |  | Discount and Issue Costs |  | Carrying Value
Direct Senior Obligations of AFG: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
4.50% Senior Notes due June 2047 | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 588 |
3.50% Senior Notes due August 2026 | 425 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 421 |  |  | 425 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 421 |
Other | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
| 1,018 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 1,012 |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 1,012 |
Direct Subordinated Obligations of AFG: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
6-1/4% Subordinated Debentures due September 2054 | 150 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 145 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 145 |
6% Subordinated Debentures due November 2055 | 150 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 145 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 145 |
5.875% Subordinated Debentures due March 2059 | 125 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 121 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 425 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 411 |  |  | 300 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 290 |
| $ | 1,443 |  |  | $ | (20 | ) |  | $ | 1,423 |  |  | $ | 1,318 |  |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | 1,302 |

AFG has no scheduled principal payments on its long-term debt for the balance of 2019 or in the subsequent five years.
In March 2019, AFG issued $125 million in 5.875% Subordinated Debentures due in 2059.
AFG can borrow up to $500 million under its revolving credit facility, which expires in June 2021. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.875% (currently 1.375%) over LIBOR based on AFG’s credit rating. No amounts were borrowed under this facility at June 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018.
K. Leases
AFG and its subsidiaries lease real estate that is primarily used for office space and, to a lesser extent, equipment under operating lease arrangements. Most of AFG’s real estate leases include an option to extend or renew the lease term at AFG’s option. The operating lease liability includes lease payments related to options to extend or renew the lease term if AFG is reasonably certain of exercising those options. Lease payments are discounted using the implicit discount rate in the lease. If the implicit discount rate for the lease cannot be readily determined, AFG uses an estimate of its incremental secured borrowing rate. AFG did not have any material contracts accounted for as finance leases at June 30, 2019 or January 1, 2019.
At June 30, 2019, AFG’s $162 million operating lease right-of-use asset (presented net of $23 million in deferred rent and lease incentives) and $185 million operating lease liability are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in AFG’s Balance Sheet.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
The following table details AFG’s lease activity for the six months ended June 30, 2019 (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2019
Lease expense: |  |  |
Operating leases | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Short-term leases | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Total lease expense | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Other operating lease information: |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows |  | $ | 24 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities |  |  | 8 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term |  |  | 5.8 years |
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  | 4.1 | %

The following table presents the undiscounted contractual maturities of AFG’s operating lease liability at June 30, 2019 (in millions):

| June 30, 2019
Operating lease payments: |
Remainder of 2019 | $ | 24 |
2020 | 43 |
2021 | 37 |
2022 | 29 |
2023 | 24 |
Thereafter | 52 |
Total lease payments | 209 |
Impact of discounting | (24 | )
Operating lease liability | $ | 185 |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
L. Shareholders’ Equity
AFG is authorized to issue 12.5 million shares of Voting Preferred Stock and 12.5 million shares of Nonvoting Preferred Stock, each without par value.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax (“AOCI”) Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in shareholders’ equity except those arising from transactions with shareholders. Comprehensive income includes net earnings and other comprehensive income, which consists primarily of changes in net unrealized gains or losses on available for sale securities.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
The progression of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income follows (in millions):

|  |  | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |
| AOCI Beginning Balance |  | Pretax |  | Tax |  | Net of tax |  | Attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | Attributable to shareholders |  | Other (c) |  | AOCI Ending Balance
Quarter ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | (94 | ) |  | $ | 356 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 356 |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (a) |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  |  |  |
Total net unrealized gains on securities (b) | $ | 464 |  |  | 440 |  |  | (92 | ) |  | 348 |  |  | — |  |  | 348 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 812 |
Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (12 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8 | )
Total | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 462 |  |  | $ | (96 | ) |  | $ | 366 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 365 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 809 |
Quarter ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding losses on securities arising during the period |  |  | $ | (187 | ) |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | (148 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (148 | ) |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (a) |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  |  |
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities (b) | $ | 342 |  |  | (191 | ) |  | 40 |  |  | (151 | ) |  | — |  |  | (151 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 191 |
Net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges | (24 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (27 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (5 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9 | )
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8 | )
Total | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | (199 | ) |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | (158 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (158 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 147 |
Six months ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period |  |  | $ | 937 |  |  | $ | (197 | ) |  | $ | 740 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 740 |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (a) |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  |  |  |
Total net unrealized gains on securities (b) | $ | 83 |  |  | 923 |  |  | (194 | ) |  | 729 |  |  | — |  |  | 729 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 812 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges | (11 | ) |  | 37 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (16 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8 | )
Total | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 963 |  |  | $ | (201 | ) |  | $ | 762 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 809 |
Six months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding losses on securities arising during the period |  |  | $ | (540 | ) |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | (427 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (427 | ) |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (a) |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities (b) | $ | 840 |  |  | (542 | ) |  | 114 |  |  | (428 | ) |  | — |  |  | (428 | ) |  | $ | (221 | ) |  | $ | 191 |
Net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges | (13 | ) |  | (18 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14 | ) |  | — |  |  | (27 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (6 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9 | )
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8 | )
Total | $ | 813 |  |  | $ | (562 | ) |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | (445 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (445 | ) |  | $ | (221 | ) |  | $ | 147 |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
(a)The reclassification adjustment out of net unrealized gains (losses) on securities affected the following lines in AFG’s Statement of Earnings:

| OCI component |  | Affected line in the statement of earnings |
| Pretax |  | Realized gains (losses) on securities |
| Tax |  | Provision for income taxes |

(b) | Includes net unrealized gains of $59 million at June 30, 2019 compared to $61 million at March 31, 2019 and $58 million at December 31, 2018 related to securities for which only the credit portion of an other-than-temporary impairment has been recorded in earnings.

(c) | On January 1, 2018, AFG adopted new guidance that requires all equity securities other than those accounted for under the equity method to be reported at fair value with holding gains and losses recognized in net earnings. At the date of adoption, the $221 million net unrealized gain on equity securities classified as available for sale (with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in AOCI) under the prior guidance was reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings as the cumulative effect of an accounting change.

Stock Incentive Plans Under AFG’s stock incentive plans, employees of AFG and its subsidiaries are eligible to receive equity awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock awards. In the first six months of 2019, AFG issued 232,565 shares of restricted Common Stock (fair value of $99.28 per share) under the Stock Incentive Plan. AFG did not grant any stock options in the first six months of 2019.
Total compensation expense related to stock incentive plans of AFG and its subsidiaries was $6 million in both the second quarters of 2019 and 2018 and $12 million and $11 million in the first six months of 2019 and 2018, respectively.
M. Income Taxes
The following is a reconciliation of income taxes at the statutory rate of 21% to the provision for income taxes as shown in AFG’s Statement of Earnings (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| Amount |  | % of EBT |  | Amount |  | % of EBT |  | Amount |  | % of EBT |  | Amount |  | % of EBT
Earnings before income taxes (“EBT”) | $ | 259 |  |  |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  |  |  | $ | 672 |  |  |  |  | $ | 434 |  |  |
Income taxes at statutory rate | $ | 54 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 54 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 141 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 91 |  |  | 21 | %
Effect of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax exempt interest | (3 | ) |  | (1 | %) |  | (4 | ) |  | (2 | %) |  | (7 | ) |  | (1 | %) |  | (7 | ) |  | (2 | %)
Dividends received deduction | (1 | ) |  | — | % |  | (1 | ) |  | — | % |  | (2 | ) |  | — | % |  | (2 | ) |  | — | %
Employee Stock Ownership Plan dividends paid deduction | (1 | ) |  | — | % |  | (1 | ) |  | — | % |  | (1 | ) |  | — | % |  | (1 | ) |  | — | %
Stock-based compensation | (2 | ) |  | (1 | %) |  | (2 | ) |  | (1 | %) |  | (4 | ) |  | (1 | %) |  | (7 | ) |  | (2 | %)
Nondeductible expenses | 2 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 2 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 4 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 4 |  |  | 1 | %
Change in valuation allowance | 1 |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 3 |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | — | %
Foreign operations | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 3 |  |  | 1 | %
Other | — |  |  | (1 | %) |  | 2 |  |  | — | % |  | 3 |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | 1 | %
Provision for income taxes as shown in the statement of earnings | $ | 50 |  |  | 19 | % |  | $ | 52 |  |  | 20 | % |  | $ | 137 |  |  | 20 | % |  | $ | 85 |  |  | 20 | %

Approximately $19 million of AFG’s net operating loss carryforwards (“NOL”) subject to separate return limitation year (“SRLY”) tax rules will expire unutilized at December 31, 2019. Since AFG maintains a full valuation allowance against its SRLY NOLs, the expiration of these loss carryforwards will be offset by a corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance and will have no overall impact on AFG’s income tax expense or results of operations.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
N. Contingencies
There have been no significant changes to the matters discussed and referred to in Note M — “Contingencies” of AFG’s 2018 Form 10-K, which covers property and casualty insurance reserves for claims related to environmental exposures, asbestos and other mass tort claims and environmental and occupational injury and disease claims of former subsidiary railroad and manufacturing operations, as well as contingencies related to the sale of substantially all of AFG’s run-off long-term care insurance business.
O. Insurance
Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves The following table provides an analysis of changes in the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses during the first six months of 2019 and 2018 (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 9,741 |  |  | $ | 9,678 |
Less reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance | 2,942 |  |  | 2,957 |
Net liability at beginning of year | 6,799 |  |  | 6,721 |
Provision for losses and LAE occurring in the current period | 1,501 |  |  | 1,434 |
Net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years | (86 | ) |  | (100 | )
Total losses and LAE incurred | 1,415 |  |  | 1,334 |
Payments for losses and LAE of: |  |  |
Current year | (291 | ) |  | (294 | )
Prior years | (1,079 | ) |  | (975 | )
Total payments | (1,370 | ) |  | (1,269 | )
Reserves of business disposed (*) | — |  |  | (319 | )
Foreign currency translation and other | 1 |  |  | (4 | )
Net liability at end of period | 6,845 |  |  | 6,463 |
Add back reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance | 2,732 |  |  | 2,630 |
Gross unpaid losses and LAE included in the balance sheet at end of period | $ | 9,577 |  |  | $ | 9,093 |

(*) | Reflects the reinsurance to close transaction at Neon discussed below.

The net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years during the first six months of 2019 reflects (i) lower than expected
losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the transportation businesses (all within the Property and transportation sub-segment), (ii) lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment), and (iii) lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety and financial institutions businesses and lower than anticipated claim severity in the fidelity business (all within the Specialty financial sub-segment). This favorable development was partially offset by higher than expected claim severity in the excess and surplus lines businesses and higher than expected losses at Neon (all within the Specialty casualty sub-segment).
The net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years during the first six months of 2018 reflects (i) lower than expected losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim severity in the transportation businesses (all within the Property and transportation sub-segment), (ii) lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the workers’ compensation businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment), and (iii) lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety business and lower than expected claim severity in the fidelity business (all within the Specialty financial sub-segment).
In December 2017, the Neon Lloyd’s syndicate entered into a reinsurance to close transaction for the 2015 and prior years of account with StarStone Underwriting Limited, a subsidiary of Enstar Group Limited, which was effective as of December 31, 2017 and settled in early 2018. In the Lloyd’s market, a reinsurance to close transaction transfers the responsibility for discharging all of the liabilities that attach to the transferred year of account plus the right to any income due to the closing year of account in return for a premium. This transaction provided Neon with finality on its legacy business.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
ITEM 2
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

INDEX TO MD&A
| Page |  |  | Page
Forward-Looking Statements | 36 |  | Results of Operations — Second Quarter | 51
Overview | 37 |  | Segmented Statement of Earnings | 51
Critical Accounting Policies | 37 |  | Property and Casualty Insurance | 52
Liquidity and Capital Resources | 38 |  | Annuity | 61
Ratios | 38 |  | Holding Company, Other and Unallocated | 71
Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows | 38 |  | Results of Operations — First Six Months | 74
Parent and Subsidiary Liquidity | 39 |  | Segmented Statement of Earnings | 74
Investments | 40 |  | Property and Casualty Insurance | 75
Uncertainties | 43 |  | Annuity | 83
Managed Investment Entities | 44 |  | Holding Company, Other and Unallocated | 92
Results of Operations | 48 |  | Recent and Pending Accounting Standards | 94
General | 48 |  |  |

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. Some of the forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “anticipates”, “believes”, “expects”, “projects”, “estimates”, “intends”, “plans”, “seeks”, “could”, “may”, “should”, “will” or the negative version of those words or other comparable terminology. Such forward-looking statements include statements relating to: expectations concerning market and other conditions and their effect on future premiums, revenues, earnings, investment activities, and the amount and timing of share repurchases; recoverability of asset values; expected losses and the adequacy of reserves for asbestos, environmental pollution and mass tort claims; rate changes; and improved loss experience.
Actual results and/or financial condition could differ materially from those contained in or implied by such forward-looking statements for a variety of reasons including but not limited to:

• | changes in financial, political and economic conditions, including changes in interest and inflation rates, currency fluctuations and extended economic recessions or expansions in the U.S. and/or abroad;

• | performance of securities markets, including the cost of equity index options;

• | new legislation or declines in credit quality or credit ratings that could have a material impact on the valuation of securities in AFG’s investment portfolio;

• | the availability of capital;

• | changes in insurance law or regulation, including changes in statutory accounting rules and changes in regulation of the Lloyd’s market, including modifications to the establishment of capital requirements for and approval of business plans for syndicate participation;

• | changes in the legal environment affecting AFG or its customers;

• | tax law and accounting changes, including the impact of recent changes in U.S. corporate tax law;

• | levels of natural catastrophes and severe weather, terrorist activities (including any nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological events), incidents of war or losses resulting from civil unrest and other major losses;

• | disruption caused by cyber-attacks or other technology breaches or failures by AFG or its business partners and service providers, which could negatively impact AFG’s business and/or expose AFG to litigation;

• | development of insurance loss reserves and establishment of other reserves, particularly with respect to amounts associated with asbestos and environmental claims;

• | availability of reinsurance and ability of reinsurers to pay their obligations;

• | trends in persistency and mortality;

• | competitive pressures;

• | the ability to obtain adequate rates and policy terms;

• | changes in AFG’s credit ratings or the financial strength ratings assigned by major ratings agencies to AFG’s operating subsidiaries; and

• | the impact of the conditions in the international financial markets and the global economy relating to AFG’s international operations.

The forward-looking statements herein are made only as of the date of this report. The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
OVERVIEW
Financial Condition
AFG is organized as a holding company with almost all of its operations being conducted by subsidiaries. AFG, however, has continuing cash needs for administrative expenses, the payment of principal and interest on borrowings, shareholder dividends, and taxes. Therefore, certain analyses are most meaningfully presented on a parent only basis while others are best done on a total enterprise basis. In addition, because most of its businesses are financial in nature, AFG does not prepare its consolidated financial statements using a current-noncurrent format. Consequently, certain traditional ratios and financial analysis tests are not meaningful.
Results of Operations
Through the operations of its subsidiaries, AFG is engaged primarily in property and casualty insurance, focusing on specialized commercial products for businesses, and in the sale of traditional fixed, fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities in the retail, financial institutions, broker-dealer and registered investment advisor markets.
Net earnings attributable to AFG’s shareholders for the second quarter and first six months of 2019 were $210 million ($2.31 per share, diluted) and $539 million ($5.94 per share, diluted), respectively, compared to $210 million ($2.31 per share, diluted) and $355 million ($3.92 per share, diluted) reported in the same periods of 2018, reflecting:

• | lower earnings in the annuity segment,

• | lower underwriting profit in the property and casualty insurance segment,

• | higher net investment income in the property and casualty insurance segment, and

• | higher realized gains on securities in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 and realized gains on securities in the first six months of 2019 compared to realized losses on securities in the first six months of 2018. Both the 2019 and 2018 periods reflect the change in the fair value of equity securities that are required to be carried at fair value through net earnings under new accounting guidance adopted on January 1, 2018.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Significant accounting policies are summarized in Note A — “Accounting Policies” to the financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts reported in the financial statements. As more information becomes known, these estimates and assumptions change and, thus, impact amounts reported in the future. The areas where management believes the degree of judgment required to determine amounts recorded in the financial statements is most significant are as follows:

• | the establishment of insurance reserves, especially asbestos and environmental-related reserves,

• | the recoverability of reinsurance,

• | the recoverability of deferred acquisition costs,

• | the measurement of the derivatives embedded in fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuity liabilities,

• | the establishment of asbestos and environmental reserves of former railroad and manufacturing operations, and

• | the valuation of investments, including the determination of other-than-temporary impairments.

