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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 1-5828
CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  |  | 23-0458500
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1735 Market Street, 15th Floor |  |  | 19103
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |  |  |
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |  | (Zip Code)

610-208-2000
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Common Stock, $5 Par Value |  | CRS |  | New York Stock Exchange
Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered

Securities registered pursuant to 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to the filing requirements for at least the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to post such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant's voting common stock held by non-affiliates at December 31, 2023, was $3,498,374,545, based on the closing price per share of the registrant's common stock on that date of $70.80 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.
As of August 9, 2024, 49,947,498 shares of the registrant's common stock were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Selected portions of the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page Number
PART I |  |  |
| Item 1 | Business | 2
| Item 1A | Risk Factors | 6
| Item 1B | Unresolved Staff Comments | 12
| Item 1C | Cybersecurity | 12
| Item 2 | Properties | 14
| Item 3 | Legal Proceedings | 14
| Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 14
| Item 4A | Executive Officers of the Registrant | 14
PART II |  |  |
| Item 5 | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 16
| Item 6 | Reserved | 18
| Item 7 | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 18
| Forward-Looking Statements | 41
| Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 42
| Item 8 | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 43
| Item 9 | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 91
| Item 9A | Controls and Procedures | 91
| Item 9B | Other Information | 92
| Item 9C | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 92
PART III |  |  |
| Item 10 | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 93
| Item 11 | Executive Compensation | 93
| Item 12 | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 93
| Item 13 | Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence | 94
| Item 14 | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 94
PART IV | Item 15 | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 94
| Item 16 | Form 10-K Summary | 99
SIGNATURES |  |  | 99
SCHEDULE II |  | Valuation and Qualifying Accounts | 101

Table of Contents
PART I
Item 1. Business
(a) General Development of Business:
Carpenter Technology Corporation, founded in 1889, is engaged in the manufacturing, fabrication and distribution of specialty metals. As used throughout this report, unless the context requires otherwise, the terms "Carpenter," "Carpenter Technology," "Company," "Registrant," "Issuer," "we" and "our" refer to Carpenter Technology Corporation.
(b) Financial Information About Segments:
We are organized in two reportable business segments: Specialty Alloys Operations ("SAO") and Performance Engineered Products ("PEP"). See Note 19 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for additional segment reporting information.
(c) Narrative Description of Business:
(1) General:
We are a producer and distributor of premium specialty alloys, including titanium alloys, powder metals, stainless steels, alloy steels, and tool steels. We are a recognized leader in high-performance specialty alloy-based materials and process solutions for critical applications in the aerospace, defense, medical, transportation, energy, industrial and consumer markets. We have evolved to become a pioneer in premium specialty alloys, including titanium, nickel, and cobalt, as well as alloys specifically engineered for additive manufacturing processes and soft magnetics applications.
Reportable Segments
The SAO segment is comprised of the Company's major premium alloy and stainless steel manufacturing operations. This includes operations performed at mills primarily in Reading and Latrobe, Pennsylvania and surrounding areas as well as South Carolina and Alabama. The combined assets of the SAO segment are managed in an integrated manner to optimize efficiency and profitability across the total system.
The PEP segment is comprised of the Company's differentiated operations. This segment includes the Dynamet titanium business, the Carpenter Additive business and the Latrobe and Mexico distribution businesses. The businesses in the PEP segment are managed with an entrepreneurial structure to promote flexibility and agility to quickly respond to market dynamics.
(2) Raw Materials:
Our business depends on continued receipt of critical raw materials for our day to day operations. These raw materials include nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, titanium, iron and scrap containing the named alloys. Some of the sources of these raw materials, many of which are international, could be subject to potential interruptions of supply as a result of political events, labor unrest or other reasons. These potential interruptions could cause material shortages and affect availability and price. We have arrangements with certain vendors to provide consigned materials at our manufacturing facilities available for our consumption as necessary.
We have long-term relationships with major suppliers who provide availability of material at competitive prices. Purchase prices of certain raw materials have historically been volatile. We use pricing surcharges, indexing mechanisms, base price adjustments and raw material forward contracts to reduce the impact on our business of changing prices for the most significant of these materials. There can be delays between the time of the increase in the price of raw materials and the realization of the benefits of such mechanisms or actions that could have a short-term impact on our results and could affect the comparability of our results from period to period.
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(3) Patents and Licenses:
We own a number of United States and international patents and have granted licenses under some of them. In addition, certain products that we produce are covered by patents held or owned by other companies from whom licenses have been obtained. The duration of a patent issued in the United States is between 14 and 20 years from the date of filing a patent application or issuance of the patent. The duration of a patent issued outside of the United States varies from country to country. Generally, patent licenses are structured to match the duration of the underlying patent. Although these patents and licenses are believed to be of value, we do not consider our business to be materially dependent upon any single such item or related group of such items.
(4) Seasonality of Business:
Our sales can be influenced by seasonal factors with the first six months of the fiscal year typically being lower, principally because of annual plant vacation and maintenance shutdowns by us, as well as by many of our customers. However, the timing of major changes in the general economy or the markets for certain products can alter this pattern.
(5) Customers:
On a consolidated basis, we are not dependent upon a single customer, or very few customers, such that the loss of any one or more particular customers would have a materially adverse effect on our consolidated statement of operations. No single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of total net sales for the years ended June 30, 2024, June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022. No single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of the accounts receivable outstanding at June 30, 2024 or June 30, 2023. See Note 19 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for additional information.
(6) Backlog:
As of June 30, 2024, we had a sales backlog of orders excluding surcharge, believed to be firm, of approximately $2,256.6 million, significantly all of which is expected to be shipped within fiscal years 2025 and 2026. Our backlog of orders excluding surcharge as of June 30, 2023, was approximately $2,123.3 million.
(7) Competition:
We are leaders in specialty materials for critical applications with over 130 years of metallurgical and manufacturing expertise. Our business is highly competitive. We manufacture and supply materials to a variety of end-use market sectors and compete with various companies depending on the end-use market, product or geography. A significant portion of the products we produce are highly engineered materials for demanding applications. There are less than ten companies producing one or more similar products that we consider our major competitors for our high-value products used in demanding applications. Many of our products are generally required to meet complex customer product specifications and often require the materials to be qualified prior to supplying the customer. Our experience, technical capabilities, product offerings and research and development efforts represent barriers to existing and potential competitors.
For other products, there are several dozen smaller producing companies and converting companies that are also competitors, as well as several hundred independent distributors of products similar to those distributed by us. Additionally, numerous foreign companies produce various specialty metal products similar to those produced by us. Furthermore, a number of different products may, in certain instances, be substituted for our finished products.
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(8) Research, Product and Process Development:
Our expenditures for Company-sponsored research and development were $25.6 million, $24.4 million and $20.4 million in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We believe that our ability to be an innovator in special material development and manufacturing processes has been and will continue to be an important factor in the success of the Company. Our worldwide staff of expert metallurgists, research and development scientists, engineers and service professionals work closely with our customers to identify and provide innovative solutions to specific product requirements.
(9) Environmental Regulations:
We are subject to various stringent federal, state, local and international environmental laws and regulations relating to pollution, protection of public health and the environment, natural resource damages and occupational safety and health. Management evaluates the liability for future environmental remediation costs on a quarterly basis. We accrue amounts for environmental remediation costs representing management's best estimate of the probable and reasonably estimable costs relating to environmental remediation. For further information on environmental remediation, see the Contingencies section included in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
Our costs of maintaining and operating environmental control equipment were $17.4 million, $15.7 million and $14.8 million for fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The capital expenditures for environmental control equipment were $0.7 million, $0.3 million and $1.1 million for fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We anticipate spending approximately $2.3 million on domestic environmental capital projects over the next five fiscal years. This includes approximately $2.0 million in fiscal year 2025. Due to the possibility of future regulatory developments, the amount of future capital expenditures may vary from these estimates.
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(10) Human Capital Resources:
We maintain a high-performance work environment that supports our vision to be the preferred solutions provider in specialty materials. We value our employees and help them build careers that are as resilient, innovative and valuable as our work for our customers. We are committed to increasing employee engagement by leveraging the diversity and drive of our people, maximizing their talents, empowering them and supporting their career aspirations.
Health and Safety: Safety is our number one Core Value. We believe that a Zero Injury workplace is achievable and relentlessly pursue measures to increase safety and accountability for our employees. We are proactive in our approach to safety, working to eliminate hazards before causing injury or harm. We invest in our employees by providing appropriate tools, resources and education necessary to achieve a Zero Injury workplace.
Talent Acquisition: We are always looking for nimble, smart, growth-minded people – regardless of background – to help our organization continue to succeed. We strive to be an employer of choice in the communities that we operate. We have built an organizational culture that seeks to be transparent, supportive of work/life balance, welcoming of diverse viewpoints, treating all with dignity and respect and supporting each individuals' needs for professional growth and development.
Performance Management: Our formalized bi-annual performance review process accelerates employee growth and development at every stage of the process: (1) objectives and goal setting, (2) ongoing performance check-ins and coaching, as well as (3) performance evaluation and review. We also have Structured Individual Development Plans to assist managers in effectively setting targeted development activities for their direct reports and aligning those activities with business priorities.
Engagement: We regularly conduct a company-wide Employee Engagement Survey to collect tangible data to make our Company even better. The survey is conducted across the organization to seek input from all employees. The survey questions are updated regularly and cover a wide variety of topics, including safety, culture, diversity, inclusion and belonging, work/life balance and leadership and career development. Using the feedback provided by the Employee Engagement Survey, specific action plans are developed to address areas of concern or opportunities for improvement across the organization.
Professional Development: Our employees enjoy a wide variety of rewards that assist with engagement and development. From traditional items such as compensation to less traditional aspects such as work-life balance, hybrid and remote work arrangements, future career opportunities, and innovative work.
Diversity and Inclusion: We have a culture that blends our different backgrounds, experiences and perspectives from all employees. We seek to ensure that all our employees feel welcomed. Our values underlie our goal to ensure all employees are treated equally with dignity and respect regardless of their race, age, gender identity, or sexual orientation. Our Diversity, Inclusion and Belonging Committee plays a critical role in advancing us to the next level of awareness and engagement.
Governance: Our policy is to comply with the letter and spirit of all laws that govern our operations and to adhere to the highest standards of business ethics. We implemented general legal and ethical guidelines in our "Code of Conduct." The guidelines apply to all employees and majority-owned affiliates, including subsidiaries, both in the United States and other countries.
As of June 30, 2024, our total workforce consisted of approximately 4,600 employees, which included 184 production employees in Washington, Pennsylvania, who are covered under a collective bargaining agreement which expires on August 31, 2025, and 450 employees in Latrobe, Pennsylvania who are covered under a collective bargaining agreement which expires on July 31, 2027. We believe our relations with our employees are generally good.
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(d) Financial information about foreign and domestic operations and export sales:
Sales outside of the United States, including export sales, were $1,136.7 million, $994.1 million and $656.4 million in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Long-lived assets held outside of the United States were $5.2 million and $15.7 million as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For further information on domestic and international sales, see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
(e) Available Information:
Our Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics for the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Carpenter Technology Corporation, which is also applicable to our other executive officers. There were no waivers of the Code of Ethics in fiscal year 2024. The Code of Ethics and any information regarding any waivers of the Code of Ethics are disclosed on Carpenter's website at www.carpentertechnology.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our website and the content contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and other information regarding issuers that file electronically. Such information can be accessed through the Internet at www.sec.gov.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There are inherent risks and uncertainties associated with all businesses that could adversely affect operating performances or financial conditions. The following discussion outlines the risks and uncertainties that management believes are the most material to our business. However, these are not the only risks or uncertainties that could affect our business. Certain risks are associated specifically with our business, industry or customer base, while others have a broader effect.
The demand for certain products we produce may be cyclical.
Demand in our end-use markets can be cyclical in nature and sensitive to general economic conditions, competitive influences and fluctuations in inventory levels throughout the supply chain. As such, our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and availability of credit could fluctuate significantly from period to period.
A significant portion of our sales represents products sold to customers in the commercial aerospace and defense and energy markets. The cyclicality of those markets can adversely affect our current business and our expansion objectives.
The commercial aerospace and defense market is historically cyclical due to both external and internal market factors. These factors include general economic conditions, airline profitability, consumer demand for air travel, varying fuel and labor costs, price competition and international and domestic political conditions such as military conflict and the threat of terrorism. The length and degree of cyclical fluctuation can be influenced by any one or combination of these factors and therefore are difficult to predict with certainty. A downturn in the commercial aerospace and defense industry would adversely affect the demand for our products and/or the prices at which we are able to sell our products; our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
The energy market has also been historically cyclical, principally as a result of volatile oil prices that impact demand for our products. Our future success requires us to, among other things, expand in key international energy markets by successfully adding to our customer base, distribution channels and product portfolio. The volatility of oil prices and other factors that contribute to the cyclicality of the energy market will impact our ability to expand successfully in this area and may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
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Any significant delay or inability to successfully expand our operations in a timely and cost-effective manner could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Over the last few years, we have undertaken capital projects associated with expanding our production capacity and capability. These projects place a significant demand on management and operational resources. Our success in expanding our operations in a cost-effective manner depends upon numerous factors including the ability of management to ensure the necessary resources are in place to properly execute these projects, our ability to obtain the necessary internal and customer qualifications to produce material from the facilities and our ability to operate the facilities to maximize the potential opportunities with minimal impacts to our existing operations. If we are not able to achieve the anticipated results from our capital expansion projects, or if we incur unanticipated delays, or excess costs, our results of operations and financial position may be materially adversely affected.
Periods of reduced demand and excess supply as well as the availability of substitute lower cost materials can adversely affect our ability to price and sell our products at the profitability levels we require to be successful.
Additional worldwide capacity and reduced demand for our products could significantly impact future worldwide pricing which would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, continued availability of lower cost, substitute materials may cause significant fluctuations in future results as our customers opt for a lower cost alternative.
We change prices on our products as we deem necessary. In addition to the above general competitive impact, other market conditions and various economic factors beyond our control can adversely affect the timing of our pricing actions. The effects of any pricing actions may be delayed due to long manufacturing lead times or the terms of existing contracts. There is no guarantee that the pricing actions we implement will be effective in maintaining the Company's profit margin levels.
We rely on third parties to supply certain raw materials and supplies that are critical to the manufacture of our products and we may not be able to access alternative sources of these raw materials if the suppliers are unwilling or unable to meet our demand.
Costs of certain critical raw materials, such as nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, titanium, iron and scrap containing these alloys have been volatile due to factors beyond our control. We expect to mitigate most of the adverse impact of rising raw material costs through raw material surcharges, indices to customers and raw material forward contracts, but changes in business conditions could adversely affect our ability to recover rapid increases in raw material costs and may adversely affect our results of operations.
In addition, the availability of critical raw materials and supplies is subject to factors that are not in our control. In some cases, these critical raw materials and supplies are purchased from suppliers operating in countries that may be subject to unstable political and economic conditions. At any given time, we may be unable to obtain an adequate supply of these critical raw materials and supplies on a timely basis, at prices and other terms acceptable to us, or at all.
If suppliers increase the price of critical raw materials or are unwilling or unable to meet our demand, we may not have alternative sources of supply. In addition, to the extent that we have quoted prices to customers and accepted customer orders for products prior to purchasing necessary raw materials, or have existing contracts, we may be unable to raise the price of products to cover all or part of the increased cost of the raw materials to our customers.
The manufacture of some of our products is a complex process and requires long lead times. As a result, we may experience delays or shortages in the supply of raw materials. If unable to obtain adequate and timely receipts of required raw materials, we may be unable to timely manufacture sufficient quantities of products. This could cause us to lose sales, incur additional costs, delay new product introductions or suffer harm to our reputation.
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We provide benefits to active and retired employees throughout most of our Company, most of which are not covered by insurance; and thus, our financial condition can be adversely affected if our investment returns are insufficient to meet these obligations.
We have obligations to provide substantial benefits to active and retired employees, and most of the associated costs are paid by the Company and are not covered by insurance. In addition, certain employees are covered by defined benefit pension plans, with the majority of our plans covering employees in the United States. Benefits accrued to eligible participants of our largest qualified defined benefit pension plan and certain non-qualified pension plans were frozen effective December 31, 2016. Many domestic and international competitors do not provide defined benefit plans and/or retiree health care plans, and other international competitors operate in jurisdictions with government sponsored health care plans that may offer them a cost advantage. A decline in the value of plan investments in the future, an increase in costs or liabilities or unfavorable changes in laws or regulations that govern pension plan funding could materially change the timing and amount of required pension funding. A requirement to accelerate or increase pension contributions in the future could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
The extensive environmental, health and safety regulatory regimes applicable to our manufacturing operations create potential exposure to significant liabilities.
The nature of our manufacturing business subjects our operations to numerous and varied federal, state, local and international laws and regulations relating to pollution, protection of public health and the environment, natural resource damages and occupational safety and health. We have used, and currently use and manufacture, substantial quantities of substances that are considered hazardous, extremely hazardous or toxic under worker safety and health laws and regulations. Although we implement controls and procedures designed to reduce continuing risk of adverse impacts and health and safety issues, we could incur substantial cleanup costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, third party property damage or personal injury claims as a result of violations, non-compliance or liabilities under these regulatory regimes required at our facilities.
We have environmental remediation liabilities at some of our owned operating facilities and have been designated as a potentially responsible party ("PRP") with respect to certain third party Superfund or similar waste disposal sites and other third party owned sites. Additionally, we have been notified that we may be a PRP with respect to other Superfund sites as to which no proceedings have been instituted against us. From time to time, we are a party to lawsuits and other proceedings involving alleged violations of, or liabilities arising from, environmental laws.
When our liability is probable and we can reasonably estimate our costs, we record environmental liabilities in our financial statements. However, in many cases, we are not able to determine whether we are liable, or if liability is probable, in order to reasonably estimate the loss or range of loss which could result from such environmental liabilities. Estimates of our liability remain subject to additional uncertainties, including the nature and extent of site contamination, available remediation alternatives, the extent of corrective actions that may be required, and the number and financial condition of other PRPs, as well as the extent of their responsibility for the remediation. We adjust our accruals to reflect new information as appropriate. Future adjustments could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a given period, but we cannot reliably predict the amounts of such future adjustments. Future developments, administrative actions or liabilities relating to environmental matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.
Our manufacturing processes, and the manufacturing processes of many of our suppliers and customers, are energy intensive and generate carbon dioxide and other "Greenhouse Gases," and pending legislation or regulation of Greenhouse Gases, if enacted or adopted in an onerous form, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Political and scientific debates related to the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the global climate are prevalent. Regulation or some form of legislation aimed at reducing the greenhouse gas emissions is currently being considered both in the United States and globally. As a specialty alloy manufacturer, we will be affected, both directly and indirectly, if climate change legislation, such as use of a "cap and trade" system, is enacted and implemented. Such legislation could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
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Product liability and product quality claims could adversely affect our operating results.
We produce ultra high strength, high temperature and corrosion-resistant alloys designed for our customers' demanding applications particularly in our Aerospace and Defense, Medical and Energy end-use markets. Failure of the materials that are included in our customers' applications could give rise to substantial product liability claims. There can be no assurance that our insurance coverage will be adequate or continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. We have a complex manufacturing process necessary to meet our customers' stringent product specifications. We are also required to adhere to various third party quality certifications and perform sufficient internal quality reviews to ensure compliance with established standards. If we fail to meet the customer specifications for their products, we may be subject to product quality costs and claims. These costs are generally not insured. The impacts of product liability and quality claims could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Our business subjects us to risks of litigation claims, as a routine matter, and this risk increases the potential for a loss that might not be covered by insurance.
Litigation claims relate to the conduct of our currently and formerly owned businesses, including claims pertaining to product liability, commercial disputes, employment actions, employee benefits, compliance with domestic and international laws and regulations, personal injury, patent infringement and tax issues. Due to the uncertainties of litigation, we can give no assurance that we will prevail on claims made against us in the lawsuits that we currently face or that additional claims will not be made against us in the future. The outcome of litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and some of these lawsuits, claims or proceedings may be determined adversely to us. The resolution in any reporting period of one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations for that period. We can give no assurance that any other matters brought in the future will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
A portion of our workforce is covered by collective bargaining agreements and union attempts to organize our other employees may cause work interruptions or stoppages.