For a discussion of these policies, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Critical Accounting Policies” in AFG’s 2018 Form 10-K.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Ratios AFG’s debt to total capital ratio on a consolidated basis is shown below (dollars in millions):

|  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31,
2018 |  | 2017
Principal amount of long-term debt |  | $ | 1,443 |  |  | $ | 1,318 |  |  | $ | 1,318 |
Total capital |  | 6,703 |  |  | 6,218 |  |  | 6,046 |
Ratio of debt to total capital: |  |  |  |  |  |
Including subordinated debt |  | 21.5 | % |  | 21.2 | % |  | 21.8 | %
Excluding subordinated debt |  | 15.2 | % |  | 16.4 | % |  | 16.8 | %

The ratio of debt to total capital is a non-GAAP measure that management believes is useful for investors, analysts and independent ratings agencies to evaluate AFG’s financial strength and liquidity and to provide insight into how AFG finances its operations. In addition, maintaining a ratio of debt, excluding subordinated debt and debt secured by real estate (if any), to total capital of 35% or lower is a financial covenant in AFG’s bank credit facility. The ratio is calculated by dividing the principal amount of AFG’s long-term debt by its total capital, which includes long-term debt, noncontrolling interests and shareholders’ equity (excluding unrealized gains (losses) related to fixed maturity investments).
AFG’s ratio of earnings to fixed charges, including annuity benefits as a fixed charge, was 1.95 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 1.54 for the year ended December 31, 2018. Excluding annuity benefits, this ratio was 15.60 and 7.86, respectively. The ratio excluding annuity benefits is presented because interest credited to annuity policyholder accounts is not always considered a borrowing cost for an insurance company.
Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows AFG’s principal sources of cash include insurance premiums, income from its investment portfolio and proceeds from the maturities, redemptions and sales of investments. Insurance premiums in excess of acquisition expenses and operating costs are invested until they are needed to meet policyholder obligations or made available to the parent company through dividends to cover debt obligations and corporate expenses, and to provide returns to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends. Cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities as detailed in AFG’s Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows are shown below (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 877 |  |  | $ | 823 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,052 | ) |  | (2,485 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,034 |  |  | 1,134 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 859 |  |  | $ | (528 | )

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations typically produce positive net operating cash flows as premiums collected and investment income exceed policy acquisition costs, claims payments and operating expenses. AFG’s net cash provided by operating activities is impacted by the level and timing of property and casualty premiums, claim and expense payments and recoveries from reinsurers. AFG’s annuity operations typically produce positive net operating cash flows as investment income exceeds acquisition costs and operating expenses. Interest credited on annuity policyholder funds is a non-cash increase in AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability and annuity premiums, benefits and withdrawals are considered financing activities due to the deposit-type nature of annuities. Cash flows provided by operating activities also include the activity of AFG’s managed investment entities (collateralized loan obligations) other than those activities included in investing or financing activities. The changes in the assets and liabilities of the managed investment entities included in operating activities reduced cash flows from operating activities by $3 million during the first six months of 2019 and increased cash flows from operating activities by $138 million in the first six months of 2018, accounting for a $141 million decline in cash flows from operating activities in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements, AFG has no right to use the CLO assets and no obligation to pay the CLO liabilities and such assets and liabilities are shown separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Excluding the impact of the managed investment entities, net cash provided by operating activities was $880 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $685 million in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $195 million.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities AFG’s investing activities consist primarily of the investment of funds provided by its property and casualty and annuity businesses. Net cash used in investing activities was $1.05 billion for the first six months of 2019 compared to $2.49 billion in the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $1.44 billion. As discussed below (under net cash provided by financing activities), AFG’s annuity group had net cash flows from annuity policyholders of $1.10 billion in the first six months of 2019 and $1.20 billion in the first six months of 2018, which is the primary source of AFG’s cash used in investing activities. In addition, AFG’s cash on hand increased by $859 million during the first six months of 2019 as AFG held more cash due to fewer investment opportunities in the first six months of 2019 compared to a decrease of cash on hand of $528 million during the first six months of 2018, as AFG invested a large portion of its cash on hand at December 31, 2017. Net investment activity in the managed investment entities was a $5 million source of cash in the first six months of 2019 compared to a $226 million use of cash in the 2018 period, accounting for a $231 million decrease in net cash used in investing activities in the first six months of 2019 compared to the same 2018 period. See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note H — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements.
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities AFG’s financing activities consist primarily of transactions with annuity policyholders, issuances and retirements of long-term debt, repurchases of common stock and dividend payments. Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.03 billion for the first six months of 2019 compared to $1.13 billion in the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $100 million. Annuity receipts exceeded annuity surrenders, benefits, withdrawals and transfers by $1.10 billion in the first six months of 2019 compared to $1.20 billion in the first six months of 2018, accounting for a $92 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. In March 2019, AFG issued $125 million of 5.875% Subordinated Debentures due in 2059, the net proceeds of which contributed $121 million to net cash provided by financing activities in the first six months of 2019. Financing activities also include issuances and retirements of managed investment entity liabilities, which are nonrecourse to AFG and presented separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Retirements of managed investment entity liabilities exceeded issuances by $5 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to issuances of managed investment entity liabilities exceeding retirements by $111 million in the first six months of 2018, accounting for a $116 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note H — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements.
Parent and Subsidiary Liquidity
Parent Holding Company Liquidity Management believes AFG has sufficient resources to meet its liquidity requirements. If funds generated from operations, including dividends, tax payments and borrowings from subsidiaries, are insufficient to meet fixed charges in any period, AFG would be required to utilize parent company cash and marketable securities or to generate cash through borrowings, sales of other assets, or similar transactions.
AFG can borrow up to $500 million under its revolving credit facility which expires in June 2021. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.875% (currently 1.375%) over LIBOR based on AFG’s credit rating. There were no borrowings under this agreement, or under any other parent company short-term borrowing arrangements, during 2018 or the first six months of 2019.
In May 2019, AFG paid a special cash dividend of $1.50 per share of AFG Common Stock totaling $135 million.
In March 2019, AFG issued $125 million of 5.875% Subordinated Debentures due in March 2059. The net proceeds of the offering were used for general corporate purposes.
In 2018, AFG paid special cash dividends of $3.00 per share of AFG Common Stock ($1.50 per share in May and November) totaling approximately $267 million and repurchased 65,589 shares of its Common Stock for $6 million.
Under a tax allocation agreement with AFG, its 80%-owned U.S. subsidiaries generally pay taxes to (or recover taxes from) AFG based on each subsidiary’s contribution to amounts due under AFG’s consolidated tax return.
Subsidiary Liquidity Great American Life Insurance Company (“GALIC”), a wholly-owned annuity subsidiary, is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (“FHLB”). The FHLB makes advances and provides other banking services to member institutions, which provides the annuity operations with an additional source of liquidity. At June 30, 2019, GALIC had $1.1 billion in outstanding advances from the FHLB (included in annuity benefits accumulated), bearing interest at rates ranging from 0.13% to 0.21% over LIBOR (average rate of 2.59% at June 30, 2019). While these advances must be repaid
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
between 2020 and 2021 ($510 million in 2020 and $586 million in 2021), GALIC has the option to prepay all or a portion of the advances. GALIC has invested the proceeds from the advances in fixed maturity securities with similar expected lives as the advances for the purpose of earning a spread over the interest payments due to the FHLB. At June 30, 2019, GALIC estimated that it had additional borrowing capacity of approximately $375 million from the FHLB.
The liquidity requirements of AFG’s insurance subsidiaries relate primarily to the liabilities associated with their products as well as operating costs and expenses, payments of dividends and taxes to AFG and contributions of capital to their subsidiaries. Historically, cash flows from premiums and investment income have generally provided more than sufficient funds to meet these requirements. Funds received in excess of cash requirements are generally invested in additional marketable securities. In addition, the insurance subsidiaries generally hold a significant amount of highly liquid, short-term investments.
The excess cash flow of AFG’s property and casualty group allows it to extend the duration of its investment portfolio somewhat beyond that of its claim reserves.
In the annuity business, where profitability is largely dependent on earning a spread between invested assets and annuity liabilities, the duration of investments is generally maintained close to that of liabilities. In a rising interest rate environment, significant protection from withdrawals exists in the form of temporary and permanent surrender charges on AFG’s annuity products. With declining rates, AFG receives some protection (from spread compression) due to the ability to lower crediting rates, subject to contractually guaranteed minimum interest rates (“GMIRs”). At June 30, 2019, AFG could reduce the average crediting rate on approximately $30 billion of traditional fixed, fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities without guaranteed withdrawal benefits by approximately 120 basis points (on a weighted average basis). Annuity policies are subject to GMIRs at policy issuance. The table below shows the breakdown of annuity reserves by GMIR. The current interest crediting rates on substantially all of AFG’s annuities with a GMIR of 3% or higher are at their minimum.

|  |  |  |  | % of Reserves |
|  |  |  |  | June 30, |  | December 31, |
| GMIR |  |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
| 1 — 1.99% |  |  |  | 80% |  | 79% |  | 76% |
| 2 — 2.99% |  |  |  | 4% |  | 4% |  | 5% |
| 3 — 3.99% |  |  |  | 7% |  | 8% |  | 10% |
| 4.00% and above |  |  |  | 9% |  | 9% |  | 9% |
| Annuity benefits accumulated (in millions) |  | $39,044 |  | $36,616 |  | $33,316 |

AFG believes its insurance subsidiaries maintain sufficient liquidity to pay claims and benefits and operating expenses. In addition, these subsidiaries have sufficient capital to meet commitments in the event of unforeseen events such as reserve deficiencies, inadequate premium rates or reinsurer insolvencies. Nonetheless, changes in statutory accounting rules, significant declines in the fair value of the insurance subsidiaries’ investment portfolios or significant ratings downgrades on these investments, could create a need for additional capital.
Investments AFG’s investment portfolio at June 30, 2019, contained $44.71 billion in fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale and carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in a separate component of shareholders’ equity on an after-tax basis and $106 million in fixed maturities classified as trading with holding gains and losses included in net investment income. In addition, AFG’s investment portfolio includes $1.76 billion in equity securities carried at fair value with holding gains and losses included in realized gains (losses) on securities and $220 million in equity securities carried at fair value with holding gains and losses included in net investment income.
Fair values for AFG’s portfolio are determined by AFG’s internal investment professionals using data from nationally recognized pricing services as well as non-binding broker quotes. Fair values of equity securities are generally based on published closing prices. For AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio, approximately 91% was priced using pricing services at June 30, 2019 and the balance was priced primarily by using non-binding broker quotes. When prices obtained for the same security vary, AFG’s internal investment professionals select the price they believe is most indicative of an exit price.
The pricing services use a variety of observable inputs to estimate fair value of fixed maturities that do not trade on a daily basis. Based upon information provided by the pricing services, these inputs include, but are not limited to, recent reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids or offers, reference data, and measures of volatility. Included in the pricing of mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are estimates of the rate of future prepayments and defaults of principal over the
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
remaining life of the underlying collateral. Due to the lack of transparency in the process that brokers use to develop prices, valuations that are based on brokers’ prices are classified as Level 3 in the GAAP hierarchy unless the price can be corroborated, for example, by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs.
Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, AFG communicates directly with pricing services regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the services to value specific securities.
In general, the fair value of AFG’s fixed maturity investments is inversely correlated to changes in interest rates. The following table demonstrates the sensitivity of such fair values to reasonably likely changes in interest rates by illustrating the estimated effect on AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio and accumulated other comprehensive income that an immediate increase of 100 basis points in the interest rate yield curve would have at June 30, 2019 (dollars in millions). Effects of increases or decreases from the 100 basis points illustrated would be approximately proportional.

Fair value of fixed maturity portfolio | $ | 44,816 |
Percentage impact on fair value of 100 bps increase in interest rates | (4.5 | %)
Pretax impact on fair value of fixed maturity portfolio | $ | (2,017 | )
Offsetting adjustments to deferred policy acquisition costs and other balance sheet amounts | 800 |
Estimated pretax impact on accumulated other comprehensive income | (1,217 | )
Deferred income tax | 256 |
Estimated after-tax impact on accumulated other comprehensive income | $ | (961 | )

Approximately 91% of the fixed maturities held by AFG at June 30, 2019, were rated “investment grade” (credit rating of AAA to BBB) by nationally recognized rating agencies. Investment grade securities generally bear lower yields and lower degrees of risk than those that are unrated and non-investment grade. Management believes that the high quality investment portfolio should generate a stable and predictable investment return.
MBS are subject to significant prepayment risk due to the fact that, in periods of declining interest rates, mortgages may be repaid more rapidly than scheduled as borrowers refinance higher rate mortgages to take advantage of lower rates. Although interest rates have been low in recent years, tighter lending standards have resulted in fewer buyers being able to refinance the mortgages underlying much of AFG’s non-agency residential MBS portfolio.
Summarized information for AFG’s MBS (including those classified as trading) at June 30, 2019, is shown in the table below (dollars in millions). Agency-backed securities are those issued by a U.S. government-backed agency; Alt-A mortgages are those with risk profiles between prime and subprime. The average life of the residential and commercial MBS is approximately 4.5 years and 4 years, respectively.

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value as % of Cost |  | Unrealized Gain (Loss) |  | % Rated Investment Grade
Collateral type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency-backed |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | 101 | % |  | $ | 2 |  |  | 100 | %
Non-agency prime |  | 913 |  |  | 1,044 |  |  | 114 | % |  | 131 |  |  | 28 | %
Alt-A |  | 969 |  |  | 1,097 |  |  | 113 | % |  | 128 |  |  | 36 | %
Subprime |  | 331 |  |  | 369 |  |  | 111 | % |  | 38 |  |  | 27 | %
Commercial |  | 938 |  |  | 974 |  |  | 104 | % |  | 36 |  |  | 96 | %
|  | $ | 3,307 |  |  | $ | 3,642 |  |  | 110 | % |  | $ | 335 |  |  | 52 | %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) assigns creditworthiness designations on a scale of 1 to 6 with 1 being the highest quality and 6 being the lowest quality. The NAIC retains third-party investment management firms to assist in the determination of appropriate NAIC designations for MBS based not only on the probability of loss (which is the primary basis of ratings by the major ratings firms), but also on the severity of loss and statutory carrying value. At June 30, 2019, 95% (based on statutory carrying value of $3.25 billion) of AFG’s MBS had an NAIC designation of 1.
Municipal bonds represented approximately 16% of AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio at June 30, 2019. AFG’s municipal bond portfolio is high quality, with 99% of the securities rated investment grade at that date. The portfolio is well diversified across the states of issuance and individual issuers. At June 30, 2019, approximately 78% of the municipal bond portfolio was held in revenue bonds, with the remaining 22% held in general obligation bonds. AFG does not own general obligation bonds issued by Puerto Rico.
Summarized information for the unrealized gains and losses recorded in AFG’s Balance Sheet at June 30, 2019, is shown in the following table (dollars in millions). Approximately $686 million of available for sale fixed maturity securities had no unrealized gains or losses at June 30, 2019.

| Securities With Unrealized Gains |  | Securities With Unrealized Losses
Available for Sale Fixed Maturities |  |  |
Fair value of securities | $ | 38,161 |  |  | $ | 5,863 |
Amortized cost of securities | $ | 36,266 |  |  | $ | 5,956 |
Gross unrealized gain (loss) | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | (93 | )
Fair value as % of amortized cost | 105 | % |  | 98 | %
Number of security positions | 4,648 |  |  | 712 |
Number individually exceeding $2 million gain or loss | 128 |  |  | 5 |
Concentration of gains (losses) by type or industry (exceeding 5% of unrealized): |  |  |
States and municipalities | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | (6 | )
Mortgage-backed securities | 339 |  |  | (4 | )
Banks, savings and credit institutions | 219 |  |  | (3 | )
Other asset-backed securities | 205 |  |  | (10 | )
Healthcare | 60 |  |  | (6 | )
Energy – exploration and production | 35 |  |  | (5 | )
Collateralized loan obligations | 10 |  |  | (36 | )
Percentage rated investment grade | 92 | % |  | 91 | %

The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of AFG’s available for sale fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2019, based on their fair values. Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.

| Securities With Unrealized Gains |  | Securities With Unrealized Losses
Maturity |  |  |
One year or less | 4 | % |  | 1 | %
After one year through five years | 25 | % |  | 12 | %
After five years through ten years | 36 | % |  | 15 | %
After ten years | 9 | % |  | 8 | %
| 74 | % |  | 36 | %
Collateralized loan obligations and other asset-backed securities (average life of approximately 4.5 years) | 17 | % |  | 61 | %
Mortgage-backed securities (average life of approximately 4.5 years) | 9 | % |  | 3 | %
| 100 | % |  | 100 | %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The table below (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities by dollar amount:

|  | Aggregate Fair Value |  | Aggregate Unrealized Gain (Loss) |  | Fair Value as % of Cost
Fixed Maturities at June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities with unrealized gains: |  |  |  |  |  |
Exceeding $500,000 (1,188 securities) |  | $ | 19,046 |  |  | $ | 1,371 |  |  | 108 | %
$500,000 or less (3,460 securities) |  | 19,115 |  |  | 524 |  |  | 103 | %
|  | $ | 38,161 |  |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  | 105 | %
Securities with unrealized losses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Exceeding $500,000 (41 securities) |  | $ | 823 |  |  | $ | (46 | ) |  | 95 | %
$500,000 or less (671 securities) |  | 5,040 |  |  | (47 | ) |  | 99 | %
|  | $ | 5,863 |  |  | $ | (93 | ) |  | 98 | %

The following table (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized losses for all securities with unrealized losses by issuer quality and the length of time those securities have been in an unrealized loss position:

|  | Aggregate Fair Value |  | Aggregate Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value as % of Cost
Securities with Unrealized Losses at June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment grade fixed maturities with losses for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than one year (221 securities) |  | $ | 2,998 |  |  | $ | (26 | ) |  | 99 | %
One year or longer (348 securities) |  | 2,317 |  |  | (44 | ) |  | 98 | %
|  | $ | 5,315 |  |  | $ | (70 | ) |  | 99 | %
Non-investment grade fixed maturities with losses for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than one year (101 securities) |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | 98 | %
One year or longer (42 securities) |  | 167 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 92 | %
|  | $ | 548 |  |  | $ | (23 | ) |  | 96 | %