Approximately 184 production employees at our Dynamet business unit located in Washington, Pennsylvania are covered by a collective bargaining agreement which expires on August 31, 2025. Approximately 450 production employees at our Latrobe business unit located in Latrobe, Pennsylvania are covered by a collective bargaining agreement which expires on July 31, 2027. There can be no assurance that we will succeed in concluding collective bargaining agreements with the unions to replace those that expire which could result in work interruptions and stoppages. From time to time, the employees at our manufacturing facility in Reading, Pennsylvania, participate in election campaigns or union organizing attempts. There is no guarantee that future organization attempts will not result in union representation.
Our manufacturing processes are complex and depend upon critical, high cost equipment for which there may be only limited or no production alternatives.
It is possible that we could experience prolonged periods of reduced production due to unplanned equipment failures, and we could incur significant repair or replacement costs in the event of those failures. It is also possible that operations could be disrupted due to other unforeseen circumstances such as power outages, explosions, fires, floods, accidents and severe weather conditions. We must make regular, substantial capital investments and changes to our manufacturing processes to lower production costs, improve productivity, manufacture new or improved products and remain competitive. We may not be in a position to take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures if we fail to update, replace or make additions to our equipment or our manufacturing processes in a timely manner. The cost to repair or replace much of our equipment or facilities would be significant. We cannot be certain that we will have sufficient internally generated cash or acceptable external financing to make necessary capital expenditures in the future.
A significant portion of our manufacturing and production facilities are located in Reading and Latrobe, Pennsylvania and Athens, Alabama, which increases our exposure to significant disruption to our business as a result of unforeseeable developments in these geographic areas.
It is possible that we could experience prolonged periods of reduced production due to unforeseen catastrophic events occurring in or around our manufacturing facilities in Reading and Latrobe, Pennsylvania and Athens, Alabama. As a result, we may be unable to shift manufacturing capabilities to alternate locations, accept materials from suppliers, meet customer shipment needs or address other severe consequences that may be encountered. Our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
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We rely on third parties to supply energy consumed at each of our energy-intensive production facilities.
The prices for and availability of electricity, natural gas, oil and other energy resources are subject to volatile market conditions. These market conditions often are affected by political and economic factors beyond our control. Disruptions or lack of availability in the supply of energy resources could temporarily impair the ability to operate our production facilities. Further, increases in energy costs, or changes in costs relative to energy costs paid by competitors, have affected and may continue to adversely affect our profitability. To the extent that these uncertainties cause suppliers and customers to be more cost sensitive, increased energy prices may have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
We consider acquisitions, joint ventures and other business combination opportunities, as well as possible business unit dispositions, as part of our overall business strategy, that involve uncertainties and potential risks that we cannot predict or anticipate fully.
From time to time, management holds discussions with management of other companies to explore such aforementioned opportunities. As a result, the relative makeup of the businesses comprising our Company is subject to change. Acquisitions, joint ventures and other business combinations involve various inherent risks. Such risks include difficulties in integrating the operations, technologies, products and personnel of the acquired companies, diversion of management's attention from existing operations, difficulties in entering markets in which we have limited or no direct prior experience, dependence on unfamiliar supply chains, insufficient revenues to offset increased expenses associated with acquisitions, loss of key employees of the acquired companies, inaccurate assessment of undisclosed liabilities, difficulties in realizing projected efficiencies, synergies and cost savings, and increases in our debt or limitation on our ability to access additional capital when needed.
Regulations related to conflict minerals could adversely impact our business.
The SEC has promulgated final rules mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act regarding disclosure of the use of tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold, known as conflict minerals, in products manufactured by public companies. These rules require due diligence to determine whether such minerals originated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the "DRC") or an adjoining country and whether such minerals helped finance the armed conflict in the DRC. The Company timely filed its latest annual conflict minerals report required by the rules on May 28, 2024. There are costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements going forward, including costs to determine the origin of conflict minerals used in our products. In addition, the implementation of these rules could adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of materials used in our products. Also, we may face disqualification as a supplier for customers and reputational challenges if the due diligence procedures we continue to implement do not enable us to verify the origins for all conflict minerals or to determine that such minerals are DRC conflict-free.
Our business may be impacted by external factors that we may not be able to control.
War (such as the current war in Ukraine, the war between Israel and HAMAS, and the Houthi attacks on commercial shipping vessels and other naval vessels), civil conflict, terrorism, other geopolitical and diplomatic tensions, natural disasters, climate change and public health issues including domestic or international pandemics, other outbreaks of contagious diseases and other adverse public health developments have caused or could cause damage or disruption to domestic or international commerce by creating economic or political uncertainties. Additionally, the volatility in the financial markets could negatively impact our business. These events could result in a decrease in demand for our products, affect the availability of credit facilities to us, our customers or other members of the supply chain necessary to transact business, make it difficult or impossible to deliver orders to customers or receive materials from suppliers, affect the availability or pricing of energy sources or result in other severe consequences that may or may not be predictable. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
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Our international operations and global sales expose us to various risks including the impact of tariffs, which may adversely affect our business.
Risks associated with international operations include without limitation: political and economic instability, including weak conditions in the world's economies; difficulty in collecting accounts receivable; unstable or unenforced export controls; changes in legal and regulatory requirements; policy changes affecting the markets for our products; changes in duties, quotas, tariffs and taxes; changes in taxation including the ability to repatriate earnings; and exchange rate fluctuations (which may affect sales to international customers and the value of profits earned on international sales when converted into U.S. dollars). In addition, we will need to invest in building our capabilities and infrastructure to meet our international growth goals. Any of these factors could materially adversely affect our results for the period in which they occur.
Significant changes to United States and international trade policies continue to emerge and activity levels have increased with regard to new import and export tariffs, retaliatory tariffs, and quotas; modifications to international trade policy; the withdrawal from or renegotiation of certain trade agreements; and other changes. These changes, including any implementation of or changes in trade sanctions, tariffs and embargoes, could materially adversely impact our business or require us to make changes to our current business practices or supply chain.
We value most of our inventory using the LIFO method, which could be repealed resulting in adverse effects on our cash flows and financial condition.
The cost of our inventories is primarily determined using the Last-In, First-Out ("LIFO") method. Under the LIFO inventory valuation method, changes in the cost of raw materials and production activities are recognized in cost of sales in the current period even though these materials and other costs may have been incurred at significantly different values due to the length of time of our production cycle. Generally, in a period of rising prices, LIFO recognizes higher costs of goods sold, which both reduces current income and assigns a lower value to the year-end inventory. From time to time, there have been proposals aimed at repealing the election to use the LIFO method for income tax purposes. According to these proposals, generally taxpayers that currently use the LIFO method would be required to revalue their LIFO inventory to its First-In, First-Out ("FIFO") value. As of June 30, 2024, if the FIFO method of inventory had been used instead of the LIFO method, our inventories would have been approximately $371.0 million higher. This increase in inventory would result in a one-time increase in taxable income which may be taken into account over the following several taxable years. The repeal of the LIFO method could result in a substantial tax liability which could adversely impact our cash flows and financial condition.
We depend on the ability to hire and retain a qualified workforce and key personnel.
Much of our future success depends on the continued service and availability of skilled personnel, including members of our executive management team, management, metallurgists and production positions. Failure to attract, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly qualified employee talent, or failure to develop and implement an adequate succession plan for the management team, could disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business and our future success.
Cybersecurity attacks and other security breaches or failures in functionality of our information technology ("IT") and computer systems could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations and compromise the integrity of confidential data.
Management relies extensively on IT infrastructure, including hardware, networks, software, people and processes, to provide useful information to conduct our business and support assessments and conclusions about operating performance. Our inability to produce relevant and/or reliable measures of operating performance in an efficient, cost-effective and well-controlled fashion may have significant negative impacts on our future operations. In addition, any material failure, interruption of service, or compromised data security could adversely affect our operations. Security breaches in our IT could result in theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation or release of confidential data or intellectual property which could adversely impact our future results.
We are regularly the target of attempted cyber and other security threats and must continuously monitor and develop our IT networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events that could have a security impact. Cybersecurity attacks are evolving in both frequency and sophistication and could be made by both internal and external individuals or groups with an extensive range of motives. If we are unable to prevent cybersecurity attacks and other information security breaches, we may encounter significant disruptions in our operations which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations or result in the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Such breaches may also harm our reputation, result in financial losses or subject us to litigation or other costs or penalties.
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The carrying value of goodwill and other long-lived assets may not be recoverable.
Goodwill and other long-lived assets including property, plant, equipment and software and other intangible assets are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition. We review these assets at least annually for impairment. Impairment may result from, among other things, deterioration in performance, adverse market conditions, adverse changes in applicable laws or regulations and a variety of other factors. Any future impairment of goodwill or other long-lived assets could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements may be impacted if we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting.
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ("Sarbanes-Oxley"). Sarbanes-Oxley requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are also required to make a formal assessment and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which must be attested to by our independent registered public accounting firm. In order to maintain the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, resources, including accounting-related costs and management oversight.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Carpenter Technology’s cybersecurity team and organizational partnerships are designed to protect our employees, intellectual property and customers from various cyber threats. Our cybersecurity team strives to achieve these protections through obtaining leading certifications and regular engagement with third parties and federal organizations to further protect our information. While we continually work to safeguard the information systems we use, and the proprietary, confidential and personal information residing therein, and mitigate potential risks, there can be no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to prevent cybersecurity incidents or mitigate all potential risks to such systems, networks and data or those of our third party providers. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a discussion of cybersecurity risks.
Risk Management and Strategy
As cybersecurity risks continue to evolve and potentially affect businesses globally, Carpenter Technology understands that protecting business, employee, and customer information, data, and systems is of critical importance. Through a series of cybersecurity imperatives aligned with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Carpenter Technology assesses, identifies and manages potential cyber risks. Imperatives include:
•Increasing Visibility: Improve understanding of what to protect
•Rapid Response: Mitigate the amount of damage that could occur
•Shrink Surface of Attack: Reduce the total resources exposed to cyber threat
•Identity Management: Ensure the right people have correct access
•Supply Chain Risk Management: Manage security risks introduced by vendors and third parties
•Data-Centric Security: Protect data throughout the lifecycle
Carpenter Technology’s multi-faceted cybersecurity program includes implementation of leading technologies to detect evolving cyber threats, recurring regular cybersecurity training to keep employees situationally aware, mock security exercises to prepare for rapid response, penetration tests to continuously improve operations, and internal audits to confirm controls are operating effectively. Carpenter Technology also maintains strong partnerships with law enforcement, leading academic institutions and peers in the manufacturing industry to stay informed of the latest cybersecurity developments and trends in the ever-evolving threat landscape. Employees annually review and acknowledge an information systems Acceptable Use Policy. Information Technology associates participate in comprehensive annual training including DFARS and Sarbanes-Oxley compliance training.
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Carpenter Technology maintains a Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan ("CIRP") which provides specific guidance and documentation for proper incident handling and communication. The CIRP applies to all locations and situations where Carpenter Technology business is conducted. All cybersecurity incidents, regardless of severity, are to be promptly handled according to this plan. The CIRP will invoke Carpenter Technology's business continuity and crisis management processes for the most severe incidents.
Additionally, Carpenter Technology leverages third party security firms in various capacities to assist with various aspects of Carpenter Technology’s cybersecurity program, including risk assessments, vulnerability scans, and penetration testing. Carpenter Technology uses a variety of processes to address cybersecurity threats related to the use of third party technology and services, such as reviewing independent assessments of the third party’s cyber/information security controls, such as Systems and Organization Controls 2 audits or other standards-based assessments, where appropriate. As part of Carpenter Technology’s process to continuously improve its cyber and information security programs, Carpenter Technology also engages third party subject matter experts to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of various aspects of such programs.
As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not aware of any risks from the cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations and financial condition.
Governance
Board of Directors Oversight
The Board of Directors is provided regular updates on the Company's cybersecurity program. The Audit/Finance Committee of the Board of Directors oversees the Company’s risk management program, including cyber and information security. The Board of Directors is also regularly briefed on Carpenter Technology’s cybersecurity risks and mitigation efforts. The oversight of our cybersecurity risk is integrated into our Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM") process owned by management and facilitated by Carpenter Technology's Internal Audit department. The ERM program includes an annual risk prioritization process designed to identify key enterprise risks. Each key enterprise risk is assigned risk owners to establish action plans and implement risk mitigation strategies. The annual risk assessment is presented to the full Board of Directors at least once per year, with regular updates presented quarterly to the Audit/Finance Committee.
Management’s Role in Cybersecurity Risk Management
We have a dedicated Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") with overall responsibility for the cybersecurity program, including threat detection and response, vulnerability management, governance, risk and compliance, security strategy and architecture, security engineering and operations, product and operational technology security. The current CISO has 15+ years of experience in the cybersecurity field and has broad expertise in cybersecurity threat assessments and detection, mitigation technologies, cybersecurity training and incident response. The CISO’s credentials include a Master of Science Degree in Information Security Management from SANS Technology Institute and a CISO Certificate from Carnegie Mellon University. The CISO holds multiple certifications including CISSP, CISA, GCIH, GCIA and PMP.
Pursuant to our formal CIRP, suspected cybersecurity incidents are first evaluated by the Carpenter Technology Cybersecurity Team Leader who follows the guidance as outlined in the CIRP to respond to cybersecurity incidents and escalate as necessary based on a defined severity matrix. Based on the nature and severity of the incident, the response team may be comprised of representatives from our Information Technology, Human Resources, Safety, Legal, Finance and Communications departments, who jointly determine if the incident may result in a business interruption, require reporting to regulators, employees and/or business partners, have a material financial impact or cause reputational harm and should be escalated to the executive crisis response team, which includes Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and General Counsel. For all matters that have been escalated, the responsible team executes specified procedures to contain the incident, implement incident response procedures and implement and document remediation measures.
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Item 2. Properties
The principal locations of our primary domestic integrated mills in our SAO segment are located in Reading and Latrobe, Pennsylvania and Athens, Alabama. In addition, SAO manufactures bar products in Orwigsburg, Pennsylvania and Elyria, Ohio and operates a mini-mill in Hartsville, South Carolina, manufacturing bar and wire products. The principal locations for the PEP businesses include titanium alloy production facilities located in Washington, Pennsylvania and Clearwater, Florida and a powder products manufacturing facility in Athens, Alabama. The PEP segment includes domestic leased warehouses and service centers located in Washington, Pennsylvania and Vienna, Ohio.
The Reading, Hartsville, Washington, Orwigsburg, Elyria, Latrobe, and Athens facilities are owned. The Clearwater facility is owned, but the land is leased.
We also own or lease manufacturing facilities, distribution centers, service centers and sales offices in a number of foreign countries, including Belgium, Canada, China, Mexico, Singapore, Sweden, Taiwan and the United Kingdom.
Our corporate offices, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Raleigh, North Carolina, are leased.
Our plants, customer service centers and distribution centers were acquired or leased at various times over numerous years. There is an active maintenance program to ensure a safe operating environment and to keep facilities in good condition. In addition, we have an active capital spending program to replace equipment as needed to keep it technologically competitive on a worldwide basis. We believe our facilities are in good condition and suitable for our business needs.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are a party to lawsuits and other proceedings involving alleged violations of, or liabilities arising from, environmental laws. We have environmental remediation liabilities at some of our owned operating facilities and have been designated as a PRP with respect to certain third party Superfund or similar waste disposal sites and other third party owned sites. Additionally, we have been notified that we may be a PRP with respect to other Superfund sites as to which no proceedings have been instituted against us. Estimates of the amount and timing of future costs of environmental remediation requirements are inherently imprecise because of the continuing evolution of environmental laws and regulatory requirements, the availability and application of technology, the identification of currently unknown remediation sites and the allocation of costs among the PRPs. Based upon information currently available, such future costs are not expected to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows over the long-term. However, such costs could be material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular future quarter or year.
In addition, from time to time, we are a party to certain routine claims and legal actions and other contingent liabilities incident to the normal course of business which pertain to litigation, product claims, commercial disputes, employment actions, employee benefits, compliance with domestic and foreign laws and regulations, personal injury claims, patent infringement and tax issues. Based on information currently available, the ultimate resolution of our known contingencies, individually or in the aggregate and including the matters described in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K, is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, there can be no assurance that an increase in the scope of pending matters or that any future lawsuits, claims, proceedings or investigations will not be material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular future quarter or year.
See the "Contingencies" section included in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation," and the "Contingencies and Commitments" section included in Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," included in this Form 10-K, the contents of which are incorporated by reference to this Item 3.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 4A. Executive Officers of the Registrant
Listed below are the names of our corporate executive officers, including those required to be listed as executive officers for SEC purposes, each of whom assumes office after the annual organization meeting of the Board of Directors which immediately follows the Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
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Tony R. Thene was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer effective July 1, 2015. Mr. Thene joined Carpenter Technology in January 2013 and served as the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining Carpenter Technology, Mr. Thene was employed for 23 years by Alcoa Inc., a leading producer of primary and fabricated aluminum, holding various management positions.
Timothy Lain was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer effective August 11, 2020. Mr. Lain joined Carpenter Technology in June 2007. From June 2013 to September 2018, he served as the Vice President-Controller and Chief Accounting Officer. He served as the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from September 2018 until August 2020. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Lain served as Audit Director at McGladrey & Pullen LLP, a certified public accounting firm.
Brian J. Malloy was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer effective December 4, 2023. Mr. Malloy previously served as the Senior Vice President and Group President of the SAO business segment from April 2022 until December 2023. He also served as Senior Vice President and Group President of the PEP segment from February 2022 until April 2022; Mr. Malloy assumed interim leadership of the PEP business segment in July of 2021, while serving as Senior Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer, the role he held since August of 2020. Mr. Malloy joined Carpenter Technology in August 2015 as Vice President, Sales & Customer Service for SAO. He served as Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer from March 2016 until August 2020. Prior to joining Carpenter Technology, Mr. Malloy worked for Global Precision Tubes where he was the Senior Vice President & Chief Strategy Officer. During Mr. Malloy's two years in this role, he was responsible for business development, strategy and the commercial organizations. Mr. Malloy's previous experience includes key roles at Alcoa, Inc., where his last position was Vice President, Commercial for Industrial Gas Turbines in the Power and Propulsion business unit.
James D. Dee was appointed Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary effective August 11, 2020. Mr. Dee served as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from September 2010 until August 2020. Mr. Dee joined Carpenter Technology from C&D Technologies where he last served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Secretary and Chief Administrative Officer. Prior to his tenure at C&D Technologies, Mr. Dee was employed by the law firm of Montgomery, McCracken, Walker & Rhodes, LLP. Mr. Dee also worked 16 years at SPS Technologies, Inc., where he last served as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary.
Marshall D. Akins was appointed Vice President - Chief Commercial Officer effective February 21, 2022. Mr. Akins joined Carpenter Technology in February 2016 and served as Vice President - Aerospace until February 2022. Prior to joining Carpenter Technology, Mr. Akins served as Principal at the Boston Consulting Group, a global management consulting firm. Mr. Akins was responsible for a wide range of strategic and operational engagements within the Industrial Goods practice, primarily focusing on company growth and effectiveness.