When a decline in the value of a specific investment is considered to be other-than-temporary, a provision for impairment is charged to earnings (accounted for as a realized loss) and the cost basis of that investment is reduced by the amount of the charge. The determination of whether unrealized losses are other-than-temporary requires judgment based on subjective as well as objective factors as detailed in AFG’s 2018 Form 10-K under Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Investments.”
Based on its analysis, management believes AFG will recover its cost basis in the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2019. Although AFG has the ability to continue holding its fixed maturity investments with unrealized losses, its intent to hold them may change due to deterioration in the issuers’ creditworthiness, decisions to lessen exposure to a particular issuer or industry, asset/liability management decisions, market movements, changes in views about appropriate asset allocation or the desire to offset taxable realized gains. Should AFG’s ability or intent change with regard to a particular security, a charge for impairment would likely be required. While it is not possible to accurately predict if or when a specific security will become impaired, charges for other-than-temporary impairment could be material to results of operations in future periods. Significant declines in the fair value of AFG’s investment portfolio could have a significant adverse effect on AFG’s liquidity. For information on AFG’s realized gains (losses) on securities, including charges for other-than-temporary impairment, see “Results of Operations — Consolidated Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities.”
Uncertainties Management believes that the areas posing the greatest risk of material loss are the adequacy of its insurance reserves and contingencies arising out of its former railroad and manufacturing operations. See Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Uncertainties — Asbestos and Environmental-related (“A&E”) Insurance Reserves” in AFG’s 2018 Form 10-K. In addition to its ongoing monitoring of A&E exposures, AFG has scheduled an in-depth internal review of these liabilities to be completed in the third quarter of 2019 by AFG’s internal A&E claims specialists in consultation with specialty outside counsel.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
MANAGED INVESTMENT ENTITIES
Accounting standards require AFG to consolidate its investments in collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) entities that it manages and owns an interest in (in the form of debt). See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note H — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements. The effect of consolidating these entities is shown in the tables below (in millions). The “Before CLO Consolidation” columns include AFG’s investment and earnings in the CLOs on an unconsolidated basis.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET

| Before CLO Consolidation |  | Managed Investment Entities |  | Consol. Entries |  |  |  | Consolidated As Reported
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and investments | $ | 53,098 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (191 | ) |  | (a) |  | $ | 52,907 |
Assets of managed investment entities | — |  |  | 4,781 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,781 |
Other assets | 10,009 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (a) |  | 10,009 |
Total assets | $ | 63,107 |  |  | $ | 4,781 |  |  | $ | (191 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 67,697 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums | $ | 12,260 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,260 |
Annuity, life, accident and health benefits and reserves | 39,663 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 39,663 |
Liabilities of managed investment entities | — |  |  | 4,781 |  |  | (191 | ) |  | (a) |  | 4,590 |
Long-term debt and other liabilities | 5,094 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,094 |
Total liabilities | 57,017 |  |  | 4,781 |  |  | (191 | ) |  |  |  | 61,607 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock and Capital surplus | 1,367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,367 |
Retained earnings | 3,914 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,914 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax | 809 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 809 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 6,090 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6,090 |
Noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total equity | 6,090 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6,090 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 63,107 |  |  | $ | 4,781 |  |  | $ | (191 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 67,697 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and investments | $ | 48,685 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (187 | ) |  | (a) |  | $ | 48,498 |
Assets of managed investment entities | — |  |  | 4,700 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,700 |
Other assets | 10,259 |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (a) |  | 10,258 |
Total assets | $ | 58,944 |  |  | $ | 4,700 |  |  | $ | (188 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 63,456 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums | $ | 12,336 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,336 |
Annuity, life, accident and health benefits and reserves | 37,251 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 37,251 |
Liabilities of managed investment entities | — |  |  | 4,700 |  |  | (188 | ) |  | (a) |  | 4,512 |
Long-term debt and other liabilities | 4,385 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,385 |
Total liabilities | 53,972 |  |  | 4,700 |  |  | (188 | ) |  |  |  | 58,484 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock and Capital surplus | 1,334 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,334 |
Retained earnings | 3,588 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,588 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 48 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 4,970 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,970 |
Noncontrolling interests | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2 |
Total equity | 4,972 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,972 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 58,944 |  |  | $ | 4,700 |  |  | $ | (188 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 63,456 |

(a) | Elimination of the fair value of AFG’s investment in CLOs and related accrued interest.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS

| Before CLO Consolidation (a) |  | Managed Investment Entities |  | Consol. Entries |  |  |  | Consolidated As Reported
Three months ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance net earned premiums | $ | 1,205 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,205 |
Net investment income | 585 |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (b) |  | 580 |
Realized gains on securities | 56 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 56 |
Income (loss) of managed investment entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 70 |
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (b) |  | (2 | )
Other income | 55 |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (c) |  | 51 |
Total revenues | 1,901 |  |  | 69 |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  |  | 1,960 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits and expenses | 1,529 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,529 |
Expenses of managed investment entities | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | (b)(c) |  | 59 |
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses | 113 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 113 |
Total costs and expenses | 1,642 |  |  | 69 |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  |  | 1,701 |
Earnings before income taxes | 259 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 259 |
Provision for income taxes | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 50 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 209 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 209 |
Less: Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1 | )
Net earnings attributable to shareholders | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 210 |
Three months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance net earned premiums | $ | 1,167 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,167 |
Net investment income | 534 |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (b) |  | 530 |
Realized gains on securities | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 31 |
Income (loss) of managed investment entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | — |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 64 |
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (b) |  | (2 | )
Other income | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (c) |  | 43 |
Total revenues | 1,779 |  |  | 64 |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  |  | 1,833 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits and expenses | 1,414 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,414 |
Expenses of managed investment entities | — |  |  | 64 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | (b)(c) |  | 54 |
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 105 |
Total costs and expenses | 1,519 |  |  | 64 |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  |  | 1,573 |
Earnings before income taxes | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 260 |
Provision for income taxes | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 52 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 208 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 208 |
Less: Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (2 | )
Net earnings attributable to shareholders | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 210 |

(a) | Includes income of $5 million and $4 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments plus $4 million in both the second quarter of 2019 and 2018 in CLO management fees earned.

(b) | Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $6 million in both the second quarter of 2019 and 2018 in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.

(c) | Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS

| Before CLO Consolidation (a) |  | Managed Investment Entities |  | Consol. Entries |  |  |  | Consolidated As Reported
Six months ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance net earned premiums | $ | 2,384 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,384 |
Net investment income | 1,138 |  |  | — |  |  | (16 | ) |  | (b) |  | 1,122 |
Realized gains on securities | 240 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 240 |
Income (loss) of managed investment entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | — |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 139 |
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (b) |  | (2 | )
Other income | 108 |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (c) |  | 101 |
Total revenues | 3,870 |  |  | 133 |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  |  | 3,984 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits and expenses | 2,968 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,968 |
Expenses of managed investment entities | — |  |  | 133 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | (b)(c) |  | 114 |
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses | 230 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 230 |
Total costs and expenses | 3,198 |  |  | 133 |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  |  | 3,312 |
Earnings before income taxes | 672 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 672 |
Provision for income taxes | 137 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 137 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 535 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 535 |
Less: Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (4 | )
Net earnings attributable to shareholders | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 539 |
Six months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance net earned premiums | $ | 2,280 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,280 |
Net investment income | 1,032 |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (b) |  | 1,025 |
Realized losses on securities | (62 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (62 | )
Income (loss) of managed investment entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | — |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 122 |
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (b) |  | (5 | )
Other income | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (c) |  | 92 |
Total revenues | 3,350 |  |  | 121 |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  |  | 3,452 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance benefits and expenses | 2,711 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,711 |
Expenses of managed investment entities | — |  |  | 121 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | (b)(c) |  | 102 |
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses | 205 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 205 |
Total costs and expenses | 2,916 |  |  | 121 |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  |  | 3,018 |
Earnings before income taxes | 434 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 434 |
Provision for income taxes | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 85 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 349 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 349 |
Less: Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (6 | )
Net earnings attributable to shareholders | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 355 |

(a) | Includes income of $16 million and $7 million in the first six months of 2019 and 2018, respectively, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments plus $7 million and $8 million in the first six months of 2019 and 2018, respectively, in CLO management fees earned.

(b) | Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $12 million and $11 million in the first six months of 2019 and 2018, respectively, in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.

(c) | Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
General AFG’s net earnings attributable to shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. For example, core net operating earnings excludes realized gains (losses) on securities because such gains and losses are influenced significantly by financial markets, interest rates and the timing of sales. Similarly, significant gains and losses from the sale of real estate are excluded from core earnings as they are influenced by the timing of sales and realized gains (losses) and significant tax benefits (charges) related to subsidiaries are excluded because such gains and losses are largely the result of the changing business strategy and market opportunities. In addition, special charges related to coverage that AFG no longer writes, such as for asbestos and environmental exposures, are excluded from core earnings.
Beginning with the second quarter of 2019, AFG’s core net operating earnings for its annuity segment excludes unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities (“FIAs”), and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs (“annuity non-core earnings (losses)”). Fluctuations in interest rates and the stock market, among other factors, can cause volatility in the periodic measurement of FIA liabilities that management believes can be inconsistent with the long-term economics of this growing portion of AFG’s annuity business. Management believes that separating these impacts as “non-core” will provide investors with a better view of the fundamental performance of the business, and a more comparable measure of the annuity segment’s business compared to the results identified as “core” by its peers. Although prior period core net operating earnings for the annuity segment were not adjusted, the impact of the items now considered annuity non-core earnings on prior periods is highlighted in the discussion following the reconciliation of net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table (in millions, except per share amounts) identifies non-core items and reconciles net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure. AFG believes core net operating earnings is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends and for management to evaluate financial performance against historical results because it believes this provides a more comparable measure of its continuing business.

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Components of net earnings attributable to shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core operating earnings before income taxes | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 465 |  |  | $ | 496 |
Pretax non-core items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on securities | 56 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 240 |  |  | (62 | )
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) | (33 | ) |  | — |  |  | (33 | ) |  | — |
Earnings before income taxes | 259 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 672 |  |  | 434 |
Provision (credit) for income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core operating earnings | 45 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 98 |
Non-core items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on securities | 11 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 50 |  |  | (13 | )
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |
Total provision for income taxes | 50 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 85 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 209 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 349 |
Less net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core operating earnings (losses) | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (6 | )
Total net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (6 | )
Net earnings attributable to shareholders | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | 355 |
Net earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core net operating earnings | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 185 |  |  | $ | 376 |  |  | $ | 404 |
Realized gains (losses) on securities | 45 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 190 |  |  | (49 | )
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) (*) | (27 | ) |  | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | — |
Net earnings attributable to shareholders | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | 355 |
Diluted per share amounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Core net operating earnings | $ | 2.12 |  |  | $ | 2.04 |  |  | $ | 4.14 |  |  | $ | 4.46 |
Realized gains (losses) on securities | 0.48 |  |  | 0.27 |  |  | 2.09 |  |  | (0.54 | )
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) (*) | (0.29 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.29 | ) |  | — |
Net earnings attributable to shareholders | $ | 2.31 |  |  | $ | 2.31 |  |  | $ | 5.94 |  |  | $ | 3.92 |

(*) | As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered annuity non-core earnings (losses).

Net earnings attributable to shareholders was $210 million in both the second quarter of 2019 and the second quarter of 2018. Net earnings for the second quarter of 2019 includes $45 million in after-tax net realized gains on securities compared to $25 million in the second quarter of 2018. In addition, net earnings attributable to shareholders includes after-tax losses of $27 million and $11 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, from unlocking (in the 2018 quarter), the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs. As discussed above, this impact on the accounting for FIAs is considered non-core earnings (losses) beginning with the second quarter of 2019. Excluding the $11 million after-tax negative impact of these items on results for the second quarter of 2018, core net operating earnings for the second quarter of 2019 decreased $4 million compared to the second quarter of 2018 reflecting slightly lower earnings in the property and casualty insurance and annuity
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
segments, partially offset by improved results from AFG’s operations outside of those segments. Realized gains on securities in the second quarters of 2019 and 2018 resulted primarily from the change in fair value of equity securities that were still held at the balance sheet date.
Net earnings attributable to shareholders increased $184 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 due primarily to after-tax net realized gains on securities of $190 million in the 2019 period compared to after-tax net realized losses of $49 million in the first six months of 2018. In addition, net earnings attributable to shareholders includes an after-tax loss of $36 million for the first six months of 2019 ($9 million in the first quarter and $27 million in the second quarter) compared to after-tax income of $1 million in the first six months of 2018 from unlocking (in the first six months of 2018), the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs. As discussed above, this impact on the accounting for FIAs is considered non-core earnings (losses) prospectively beginning with the second quarter of 2019. Excluding the $9 million after-tax negative impact of these items on results for the first quarter of 2019 and the $1 million after-tax favorable impact of these items on results for the first six months of 2018, core net operating earnings for the first six months of 2019 decreased $18 million compared to the first six months of 2018 reflecting lower earnings in the property and casualty insurance and annuity segments. Realized gains (losses) on securities in the first six months of 2019 and 2018 resulted primarily from the change in fair value of equity securities that were still held at the balance sheet date.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2019 AND 2018
Segmented Statement of Earnings AFG reports its business as three segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance (“P&C”), (ii) Annuity and (iii) Other, which includes run-off long-term care and life, holding company costs and income and expenses related to the managed investment entities (“MIEs”).
AFG’s net earnings attributable to shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):

|  |  |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |
| P&C |  | Annuity |  | Consol. MIEs |  | Holding Co., other and unallocated |  | Total |  | Non-core reclass |  | GAAP Total
Three months ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums | $ | 1,200 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,200 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,200 |
Life, accident and health net earned premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Net investment income | 124 |  |  | 451 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | 580 |  |  | — |  |  | 580 |
Realized gains on securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | 56 |
Income (loss) of MIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Other income | 2 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 26 |  |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |
Total revenues | 1,326 |  |  | 478 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 1,904 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 1,960 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 723 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 723 |  |  | — |  |  | 723 |
Commissions and other underwriting expenses | 418 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 426 |  |  | — |  |  | 426 |
Annuity benefits | — |  |  | 272 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 272 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 339 |
Life, accident and health benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | 33 |
Interest charges on borrowed money | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Expenses of MIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |
Other expenses | 11 |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | 96 |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |
Total costs and expenses | 1,152 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 1,668 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 1,701 |
Earnings before income taxes | 174 |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | (42 | ) |  | 236 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 259 |
Provision for income taxes | 35 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 45 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 50 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 139 |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | (32 | ) |  | 191 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 209 |
Less: Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Core Net Operating Earnings | 140 |  |  | 84 |  |  | — |  |  | (32 | ) |  | 192 |  |  |  |  |
Non-core earnings attributable to shareholders (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains on securities, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | 45 |  |  | (45 | ) |  | — |
Annuity non-core losses, net of tax (b) | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | — |
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 210 |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

|  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |
| P&C |  | Annuity |  | Consol. MIEs |  | Holding Co., other and unallocated |  | Total |  | Non-core reclass |  | GAAP Total
Three months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums | $ | 1,161 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,161 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,161 |
Life, accident and health net earned premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Net investment income | 115 |  |  | 412 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 7 |  |  | 530 |  |  | — |  |  | 530 |
Realized gains on securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | 31 |
Income (loss) of MIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Other income | 2 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 18 |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |
Total revenues | 1,278 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 1,802 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 1,833 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 693 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 693 |  |  | — |  |  | 693 |
Commissions and other underwriting expenses | 396 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 400 |  |  | — |  |  | 400 |
Annuity benefits | — |  |  | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 260 |  |  | — |  |  | 260 |
Life, accident and health benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |
Interest charges on borrowed money | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Expenses of MIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |
Other expenses | 11 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 89 |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |
Total costs and expenses | 1,100 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,573 |
Earnings before income taxes | 178 |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | (48 | ) |  | 229 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 260 |
Provision for income taxes | 37 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 46 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 52 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 141 |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | (36 | ) |  | 183 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 208 |
Less: Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Core Net Operating Earnings | 143 |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | (36 | ) |  | 185 |  |  |  |  |
Non-core earnings attributable to shareholders (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains on securities, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |  |  | (25 | ) |  | — |
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 210 |

(a) | See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General” for details on the tax and noncontrolling interest impacts of these reconciling items.

(b) | As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered annuity non-core earnings (losses).

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations Performance measures such as underwriting profit or loss and related combined ratios are often used by property and casualty insurers to help users of their financial statements better understand the company’s performance. Underwriting profitability is measured by the combined ratio, which is a sum of the ratios of losses and loss adjustment expenses, and commissions and other underwriting expenses to premiums. A combined ratio under 100% indicates an underwriting profit. The combined ratio does not reflect net investment income, other income, other expenses or federal income taxes.
AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $174 million in pretax earnings in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $178 million in the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $4 million (2%). The decrease in pretax earnings reflects
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
lower underwriting profit in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018, partially offset by higher net investment income.
The following table details AFG’s earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Gross written premiums | $ | 1,664 |  |  | $ | 1,665 |  |  | — | %
Reinsurance premiums ceded | (400 | ) |  | (408 | ) |  | (2 | %)
Net written premiums | 1,264 |  |  | 1,257 |  |  | 1 | %
Change in unearned premiums | (64 | ) |  | (96 | ) |  | (33 | %)
Net earned premiums | 1,200 |  |  | 1,161 |  |  | 3 | %
Loss and loss adjustment expenses | 723 |  |  | 693 |  |  | 4 | %
Commissions and other underwriting expenses | 418 |  |  | 396 |  |  | 6 | %
Underwriting gain | 59 |  |  | 72 |  |  | (18 | %)
Net investment income | 124 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 8 | %
Other income and expenses, net | (9 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | — | %
Earnings before income taxes | $ | 174 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | (2 | %)
Combined Ratios: |  |  |  |  |
Specialty lines |  |  |  |  | Change
Loss and LAE ratio | 60.2 | % |  | 59.7 | % |  | 0.5 | %
Underwriting expense ratio | 34.8 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.8 | %
Combined ratio | 95.0 | % |  | 93.7 | % |  | 1.3 | %
Aggregate — including exited lines |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 60.3 | % |  | 59.7 | % |  | 0.6 | %
Underwriting expense ratio | 34.8 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.8 | %
Combined ratio | 95.1 | % |  | 93.7 | % |  | 1.4 | %

AFG reports the underwriting performance of its Specialty property and casualty insurance business in the following sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, (ii) Specialty casualty and (iii) Specialty financial.
To understand the overall profitability of particular lines, the timing of claims payments and the related impact of investment income must be considered. Certain “short-tail” lines of business (primarily property coverages) generally have quick loss payouts, which reduce the time funds are held, thereby limiting investment income earned thereon. In contrast, “long-tail” lines of business (primarily liability coverages and workers’ compensation) generally have payouts that are either structured over many years or take many years to settle, thereby significantly increasing investment income earned on related premiums received.
Gross Written Premiums
Gross written premiums (“GWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.66 billion for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $1.67 billion the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $1 million. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
| GWP |  | % |  | GWP |  | % |  | % Change
Property and transportation | $ | 579 |  |  | 35 | % |  | $ | 615 |  |  | 37 | % |  | (6 | %)
Specialty casualty | 896 |  |  | 54 | % |  | 858 |  |  | 52 | % |  | 4 | %
Specialty financial | 189 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 192 |  |  | 11 | % |  | (2 | %)
| $ | 1,664 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,665 |  |  | 100 | % |  | — | %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Reinsurance Premiums Ceded
Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were 24% of gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2019 compared to 25% of gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of 1 percentage point. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change in
| Ceded |  | % of GWP |  | Ceded |  | % of GWP |  | % of GWP
Property and transportation | $ | (157 | ) |  | 27 | % |  | $ | (193 | ) |  | 31 | % |  | (4 | %)
Specialty casualty | (234 | ) |  | 26 | % |  | (219 | ) |  | 26 | % |  | — | %
Specialty financial | (40 | ) |  | 21 | % |  | (33 | ) |  | 17 | % |  | 4 | %
Other specialty | 31 |  |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  |  |
| $ | (400 | ) |  | 24 | % |  | $ | (408 | ) |  | 25 | % |  | (1 | %)

Net Written Premiums
Net written premiums (“NWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.26 billion for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $1.26 billion for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $7 million (1%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
| NWP |  | % |  | NWP |  | % |  | % Change
Property and transportation | $ | 422 |  |  | 33 | % |  | $ | 422 |  |  | 33 | % |  | — | %
Specialty casualty | 662 |  |  | 52 | % |  | 639 |  |  | 51 | % |  | 4 | %
Specialty financial | 149 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 159 |  |  | 13 | % |  | (6 | %)
Other specialty | 31 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 37 |  |  | 3 | % |  | (16 | %)
| $ | 1,264 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,257 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 1 | %

Net Earned Premiums
Net earned premiums (“NEP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.20 billion for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $1.16 billion for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $39 million (3%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
| NEP |  | % |  | NEP |  | % |  | % Change
Property and transportation | $ | 379 |  |  | 32 | % |  | $ | 374 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 1 | %
Specialty casualty | 634 |  |  | 53 | % |  | 595 |  |  | 51 | % |  | 7 | %
Specialty financial | 151 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 159 |  |  | 14 | % |  | (5 | %)
Other specialty | 36 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 33 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 9 | %
| $ | 1,200 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,161 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 3 | %

The $1 million decrease in gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 reflects growth in the Specialty casualty sub-segment, offset by lower gross written premiums in the Property and transportation and Specialty financial sub-segments. Overall average renewal rates increased approximately 3% in the second quarter of 2019. Excluding the workers’ compensation business, renewal pricing increased approximately 5%.
Property and transportation Gross written premiums decreased $36 million (6%) in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018, due primarily to delayed acreage reporting from insureds as a result of excess moisture and late planting of corn and soybean crops. Management expects that the delayed crop premiums will be included in third quarter 2019 results. Excluding crop insurance, gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2019 grew by 12% when compared to the 2018 second quarter. This growth is primarily attributable to new business opportunities in the transportation businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 5% for this group in the second quarter of 2019. Reinsurance premiums ceded
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
as a percentage of gross written premiums decreased 4 percentage points for the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 reflecting a change in the mix of business.
Specialty casualty Gross written premiums increased $38 million (4%) in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 due primarily to the addition of premiums from ABA Insurance Services, as well as growth in the excess and surplus lines, executive liability and social services businesses. This growth was partially offset by lower premiums in the workers’ compensation businesses and at Neon. Average renewal rates increased approximately 3% for this group in the second quarter of 2019. Excluding rate decreases in the workers’ compensation businesses, renewal rates for this group increased approximately 7%. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums was comparable in the second quarter of 2019 and the second quarter of 2018 reflecting lower cessions to AFG’s internal reinsurance program, which is included in Other specialty, offset by higher cessions to reinsurers.
Specialty financial Gross written premiums decreased $3 million (2%) in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 due primarily to lower premiums in the financial institutions business. Average renewal rates for this group increased approximately 1% in the second quarter of 2019. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 4 percentage points for the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018, reflecting higher cessions in the financial institutions business.
Other specialty The amounts shown as reinsurance premiums ceded represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty property and casualty insurance sub-segments. Reinsurance premiums assumed decreased $6 million (16%) in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018, reflecting a decrease in premiums retained, primarily from businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Combined Ratio
The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment:

| Three months ended June 30, |  |  |  | Three months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Property and transportation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 68.4 | % |  | 63.8 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 30.7 | % |  | 30.1 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 99.1 | % |  | 93.9 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Specialty casualty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 60.0 | % |  | 63.4 | % |  | (3.4 | %) |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 32.5 | % |  | 31.7 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 92.5 | % |  | 95.1 | % |  | (2.6 | %) |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Specialty financial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 32.3 | % |  | 33.9 | % |  | (1.6 | %) |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 53.3 | % |  | 51.7 | % |  | 1.6 | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 85.6 | % |  | 85.6 | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Total Specialty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 60.2 | % |  | 59.7 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 34.8 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 95.0 | % |  | 93.7 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 73 |
Aggregate — including exited lines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 60.3 | % |  | 59.7 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 34.8 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 95.1 | % |  | 93.7 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 72 |

The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $60 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $73 million in the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $13 million (18%). The lower underwriting profit in the second quarter of 2019 reflects lower underwriting profits in the Property and transportation and Specialty financial sub-segments, partially offset by higher underwriting profit in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.
Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $4 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $23 million in the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $19 million (83%). This decrease reflects lower favorable prior year reserve development in the transportation and agricultural businesses, as well as a larger year-over-year underwriting loss in the Singapore branch.
Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $47 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $29 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $18 million (62%). This increase reflects higher underwriting profitability in the workers’ compensation and public sector businesses, partially offset by lower underwriting profits in the excess and surplus lines businesses.
Specialty financial Underwriting profit for this group was $21 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $22 million in the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $1 million (5%). Higher underwriting profitability in the equipment leasing and surety businesses was more than offset by lower underwriting profitability in the financial institutions business.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Other specialty This group reported an underwriting loss of $12 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $1 million in the second quarter of 2018, reflecting higher losses in the business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018.
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 60.3% for the second quarter of 2019 compared to 59.7% for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of 0.6 percentage points. The components of AFG’s property and casualty losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| Amount |  | Ratio |  | Change in
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Ratio
Property and transportation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | 68.0 | % |  | 66.7 | % |  | 1.3 | %
Prior accident years development | (6 | ) |  | (21 | ) |  | (1.6 | %) |  | (5.6 | %) |  | 4.0 | %
Current year catastrophe losses | 8 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | (0.7 | %)
Property and transportation losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | 68.4 | % |  | 63.8 | % |  | 4.6 | %
Specialty casualty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 410 |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | 64.6 | % |  | 65.8 | % |  | (1.2 | %)
Prior accident years development | (31 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | (4.7 | %) |  | (2.5 | %) |  | (2.2 | %)
Current year catastrophe losses | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | — | %
Specialty casualty losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 380 |  |  | $ | 378 |  |  | 60.0 | % |  | 63.4 | % |  | (3.4 | %)
Specialty financial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | 36.4 | % |  | 37.3 | % |  | (0.9 | %)
Prior accident years development | (9 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (5.9 | %) |  | (5.4 | %) |  | (0.5 | %)
Current year catastrophe losses | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | (0.2 | %)
Specialty financial losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | 32.3 | % |  | 33.9 | % |  | (1.6 | %)
Total Specialty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 752 |  |  | $ | 721 |  |  | 62.7 | % |  | 62.2 | % |  | 0.5 | %
Prior accident years development | (42 | ) |  | (45 | ) |  | (3.4 | %) |  | (3.9 | %) |  | 0.5 | %
Current year catastrophe losses | 12 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | (0.5 | %)
Total Specialty losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 722 |  |  | $ | 692 |  |  | 60.2 | % |  | 59.7 | % |  | 0.5 | %
Aggregate — including exited lines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 752 |  |  | $ | 721 |  |  | 62.7 | % |  | 62.2 | % |  | 0.5 | %
Prior accident years development | (41 | ) |  | (44 | ) |  | (3.3 | %) |  | (3.9 | %) |  | 0.6 | %
Current year catastrophe losses | 12 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | (0.5 | %)
Aggregate losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 723 |  |  | $ | 693 |  |  | 60.3 | % |  | 59.7 | % |  | 0.6 | %

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding catastrophe losses
The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding catastrophe losses for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 62.7% for the second quarter of 2019 compared to 62.2% for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of 0.5 percentage points.
Property and transportation The 1.3 percentage point increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects an increase in the loss and LAE ratio at the Singapore branch for the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Specialty casualty The 1.2 percentage point decrease in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects a decrease in the loss and LAE ratio in several of the workers’ compensation businesses and at Neon.
Specialty financial The 0.9 percentage point decrease in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects a decrease in the loss and LAE ratio of the financial institutions business, partially offset by an increase in the loss and LAE ratio of the surety business.
Net prior year reserve development
AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $42 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $45 million in the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $3 million (7%).
Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $6 million in the second quarter of 2019 reflects lower than expected losses in the crop business. Net favorable reserve development of $21 million in the second quarter of 2018 reflects lower than expected losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim severity in the transportation businesses.
Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $31 million in the second quarter of 2019 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses, partially offset by higher than expected claim severity in the excess and surplus lines businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $15 million in the second quarter of 2018 includes lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the workers’ compensation business.
Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $9 million in the second quarter of 2019 reflects lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety and financial institutions businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $8 million in the second quarter of 2018 reflects lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety business and lower than anticipated claim severity in the financial institutions business.
Other specialty In addition to the development discussed above, total Specialty prior year reserve development includes net adverse reserve development of $4 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to net favorable reserve development of $1 million in the second quarter of 2018, reflecting $6 million of adverse reserve development associated with AFG’s internal reinsurance program in the 2019 period compared to $1 million in the second quarter of 2018. Both periods include the amortization of the deferred gain on the retroactive insurance transaction entered into in connection with the sale of businesses in 1998 and 2001.
Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes net adverse reserve development of $1 million in both the second quarter of 2019 and the second quarter of 2018 related to business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.
Catastrophe losses
AFG generally seeks to reduce its exposure to catastrophes through individual risk selection, including minimizing coastal and known fault-line exposures, and the purchase of reinsurance. Based on data available at December 31, 2018, AFG’s exposure to a catastrophic earthquake or windstorm that industry models indicate should statistically occur once in every 100, 250 or 500 years as a percentage of AFG’s Shareholders’ Equity is shown below:

|  |  | Impact of modeled loss on AFG’s |
| Industry Model |  | Shareholders’ Equity |
| 100-year event |  | Less than 1% |
| 250-year event |  | Less than 3% |
| 500-year event |  | Approximately 6% |

AFG maintains comprehensive catastrophe reinsurance coverage, including a $15 million per occurrence net retention for its U.S.-based property and casualty insurance operations for losses up to $100 million. Neon’s excess of loss catastrophe reinsurance limits the maximum retained loss per event to $15 million for losses up to $250 million. AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations further maintain supplemental fully collateralized reinsurance coverage up to 95% of $200 million for catastrophe losses in excess of $104 million of traditional catastrophe reinsurance through a catastrophe bond.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Catastrophe losses of $12 million in the second quarter of 2019 resulted primarily from storms and tornadoes in multiple regions of the United States. Catastrophe losses of $16 million in the second quarter of 2018 resulted primarily from storms and flooding in several regions of the United States.
Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses
AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $418 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $396 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $22 million (6%). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio, calculated as commissions and other underwriting expenses divided by net premiums earned, was 34.8% for the second quarter of 2019 compared to 34.0% for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of 0.8 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change in
| U/W Exp |  | % of NEP |  | U/W Exp |  | % of NEP |  | % of NEP
Property and transportation | $ | 116 |  |  | 30.7 | % |  | $ | 112 |  |  | 30.1 | % |  | 0.6 | %
Specialty casualty | 207 |  |  | 32.5 | % |  | 188 |  |  | 31.7 | % |  | 0.8 | %
Specialty financial | 81 |  |  | 53.3 | % |  | 83 |  |  | 51.7 | % |  | 1.6 | %
Other specialty | 14 |  |  | 39.1 | % |  | 13 |  |  | 36.8 | % |  | 2.3 | %
| $ | 418 |  |  | 34.8 | % |  | $ | 396 |  |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.8 | %

Property and transportation Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 0.6 percentage points in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 reflecting higher underwriting expenses and lower ancillary services fees at National Interstate in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018, partially offset by higher profitability-based ceding commissions received from reinsurers in the crop business.
Specialty casualty Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 0.8 percentage points in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 reflecting lower ceding commissions received from reinsurers in the excess and surplus lines businesses.
Specialty financial Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 1.6 percentage points in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 reflecting higher profitability-based commissions paid to agents in the financial institutions business.
Property and Casualty Net Investment Income
Net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was $124 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $115 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $9 million (8%). The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations are provided below (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | % Change
Net investment income | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | 8 | %
Average invested assets (at amortized cost) | $ | 11,193 |  |  | $ | 10,346 |  |  | $ | 847 |  |  | 8 | %
Yield (net investment income as a % of average invested assets) | 4.43 | % |  | 4.45 | % |  | (0.02 | %) |  |  |
Tax equivalent yield (*) | 4.60 | % |  | 4.62 | % |  | (0.02 | %) |  |

(*) Adjusts the yield on equity securities and tax-exempt bonds to the fully taxable equivalent yield.
The property and casualty insurance segment’s increase in net investment income for the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 is due primarily to growth in the property and casualty insurance segment. The property and casualty insurance segment’s overall yield on investments (net investment income as a percentage of average invested assets) was 4.43% for the second quarter of 2019 compared to 4.45% for the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of 0.02 percentage points. The decrease is due primarily to a lower yield on partnerships and similar investments in the second quarter of 2019 reflecting both additional investments and unusually strong earnings from these assets in the second quarter of 2018. AFG’s property and
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
casualty insurance operations recorded $20 million in earnings from partnerships and similar investments in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $18 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $2 million (11%). The annualized yield earned on these investments was 13.4% in the second quarter of 2019 compared to 15.7% in the prior year period.
Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net
Other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was a net expense of $9 million for both the second quarter of 2019 and for the second quarter of 2018. The table below details the items included in other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Other income | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Other expenses |  |  |
Amortization of intangibles | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Other | 8 |  |  | 9 |
Total other expenses | 11 |  |  | 11 |
Other income and expenses, net | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | (9 | )

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Segment — Results of Operations
AFG’s annuity operations contributed $71 million in GAAP pretax earnings in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $99 million in the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $28 million (28%). This decrease in AFG’s GAAP annuity segment results for the second quarter of 2019 as compared to the second quarter of 2018 is due primarily to the unfavorable impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates on the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs in the 2019 period compared to higher than anticipated interest rates in the 2018 period, partially offset by the impact of an unlocking charge in the second quarter of 2018. AFG monitors the major actuarial assumptions underlying its annuity operations throughout the year and conducts detailed reviews (“unlocking”) of its assumptions in the fourth quarter of each year. If changes in the economic environment or actual experience would cause material revisions to future estimates, these assumptions are updated (unlocked) in an interim quarter. AFG unlocked its assumptions for option costs and interest rates in the second quarter of 2018 due to continued higher FIA option costs (resulting primarily from higher than expected risk-free rates), resulting in a net charge to earnings of $27 million.
The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its annuity operations for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income | $ | 451 |  |  | $ | 412 |  |  | 9 | %
Other income: |  |  |  |  |
Guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees | 17 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 6 | %
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income | 10 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (9 | %)
Total revenues | 478 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 9 | %
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Annuity benefits (a)(b) | 272 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 5 | %
Acquisition expenses (a) | 67 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 37 | %
Other expenses | 35 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 13 | %
Total costs and expenses | 374 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 10 | %
Core earnings before income taxes | 104 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 5 | %
Pretax non-core losses (a) | (33 | ) |  | — |  |  | — | %
GAAP earnings before income taxes | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | (28 | %)

(a) | As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered non-core earnings (losses). For the second quarter of 2019, annuity benefits excludes $67 million in pretax losses related to these items and acquisition expenses excludes the related $34 million favorable impact on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs.

(b) | Details of the components of annuity benefits are provided below.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity core earnings before income taxes were $104 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $99 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $5 million (5%). As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered non-core earnings (losses). For the second quarter of 2019, the annuity segment’s core earnings before income taxes excludes $33 million in pretax losses related to these items. Since annuity core earnings for prior periods were not adjusted, the annuity segment’s core earnings before income taxes for the second quarter of 2018 includes the $14 million negative impact from these items in that period. Excluding the $14 million negative impact of these items on results for the second quarter of 2018, annuity core net operating earnings for the second quarter of 2019 decreased $9 million compared to the second quarter of 2018 reflecting higher FIA renewal option costs and lower earnings from investments carried at fair value through net investment income, partially offset by growth in the business. The table below highlights the impact of unlocking, changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the changes in the stock market and interest rates on annuity segment results (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Earnings before income taxes — before the impact of unlocking, derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of stock market performance and interest rates on FIAs | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 113 |  |  | (8 | %)
Unlocking | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | (100 | %)
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs over or under option costs: |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs | (103 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | (1,388 | %)
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits | (102 | ) |  | (85 | ) |  | 20 | %
Other annuity benefits | (8 | ) |  | (16 | ) |  | (50 | %)
Less cost of equity options | 146 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 20 | %
Related impact on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 34 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | (313 | %)
Earnings before income taxes | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | (28 | %)

Annuity benefits consisted of the following (dollars in millions):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Total
|  | Core |  | Non-core |  | Total |  | Core |  | Non-core |  | Total |  | % Change
Interest credited — fixed |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | 11 | %
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | 20 | %
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (50 | %)
Cost of equity options |  | 146 |  |  | (146 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Other annuity benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in expected death and annuitization reserve |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | (25 | %)
Amortization of sales inducements |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | (20 | %)
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impact of the stock market and interest rates |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Accretion of benefits and other |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | 5 | %
Change in other benefit reserves — impact of changes in interest rates and the stock market |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 9 | %
Unlocking |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | (100 | %)
Derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Embedded derivative mark-to-market |  | — |  |  | 251 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |  |  | 206 | %
Equity option mark-to-market |  | — |  |  | (148 | ) |  | (148 | ) |  | (90 | ) |  | — |  |  | (90 | ) |  | 64 | %
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | 103 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (1,388 | %)
Total annuity benefits |  | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 260 |  |  | 30 | %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Because fluctuations in interest rates and the stock market, among other factors, can cause volatility in annuity benefits expense related to FIAs that can be inconsistent with the long-term economics of the FIA business, management believes that including the actual cost of the equity options purchased in the FIA business and excluding unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs provides investors with a better view of the true cost of funds in the business and a more comparable measure compared to the cost of funds reported by its peers. The cost of the equity options included in AFG’s cost of funds is the net purchase price of the option contracts amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the contracts, which is generally one year. The following table reconciles AFG’s non-GAAP cost of funds measure to total annuity benefits expense (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Interest credited — fixed | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 88 |
Include cost of equity options | 146 |  |  | 122 |
Cost of funds | 244 |  |  | 210 |
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Other annuity benefits, excluding the impact of interest rates and the stock market on FIAs | 27 |  |  | 23 |
| 272 |  |  | 235 |
Unlocking, changes in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates over or under option costs: |  |  |
Unlocking | — |  |  | 54 |
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs | 103 |  |  | (8 | )
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits | 102 |  |  | 85 |
Other annuity benefits — impact of the stock market and interest rates on FIAs | 8 |  |  | 16 |
Less cost of equity options (included in cost of funds) | (146 | ) |  | (122 | )
Total annuity benefits expense | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 260 |

See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on annuity benefit expense in the second quarter of 2018.
Net Spread on Fixed Annuities (excludes variable annuity earnings)
The profitability of a fixed annuity business is largely dependent on the ability of a company to earn income on the assets supporting the business in excess of the amounts credited to policyholder accounts plus expenses incurred (earning a “spread”). Performance measures such as net interest spread and net spread earned are often presented by annuity businesses to help users of their financial statements better understand the company’s performance.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of these spreads for AFG’s fixed annuity operations (including fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost) | $ | 37,907 |  |  | $ | 33,935 |  |  | 12 | %
Average fixed annuity benefits accumulated | 38,202 |  |  | 34,165 |  |  | 12 | %
As % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (except as noted): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income (as % of fixed annuity investments) | 4.73 | % |  | 4.83 | % |  |
Cost of funds | (2.55 | %) |  | (2.46 | %) |  |
Other annuity benefit expenses, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees (*) | (0.10 | %) |  | (0.09 | %) |  |
Net interest spread | 2.08 | % |  | 2.28 | % |  |
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income | 0.08 | % |  | 0.10 | % |  |
Acquisition expenses (*) | (0.68 | %) |  | (0.69 | %) |  |
Other expenses | (0.37 | %) |  | (0.35 | %) |  |
Net spread earned on fixed annuities excluding the impact of unlocking, changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs | 1.11 | % |  | 1.34 | % |  |
Changes in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates under (over) option costs | (0.35 | %) |  | 0.16 | % |  |
Unlocking | — | % |  | (0.32 | %) |  |
Net spread earned on fixed annuities | 0.76 | % |  | 1.18 | % |  |

(*) | Excluding unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on annuity benefits and the related impact (acceleration/deceleration) on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs.