|  |  |  |  |  | Assumed Present Position
Name |  | Age |  | Position |
Tony R. Thene |  | 63 |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |  | July 2015
Timothy Lain |  | 52 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | August 2020
Brian J. Malloy |  | 57 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer |  | December 2023
James D. Dee |  | 67 |  | Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary |  | August 2020
Marshall D. Akins |  | 41 |  | Vice President - Chief Commercial Officer |  | February 2022

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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") and traded under the symbol "CRS." The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low prices for our common stock as reported by the NYSE:

|  | Fiscal Year 2024 |  | Fiscal Year 2023
Period Ended: |  | High |  | Low |  | High |  | Low
September 30, |  | $ | 71.19 |  |  | $ | 51.94 |  |  | $ | 39.43 |  |  | $ | 24.76 |
December 31, |  | $ | 74.06 |  |  | $ | 60.38 |  |  | $ | 43.32 |  |  | $ | 31.81 |
March 31, |  | $ | 71.65 |  |  | $ | 58.87 |  |  | $ | 52.50 |  |  | $ | 35.72 |
June 30, |  | $ | 112.75 |  |  | $ | 70.19 |  |  | $ | 56.34 |  |  | $ | 40.57 |
Annual June 30, |  | $ | 112.75 |  |  | $ | 51.94 |  |  | $ | 56.34 |  |  | $ | 24.76 |

The range of our common stock price on the NYSE from July 1, 2024 to August 9, 2024 was $103.37 to $148.94. The closing price of the common stock was $139.31 on August 9, 2024.
We have paid quarterly cash dividends on our common stock since 1906. We paid a quarterly dividend of $0.20 per share of common stock during each quarter of fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively.
As of August 9, 2024, there were 1,516 common stockholders of record.
We recently announced that our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program up to $400.0 million of our outstanding common stock.
Information regarding Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans is set forth in Item 12 hereto "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters."
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Cumulative Total Stockholder Return
The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock to the cumulative total return of the S&P MidCap 400 Index, the most widely used index for mid-sized companies, and our Peer Group for fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, and prior four fiscal years. The cumulative total return assumes an investment of $100.00 on June 30, 2019 and the reinvestment of any dividends during the period. Our Peer Group consists of the companies in the Russell RSCC Materials & Processing Growth Index. We believe the companies included in our Peer Group, taken as a whole, provide a more meaningful comparison in terms of product offerings, markets served, competition and other relevant factors. The total stockholder return for our Peer Group is weighted according to the respective issuer's stock market capitalization at the beginning of each period.

* $100.00 invested on June 30, 2019 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal years ending June 30.
Data sourced from Nasdaq
Copyright © 2024 S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, a division of S&P Global
Copyright © 2024 Russell Investments

|  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024
Carpenter Technology Corporation |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 51.80 |  |  | $ | 88.50 |  |  | $ | 63.00 |  |  | $ | 129.00 |  |  | $ | 255.10 |
S&P Midcap 400 |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 91.70 |  |  | $ | 138.60 |  |  | $ | 116.60 |  |  | $ | 134.80 |  |  | $ | 150.60 |
Russell Materials & Processing Growth |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 111.10 |  |  | $ | 158.90 |  |  | $ | 111.20 |  |  | $ | 135.80 |  |  | $ | 155.10 |

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, employees surrendered 7,571 shares to the Company, at an average purchase price of $98.49, for the payment of the minimum tax liability withholding obligations upon the vesting of shares of restricted stock. We do not consider this a share buyback program.
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Item 6.
Reserved.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Background and General
Our discussions below in this Item 7 should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We are a producer and distributor of premium specialty alloys, including titanium alloys, powder metals, stainless steels, alloy steels and tool steels. We are a recognized leader in high-performance specialty alloy-based materials and process solutions for critical applications in the aerospace, defense, medical, transportation, energy, industrial and consumer markets. We have evolved to become a pioneer in premium specialty alloys, including titanium, nickel, and cobalt, as well as alloys specifically engineered for additive manufacturing processes and soft magnetics applications. We primarily process basic raw materials such as nickel, cobalt, titanium, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, iron scrap and other metal alloying elements through various melting, hot forming and cold working facilities to produce finished products in the form of billet, bar, rod, wire and narrow strip in many sizes and finishes. We also produce certain metal powders and parts. Our sales are distributed directly from our production plants and distribution network as well as through independent distributors. Unlike many other specialty steel producers, we operate our own worldwide network of service and distribution centers. These service centers, located in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe and Asia allow us to work more closely with customers and to offer various just-in-time stocking programs.
As part of our overall business strategy, we have sought out and considered opportunities related to strategic acquisitions and joint collaborations as well as possible business unit dispositions aimed at broadening our offering to the marketplace. We have participated with other companies to explore potential terms and structures of such opportunities and expect that we will continue to evaluate these opportunities.
While we prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"), we also utilize and present certain financial measures that are not based on or included in U.S. GAAP (we refer to these as "Non-GAAP financial measures"). Please see the section "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for further discussion of these financial measures, including the reasons why we use such financial measures and reconciliations of such financial measures to the nearest U.S. GAAP financial measures.
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Business Trends
Selected financial results for the past three fiscal years are summarized below:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions, except per share data) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net sales |  | $ | 2,759.7 |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |
Net sales excluding surcharge revenue (1) |  | $ | 2,167.7 |  |  | $ | 1,848.0 |  |  | $ | 1,400.0 |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 323.1 |  |  | $ | 133.1 |  |  | $ | (24.9) |
Adjusted operating income (loss) (1) |  | $ | 354.1 |  |  | $ | 133.1 |  |  | $ | (34.0) |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 186.5 |  |  | $ | 56.4 |  |  | $ | (49.1) |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  | $ | 3.70 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | (1.01) |
Adjusted diluted earnings (loss) per share (1) |  | $ | 4.74 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | (1.06) |
Purchases of property, plant, equipment and software |  | $ | 96.6 |  |  | $ | 82.3 |  |  | $ | 91.3 |
Adjusted free cash flow (1) |  | $ | 179.0 |  |  | $ | (67.6) |  |  | $ | (83.1) |
Pounds sold (in thousands) (2) |  | 206,302 |  |  | 214,122 |  |  | 188,112 |