Annuity Net Investment Income
Net investment income for the second quarter of 2019 was $451 million compared to $412 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $39 million (9%). This increase reflects the growth in AFG’s annuity business, partially offset by the impact of lower investment yields, including lower earnings from equity securities that are carried at fair value through net investment income. The overall yield earned on investments in AFG’s fixed annuity operations, calculated as net investment income divided by average investment balances (at amortized cost), decreased by 0.10 percentage points to 4.73% from 4.83% in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018. The decrease in the net investment yield between periods reflects the lower yields on investments accounted for under the equity method and from equity securities carried at fair value through net investment income, as well as the impact of the reinvestment of proceeds from maturity and redemption of higher yielding investments at the lower yields available in the financial markets. For the period from April 1, 2018, through June 30, 2019, $6.2 billion in annuity segment investments with an average yield of approximately 5.0% were redeemed or sold with the proceeds reinvested at an approximately 0.4% lower yield.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Cost of Funds
Cost of funds for the second quarter of 2019 were $244 million compared to $210 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $34 million (16%). This increase reflects the impact of growth in the annuity business and higher renewal option costs. The average cost of policyholder funds, calculated as cost of funds divided by average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, increased 0.09 percentage points to 2.55% in the second quarter of 2019 from 2.46% in the second quarter of 2018 reflecting higher renewal option costs.
The following table provides details of AFG’s interest credited and other cost of funds (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Cost of equity options (FIAs) | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 122 |
Interest credited: |  |  |
Traditional fixed annuities | 61 |  |  | 58 |
Fixed component of fixed-indexed annuities | 23 |  |  | 19 |
Immediate annuities | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Pension risk transfer products | 1 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 7 |  |  | 5 |
Total cost of funds | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | 210 |

Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees
Other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates, for the second quarter of 2019 were $10 million compared to $7 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $3 million (43%). As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these net expenses increased 0.01 percentage points to 0.10% from 0.09% in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018. In addition to interest credited to policyholders’ accounts and the change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities, annuity benefits expense also includes the following expenses (in millions, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees):

| Three months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Other annuity benefits, excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates on FIAs: |  |  |
Amortization of sales inducements | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve | 20 |  |  | 19 |
Change in other benefit reserves | 3 |  |  | (1 | )
Other annuity benefits | 27 |  |  | 23 |
Offset guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees | (17 | ) |  | (16 | )
Other annuity benefits excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates, net | 10 |  |  | 7 |
Other annuity benefits — impact of the stock market and interest rates | 8 |  |  | 16 |
Other annuity benefits, net | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 23 |

As discussed under “Annuity Benefits Accumulated” in Note A — “Accounting Policies” to the financial statements, guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserves are accrued for and modified using assumptions similar to those used in establishing and amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs. In addition, the guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve related to FIAs can be inversely impacted by the calculated FIA embedded derivative reserve as the value to policyholders of the guaranteed withdrawal benefits decreases when the benefit of stock market participation increases. As shown in the table above, changes in the stock market and interest rates increased AFG’s guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve by $8 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $16 million in the second quarter of 2018. This $8 million decrease (50%) was the primary cause of the $5 million overall decrease in other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal fees in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018.
See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on annuity benefits expense in the second quarter of 2018.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Net Interest Spread
AFG’s net interest spread decreased 0.20 percentage points to 2.08% from 2.28% in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 due primarily to higher renewal option costs and lower investment yields. Features included in current annuity product offerings allow AFG to achieve its desired profitability at a lower net interest spread than historical product offerings. As a result, AFG expects its net interest spread to narrow in the future.
Annuity Policy Charges and Other Miscellaneous Income
Annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income, which consist primarily of surrender charges, amortization of deferred upfront policy charges (unearned revenue) and income from sales of real estate were $10 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $11 million for the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $1 million (9%). Excluding the impact of a $1 million unlocking charge related to unearned revenue in the second quarter of 2018, annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income was $10 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $12 million in the second quarter of 2018. Excluding the impact of unlocking charges related to unearned revenue, annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, decreased 0.02 percentage points to 0.08% from 0.10% in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018.
See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income in 2018.
Annuity Acquisition Expenses
In addition to the impact of unlocking, the following table illustrates the acceleration/deceleration of the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DPAC”) resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under option costs (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Annuity acquisition expenses before the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 60 |
Unlocking | — |  |  | (28 | )
Impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates | (34 | ) |  | 17 |
Annuity acquisition expenses | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 49 |

Annuity acquisitions expenses before unlocking and the acceleration/deceleration of the amortization resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts on changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under option costs were $67 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $60 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $7 million (12%), reflecting growth in the annuity business.
See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses in the second quarter of 2018. Unanticipated spread compression, decreases in the stock market, adverse mortality experience, and higher than expected lapse rates could lead to future write-offs of DPAC or the present value of future profits on business in force of companies acquired (“PVFP”).
The negative impact of lower than anticipated interest rates during the second quarter of 2019 on the fair value of derivatives and other liabilities related to FIAs resulted in a partially offsetting deceleration of the amortization of DPAC. In contrast, the positive impact of higher than anticipated interest rates during the second quarter of 2018 on the fair value of derivatives and other liabilities related to FIAs resulted in a partially offsetting acceleration of the amortization of DPAC.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The table below illustrates the impact of unlocking and the estimated impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs on annuity acquisition expenses as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated:

| Three months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Before unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates | 0.68 | % |  | 0.69 | %
Unlocking | — | % |  | (0.33 | %)
Impact of changes in fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates | (0.36 | %) |  | 0.20 | %
Annuity acquisition expenses as a % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated | 0.32 | % |  | 0.56 | %

Annuity Other Expenses
Annuity other expenses were $35 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $31 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $4 million (13%). Annuity other expenses represent primarily general and administrative expenses, as well as selling and issuance expenses that are not deferred. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these expenses increased 0.02 percentage points to 0.37% for the second quarter of 2019 from 0.35% in the second quarter of 2018 due primarily to growth in the business.
Change in Fair Value of Derivatives Related to Fixed-Indexed (Including Variable-Indexed) Annuities and Other Impacts of Changes in the Stock Market and Interest Rates on FIAs
AFG’s fixed-indexed (including variable-indexed) annuities provide policyholders with a crediting rate tied, in part, to the performance of an existing stock market or other financial index. AFG attempts to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of these products through the purchase and sale of call and put options on the appropriate index. AFG’s strategy is designed so that the net change in the fair value of the call option assets and put option liabilities will generally offset the economic change in the net liability from the index participation. Both the index-based component of the annuities (an embedded derivative) and the related call and put options are considered derivatives that must be adjusted for changes in fair value through earnings each period. The fair values of these derivatives are impacted by actual and expected stock market performance and interest rates as well as other factors. For a list of other factors impacting the fair value of the embedded derivative component of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated, see Note D — “Fair Value Measurements” to the financial statements. Fluctuations in certain of these factors, such as changes in interest rates and the performance of the stock market, are not economic in nature for the current reporting period, but rather impact the timing of reported results.
As discussed above under “Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees” and “Annuity Acquisition Expenses,” the periodic accounting for DPAC and guaranteed withdrawal benefits related to FIAs is also impacted by changes in the stock market and interest rates. These impacts may be temporary in nature and not necessarily indicative of the long-term performance of the FIA business. The table below highlights the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and the other impacts of the stock market and interest rates (excluding the impact of the 2018 unlocking charge) over or under the cost of the equity index options (discussed above) on earnings before income taxes for the annuity segment (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Change in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs | $ | (103 | ) |  | $ | 8 |  |  | (1,388 | %)
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits | (102 | ) |  | (85 | ) |  | 20 | %
Other annuity benefits | (8 | ) |  | (16 | ) |  | (50 | %)
Less cost of equity options | 146 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 20 | %
Related impact on the amortization of DPAC | 34 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | (313 | %)
Impact on annuity segment earnings before income taxes | $ | (33 | ) |  | $ | 13 |  |  | (354 | %)

During the second quarter of 2019, the negative impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates, partially offset by the positive impact of strong stock market performance, reduced the annuity segments’ earnings before income taxes by $33 million compared to the $13 million favorable impact of the stock market and interest rates (excluding unlocking) on annuity earnings before income taxes for the second quarter of 2018, a change of $46 million (354%). In the 2018 quarter, the
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
positive impact of higher than expected interest rates and strong stock market performance was partially offset by the negative impact of higher than expected option costs. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the indexed-based component of those FIAs was a net expense of 0.35% in the second quarter of 2019 compared to a net expense reduction of 0.16% in the second quarter of 2018.
The following table provides analysis of the primary factors impacting the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and the other impacts of the stock market and interest rates (excluding the impact of the 2018 unlocking charge) on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options discussed above. Each factor is presented net of the estimated related impact on amortization of DPAC (dollars in millions).

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Changes in the stock market, including volatility | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | (22 | %)
Changes in interest rates higher (lower) than expected | (38 | ) |  | 12 |  |  | (417 | %)
Other | (2 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (75 | %)
Impact on annuity segment earnings before income taxes | $ | (33 | ) |  | $ | 13 |  |  | (354 | %)

See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on the change in the fair value of the embedded derivative and other annuity liabilities in the second quarter of 2018.
Annuity Net Spread Earned on Fixed Annuities
AFG’s net spread earned on fixed annuities excluding the impact of unlocking, changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates over or under option costs decreased 0.23 percentage points to 1.11% in the second quarter of 2019 from 1.34% in the second quarter of 2018 due primarily to the 0.20 percentage points decrease in AFG’s net interest spread discussed above. AFG’s overall net spread earned on fixed annuities decreased 0.42 percentage points to 0.76% in the second quarter of 2019 from 1.18% in the second quarter of 2018 due to a decrease in AFG’s net interest spread and the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs discussed above and the impact of unlocking discussed below under “Annuity Unlocking.”
Annuity Benefits Accumulated
Annuity premiums received and benefit payments are recorded as increases or decreases in annuity benefits accumulated rather than as revenue and expense. Increases in this liability for interest credited and other benefits are charged to expense and decreases for surrender and other policy charges are credited to other income.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
For certain products, annuity benefits accumulated also includes reserves for accrued persistency and premium bonuses, excess benefits expected to be paid on future deaths and annuitizations (“EDAR”) and guaranteed withdrawal benefits. Annuity benefits accumulated also includes amounts advanced from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati. The following table is a progression of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Beginning fixed annuity reserves | $ | 37,724 |  |  | $ | 33,652 |
Fixed annuity premiums (receipts) | 1,343 |  |  | 1,393 |
Surrenders, benefits and other withdrawals | (862 | ) |  | (706 | )
Interest and other annuity benefit expenses: |  |  |
Cost of funds | 244 |  |  | 210 |
Embedded derivative mark-to-market | 251 |  |  | 82 |
Change in other benefit reserves | (20 | ) |  | (8 | )
Unlocking | — |  |  | 55 |
Ending fixed annuity reserves | $ | 38,680 |  |  | $ | 34,678 |
Reconciliation to annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet: |  |  |
Ending fixed annuity reserves (from above) | $ | 38,680 |  |  | $ | 34,678 |
Impact of unrealized investment related gains | 192 |  |  | 32 |
Fixed component of variable annuities | 172 |  |  | 176 |
Annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet | $ | 39,044 |  |  | $ | 34,886 |

Annuity benefits accumulated includes a liability of $491 million at June 30, 2019 and $411 million at June 30, 2018 for guaranteed withdrawal benefits on annuities with features that allow the policyholder to take fixed periodic lifetime benefit payments that could exceed account value. As discussed above under “Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees” and “Annuity Acquisition Expenses,” the periodic accounting for DPAC and guaranteed withdrawal benefits related to FIAs is also impacted by changes in the stock market and interest rates.
Statutory Annuity Premiums
AFG’s annuity operations generated statutory premiums of $1.35 billion in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $1.40 billion in the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $50 million (4%). The following table summarizes AFG’s annuity sales (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Financial institutions single premium annuities — indexed | $ | 429 |  |  | $ | 448 |  |  | (4 | %)
Financial institutions single premium annuities — fixed | 313 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 139 | %
Retail single premium annuities — indexed | 274 |  |  | 378 |  |  | (28 | %)
Retail single premium annuities — fixed | 36 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 64 | %
Broker dealer single premium annuities — indexed | 189 |  |  | 355 |  |  | (47 | %)
Broker dealer single premium annuities — fixed | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 100 | %
Pension risk transfer | 50 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4,900 | %
Education market — fixed and indexed annuities | 44 |  |  | 54 |  |  | (19 | %)
Total fixed annuity premiums | 1,343 |  |  | 1,393 |  |  | (4 | %)
Variable annuities | 6 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — | %
Total annuity premiums | $ | 1,349 |  |  | $ | 1,399 |  |  | (4 | %)

Management attributes the 4% decrease in annuity premiums in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 to the recent lower market interest rate environment. In response to the continued drop in market interest rates during 2019, AFG recently lowered crediting rates on several products, which has begun to slow annuity sales compared to 2018 levels.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Unlocking
AFG monitors the major actuarial assumptions underlying its annuity operations throughout the year and conducts detailed reviews (“unlocking”) of its assumptions in the fourth quarter of each year. If changes in the economic environment or actual experience would cause material revisions to future estimates, these assumptions are updated (unlocked) in an interim quarter. Due to continued higher FIA option costs (resulting primarily from higher than expected risk-free interest rates), AFG unlocked its assumptions for option costs, interest rates and policyholder lapse behavior in the second quarter of 2018. AFG continues its practice of conducting detailed reviews of its assumptions (including option costs and interest rates) in the fourth quarter each year.
The unlocking of the major actuarial assumptions underlying AFG’s annuity operations in the second quarter of 2018 resulted in a net charge related to its annuity business of $27 million, which impacted AFG’s financial statements as follows (in millions):

|  | Three months ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income: |  |  |  |
Unearned revenue |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1 | )
Total revenues |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Annuity benefits: |  |  |  |
Fixed-indexed annuity embedded derivative |  | — |  |  | 44 |
Sales inducements |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Other reserves |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Total annuity benefits |  | — |  |  | 54 |
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses: |  |  |  |
Deferred policy acquisition costs |  | — |  |  | (28 | )
Total costs and expenses |  | — |  |  | 26 |
Net charge |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (27 | )

The net charge from unlocking annuity assumptions in the second quarter of 2018 is due primarily to the unfavorable impact of higher projected option costs, partially offset by the favorable impact of an increase in projected net interest spreads on in-force business (due primarily to higher than previously anticipated reinvestment rates). Reinvestment rate assumptions are based primarily on 7-year and 10-year corporate bond yields.
Annuity Earnings before Income Taxes Reconciliation
The following table reconciles the net spread earned on AFG’s fixed annuities to overall annuity pretax earnings for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Earnings on fixed annuity benefits accumulated | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 101 |
Earnings impact of investments in excess of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (*) | (3 | ) |  | (3 | )
Variable annuity earnings | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Earnings before income taxes | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 99 |

(*) | Net investment income (as a % of investments) of 4.73% and 4.83% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, multiplied by the difference between average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost) and average fixed annuity benefits accumulated in each period.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations AFG’s net pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $42 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $48 million in the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $6 million (13%).
The following table details AFG’s loss before income taxes from operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in millions):

| Three months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Life, accident and health net earned premiums | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | (17 | %)
Net investment income | 10 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 43 | %
Other income — P&C fees | 20 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 33 | %
Other income | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 100 | %
Total revenues | 41 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 32 | %
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance — commissions and other underwriting expenses | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 100 | %
Life, accident and health benefits | 8 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (27 | %)
Life, accident and health acquisition expenses | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (100 | %)
Other expense — expenses associated with P&C fees | 12 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 9 | %
Other expenses | 38 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 6 | %
Costs and expenses, excluding interest charges on borrowed money | 66 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 5 | %
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses and interest charges on borrowed money | (25 | ) |  | (32 | ) |  | (22 | %)
Interest charges on borrowed money | 17 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 6 | %
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses | $ | (42 | ) |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | (13 | %)

Holding Company and Other — Life, Accident and Health Premiums, Benefits and Acquisition Expenses
AFG’s run-off long-term care and life insurance operations recorded net earned premiums of $5 million and related benefits and acquisition expenses of $8 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to net earned premiums of $6 million and related benefits and acquisition expenses of $12 million in the second quarter of 2018. The $3 million (27%) decrease in life, accident and health benefits reflects lower claims in the run-off life insurance business.
Holding Company and Other — Net Investment Income
AFG recorded net investment income on investments held outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations of $10 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $7 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $3 million (43%). The parent company holds a small portfolio of securities that are carried at fair value through net investment income. These securities increased in value by $3 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to a $1 million decrease in value in the second quarter of 2018.
Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses
Summit, a workers’ compensation insurance subsidiary, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the second quarter of 2019, AFG collected $20 million in fees for these services compared to $15 million in the second quarter of 2018. Management views this fee income, net of the $12 million in the second quarter of 2019 and $11 million in the second quarter of 2018, in expenses incurred to generate such fees, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. The increase in fee income for the second quarter of 2019 compared to the second quarter of 2018 is due primarily to higher fee income at Neon. Consistent with internal management reporting, these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of commissions and other underwriting expenses in AFG’s segmented results.
Holding Company and Other — Other Income
Other income in the table above includes $4 million in both the second quarter of 2019 and the second quarter of 2018, in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings.” AFG recorded a $2 million loss on the disposal of equipment in the second quarter of 2018. Excluding amounts eliminated in consolidation and the loss on the disposal of equipment, AFG recorded other income outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations of $2 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $1 million in the second quarter of 2018.
Holding Company and Other — Other Expenses
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations recorded other expenses of $38 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $36 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $2 million (6%). This increase reflects higher holding company expenses related to employee benefit plans that are tied to stock market performance and slightly higher other holding company expenses in the second quarter of 2019 compared to the 2018 period, partially offset by the impact of a $5 million charge in the second quarter of 2018 to increase liabilities related to the environmental exposures of AFG’s former railroad and manufacturing operations.
Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations recorded interest expense of $17 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $16 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $1 million (6%). The following table details the principal amount of AFG’s long-term debt balances as of June 30, 2019 compared to June 30, 2018 (dollars in millions):

| June 30, 2019 |  | June 30, 2018
Direct obligations of AFG: |  |  |
4.50% Senior Notes due June 2047 | $ | 590 |  |  | $ | 590 |
3.50% Senior Notes due August 2026 | 425 |  |  | 425 |
6-1/4% Subordinated Debentures due September 2054 | 150 |  |  | 150 |
6% Subordinated Debentures due November 2055 | 150 |  |  | 150 |
5.875% Subordinated Debentures due March 2059 | 125 |  |  | — |
Other | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Total principal amount of Holding Company Debt | $ | 1,443 |  |  | $ | 1,318 |
Weighted Average Interest Rate | 4.7 | % |  | 4.6 | %

The increase in interest expense and the weighted average interest rate for the second quarter of 2019 as compared to the second quarter of 2018 reflects the issuance of $125 million of 5.875% Subordinated Debentures in March 2019.
Consolidated Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities AFG’s consolidated realized gains (losses) on securities, which are not allocated to segments, were net gains of $56 million in the second quarter of 2019 compared to $31 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $25 million (81%). Realized gains (losses) on securities consisted of the following (in millions):

| Three months ended June 30,
2019 |  | 2018
Realized gains (losses) before impairments: |  |  |
Disposals | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Change in the fair value of equity securities (*) | 44 |  |  | 23 |
Change in the fair value of derivatives | 6 |  |  | (1 | )
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items | — |  |  | 4 |
| 58 |  |  | 31 |
Impairment charges: |  |  |
Securities | (3 | ) |  | — |
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items | 1 |  |  | — |
| (2 | ) |  | — |
Realized gains (losses) on securities | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 31 |

(*) | As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Investments,” beginning in January 2018, all equity securities other than those accounted for under the equity method are carried at fair value through net earnings. The 2019 quarter includes a $38 million net gain on securities that were still held at June 30, 2019 and the 2018 quarter includes a $16 million net gain on securities that were still held at June 30, 2018.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The $44 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the second quarter of 2019 includes gains of $18 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $13 million on investments in communications companies, and $10 million on investment in asset management companies. The $23 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the second quarter of 2018 includes gains of $10 million related to real estate investment trusts, $8 million on health care-related investments and losses of $7 million from investments in banks and financing companies.
Consolidated Income Taxes AFG’s consolidated provision for income taxes was $50 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $52 million for the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $2 million (4%). See Note M — “Income Taxes” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate.
Consolidated Noncontrolling Interests AFG’s consolidated net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests was a net loss of $1 million for the second quarter of 2019 compared to $2 million for the second quarter of 2018. Both periods reflect losses at Neon, AFG’s United Kingdom-based Lloyd’s insurer.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SIX MONTHS ENDED 2019 AND 2018
Segmented Statement of Earnings AFG reports its business as three segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance (“P&C”), (ii) Annuity and (iii) Other, which includes run-off long-term care and life, holding company costs and income and expenses related to the managed investment entities (“MIEs”).
AFG’s net earnings attributable to shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):

|  |  |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |
| P&C |  | Annuity |  | Consol. MIEs |  | Holding Co., other and unallocated |  | Total |  | Non-core reclass |  | GAAP Total
Six months ended June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums | $ | 2,373 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,373 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,373 |
Life, accident and health net earned premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Net investment income | 228 |  |  | 886 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 24 |  |  | 1,122 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,122 |
Realized gains on securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 240 |  |  | 240 |
Income (loss) of MIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | 139 |  |  | — |  |  | 139 |
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
Other income | 5 |  |  | 54 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 49 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |
Total revenues | 2,606 |  |  | 940 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 3,744 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 3,984 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 1,415 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,415 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,415 |
Commissions and other underwriting expenses | 812 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 825 |  |  | — |  |  | 825 |
Annuity benefits | — |  |  | 583 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 583 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 650 |
Life, accident and health benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses | — |  |  | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 95 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | 61 |
Interest charges on borrowed money | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |
Expenses of MIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |
Other expenses | 23 |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  | 197 |  |  | — |  |  | 197 |
Total costs and expenses | 2,250 |  |  | 746 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 3,279 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 3,312 |
Earnings before income taxes | 356 |  |  | 194 |  |  | — |  |  | (85 | ) |  | 465 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 672 |
Provision for income taxes | 72 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 93 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 137 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 284 |  |  | 155 |  |  | — |  |  | (67 | ) |  | 372 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 535 |
Less: Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4 | )
Core Net Operating Earnings | 288 |  |  | 155 |  |  | — |  |  | (67 | ) |  | 376 |  |  |  |  |
Non-core earnings attributable to shareholders (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains on securities, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | 190 |  |  | (190 | ) |  | — |
Annuity non-core losses, net of tax (b) | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | — |
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 539 |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

|  |  |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |  |
| P&C |  | Annuity |  | Consol. MIEs |  | Holding Co., other and unallocated |  | Total |  | Non-core reclass |  | GAAP Total
Six months ended June 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums | $ | 2,268 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,268 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,268 |
Life, accident and health net earned premiums | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Net investment income | 215 |  |  | 806 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | 1,025 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,025 |
Realized losses on securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62 | ) |  | (62 | )
Income (loss) of MIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5 | )
Other income | 4 |  |  | 53 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | 43 |  |  | 92 |  |  | — |  |  | 92 |
Total revenues | 2,487 |  |  | 859 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 3,514 |  |  | (62 | ) |  | 3,452 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 1,334 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,334 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,334 |
Commissions and other underwriting expenses | 771 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 781 |  |  | — |  |  | 781 |
Annuity benefits | — |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | 442 |
Life, accident and health benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |
Interest charges on borrowed money | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |
Expenses of MIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |
Other expenses | 20 |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 174 |  |  | — |  |  | 174 |
Total costs and expenses | 2,125 |  |  | 635 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 3,018 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,018 |
Earnings before income taxes | 362 |  |  | 224 |  |  | — |  |  | (90 | ) |  | 496 |  |  | (62 | ) |  | 434 |
Provision for income taxes | 74 |  |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | (22 | ) |  | 98 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | 85 |
Net earnings, including noncontrolling interests | 288 |  |  | 178 |  |  | — |  |  | (68 | ) |  | 398 |  |  | (49 | ) |  | 349 |
Less: Net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6 | )
Core Net Operating Earnings | 294 |  |  | 178 |  |  | — |  |  | (68 | ) |  | 404 |  |  |  |  |
Non-core earnings attributable to shareholders (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized losses on securities, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (49 | ) |  | (49 | ) |  | 49 |  |  | — |
Net Earnings Attributable to Shareholders | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (117 | ) |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 355 |

(a) | See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General” for details on the tax and noncontrolling interest impacts of these reconciling items.

(b) | As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered non-core earnings (losses).

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $356 million in pretax earnings in the first six months of 2019 compared to $362 million in the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $6 million (2%). The decrease in pretax earnings reflects lower underwriting profit in the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, partially offset by higher net investment income.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table details AFG’s earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Gross written premiums | $ | 3,199 |  |  | $ | 3,123 |  |  | 2 | %
Reinsurance premiums ceded | (788 | ) |  | (764 | ) |  | 3 | %
Net written premiums | 2,411 |  |  | 2,359 |  |  | 2 | %
Change in unearned premiums | (38 | ) |  | (91 | ) |  | (58 | %)
Net earned premiums | 2,373 |  |  | 2,268 |  |  | 5 | %
Loss and loss adjustment expenses | 1,415 |  |  | 1,334 |  |  | 6 | %
Commissions and other underwriting expenses | 812 |  |  | 771 |  |  | 5 | %
Underwriting gain | 146 |  |  | 163 |  |  | (10 | %)
Net investment income | 228 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 6 | %
Other income and expenses, net | (18 | ) |  | (16 | ) |  | 13 | %
Earnings before income taxes | $ | 356 |  |  | $ | 362 |  |  | (2 | %)
Combined Ratios: |  |  |  |  |
Specialty lines |  |  |  |  | Change
Loss and LAE ratio | 59.6 | % |  | 58.8 | % |  | 0.8 | %
Underwriting expense ratio | 34.2 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.2 | %
Combined ratio | 93.8 | % |  | 92.8 | % |  | 1.0 | %
Aggregate — including exited lines |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 59.7 | % |  | 58.8 | % |  | 0.9 | %
Underwriting expense ratio | 34.2 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.2 | %
Combined ratio | 93.9 | % |  | 92.8 | % |  | 1.1 | %

AFG reports the underwriting performance of its Specialty property and casualty insurance business in the following sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, (ii) Specialty casualty and (iii) Specialty financial.
Gross Written Premiums
Gross written premiums (“GWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $3.20 billion for the first six months of 2019 compared to $3.12 billion for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $76 million (2%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
| GWP |  | % |  | GWP |  | % |  | % Change
Property and transportation | $ | 1,018 |  |  | 32 | % |  | $ | 1,041 |  |  | 33 | % |  | (2 | %)
Specialty casualty | 1,808 |  |  | 57 | % |  | 1,711 |  |  | 55 | % |  | 6 | %
Specialty financial | 373 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 371 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 1 | %
| $ | 3,199 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 3,123 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 2 | %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Reinsurance Premiums Ceded
Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were 25% of gross written premiums for the first six months of 2019 compared to 24% of gross written premiums for the first six months of 2018, an increase of 1 percentage point. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change in
| Ceded |  | % of GWP |  | Ceded |  | % of GWP |  | % of GWP
Property and transportation | $ | (252 | ) |  | 25 | % |  | $ | (295 | ) |  | 28 | % |  | (3 | %)
Specialty casualty | (520 | ) |  | 29 | % |  | (478 | ) |  | 28 | % |  | 1 | %
Specialty financial | (79 | ) |  | 21 | % |  | (64 | ) |  | 17 | % |  | 4 | %
Other specialty | 63 |  |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  |  |
| $ | (788 | ) |  | 25 | % |  | $ | (764 | ) |  | 24 | % |  | 1 | %

Net Written Premiums
Net written premiums (“NWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.41 billion for the first six months of 2019 compared to $2.36 billion for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $52 million (2%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
| NWP |  | % |  | NWP |  | % |  | % Change
Property and transportation | $ | 766 |  |  | 32 | % |  | $ | 746 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 3 | %
Specialty casualty | 1,288 |  |  | 53 | % |  | 1,233 |  |  | 52 | % |  | 4 | %
Specialty financial | 294 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 307 |  |  | 13 | % |  | (4 | %)
Other specialty | 63 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 73 |  |  | 3 | % |  | (14 | %)
| $ | 2,411 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,359 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 2 | %

Net Earned Premiums
Net earned premiums (“NEP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.37 billion for the first six months of 2019 compared to $2.27 billion for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $105 million (5%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  |
| NEP |  | % |  | NEP |  | % |  | % Change
Property and transportation | $ | 740 |  |  | 31 | % |  | $ | 724 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 2 | %
Specialty casualty | 1,263 |  |  | 53 | % |  | 1,174 |  |  | 52 | % |  | 8 | %
Specialty financial | 297 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 308 |  |  | 13 | % |  | (4 | %)
Other specialty | 73 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 62 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 18 | %
| $ | 2,373 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,268 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 5 | %

The $76 million (2%) increase in gross written premiums for the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018 reflects growth in the Specialty casualty and Specialty financial sub-segments, partially offset by lower gross written premiums in the Property and transportation sub-segment. Overall average renewal rates increased approximately 2% in the first six months of 2019. Excluding the workers’ compensation business, renewal pricing increased approximately 5%.
Property and transportation Gross written premiums decreased $23 million (2%) in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018, due primarily to delayed acreage reporting from insureds as a result of excess moisture and late planting of corn and soybean crops. Management expects that the delayed crop premiums will be included in third quarter 2019 results. Excluding crop insurance, gross written premiums for this group for the first six months of 2019 grew by 8% when compared to the first six months of 2018. This growth is primarily attributable to new business opportunities in the transportation businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 4% for this group in the first six months of 2019. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums decreased 3 percentage points in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018, reflecting lower cessions in the crop insurance business.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Specialty casualty Gross written premiums increased $97 million (6%) in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018 due primarily to the addition of premiums from ABA Insurance Services, improved pricing in the excess and surplus lines, executive liability and social service businesses and higher premiums within Neon, resulting from the growth of its portfolio in targeted classes of business. This growth was partially offset by lower premiums in the workers’ compensation businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 1% for this group in the first six months of 2019. Excluding rate decreases in the workers’ compensation businesses, renewal rates for this group increased approximately 6%. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 1 percentage point for the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018, reflecting higher cessions at Neon, partially offset by lower cessions to AFG’s internal reinsurance program, which is included in Other specialty.
Specialty financial Gross written premiums increased $2 million (1%) in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018 due primarily to higher premiums in the fidelity, patent risk and international equipment leasing businesses, partially offset by lower premiums in the financial institutions business. Average renewal rates for this group increased approximately 2% in the first six months of 2019. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 4 percentage points for the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018, reflecting higher cessions in the financial institutions and equipment leasing businesses.
Other specialty The amounts shown as reinsurance premiums ceded represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty property and casualty insurance sub-segments. Reinsurance premiums assumed decreased $10 million (14%) in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018, reflecting a decrease in premiums retained, primarily from businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.
Combined Ratio
The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment:

| Six months ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Property and transportation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 65.4 | % |  | 63.4 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 28.8 | % |  | 28.8 | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 94.2 | % |  | 92.2 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 56 |
Specialty casualty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 60.8 | % |  | 61.5 | % |  | (0.7 | %) |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 32.6 | % |  | 32.5 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 93.4 | % |  | 94.0 | % |  | (0.6 | %) |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 70 |
Specialty financial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 35.3 | % |  | 37.0 | % |  | (1.7 | %) |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 53.3 | % |  | 50.9 | % |  | 2.4 | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 88.6 | % |  | 87.9 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Total Specialty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 59.6 | % |  | 58.8 | % |  | 0.8 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 34.2 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 93.8 | % |  | 92.8 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 165 |
Aggregate — including exited lines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE ratio | 59.7 | % |  | 58.8 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting expense ratio | 34.2 | % |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  |  |  |
Combined ratio | 93.9 | % |  | 92.8 | % |  | 1.1 | % |  |  |  |
Underwriting profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 163 |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $148 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to $165 million for the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $17 million (10%). The lower underwriting profit in the first six months of 2019 reflects lower underwriting profits in the Property and transportation and Specialty financial sub-segments, partially offset by higher underwriting profit in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.
Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $43 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to $56 million for the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $13 million (23%). Lower underwriting results in the agricultural and property and inland marine businesses, and a larger year-over-year underwriting loss in the Singapore branch, were partially offset by higher underwriting profit in the transportation businesses.
Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $83 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to $70 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $13 million (19%). Higher underwriting profits in the targeted markets and workers’ compensation businesses were partially offset by lower underwriting profits in the excess and surplus lines businesses.
Specialty financial Underwriting profit for this group was $34 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to $37 million for the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $3 million (8%) due primarily to lower underwriting profitability in the financial institutions business.
Other specialty This group reported an underwriting loss of $12 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to an underwriting profit of $2 million in the first six months of 2018, a change of $14 million (700%). This change reflects higher losses in the business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 59.7% for the first six months of 2019 compared to 58.8% for the first six months of 2018, an increase of 0.9 percentage points. The components of AFG’s property and casualty losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| Amount |  | Ratio |  | Change in
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Ratio
Property and transportation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 499 |  |  | $ | 483 |  |  | 67.5 | % |  | 66.7 | % |  | 0.8 | %
Prior accident years development | (32 | ) |  | (39 | ) |  | (4.4 | %) |  | (5.4 | %) |  | 1.0 | %
Current year catastrophe losses | 17 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 0.2 | %
Property and transportation losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 484 |  |  | $ | 459 |  |  | 65.4 | % |  | 63.4 | % |  | 2.0 | %
Specialty casualty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 810 |  |  | $ | 767 |  |  | 64.2 | % |  | 65.2 | % |  | (1.0 | %)
Prior accident years development | (44 | ) |  | (50 | ) |  | (3.5 | %) |  | (4.2 | %) |  | 0.7 | %
Current year catastrophe losses | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.5 | % |  | (0.4 | %)
Specialty casualty losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 768 |  |  | $ | 723 |  |  | 60.8 | % |  | 61.5 | % |  | (0.7 | %)
Specialty financial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | 38.8 | % |  | 38.7 | % |  | 0.1 | %
Prior accident years development | (15 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | (5.1 | %) |  | (3.6 | %) |  | (1.5 | %)
Current year catastrophe losses | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | (0.3 | %)
Specialty financial losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 114 |  |  | 35.3 | % |  | 37.0 | % |  | (1.7 | %)
Total Specialty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 1,477 |  |  | $ | 1,405 |  |  | 62.3 | % |  | 62.0 | % |  | 0.3 | %
Prior accident years development | (88 | ) |  | (102 | ) |  | (3.7 | %) |  | (4.5 | %) |  | 0.8 | %
Current year catastrophe losses | 24 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  | (0.3 | %)
Total Specialty losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 1,413 |  |  | $ | 1,332 |  |  | 59.6 | % |  | 58.8 | % |  | 0.8 | %
Aggregate — including exited lines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year, excluding catastrophe losses | $ | 1,477 |  |  | $ | 1,405 |  |  | 62.3 | % |  | 62.0 | % |  | 0.3 | %
Prior accident years development | (86 | ) |  | (100 | ) |  | (3.6 | %) |  | (4.5 | %) |  | 0.9 | %
Current year catastrophe losses | 24 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | 1.3 | % |  | (0.3 | %)
Aggregate losses and LAE and ratio | $ | 1,415 |  |  | $ | 1,334 |  |  | 59.7 | % |  | 58.8 | % |  | 0.9 | %