(1) See the section "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for further discussion of these financial measures.
(2) Pounds sold data includes Specialty Alloys Operations segment and Dynamet and Additive businesses from the Performance Engineered Products segment.
Our sales are across diverse end-use markets. The table below summarizes our sales by end-use market over the past three fiscal years:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
($ in millions) |  | Dollars |  | % of Total |  | Dollars |  | % of Total |  | Dollars |  | % of Total
Aerospace and Defense |  | $ | 1,538.8 |  |  | 56 | % |  | $ | 1,290.7 |  |  | 51 | % |  | $ | 790.2 |  |  | 43 | %
Medical |  | 375.6 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 301.6 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 212.3 |  |  | 12 | %
Transportation |  | 149.1 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 185.0 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 178.3 |  |  | 10 | %
Energy |  | 185.8 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 163.3 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 113.0 |  |  | 6 | %
Industrial and Consumer |  | 415.3 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 487.2 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 417.2 |  |  | 23 | %
Distribution |  | 95.1 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 122.5 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 125.3 |  |  | 6 | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 2,759.7 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,836.3 |  |  | 100 | %

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Impact of Raw Material Prices and Product Mix
We value most of our inventory utilizing the LIFO inventory costing methodology. Under the LIFO inventory costing method, changes in the cost of raw materials and production activities are recognized in cost of sales in the current period even though these materials may have been acquired at potentially significantly different values due to the length of time from the acquisition of the raw materials to the sale of the processed finished goods to the customers. In a period of rising raw material costs, the LIFO inventory valuation normally results in higher cost of sales. Conversely, in a period of decreasing raw material costs, the LIFO inventory valuation normally results in lower cost of sales.
The volatility of the costs of raw materials has impacted our operations over the past several years. We, and others in our industry, generally have been able to pass cost increases on major raw materials through to our customers using surcharges that are structured to recover increases in raw material costs. Generally, the formula used to calculate a surcharge is based on published prices of the respective raw materials for the previous month which correlates to the prices we pay for our raw material purchases. However, a portion of our surcharges to customers may be calculated using a different surcharge formula or may be based on the raw material prices at the time of order, which creates a lag between surcharge revenue and corresponding raw material costs recognized in cost of sales. The surcharge mechanism protects our net income on such sales except for the lag effect discussed above. However, surcharges have had a dilutive effect on our gross margin and operating margin percentages as described later in this report.
Approximately 45 percent of our net sales are sales to customers under firm price sales arrangements. Firm price sales arrangements involve a risk of profit margin fluctuations, particularly when raw material prices are volatile. In order to reduce the risk of fluctuating profit margins on these sales, we enter into commodity forward contracts to purchase certain critical raw materials necessary to produce the related products sold. Firm price sales arrangements generally include certain annual purchasing commitments and consumption schedules agreed to by the customers at selling prices based on raw material prices at the time the arrangements are established. If a customer fails to meet the volume commitments (or the consumption schedule deviates from the agreed-upon terms of the firm price sales arrangements), we may need to absorb the gains or losses associated with the commodity forward contracts on a temporary basis. Gains or losses associated with commodity forward contracts are reclassified to earnings (loss) when earnings are impacted by the hedged transaction. Because we value most of our inventory under the LIFO costing methodology, changes in the cost of raw materials and production activities are recognized in cost of sales in the current period attempting to match the most recently incurred costs with revenues. Gains and/or losses on the commodity forward contracts are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") together with the actual purchase price of the underlying commodities when the underlying commodities are purchased and recorded in inventory. To the extent that the total purchase price of the commodities, inclusive of the gains or losses on the commodity forward contracts, are higher or lower relative to the beginning of year costs, our cost of goods sold reflects such amounts. Accordingly, the gains and/or losses associated with commodity forward contracts may not impact the same period that the firm price sales arrangements revenue is recognized, and comparisons of gross profit from period to period may be impacted. These firm price sales arrangements are expected to continue as we look to strengthen our long-term customer relationships by expanding, renewing and, in certain cases, extending to a longer term, our customer long-term arrangements.
We produce hundreds of grades of materials, with a wide range of pricing and profit levels depending on the grade. In addition, our product mix within a period is subject to the fluctuating order patterns of our customers as well as decisions we may make on participation in certain products based on available capacity including the impacts of capacity commitments we may have under existing customer agreements. While we expect to see positive contribution from a more favorable product mix in our margin performance over time, the impact by period may fluctuate, and period to period comparisons may vary.
Impact of Inflation and Supply Chain Disruption
Recent inflationary pressures affecting the general economy have impacted our operating costs including increased costs for raw materials, energy, key operating supplies and labor.
Additionally, global supply chain disruptions have affected our operations, including the availability and cost of labor, as well as the supply of industrial goods. As a result, we are experiencing higher labor rates, extended lead times for certain supplies, as well as delay of certain capital expenditures due to the availability of equipment and outside contractors. These disruptions have resulted in increased direct costs and certain inefficiencies in our operations.
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We have taken steps that we believe are necessary to mitigate inflationary pressures and supply chain disruptions. As discussed above, we have certain mechanisms in place to reduce the impact for the most significant of these items and have been able to recover these increases through our raw material surcharge and other pricing strategies. We have long-term relationships with major suppliers who provide availability of material at competitive prices along with arrangements with certain vendors to provide consigned materials at our manufacturing facilities available for our consumption as necessary. We also continue to execute on targeted initiatives to maximize productivity and achieve capacity gains.
While these inflation and supply chain factors could negatively impact our business in the near-term, we do not currently expect them to materially impact our business outlook or operational goals over the long-term.
Net Pension Expense (Income)
Net pension expense (income), as we define it below, includes the net periodic benefit costs related to both our pension and other postretirement plans. The net periodic benefit costs are determined annually based on beginning of year balances and are recorded ratably throughout the fiscal year, unless a significant re-measurement event occurs.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, we executed a buy-out annuity transaction for our largest defined benefit plan. We determined that the annuity settlement and lump-sum payments exceeded the threshold of service cost and interest cost components and therefore settlement accounting was required. We recorded a noncash settlement charge of $51.9 million in the year ended June 30, 2024, within other expense (income), net.
The following is a summary of the net pension expense (income) for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Pension plans |  | $ | 78.0 |  |  | $ | 20.6 |  |  | $ | (4.2) |
Other postretirement plans |  | (2.0) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (3.1) |
Net pension expense (income) |  | $ | 76.0 |  |  | $ | 19.9 |  |  | $ | (7.3) |

The service cost component of net pension expense (income) represents the estimated cost of future pension liabilities earned associated with active employees. The pension earnings, interest and deferrals is comprised of the expected return on plan assets, interest costs on the projected benefit obligations of the plans and amortization of actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and benefits.
Net periodic expense (income) is recorded in accounts that are included in both the cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses based on the function of the associated employees and in other expense (income), net. The following is a summary of the classification of net pension expense (income) for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Service cost included in Cost of sales |  | $ | 8.4 |  |  | $ | 8.6 |  |  | $ | 9.6 |
Service cost included in Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.4 |
Pension earnings, interest and deferrals included in Other expense (income), net |  | 14.4 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | (18.3) |
Settlement charge included in Other expense (income), net |  | 51.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net pension expense (income) |  | $ | 76.0 |  |  | $ | 19.9 |  |  | $ | (7.3) |

As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, amounts capitalized in gross inventory were $1.6 million and $2.8 million, respectively.
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Operating Performance Overview
Fiscal year 2024 was the most profitable year in Carpenter Technology’s history, achieving $354.1 million in adjusted operating income. Further, we generated adjusted free cash flow of $179.0 million for the full fiscal year. We continue to drive earnings momentum through improved productivity, product mix optimization and pricing actions. Notably, the SAO segment generated $408.5 million in operating income with an adjusted operating margin of 16.7 percent of net sales (21.8 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue).
With our operating momentum, we are pulling forward our previously communicated fiscal year 2027 goal of doubling our operating income versus fiscal year 2019. We expect to achieve $460.0 million to $500.0 million in operating income in fiscal year 2025. Having just realized over 60 percent of our goal in fiscal year 2024, we are accelerating a four-year goal into a two-year goal. We expect a strong start to fiscal year 2025, with first quarter operating income in the range of $114.0 million to $120.0 million. Further, we expect to generate $250.0 million to $300.0 million in adjusted free cash flow in fiscal year 2025.
With a strong balance sheet and meaningful adjusted free cash flow, we will continue to take a balanced approach to capital allocation: sustaining our current asset base to achieve our targets, investing in incremental growth initiatives, and returning cash to stockholders. We recently announced that our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program up to $400.0 million of our outstanding common stock. Carpenter Technology continues to exceed performance and outlook expectations. Having just completed a historic fourth quarter and fiscal year 2024, we believe we are well positioned to achieve our accelerated goals and believe our earnings growth journey will extend far beyond fiscal year 2025.
We are actively managing our preventive maintenance schedules to protect our unique assets, serve our customers and maximize shipments. Macro trends are increasing demand across our end-use markets for our broad portfolio of specialized solutions. We have leading capabilities and capacity with a difficult-to-replicate system of assets, and we continue to drive improved productivity to capture the demand.
Results of Operations — Fiscal Year 2024 Compared to Fiscal Year 2023
For fiscal year 2024, we reported net incom e of $186.5 million, or $3.70 earnings per diluted share. This com pares with net income of $56.4 million, or $1.14 earnings per diluted share, in fiscal year 2023. Excluding special items, as identified below, a djusted earnings per diluted share was $4.74 in fiscal year 2024. There were no reported special items for fiscal year 2023. The results for fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023 reflect ongoing improvement in product mix, higher realized prices, as well as expanded operating efficiencies.
Special items included in our fiscal year 2024 results include a noncash goodwill impairment charge of $14.1 million related to the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit in the PEP segment. We recorded restructuring and asset impairment charges of $16.9 million as a result of actions taken to streamline operations in the Carpenter Additive business. $15.8 million of this amount represent noncash asset impairment charges. We also recorded a noncash pension settlement charge of $51.9 million as a result of executing de-risking actions to annuitize certain pension plan obligations. During fiscal year 2024, we also reduced income tax expense by $18.4 million related to a U.S. tax benefit that was generated as a result of the Carpenter Additive restructuring actions.
Net Sales
Net sales for fiscal year 2024 wer e $2,759.7 million, which represents an 8 percent increase from fiscal year 2023. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales were 17 percent higher than fiscal year 2023 on 4 percent lower volume. The results reflect double-digit sales growth across Aerospace and Defense, Medical and Energy end-use markets versus the prior year period driven by realized price increases and improved product mix.
Geographically, domestic net sales increased 4 percent from fiscal year 2023. Excluding surcharge revenue, domestic sales increased 15 percent driven by stronger demand in the end-use markets of Aerospace and Defense, Medical and Energy Net sales outside the United States increased 14 percent from fiscal year 2023 to $1,136.7 million for fiscal year 2024. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales outside the United States increased 21 percent, reflecting stronger demand in the end-use markets of Aerospace and Defense, Medical and Energy in the European and Asia Pacific regions compared to fiscal year 2023. A p ortion of our sales outside the United States are denominated in foreign currencies. The impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates resulted in a $1.9 million increase in sa les during fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023. International sales as a percentage of our total net sales represente d 41 percent and 39 percent for fiscal year 2024 and fiscal year 2023, respectively.
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Sales by End-Use Markets
We sell to customers across diversified end-use markets. We believe that net sales by end-use markets is helpful supplemental information in analyzing the performance of the business from period to period. The following table includes comparative information for our net sales, which includes surcharge revenue, by principal end-use markets:

|  | Fiscal Year |  | $ Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Aerospace and Defense |  | $ | 1,538.8 |  |  | $ | 1,290.7 |  |  | $ | 248.1 |  |  | 19 | %
Medical |  | 375.6 |  |  | 301.6 |  |  | 74.0 |  |  | 25 | %
Transportation |  | 149.1 |  |  | 185.0 |  |  | (35.9) |  |  | (19) | %
Energy |  | 185.8 |  |  | 163.3 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | 14 | %
Industrial and Consumer |  | 415.3 |  |  | 487.2 |  |  | (71.9) |  |  | (15) | %
Distribution |  | 95.1 |  |  | 122.5 |  |  | (27.4) |  |  | (22) | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 2,759.7 |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 209.4 |  |  | 8 | %

The following table includes comparative information for our net sales by the same principal end-use markets, but excluding surcharge revenue:

|  | Fiscal Year |  | $ Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Aerospace and Defense |  | $ | 1,199.2 |  |  | $ | 919.5 |  |  | $ | 279.7 |  |  | 30 | %
Medical |  | 315.4 |  |  | 241.3 |  |  | 74.1 |  |  | 31 | %
Transportation |  | 108.9 |  |  | 121.8 |  |  | (12.9) |  |  | (11) | %
Energy |  | 130.4 |  |  | 104.3 |  |  | 26.1 |  |  | 25 | %
Industrial and Consumer |  | 319.4 |  |  | 339.4 |  |  | (20.0) |  |  | (6) | %
Distribution |  | 94.4 |  |  | 121.7 |  |  | (27.3) |  |  | (22) | %
Total net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | $ | 2,167.7 |  |  | $ | 1,848.0 |  |  | $ | 319.7 |  |  | 17 | %

Sales to the Aerospace and Defense end-use market increased 19 percent from fiscal year 2023 to $1,538.8 million. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales increased 30 percent on 11 percent higher shipment volume. The fiscal year 2024 results reflect increases across nearly all Aerospace end-use sub-markets. This was driven by increased demand in the aerospace supply chain due to continued higher aircraft build rates to replace aging fleets and to meet increasing passenger travel demand and to realize fuel efficiency new aircrafts can achieve. The fiscal year 2023 results reflected increases across all Aerospace end-use sub-markets. This was driven by ramping activity levels across the aerospace supply chain due to higher aircraft build rates to replace aging fleets and to meet increasing passenger travel demand.
Sales to the Medical end-use market increased 25 percent to $375.6 million from fiscal year 2023. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales increased 31 percent on 14 percent higher shipment volume. The fiscal year 2024 result s reflect higher demand across all applications as the medical supply chain replenishes inventory levels to meet higher patient demand for elective medical procedures.
Transportation end-use market sales of $149.1 million reflected a 19 percent decrease from fiscal year 2023. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales decreased 11 percent on 23 percent lower shipment volume. The results reflect lower demand across light, medium and heavy-duty vehicle applications offset partially by higher demand in specialty transportation applications compared to fiscal year 2023. The fiscal year 2024 results also reflect the negative impact of employee union strikes in North America which did not occur in fiscal year 2023.
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Sales to the Energy end-use market of $185.8 million reflected a 14 percent increase from fiscal year 2023. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales increased 25 percent on 12 percent higher shipment volume. The fiscal year 2024 results reflect increasing global oil consumption benefiting the oil and gas sub-market and higher demand for power generation materials compared to fiscal year 2023.
Industrial and Consumer end-use market sales of $415.3 million decreased 15 percent from fiscal year 2023. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales decreased 6 percent on 26 percent lower shipment volume. The fiscal year 2024 results reflect lower demand in both Industrial and Consumer end-use markets partially offset by realized price increases compared to fiscal year 2023.
Gross Profit
Gross profit in fiscal year 2024 increased to $584.3 million, or 21.2 percent of net sales, from $337.3 million, or 13.2 percent of net sales for fiscal year 2023. The fiscal year 2024 results reflect 8 percent increased sales with a stronger product mix driven by higher prices and improved operational efficiencies, partially offset by inflationary cost increases compared to fiscal year 2023. Excluding the impact of surcharge revenue, our adjusted gross margin in fiscal year 2024 was 27.0 percent. This compares to adjusted gross margin of 18.3 percent in fiscal year 2023.
Our surcharge mechanism is structured to recover increases in raw material costs, although in certain cases with a lag effect as discussed above. While the surcharge generally protects the absolute gross profit dollars, it does have a dilutive effect on gross margin as a percent of sales. The following represents a summary of the dilutive impact of the surcharge on gross margin. We present and discuss these financial measures because management believes removing the impact of these items provides a more consistent and meaningful basis for comparing results of operations from period to period. See the section "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for further discussion of these financial measures.

|  | Fiscal Year
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net sales |  | $ | 2,759.7 |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |
Less: surcharge revenue |  | 592.0 |  |  | 702.3 |
Net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | $ | 2,167.7 |  |  | $ | 1,848.0 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 584.3 |  |  | $ | 337.3 |
Gross margin |  | 21.2 | % |  | 13.2 | %
Gross margin excluding surcharge revenue |  | 27.0 | % |  | 18.3 | %

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses in fiscal year 2024 were $230.2 million, or 8.3 percent of net sales (10.6 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), compared to $204.2 million, or 8.0 percent of net sales (11.0 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), in fiscal year 2023. The higher selling, general and administrative expenses in fiscal year 2024 reflect higher variable compensation charges compared to fiscal year 2023.
Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges
During fiscal year 2024, restructuring and asset impairment charges were $16.9 million, compared to no restructuring and asset impairment charges in fiscal year 2023. Restructuring activities were a result of actions taken to streamline operations in our Carpenter Additive business in the PEP segment during fiscal year 2024. This included $15.8 million of noncash pre-tax impairment charges related to $8.8 million of property, plant, equipment and software and $7.0 million associated with a certain definite lived intangible asset.
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Goodwill Impairment Charge
During fiscal year 2024, we identified an impairment triggering event in the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit within the PEP segment related to a decline in customer ordering patterns. This combined with market headwinds due to general industrial macroeconomic conditions including rising interest rates has contributed to lower sales and profit margins compared to the established annual operation plan for fiscal year 2024. Despite our efforts to mitigate the market challenges, results did not improve for the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit during fiscal year 2024. In light of these market conditions at the time, the pace of growth in the future projections for the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit were lowered. We determined the goodwill associated with the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit was impaired and recorded an impairment charge of $14.1 million during the third quarter of fiscal year 2024, which represented the entire balance of goodwill for this reporting unit. No goodwill impairment charges were recognized during fiscal year 2023.
Operating Income
Our operating income in fiscal year 2024 was $323.1 million, or 11.7 percent of net sales, as compared with $133.1 million of operating income, or 5.2 percent of net sales, in fiscal year 2023. Excluding surcharge revenue and special items, adjusted operating income was $354.1 million or adjusted operating margin of 16.3 percent for fiscal year 2024 and 7.2 percent for fiscal year 2023. Results for fiscal year 2024 reflect ongoing improvement in product mix, higher realized prices, as well as expanded operating efficienc ies compared to fiscal year 2023. Our fiscal year 2023 operating results reflected higher sales in key end-use markets, increased productivity at our facilities, improved product mix and realized price increases.
Special items included in fiscal year 2024 operating income include a noncash goodwill impairment charge of $14.1 million related to the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit in the PEP segment and restructuring and asset impairment charges of $16.9 million as a result of actions taken to streamline operations in the Carpenter Additive business.
The following presents our operating income and operating margin, in each case excluding the impact of surcharge on net sales and special items. We present and discuss these financial measures because management believes removing the impact of these items provides a more consistent and meaningful basis for comparing results of operations from period to period. See the section "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for further discussion of these financial measures.

|  | Fiscal Year
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net sales |  | $ | 2,759.7 |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |
Less: surcharge revenue |  | 592.0 |  |  | 702.3 |
Net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | $ | 2,167.7 |  |  | $ | 1,848.0 |
Operating income |  | $ | 323.1 |  |  | $ | 133.1 |
Spe cia l items: |  |  |  |
Goodwill impairment charge |  | 14.1 |  |  | — |
Restructuring and asset impairment charges |  | 16.9 |  |  | — |
Adjusted operating income excluding special items |  | $ | 354.1 |  |  | $ | 133.1 |
Operating margin |  | 11.7 | % |  | 5.2 | %
Adjusted operating margin excluding surcharge revenue and special items |  | 16.3 | % |  | 7.2 | %

Interest Expense, Net
Fiscal year 2024 interest expense, net was $51.0 million compared to $54.1 million in fiscal year 2023. Capitalized interest reduced interest expense by $1.6 million for fiscal year 2024 and by $1.5 million in fiscal year 2023. The lower interest expense, net in fiscal year 2024 is largely due to less short-term borrowings under our Credit Facility compared to fiscal year 2023.
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Other Expense, Net
Other expense, net for fiscal year 2024 was $60.5 million compared with other expense, net of $6.5 million in fiscal year 2023. Fiscal year 2024 reflects $14.4 million of expense from pension earnings, interest and deferrals compared to $10.0 million of expense from pension earnings, interest and deferrals in fiscal year 2023, driven by lower than expected returns on plan assets. The results for fiscal year 2024 also include a noncash pension settlement charge of $51.9 million.
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate (income tax expense (benefit) as a percent of income (loss) before taxes) for fiscal year 2024 was 11.9 percent as compared to 22.2 percent for fiscal year 2023. The fiscal year 2024 tax expense includes $18.4 million for U.S. tax benefits related to the closure of Carpenter Additive operations in the United Kingdom, $12.4 million associated with the pension settlement charge and $6.8 million attributable to employee share-based compensation. Tax expense also reflects the unfavorable impacts of the $14.1 million non-deductible goodwill impairment charge, $16.9 million non-deductible restructuring charges and losses in certain foreign jurisdictions for which no tax benefit can be recognized. Excluding the tax impact of the pension settlement charge, non-deductible goodwill impairment charge, restructuring charges and tax benefits related to the closure of the Carpenter Additive operations in the United Kingdom, the rate for fiscal year 2024 would have been 19.0 percent.
The fiscal year 2023 tax expense included the unfavorable impacts of losses in certain foreign jurisdictions for which no tax benefit can be recognized as well as tax charges of $0.3 million for the impact of a state tax legislative change and $0.4 million resulting from changes in our prior year tax positions. Also included were tax benefits of $1.0 million for anticipated interest on IRS income tax refund claims and $0.9 million for decreases in state valuation allowances for deferred tax assets resulting from changes in our ability to utilize certain state net operating loss carryforwards.
On October 8, 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") released a statement on the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, which agreed to a two-pillar solution to address tax challenges of the digital economy. On December 20, 2021, the OECD released Pillar Two model rules defining a 15 percent global minimum tax rate for large multinational corporations. The OECD continues to release additional guidance and countries are implementing legislation with widespread adoption of the Pillar Two Framework expected by calendar year 2024. We are continuing to evaluate the Pillar Two Framework and its potential impact on future periods.
We assert that substantially all undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries are not considered permanently reinvested. The potential tax implications from the distribution of these earnings are expected to be limited to withholding taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions and are not expected to materially impact the consolidated financial statements.
See Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for a full reconciliation of the statutory federal tax rate to the effective tax rates.
Business Segment Results
Summary information about our operating results on a segment basis is set forth below. For more detailed segment information, see Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
The following table includes comparative information for our volumes by business segment:

Pounds sold |  | Fiscal Year |  | Decrease |  | % Decrease
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | 208,154 |  |  | 212,050 |  |  | (3,896) |  |  | (2) | %
Performance Engineered Products * |  | 10,094 |  |  | 11,864 |  |  | (1,770) |  |  | (15) | %
Intersegment |  | (11,946) |  |  | (9,792) |  |  | (2,154) |  |  | (22) | %
Total pounds sold |  | 206,302 |  |  | 214,122 |  |  | (7,820) |  |  | (4) | %

* Pounds sold data for PEP segment includes Dynamet and Additive businesses only.
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The following table includes comparative information for our net sales by business segment:

Net sales |  | Fiscal Year |  | $ Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | $ | 2,443.8 |  |  | $ | 2,213.6 |  |  | $ | 230.2 |  |  | 10 | %
Performance Engineered Products |  | 411.0 |  |  | 433.7 |  |  | (22.7) |  |  | (5) | %
Intersegment |  | (95.1) |  |  | (97.0) |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 2 | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 2,759.7 |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 209.4 |  |  | 8 | %

The following table includes comparative information for our net sales by business segment, but excluding surcharge revenue:

Net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | Fiscal Year |  | $ Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | $ | 1,876.0 |  |  | $ | 1,540.6 |  |  | $ | 335.4 |  |  | 22 | %
Performance Engineered Products |  | 377.8 |  |  | 397.1 |  |  | (19.3) |  |  | (5) | %
Intersegment |  | (86.1) |  |  | (89.7) |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 4 | %
Total net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | $ | 2,167.7 |  |  | $ | 1,848.0 |  |  | $ | 319.7 |  |  | 17 | %

Specialty Alloys Operations Segment
Net sales in fiscal year 2024 for the SAO segment increased 10 percent to $2,443.8 million, as compared with $2,213.6 million in fiscal year 2023. Excluding surcharge revenue, net sales increased 22 percent on 2 percent lower shipment volume as compared to fiscal year 2023. The higher sales excluding surcharge revenue in the SAO segment reflect double-digit percentage growth in the end-use markets of Aerospace and Defense, Medical and Energy driven by productivity gains, stronger product mix and pricing actions compared to fiscal year 2023.
Operating income for the SAO segment in fiscal year 2024 was $408.5 million, or 16.7 percent of net sales (21.8 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), compared to operati ng income of $179.1 million, or 8.1 percent of net sales (11.6 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), for fiscal year 2023. Fiscal year 2024 reflects stronger product mix and improved operational efficiencies, partially offset by inflationary cost increases compared to fiscal year 2023.
Performance Engineered Products Segment
Net sales for fiscal year 2024 for the PEP segment were $411.0 million as compared with $433.7 million for fiscal year 2023. Excluding surcharge revenue, net sales decreased 5 percent from fiscal year 2023 on 15 percent lower shipment volume. The results reflec t higher sales in Aerospace and Defense and Medical end-use markets, in particular Medical end-use market sales excluding surcharge increased 17 percent compared to fiscal year 2023.
Operating income for the PEP segment for fiscal year 2024 was $36.0 million, or 8.8 percent of net sales (9.5 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), as compared with operating income of $31.8 million, or 7.3 percent of net sales (8.0 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue) for fiscal year 2023. Fiscal year 2024 results reflect stronger product mix and improved operational efficiencies, partially offset by inflationary cost increases compared to fiscal year 2023.
Results of Operations — Fiscal Year 2023 Compared to Fiscal Year 2022
For fiscal year 2023, we reported net income of $56.4 million, or $1.14 earnings per diluted share. This compares with net loss of $49.1 million, or $1.01 loss per diluted share in fiscal year 2022. There were no reported special items for fiscal year 2023. Excluding special items for fiscal year 2022, loss per share would have been $1.06. The results for fiscal year 2023 compared to fiscal year 2022 were driven by growing demand across all our end-use markets, increased productivity at our facilities, improved product mix and realized price increases.
Special items included in our fiscal year 2022 results included negative impacts from COVID-19 charges of $5.9 million, a historical environmental site charge of $2.4 million and debt extinguishment losses, net of $6.0 million. These charges were offset by benefits related to COVID-19 employee retention credits of $12.7 million and an acquisition-related contingent liability release of $4.7 million.
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Net Sales
Net sales for fiscal year 2023 were $2,550.3 million, which represents a 39 percent increase from fiscal year 2022. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales were 32 percent higher than fiscal year 2022 on 14 percent higher volume. The results reflect double-digit sales growth across Aerospace and Defense, Medical, Energy and Industrial and Consumer end-use markets versus the prior year period.
Geographically, sales outside the United States increased 51 percent from fiscal year 2022 to $994.1 million. The increase was due to higher product demand in all regions and in all end-use markets except Distribution. In particular, Aerospace and Defense outside the United States increased 89 percent. A portion of our sales outside the United States are denominated in foreign currencies. The impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates resulted in a $5.8 million decrease in sales during fiscal year 2023 compared to fiscal year 2022. International sales as a percentage of our total net sales represented 39 percent and 36 percent for fiscal year 2023 and fiscal year 2022, respectively.
Sales by End-Use Markets
We sell to customers across diversified end-use markets. We believe this is helpful supplemental information in analyzing performance of the business from period to period. The following table includes comparative information for our net sales, which includes surcharge revenue, by principal end-use markets:

|  | Fiscal Year |  | $ Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
($ in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Aerospace and Defense |  | $ | 1,290.7 |  |  | $ | 790.2 |  |  | $ | 500.5 |  |  | 63 | %
Medical |  | 301.6 |  |  | 212.3 |  |  | 89.3 |  |  | 42 | %
Transportation |  | 185.0 |  |  | 178.3 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 4 | %
Energy |  | 163.3 |  |  | 113.0 |  |  | 50.3 |  |  | 45 | %
Industrial and Consumer |  | 487.2 |  |  | 417.2 |  |  | 70.0 |  |  | 17 | %
Distribution |  | 122.5 |  |  | 125.3 |  |  | (2.8) |  |  | (2) | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |  |  | $ | 714.0 |  |  | 39 | %

The following table includes comparative information for our net sales by the same principal end-use markets, but excluding surcharge revenue:

|  | Fiscal Year |  | $ Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
($ in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Aerospace and Defense |  | $ | 919.5 |  |  | $ | 599.6 |  |  | $ | 319.9 |  |  | 53 | %
Medical |  | 241.3 |  |  | 177.2 |  |  | 64.1 |  |  | 36 | %
Transportation |  | 121.8 |  |  | 125.2 |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | (3) | %
Energy |  | 104.3 |  |  | 76.3 |  |  | 28.0 |  |  | 37 | %
Industrial and Consumer |  | 339.4 |  |  | 297.2 |  |  | 42.2 |  |  | 14 | %
Distribution |  | 121.7 |  |  | 124.5 |  |  | (2.8) |  |  | (2) | %
Total net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | $ | 1,848.0 |  |  | $ | 1,400.0 |  |  | $ | 448.0 |  |  | 32 | %

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Sales to the Aerospace and Defense end-use market increased 63 percent from fiscal year 2022 to $1,290.7 million. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales increased 53 percent on 34 percent higher shipment volume. The fiscal year 2023 results reflect increases across all Aerospace end-use sub-markets. This was driven by ramping activity levels across the aerospace supply chain due to higher aircraft build rates to replace aging fleets and meet increasing passenger travel demand. The fiscal year 2022 results reflected short-term operational challenges associated with the Reading press outage and labor shortages.
Sales to the Medical end-use market increased 42 percent to $301.6 million from fiscal year 2022. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales increased 36 percent on 30 percent higher shipment volume. The fiscal year 2023 results reflect higher demand across all applications as the medical supply chain replenishes inventory levels to meet higher patient demand for elective medical procedures.
Transportation end-use market sales of $185.0 million reflected a 4 percent increase from fiscal year 2022. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales decreased 3 percent on 20 percent lower shipment volume. The fiscal year 2023 results reflect an improved mix from recent price increases, particularly in light-duty vehicle applications, offset by reduced medium and heavy-duty build rates compared to fiscal year 2022.
Sales to the Energy end-use market of $163.3 million reflected a 45 percent increase from fiscal year 2022. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales increased 37 percent on 35 percent higher shipment volume. The fiscal year 2023 results reflect increasing global rig counts and higher oil prices benefiting the oil and gas sub-market along with slightly higher demand for power generation materials compared to fiscal year 2022.
Industrial and Consumer end-use market sales of $487.2 million increased 17 percent from fiscal year 2022. Excluding surcharge revenue, sales increased 14 percent on 1 percent lower shipment volume. The fiscal year 2023 results reflect stronger product mix, higher demand for semiconductor materials and increased sales in the electronic sub-market.
Gross Profit
Gross profit in fiscal year 2023 increased to $337.3 million, or 13.2 percent of net sales, from $149.8 million, or 8.2 percent of net sales for fiscal year 2022. The fiscal year 2023 results reflect the impact of higher volumes across key end-use markets with 39 percent increased net sales, a stronger product mix, higher prices and improved operational efficiencies, partially offset by inflationary cost increases compared to fiscal year 2022. Excluding the impact of surcharge revenue, our adjusted gross margin in fiscal year 2023 was 18.3 percent. This compares to adjusted gross margin of 9.9 percent in fiscal year 2022 after excluding the impact of surcharge revenue and COVID-19 employee retention credits of $11.9 million.
Our surcharge mechanism is structured to recover increases in raw material costs, although in certain cases with a lag effect as discussed above. While the surcharge generally protects the absolute gross profit dollars, it does have a dilutive effect on gross margin as a percent of sales. The following represents a summary of the dilutive impact of the surcharge on gross margin e xcluding the impact of the special items. We present and discuss these financial measures because management believes removing the impact of these items provides a more consistent and meaningful basis for comparing results of operations from period to period. See the section "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for further discussion of these financial measures.