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding catastrophe losses
The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding catastrophe losses for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 62.3% for the first six months of 2019 compared to 62.0% for the first six months of 2018, an increase of 0.3 percentage points.
Property and transportation The 0.8 percentage point increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects an increase in the loss and LAE ratio at the Singapore branch in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018.
Specialty casualty The 1.0 percentage point decrease in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects a decrease in the loss and LAE ratio at Neon and in the general liability and professional liability businesses.
Specialty financial The loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses is comparable in the first six months of 2019 and the first six months of 2018.
Net prior year reserve development
AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $88 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $102 million in the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $14 million (14%).
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $32 million in the first six months of 2019 reflects lower than expected losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the transportation businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $39 million in the first six months of 2018 reflects lower than expected losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim severity in the transportation businesses.
Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $44 million in the first six months of 2019 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses, partially offset by higher than expected claim severity in the excess and surplus lines businesses and higher than expected losses at Neon. Net favorable reserve development of $50 million in the first six months of 2018 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the workers’ compensation businesses.
Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $15 million in the first six months of 2019 reflects lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety and financial institutions businesses and lower than anticipated claim severity in the fidelity business. Net favorable reserve development of $11 million in the first six months of 2018 reflects lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety business and lower than expected claim severity in the fidelity business.
Other specialty In addition to the development discussed above, total Specialty prior year reserve development includes net adverse reserve development of $3 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to net favorable reserve development of $2 million in the first six months of 2018. The adverse net reserve development in the first six months of 2019 reflects $6 million of adverse reserve development associated with AFG’s internal reinsurance program, partially offset by the amortization of the deferred gain on the retroactive insurance transaction entered into in connection with the sale of businesses in 1998 and 2001. The net favorable reserve development in the first six months of 2018 reflects amortization of the deferred gains on the retroactive reinsurance transactions entered into in connection with the sale of businesses in 1998 and 2001, partially offset by adverse reserve development associated with AFG’s internal reinsurance program.
Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes net adverse reserve development of $2 million in both the first six months of 2019 and the first six months of 2018 related to business outside the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.
Catastrophe losses
Catastrophe losses of $24 million in the first six months of 2019 resulted primarily from storms and tornadoes in multiple regions of the United States. Catastrophe losses of $29 million in the first six months of 2018 resulted primarily storms and flooding in several regions of the United States and mudslides in California.
Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses
AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $812 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $771 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $41 million (5%). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio was 34.2% for the first six months of 2019 compared to 34.0% for the first six months of 2018, an increase of 0.2 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change in
| U/W Exp |  | % of NEP |  | U/W Exp |  | % of NEP |  | % of NEP
Property and transportation | $ | 213 |  |  | 28.8 | % |  | $ | 209 |  |  | 28.8 | % |  | — | %
Specialty casualty | 412 |  |  | 32.6 | % |  | 381 |  |  | 32.5 | % |  | 0.1 | %
Specialty financial | 158 |  |  | 53.3 | % |  | 157 |  |  | 50.9 | % |  | 2.4 | %
Other specialty | 29 |  |  | 39.1 | % |  | 24 |  |  | 38.0 | % |  | 1.1 | %
Total Specialty | $ | 812 |  |  | 34.2 | % |  | $ | 771 |  |  | 34.0 | % |  | 0.2 | %

Property and transportation Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums was 28.8 percentage points in both the first six months of 2019 and the first six months of 2018, reflecting higher profitability-based ceding commissions received from reinsurers in the crop business, offset by higher underwriting expenses and lower ancillary services fees at National Interstate in the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Specialty casualty Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 0.1 percentage points in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018, reflecting lower ceding commissions received from reinsurers in the excess and surplus lines businesses, partially offset by lower underwriting expenses related to the exit of certain lines of business at Neon and the impact of higher net earned premiums at Neon.
Specialty financial Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 2.4 percentage points in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018, reflecting higher profitability-based commissions paid to agents in the financial institutions business, partially offset by a lower underwriting expense ratio in the fidelity business.
Property and Casualty Net Investment Income
Net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was $228 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $215 million in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $13 million (6%). The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations are provided below (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  | % Change
Net investment income | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | 6 | %
Average invested assets (at amortized cost) | $ | 11,084 |  |  | $ | 10,395 |  |  | $ | 689 |  |  | 7 | %
Yield (net investment income as a % of average invested assets) | 4.11 | % |  | 4.14 | % |  | (0.03 | %) |  |  |
Tax equivalent yield (*) | 4.29 | % |  | 4.32 | % |  | (0.03 | %) |  |  |

(*) | Adjusts the yield on equity securities and tax-exempt bonds to the fully taxable equivalent yield.

The property and casualty insurance segment’s increase in net investment income for the first six months of 2019 as compared to the first six months of 2018 reflects growth in the property and casualty insurance segment. The property and casualty insurance segment’s overall yield on investments (net investment income as a percentage of average invested assets) was 4.11% for the first six months of 2019 compared to 4.14% for the first six months of 2018, a decrease of 0.03 percentage points due primarily to lower income from partnerships and similar investments. AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations recorded $23 million in earnings from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs in the first six months of 2019 compared to $35 million in the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $12 million (34%). The annualized yield earned on these investments was 7.9% in the first six months of 2019 compared to 14.3% in the prior year period.
Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net
Other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was a net expense of $18 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to $16 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $2 million (13%). The table below details the items included in other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Other income | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Other expenses |  |  |
Amortization of intangibles | 6 |  |  | 4 |
Other | 17 |  |  | 16 |
Total other expense | 23 |  |  | 20 |
Other income and expenses, net | $ | (18 | ) |  | $ | (16 | )

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Segment — Results of Operations
AFG’s annuity operations contributed $161 million in GAAP pretax earnings in the first six months of 2019 compared to $224 million in the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $63 million (28%). This decrease in AFG’s GAAP annuity segment results for the first six months of 2019 as compared to the first six months of 2018 is due primarily to the unfavorable impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates on the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs in the 2019 period compared to higher than anticipated interest rates in the 2018 period, partially offset by the impact of strong stock market performance in the 2019 period and an unlocking charge in the first six months of 2018. AFG monitors the major actuarial assumptions underlying its annuity operations throughout the year and conducts detailed reviews (“unlocking”) of its assumptions in the fourth quarter of each year. If changes in the economic environment or actual experience would cause material revisions to future estimates, these assumptions are updated (unlocked) in an interim quarter. AFG unlocked its assumptions for option costs and interest rates in the second quarter of 2018 due to continued higher FIA option costs (resulting primarily from higher than expected risk-free rates), resulting in a net charge to earnings of $27 million.
The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its annuity operations for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income | $ | 886 |  |  | $ | 806 |  |  | 10 | %
Other income: |  |  |  |  |
Guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees | 33 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 3 | %
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income | 21 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — | %
Total revenues | 940 |  |  | 859 |  |  | 9 | %
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Annuity benefits (a)(b) | 583 |  |  | 442 |  |  | 32 | %
Acquisition expenses (a) | 93 |  |  | 130 |  |  | (28 | %)
Other expenses | 70 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 11 | %
Total costs and expenses | 746 |  |  | 635 |  |  | 17 | %
Core earnings before income taxes | 194 |  |  | 224 |  |  | (13 | %)
Pretax non-core losses (a) | (33 | ) |  | — |  |  | — | %
GAAP earnings before income taxes | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 224 |  |  | (28 | %)

(a) | As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered non-core earnings (losses). For the first six months of 2019, annuity benefits excludes $67 million in pretax losses related to these items and acquisition expenses excludes the related $34 million favorable impact on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs.

(b) | Details of the components of annuity benefits are provided below.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity core earnings before income taxes were $194 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $224 million in the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $30 million (13%). As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered non-core earnings (losses). For the first six months of 2019, the annuity segment’s GAAP earnings before income taxes includes $44 million in pretax losses related to these items (including $11 million in the first quarter). Since annuity core earnings for prior periods were not adjusted, the annuity segment’s core earnings before income taxes for the first six months of 2019 includes the $11 million negative impact from these items in the first quarter of 2019 and the first six months of 2018 includes the $1 million positive impact from these items in that period. Excluding the $11 million negative impact in the first quarter of 2019 and the $1 million positive impact of these items in the first six months of 2018, annuity core net operating earnings for the second quarter of 2019 decreased $18 million compared to the first six months of 2018 reflecting higher FIA renewal option costs, partially offset by growth in the business. The table below highlights the impact of unlocking, changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the changes in the stock market and interest rates on annuity segment results (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Earnings before income taxes — before the impact of unlocking, derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of stock market performance and interest rates on FIAs | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 223 |  |  | (8 | %)
Unlocking | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | (100 | %)
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs over or under option costs: |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs | (198 | ) |  | 33 |  |  | (700 | %)
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits | (201 | ) |  | (164 | ) |  | 23 | %
Other annuity benefits | — |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (100 | %)
Less cost of equity options | 287 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 23 | %
Related impact on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 68 |  |  | (39 | ) |  | (274 | %)
Earnings before income taxes | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 224 |  |  | (28 | %)

Annuity benefits consisted of the following (dollars in millions):

|  | Six months ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Total
|  | Core |  | Non-core |  | Total |  | Core |  | Non-core |  | Total |  | % Change
Interest credited — fixed |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 175 |  |  | 10 | %
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits |  | 99 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 164 |  |  | — |  |  | 164 |  |  | 23 | %
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | (33 | %)
Cost of equity options |  | 146 |  |  | (146 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | %
Other annuity benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in expected death and annuitization reserve |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — | %
Amortization of sales inducements |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | (30 | %)
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impact of change in the stock market and interest rates |  | (1 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | (156 | %)
Accretion of benefits and other |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | 18 | %
Change in other benefit reserves — impact of changes in interest rates and the stock market |  | (5 | ) |  | 12 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | (63 | %)
Unlocking |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | (100 | %)
Derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Embedded derivative mark-to-market |  | 462 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 713 |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | 3,653 | %
Equity option mark-to-market |  | (367 | ) |  | (148 | ) |  | (515 | ) |  | (52 | ) |  | — |  |  | (52 | ) |  | 890 | %
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs |  | 95 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 198 |  |  | (33 | ) |  | — |  |  | (33 | ) |  | (700 | %)
Total annuity benefits |  | $ | 583 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | 47 | %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Because fluctuations in interest rates and the stock market, among other factors, can cause volatility in annuity benefits expense related to FIAs that can be inconsistent with the long-term economics of the FIA business, management believes that including the actual cost of the equity options purchased in the FIA business and excluding unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs provides investors with a better view of the true cost of funds in the business and a more comparable measure compared to the cost of funds reported by its peers. The cost of the equity options included in AFG’s cost of funds is the net purchase price of the option contracts amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the contracts, which is generally one year. The following table reconciles AFG’s non-GAAP cost of funds measure to total annuity benefits expense (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Interest credited — fixed | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 175 |
Include cost of equity options | 287 |  |  | 233 |
Cost of funds | 480 |  |  | 408 |
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Other annuity benefits, excluding the impact of interest rates and the stock market on FIAs | 56 |  |  | 44 |
| 538 |  |  | 455 |
Unlocking, changes in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates over or under option costs: |  |  |
Unlocking | — |  |  | 54 |
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs | 198 |  |  | (33 | )
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits | 201 |  |  | 164 |
Other annuity benefits — impact of the stock market and interest rates on FIAs | — |  |  | 35 |
Less cost of equity options (included in cost of funds) | (287 | ) |  | (233 | )
Total annuity benefits expense | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 442 |

See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on annuity benefit expense in 2018.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Net Spread on Fixed Annuities (excludes variable annuity earnings)
The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the spreads for AFG’s fixed annuity operations (including fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost) | $ | 37,449 |  |  | $ | 33,469 |  |  | 12 | %
Average fixed annuity benefits accumulated | 37,640 |  |  | 33,747 |  |  | 12 | %
As % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (except as noted): |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income (as % of fixed annuity investments) | 4.71 | % |  | 4.79 | % |  |
Cost of funds | (2.55 | %) |  | (2.42 | %) |  |
Other annuity benefit expenses, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees (*) | (0.11 | %) |  | (0.07 | %) |  |
Net interest spread | 2.05 | % |  | 2.30 | % |  |
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income | 0.08 | % |  | 0.10 | % |  |
Acquisition expenses (*) | (0.66 | %) |  | (0.69 | %) |  |
Other expenses | (0.37 | %) |  | (0.36 | %) |  |
Net spread earned on fixed annuities excluding the impact of unlocking, changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs | 1.10 | % |  | 1.35 | % |  |
Changes in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates under (over) option costs: |  |  |  |  |
Included in core | (0.06 | %) |  | 0.17 | % |  |
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) | (0.18 | %) |  | — | % |  |
Unlocking | — | % |  | (0.16 | %) |  |
Net spread earned on fixed annuities | 0.86 | % |  | 1.36 | % |  |

(*) | Excluding unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on annuity benefits and the related impact (acceleration/deceleration) on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs.

Annuity Net Investment Income
Net investment income for the first six months of 2019 was $886 million compared to $806 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $80 million (10%). This increase reflects the growth in AFG’s annuity business, partially offset by the impact of lower investment yields, including lower earnings from equity securities that are carried at fair value through net investment income. The overall yield earned on investments in AFG’s fixed annuity operations, calculated as net investment income divided by average investment balances (at amortized cost), decreased by 0.08 percentage points to 4.71% from 4.79% for the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018. The decrease in the net investment yield between periods reflects the lower yields on investments accounted for under the equity method and from equity securities carried at fair value through net investment income, as well as the impact of the reinvestment of proceeds from maturity and redemption of higher yielding investments at the lower yields available in the financial markets. For the period from April 1, 2018, through June 30, 2019, $6.2 billion in annuity segment investments with an average yield of 5.0% were redeemed or sold with the proceeds reinvested at an approximately 0.4% lower yield.
Annuity Cost of Funds
Cost of funds for the first six months of 2019 were $480 million compared to $408 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $72 million (18%). This increase reflects the impact of growth in the annuity business and higher renewal option costs. The average cost of policyholder funds, calculated as cost of funds divided by average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, increased 0.13% percentage points to 2.55% from 2.42% in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018 reflecting higher renewal option costs.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table provides details of AFG’s interest credited and other cost of funds (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Cost of equity options (FIAs) | $ | 287 |  |  | $ | 233 |
Interest credited: |  |  |
Traditional fixed annuities | 120 |  |  | 117 |
Fixed component of fixed-indexed annuities | 45 |  |  | 37 |
Immediate annuities | 12 |  |  | 12 |
Pension risk transfer products | 2 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 14 |  |  | 9 |
Total cost of funds | $ | 480 |  |  | $ | 408 |

Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees
Other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates for the first six months of 2019 were $23 million compared to $12 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $11 million (92%). As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these net expenses increased 0.04 percentage points to 0.11% from 0.07% in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018. In addition to interest credited to policyholders’ accounts and the change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities, annuity benefits expense also includes the following expenses (in millions, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees):

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Other annuity benefits, excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates on FIAs: |  |  |
Amortization of sales inducements | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve | 39 |  |  | 33 |
Change in other benefit reserves | 9 |  |  | 1 |
Other annuity benefits | 56 |  |  | 44 |
Offset guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees | (33 | ) |  | (32 | )
Other annuity benefits excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates, net | 23 |  |  | 12 |
Other annuity benefits — impact of the stock market and interest rates | — |  |  | 35 |
Other annuity benefits, net | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 47 |

As discussed under “Annuity Benefits Accumulated” in Note A — “Accounting Policies” to the financial statements, guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserves are accrued for and modified using assumptions similar to those used in establishing and amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs. In addition, the guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve related to FIAs can be inversely impacted by the calculated FIA embedded derivative reserve as the value to policyholders of the guaranteed withdrawal benefits decreases when the benefit of stock market participation increases. As shown in the table above, changes in the stock market and interest rates decreased AFG’s guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve by less than $1 million in the first six months of 2019 and increased the guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve by $35 million in the first six months of 2018. This $35 million change was the primary cause of the $24 million overall decrease in other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal fees in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018.
See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on annuity benefit expense in 2018.
Annuity Net Interest Spread
AFG’s net interest spread decreased 0.25 percentage points to 2.05% from 2.30% in the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 due primarily to higher renewal option costs and lower investment yields. Features included in current annuity offerings allow AFG to achieve its desired profitability at a lower net interest spread than historical product offerings. As a result, AFG expects its net interest spread to narrow in the future.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Policy Charges and Other Miscellaneous Income
Annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income, which consist primarily of surrender charges, amortization of deferred upfront policy charges (unearned revenue) and income from sales of real estate, were $21 million for both the first six months of 2019 and for the first six months of 2018. Excluding the impact of a $1 million unlocking charge related to unearned revenue in the second quarter of 2018, annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income were $21 million in 2019 compared to $22 million in 2018, a decrease of $1 million (5%). Excluding the impact of unlocking charges related to unearned revenue, annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated decreased 0.02 percentage points to 0.08% from 0.10% in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018.
See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income in 2018.
Annuity Acquisition Expenses
In addition to the impact of unlocking, the following table illustrates the acceleration/deceleration of the amortization of
deferred policy acquisition costs (“DPAC”) resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other
impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under option costs (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Annuity acquisition expenses before the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 118 |
Unlocking | — |  |  | (28 | )
Impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates: |  |  |
Included in core | (34 | ) |  | 40 |
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) | (34 | ) |  | — |
Annuity acquisition expenses | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 130 |

Annuity acquisitions expenses before unlocking and the acceleration/deceleration of the amortization resulting from changes in
the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts on changes in the stock market and interest rates on the
accounting for FIAs over or under option costs were $127 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to $118 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $9 million (8%), reflecting growth in the annuity business.
See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses in 2018. Unanticipated spread compression, decreases in the stock market, adverse mortality experience, and higher than expected lapse rates could lead to write-offs of DPAC or present value of future profits on business in force of companies acquired (“PVFP”).
The negative impact of lower than anticipated interest rates during the first six months of 2019 on the fair value of derivatives
and other liabilities related to FIAs resulted in a partially offsetting deceleration of the amortization of DPAC. In contrast, the
positive impact of higher than anticipated interest rates during the first six months of 2018 on the fair value of derivatives and
other liabilities related to FIAs resulted in a partially offsetting acceleration of the amortization of DPAC.
The table below illustrates the impact of unlocking and the estimated impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related
to fixed-indexed annuities and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs on annuity acquisition
expenses as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated:

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Before unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates | 0.66 | % |  | 0.69 | %
Unlocking | — | % |  | (0.16 | %)
Impact of changes in fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates | (0.36 | %) |  | 0.22 | %
Annuity acquisition expenses as a % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated | 0.30 | % |  | 0.75 | %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Other Expenses
Annuity other expenses were $70 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to $63 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $7 million (11%). Annuity other expenses represent primarily general and administrative expenses, as well as selling and issuance expenses that are not deferred. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these expenses increased 0.01 percentage points to 0.37% from 0.36% for the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018 due primarily to growth in the business.
Change in Fair Value of Derivatives Related to Fixed-Indexed (Including Variable-Indexed) Annuities and Other Impacts of Changes in the Stock Market and Interest Rates on FIAs
AFG’s fixed-indexed (including variable-indexed) annuities provide policyholders with a crediting rate tied, in part, to the performance of an existing stock market or other financial index. AFG attempts to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of these products through the purchase and sale of call and put options on the appropriate index. AFG’s strategy is designed so that the net change in the fair value of the call option assets and put option liabilities will generally offset the economic change in the net liability from the index participation. Both the index-based component of the annuities (an embedded derivative) and the related call and put options are considered derivatives that must be adjusted for changes in fair value through earnings each period. The fair values of these derivatives are impacted by actual and expected stock market performance and interest rates as well as other factors. For a list of other factors impacting the fair value of the embedded derivative component of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated, see Note D — “Fair Value Measurements” to the financial statements. Fluctuations in certain of these factors, such as changes in interest rates and the performance of the stock market, are not economic in nature for the current reporting period, but rather impact the timing of reported results.
As discussed above under “Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees” and “Annuity Acquisition
Expenses,” the periodic accounting for DPAC and guaranteed withdrawal benefits related to FIAs is also impacted by changes
in the stock market and interest rates. These impacts may be temporary in nature and not necessarily indicative of the long-term
performance of the FIA business. The table below highlights the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to
FIAs and the other impacts of the stock market and interest rates (excluding the impact of the 2018 unlocking charge) over or under the cost of the equity index options (discussed above) on earnings before income taxes for the annuity segment (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Change in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs | $ | (198 | ) |  | $ | 33 |  |  | (700 | %)
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits | (201 | ) |  | (164 | ) |  | 23 | %
Other annuity benefits | — |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (100 | %)
Less cost of equity options | 287 |  |  | 233 |  |  | 23 | %
Related impact on the amortization of DPAC | 68 |  |  | (39 | ) |  | (274 | %)
Impact on annuity segment earnings before income taxes | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | 28 |  |  | (257 | %)

During the first six months of 2019, the negative impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates, partially offset by
the positive impact of strong stock market performance, reduced the annuity segments’ earnings before income taxes by
$44 million compared to the $28 million favorable impact of the stock market and interest rates (excluding unlocking) on
annuity earnings before income taxes for the first six months of 2018, a change of $72 million (257%). In the first six months of 2018, the impact of higher than expected interest rates and strong stock market performance was partially offset by the negative impact of higher than expected option costs. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the indexed-based component of those FIAs was a net expense of 0.24% in the first six months of 2019 compared to a net expense reduction of 0.17% in the first six months of 2018.
The following table provides analysis of the primary factors impacting the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and the other
impacts of the stock market and interest rates (excluding the impact of the 2018 unlocking charge) on the accounting for FIAs
over or under the cost of the equity index options discussed above. Each factor is presented net of the estimated related impact
on amortization of DPAC (dollars in millions).
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Change in the stock market, including volatility | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | 567 | %
Changes in interest rates higher (lower) than expected | (83 | ) |  | 39 |  |  | (313 | %)
Other | (1 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (94 | %)
Impact on annuity segment earnings before income taxes | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | 28 |  |  | (257 | %)

See “Annuity Unlocking” below for a discussion of the impact that the unlocking of actuarial assumptions had on the change in the fair value of the embedded derivative and other annuity liabilities in 2018.
Annuity Net Spread Earned on Fixed Annuities
AFG’s net spread earned on fixed annuities excluding the impact of unlocking, changes in the fair value of derivatives related to
FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates over or under option costs decreased 0.25 percentage
points to 1.10% in the first six months of 2019 from 1.35% in the first six months of 2018 due primarily to the 0.25 percentage
points decrease in AFG’s net interest spread discussed above. AFG’s overall net spread earned on fixed annuities decreased 0.50
percentage points to 0.86% in the first six months of 2019 from 1.36% in the first six months of 2018 due to a decrease in AFG’s net interest spread and the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs discussed above and the impact of unlocking discussed below under “Annuity Unlocking.”
Annuity Benefits Accumulated
Annuity premiums received and benefit payments are recorded as increases or decreases in annuity benefits accumulated rather than as revenue and expense. Increases in this liability for interest credited and other benefits are charged to expense and decreases for surrender and other policy charges are credited to other income.
For certain products, annuity benefits accumulated also includes reserves for accrued persistency and premium bonuses, excess benefits expected to be paid on future deaths and annuitizations (“EDAR”) and guaranteed withdrawal benefits. Annuity benefits accumulated also includes amounts advanced from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati. The following table is a progression of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Beginning fixed annuity reserves | $ | 36,431 |  |  | $ | 33,005 |
Fixed annuity premiums (receipts) | 2,733 |  |  | 2,534 |
Surrenders, benefits and other withdrawals | (1,623 | ) |  | (1,333 | )
Interest and other annuity benefit expenses: |  |  |
Cost of funds | 480 |  |  | 408 |
Embedded derivative mark-to-market | 713 |  |  | 19 |
Change in other benefit reserves | (54 | ) |  | (10 | )
Unlocking | — |  |  | 55 |
Ending fixed annuity reserves | $ | 38,680 |  |  | $ | 34,678 |
Reconciliation to annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet: |  |  |
Ending fixed annuity reserves (from above) | $ | 38,680 |  |  | $ | 34,678 |
Impact of unrealized investment gains | 192 |  |  | 32 |
Fixed component of variable annuities | 172 |  |  | 176 |
Annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet | $ | 39,044 |  |  | $ | 34,886 |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Statutory Annuity Premiums
AFG’s annuity operations generated statutory premiums of $2.74 billion in the first six months of 2019 compared to $2.55 billion in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $197 million (8%). The following table summarizes AFG’s annuity sales (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Financial institutions single premium annuities — indexed | $ | 853 |  |  | $ | 861 |  |  | (1 | %)
Financial institutions single premium annuities — fixed | 657 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 178 | %
Retail single premium annuities — indexed | 575 |  |  | 672 |  |  | (14 | %)
Retail single premium annuities — fixed | 65 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 51 | %
Broker dealer single premium annuities — indexed | 416 |  |  | 614 |  |  | (32 | %)
Broker dealer single premium annuities — fixed | 14 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 100 | %
Pension risk transfer | 60 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,900 | %
Education market — fixed and indexed annuities | 93 |  |  | 100 |  |  | (7 | %)
Total fixed annuity premiums | 2,733 |  |  | 2,534 |  |  | 8 | %
Variable annuities | 11 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (15 | %)
Total annuity premiums | $ | 2,744 |  |  | $ | 2,547 |  |  | 8 | %

Management attributes the 8% increase in annuity premiums in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018 to the introduction of new products and efforts to expand in the retail and broker dealer markets. In response to the continued drop in market interest rates during 2019, AFG recently lowered crediting rates on several products, which has begun to slow annuity sales compared to 2018 levels.
Annuity Unlocking
In the second quarter of 2018, AFG recorded a $27 million net charge related to its annuity business as a result of unlocking certain actuarial assumptions underlying its annuity operations, which impacted AFG’s financial statements as follows (in millions):

|  | Six months ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income: |  |  |  |
Unearned revenue |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1 | )
Total revenues |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Annuity benefits: |  |  |  |
Fixed-indexed annuities embedded derivative |  | — |  |  | 44 |
Sales inducements |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Other reserves |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Total annuity benefits |  | — |  |  | 54 |
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses: |  |  |  |
Deferred policy acquisition costs |  | — |  |  | (28 | )
Total costs and expenses |  | — |  |  | 26 |
Net charge |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (27 | )

See “Annuity Unlocking” under “Annuity Segment — Results of Operations” for the quarters ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 for a discussion of the charge from the unlocking of actuarial assumptions in the second quarter of 2018.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Earnings before Income Taxes Reconciliation
The following table reconciles the net spread earned on AFG’s fixed annuities to overall annuity pretax earnings for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Earnings on fixed annuity benefits accumulated | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 229 |
Earnings impact of investments in excess of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (*) | (4 | ) |  | (7 | )
Variable annuity earnings | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Earnings before income taxes | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 224 |

(*) | Net investment income (as a % of investments) of 4.71% and 4.79% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, multiplied by the difference between average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost) and average fixed annuity benefits accumulated in each period.

Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations AFG’s net pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $85 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $90 million in the first six months of 2018, a decrease of $5 million (6%).
The following table details AFG’s loss before income taxes from operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in millions):

| Six months ended June 30, |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Life, accident and health net earned premiums | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | (8 | %)
Net investment income | 24 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 118 | %
Other income — P&C fees | 35 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 9 | %
Other income | 14 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 27 | %
Total revenues | 84 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 27 | %
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Property and casualty insurance — commissions and other underwriting expenses | 13 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 30 | %
Life, accident and health benefits | 17 |  |  | 22 |  |  | (23 | %)
Life, accident and health acquisition expenses | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — | %
Other expense — expenses associated with P&C fees | 22 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — | %
Other expenses | 82 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 19 | %
Costs and expenses, excluding interest charges on borrowed money | 136 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 9 | %
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses and interest charges on borrowed money | (52 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  | (12 | %)
Interest charges on borrowed money | 33 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 6 | %
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses | $ | (85 | ) |  | $ | (90 | ) |  | (6 | %)

Holding Company and Other — Life, Accident and Health Premiums, Benefits and Acquisition Expenses
AFG’s run-off long-term care and life insurance operations recorded net earned premiums of $11 million and related benefits and acquisition expenses of $19 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to net earned premiums of $12 million and related benefits and acquisition expenses of $24 million in the first six months of 2018. The $5 million (23%) decrease in life, accident and health benefits reflects lower claims in the run-off life insurance business.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Holding Company and Other — Net Investment Income
AFG recorded net investment income on investments held outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations of $24 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $11 million in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $13 million (118%). The parent company holds a small portfolio of securities that are carried at fair value through net investment income. These securities increased in value by $9 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to a decrease in value by $2 million in the first six months of 2018.
Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses
Summit, a workers’ compensation insurance subsidiary, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the first six months of 2019, AFG collected $35 million in fees for these services compared to $32 million in the first six months of 2018. Management views this fee income, net of the $22 million in both the first six months of 2019 and the first six months of 2018, in expenses incurred to generate such fees, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. The increase in fee income for the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018 is due primarily to higher fee income at Neon. Consistent with internal management reporting, these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of commissions and other underwriting expenses in AFG’s segmented results.
Holding Company and Other — Other Income
Other income in the table above includes $7 million and $8 million in the first six months of 2019 and 2018, respectively, in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings.” Excluding amounts eliminated in consolidation, AFG recorded other income outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations of $7 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $3 million the first six months of 2018.
Holding Company and Other — Other Expenses
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations recorded other expenses of $82 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $69 million the first six months of 2018, an increase of $13 million (19%). This increase reflects a $3 million charitable donation in the first six months of 2019 and higher holding company expenses related to employee benefit plans that are tied to stock market performance in the first six months of 2019 compared to the first six months of 2018, partially offset by a $5 million charge to increase liabilities related to the environmental exposures of AFG’s former railroad and manufacturing operations in the first six months of 2018.
Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations recorded interest expense of $33 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $31 million in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $2 million (6%).
The increase in interest expense for the first six months of 2019 as compared to the first six months of 2018 reflects the issuance of $125 million of 5.875% Subordinated Debentures on March 18, 2019.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Consolidated Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities AFG’s consolidated realized gains (losses) on securities, which are not allocated to segments, were net gains of $240 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to a net loss of $62 million in the first six months of 2018, a change of $302 million (487%). Realized gains (losses) on securities consisted of the following (in millions):

| Six months ended June 30,
2019 |  | 2018
Realized gains (losses) before impairments: |  |  |
Disposals | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Change in the fair value of equity securities (*) | 226 |  |  | (72 | )
Change in the fair value of derivatives | 12 |  |  | (6 | )
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items | 1 |  |  | 8 |
| 244 |  |  | (61 | )
Impairment charges: |  |  |
Securities | (6 | ) |  | (1 | )
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items | 2 |  |  | — |
| (4 | ) |  | (1 | )
Realized gains (losses) on securities | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | (62 | )

(*) | As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Investments,” beginning in January 2018, all equity securities other than those accounted for under the equity method are carried at fair value through net earnings. These amounts include a $193 million net gain on securities that were still held at June 30, 2019 and a $71 million net loss on securities that were still held at June 30, 2018.

The $226 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the first six months of 2019 includes gains of $70 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $35 million from investments in media companies, $23 million on investments in asset management companies and $17 million on insurance companies. The $72 million net realized loss from the change in fair value of equity securities in the first six months of 2018 includes losses of $15 million on investments in real estate investment trusts, $31 million on investments in banks and financing companies and $15 million on investments in media companies.
Consolidated Income Taxes AFG’s consolidated provision for income taxes was $137 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to $85 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $52 million (61%). See Note M — “Income Taxes” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate.
Consolidated Noncontrolling Interests AFG’s consolidated net earnings (losses) attributable to noncontrolling interests was a net loss of $4 million for the first six months of 2019 compared to $6 million for the first six months of 2018. Both periods reflect losses at Neon, AFG’s United Kingdom-based Lloyd’s insurer.
RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Investments” to the financial statements for a discussion of accounting guidance adopted on January 1, 2018, which, among other things, requires equity investments that are not accounted for under the equity method of accounting to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net earnings.
See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Leases” and Note K — “Leases” to the financial statements for a discussion of accounting guidance adopted on January 1, 2019, which requires entities that lease assets for terms longer than one year to recognize the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases on the balance sheet based on the present value of cash flows.
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS TO BE ADOPTED
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which provides a new credit loss model for determining credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost (e.g. mortgage loans or reinsurance recoverables) and requires an entity to estimate the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure or pool of exposures. The estimate of expected credit losses considers
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
historical information, current information, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. The expected credit losses, and subsequent increases or decreases in such losses, will be recorded immediately through realized gains (losses) as an allowance that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, with the net carrying value of the financial asset presented on the balance sheet at the amount expected to be collected. The updated guidance also amends the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available for sale debt securities by requiring the recognition of impairments relating to credit losses through an allowance account and limits the amount of credit loss to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. Subsequent increases or decreases in expected credit losses will be recorded immediately in the income statement through realized gains (losses). AFG will be required to adopt this guidance effective January 1, 2020. AFG cannot estimate the impact that the updated guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity until the updated guidance is adopted.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, which changes the assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited pay contracts (e.g. life, accident and health benefits) from being locked in at inception to being updated at least annually and standardizes the liability discount rate to be used and updated each reporting period, requires the measurement of market risk benefits associated with deposit contracts (e.g. annuities) to be recorded at fair value, simplifies the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs to a constant level basis over the expected life of the related contracts and requires enhanced disclosures. AFG will be required to adopt this guidance effective January 1, 2021. In July 2019, the FASB voted to expose a proposal to delay the effective date for public companies by one year. AFG cannot estimate the impact that the updated guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity until the updated guidance is adopted.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
ITEM 3
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk
As of June 30, 2019, there were no material changes to the information provided in Item 7A — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk of AFG’s 2018 Form 10-K.
ITEM 4
Controls and Procedures
AFG’s management, with participation of its Co-Chief Executive Officers and its Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated AFG’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, AFG’s Co-CEOs and CFO concluded that the controls and procedures are effective. There have been no changes in AFG’s internal control over financial reporting during the second fiscal quarter of 2019 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, AFG’s internal control over financial reporting.
In the ordinary course of business, AFG and its subsidiaries routinely enhance their information systems by either upgrading current systems or implementing new systems such as the new investment accounting software system implemented in the second quarter of 2019. There has been no change in AFG’s business processes and procedures during the second fiscal quarter of 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, AFG’s internal control over financial reporting.
PART II
OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 2
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities AFG did not repurchase any shares of its Common Stock during the first six months of 2019. As of June 30, 2019, there were 5,000,000 remaining shares that may be repurchased under the Plans authorized by AFG’s Board of Directors in February 2016 and February 2019.
AFG acquired 43,470 shares of its Common Stock (at an average of $99.11 per share) in the first quarter of 2019, 6 shares (at $96.64 per share) in April 2019, 3,190 shares (at an average of $97.99 per share) in May 2019 and 323 shares (at an average of $102.99 per share) in June 2019 in connection with its stock incentive plans.
ITEM 6
Exhibits

Number |  | Exhibit Description |  |
31(a) |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |
31(b) |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officer pursuant to section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |
31(c) |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |
32 |  | Certification of Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  |
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  |
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  |
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  |

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Signature
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| American Financial Group, Inc.
August 8, 2019 | By: |  | /s/ Joseph E. (Jeff) Consolino
|  |  | Joseph E. (Jeff) Consolino
|  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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