|  | Fiscal Year
($ in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net sales |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |
Less: surcharge revenue |  | 702.3 |  |  | 436.3 |
Net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | $ | 1,848.0 |  |  | $ | 1,400.0 |
Gross profit: |  | $ | 337.3 |  |  | $ | 149.8 |
COVID-19 employee retention credits |  | — |  |  | (11.9) |
Gross profit excluding special item |  | $ | 337.3 |  |  | $ | 137.9 |
Gross margin |  | 13.2 | % |  | 8.2 | %
Gross margin excluding surcharge revenue and special item |  | 18.3 | % |  | 9.9 | %

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses in fiscal year 2023 were $204.2 million, or 8.0 percent of net sales (11.0 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), compared to $174.7 million, or 9.5 percent of net sales (12.5 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), in fiscal year 2022. The higher selling, general and administrative expenses in fiscal year 2023 reflect higher variable compensation charges compared to fiscal year 2022. Fiscal year 2022 included a noncash benefit of $4.7 million from the reversal of a contingent liability associated with a historical acquisition for which the time period expired. Partially offsetting this benefit in fiscal year 2022 was an environmental charge of $2.4 million which represents a historical environmental site liability.
Operating Income (Loss)
Our operating income in fiscal year 2023 was $133.1 million, or 5.2 percent of net sales, as compared with $24.9 million of operating loss, or negative 1.4 percent of net sales in fiscal year 2022. Excluding surcharge revenue and special items, adjusted operating margin was 7.2 percent for fiscal year 2023 and negative 2.4 percent for fiscal year 2022. Results for fiscal year 2023 reflect higher sales in key end-use markets compared to fiscal year 2022, increased productivity at our facilities, improved product mix and realized price increases. Our fiscal year 2022 operating results were negatively impacted by COVID-19 charges of $5.9 million and a historical environmental site charge of $2.4 million, offset by COVID-19 employee retention credits of $12.7 million and an acquisition-related contingent liability release of $4.7 million.
The following presents our operating income (loss) and operating margin, in each case excluding the impact of surcharge on net sales and special items. We present and discuss these financial measures because management believes removing the impact of these items provides a more consistent and meaningful basis for comparing results of operations from period to period. See the section "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for further discussion of these financial measures.

|  | Fiscal Year
($ in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net sales |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |
Less: surcharge revenue |  | 702.3 |  |  | 436.3 |
Net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | $ | 1,848.0 |  |  | $ | 1,400.0 |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 133.1 |  |  | $ | (24.9) |
Special items: |  |  |  |
COVID-19 costs |  | — |  |  | 5.9 |
COVID-19 employee retention credits |  | — |  |  | (12.7) |
Acquisition-related contingent liability release |  | — |  |  | (4.7) |
Environmental site charge |  | — |  |  | 2.4 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) excluding special items |  | $ | 133.1 |  |  | $ | (34.0) |
Operating margin |  | 5.2 | % |  | (1.4) | %
Adjusted operating margin excluding surcharge revenue and special items |  | 7.2 | % |  | (2.4) | %

Interest Expense, Net and Debt Extinguishment Losses, Net
Fiscal year 2023 interest expense, net was $54.1 million compared to $44.9 million in fiscal year 2022. Capitalized interest reduced interest expense by $1.5 million for fiscal year 2023 and by $0.8 million in fiscal year 2022. Debt extinguishment losses, net in fiscal year 2023 were $0.0 million. Debt extinguishment losses, net in fiscal year 2022 were $6.0 million due to debt prepayment costs made in connection with the notes due in March 2023. The higher interest expense in fiscal year 2023 is largely due to higher interest rates on debt that was refinanced and short-term borrowings under our Credit Facility.
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Other Expense (Income), Net
Other expense, net for fiscal year 2023 was $6.5 million compared with other income, net of $12.7 million in fiscal year 2022. The fiscal year 2023 reflects expense from pension earnings, interest and deferrals compared to income from pension earnings, interest and deferrals from favorable returns on plan assets in fiscal year 2022.
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate (income tax expense (benefit) as a percent of income (loss) before taxes) for fiscal year 2023 was 22.2 percent which was the same as 22.2 percent for fiscal year 2022. The fiscal year 2023 tax expense includes the unfavorable impacts of losses in certain foreign justifications for which no tax benefit can be recognized as well as tax charges of $0.3 million for the impact of a state tax legislative change and $0.4 million resulting from changes in our prior year tax positions. Also included are tax benefits of $1.0 million for anticipated interest on Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") income tax refund claims and $0.9 million for decreases in state valuation allowances for deferred tax assets resulting from changes in our ability to utilize certain state net operating loss carryforwards. The fiscal year 2022 tax benefit included the unfavorable impacts of losses in certain foreign jurisdictions for which no tax benefit can be recognized.
Business Segment Results
Summary information about our operating results on a segment basis is set forth below. For more detailed segment information, see Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
The following table includes comparative information for our volumes by business segment:

Pounds sold |  | Fiscal Year |  | Increase |  | % Increase
(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | 212,050 |  |  | 187,754 |  |  | 24,296 |  |  | 13 | %
Performance Engineered Products * |  | 11,864 |  |  | 10,662 |  |  | 1,202 |  |  | 11 | %
Intersegment |  | (9,792) |  |  | (10,304) |  |  | 512 |  |  | 5 | %
Total pounds sold |  | 214,122 |  |  | 188,112 |  |  | 26,010 |  |  | 14 | %

* Pounds sold data for PEP segment includes Dynamet and Additive businesses only.
The following table includes comparative information for our net sales by business segment:

Net sales |  | Fiscal Year |  | $ Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
($ in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | $ | 2,213.6 |  |  | $ | 1,565.6 |  |  | $ | 648.0 |  |  | 41 | %
Performance Engineered Products |  | 433.7 |  |  | 344.5 |  |  | 89.2 |  |  | 26 | %
Intersegment |  | (97.0) |  |  | (73.8) |  |  | (23.2) |  |  | (31) | %
Total net sales |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |  |  | $ | 714.0 |  |  | 39 | %

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The following table includes comparative information for our net sales by business segment, but excluding surcharge revenue:

Net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | Fiscal Year |  | $ Increase (Decrease) |  | % Increase (Decrease)
($ in millions) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | $ | 1,540.6 |  |  | $ | 1,137.1 |  |  | $ | 403.5 |  |  | 35 | %
Performance Engineered Products |  | 397.1 |  |  | 336.7 |  |  | 60.4 |  |  | 18 | %
Intersegment |  | (89.7) |  |  | (73.8) |  |  | (15.9) |  |  | (22) | %
Total net sales excluding surcharge revenue |  | $ | 1,848.0 |  |  | $ | 1,400.0 |  |  | $ | 448.0 |  |  | 32 | %

Specialty Alloys Operations Segment
Net sales in fiscal year 2023 for the SAO segment increased 41 percent to $2,213.6 million, as compared with $1,565.6 million in fiscal year 2022. Excluding surcharge revenue, net sales increased 35 percent from fiscal year 2022 on 13 percent higher shipment volume. The SAO segment results reflect higher sales in all end-use markets except Transportation compared to fiscal year 2022. In particular, Aerospace and Defense sales excluding surcharge increased 54 percent as compared to fiscal year 2022.
Operating income for the SAO segment in fiscal year 2023 was $179.1 million, or 8.1 percent of net sales (11.6 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), compared to operating income of $9.6 million, or 0.6 percent of net sales (0.8 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), for fiscal year 2022. Fiscal year 2023 reflects increased productivity, improved product mix and realized price increases. Fiscal year 2022 included a benefit of $10.6 million related to COVID-19 employee retention credits offset by COVID-19 related costs of $5.2 million.
Performance Engineered Products Segment
Net sales for fiscal year 2023 for the PEP segment were $433.7 million as compared with $344.5 million for fiscal year 2022. Excluding surcharge revenue, net sales increased 18 percent from a year ago on 11 percent higher shipment volume. The fiscal year 2023 net sales reflect 11 percent higher shipment volume as compared to fiscal year 2022. The results reflect higher sales in all end-use markets except Distribution. In particular, Medical end-use market sales excluding surcharge increased 32 percent.
Operating income for the PEP segment for fiscal year 2023 was $31.8 million, or 7.3 percent of net sales (8.0 percent of net sales excluding surcharge revenue), as compared with operating income of $18.1 million, or 5.3 percent of net sales for fiscal year 2022. Fiscal year 2023 results reflect stronger demand conditions compared to fiscal year 2022. Fiscal year 2022 included a benefit of $2.1 million related to COVID-19 employee retention credits offset by COVID-19 related costs of $0.7 million.
Liquidity and Financial Resources
During fiscal year 2024, we generated cash from operating activities of $274.9 million as compared with $14.7 million in fiscal year 2023. Our adjusted free cash flow, which we define under "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below, was positive $179.0 million as compared to negative $67.6 million for fiscal year 2023. The change in operating cash flow and adjusted free cash flow in fiscal year 2024 primarily reflects the impact of higher earnings after noncash adjustments to net income and lower cash used for inventory compared to a year ago. The current year reflects cash used to build inventory of $96.7 million compared to $140.3 million in fiscal year 2023. The adjusted free cash flow results also reflect lower capital spending levels in the current period as compared to the prior year period.
Capital expenditures for property, plant, equipment and software were $96.6 million for fiscal year 2024 as compared to $82.3 million for fiscal year 2023. In fiscal year 2025, we expect capital expenditures to be approximately $125 million.
We evaluate liquidity needs for alternative uses including funding external growth opportunities, share repurchases as well as funding consistent dividend payments to stockholders. Dividends for fiscal year 2024 were $40.0 million, as compared to $39.4 million in the prior year period. In fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022 we declared and paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.20 per share. Additionally, we will discretionarily use excess cash for a recently approved share repurchase program up to $400.0 million of our outstanding common stock. The primary use of this program will be to offset dilution.
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During fiscal year 2024, we made $11.3 million of pension contributions to our qualified defined benefit pension plans. Over the next five years, current estimates indicate that we will be required to make approximately $128.7 million of cash contributions to our domestic qualified defined benefit pension plans, based on the laws in effect for pension funding as of June 30, 2024, and subject to market returns and interest rate assumptions.
We have demonstrated the ability to generate cash to meet our needs through cash flows from operations, management of working capital and the ability to access capital markets to supplement internally generated funds. We target minimum liquidity of $150.0 million, consisting of cash and cash equivalents added to available borrowing capacity under our Credit Facility.
On April 14, 2023, we entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and letter of credit issuer and the other lenders, agents and arrangers party thereto (the "Credit Facility"). The Credit Facility amended and restated ou r then exi sting Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 26, 2021 which had been set to expire on March 31, 2024. The Credit Facility extends the maturity to April 12, 20 28.
The Credit Facility is a secured revolving credit facility with a commitment of $350.0 million subject to our right, from time to time, to request an increase of the commitment by the greater of (i) $300.0 million or (ii) an amount equal to our consolidated EBITDA; and provides for the issuance of letters of credit subject to a $40.0 million sub-limit. We have the right to voluntarily prepay and re-borrow loans, to terminate or reduce the commitments under the Credit Facility, and, subject to certain lender approvals, to join subsidiaries as subsidiary borrowers.
As of June 30, 2024, the borrowing rate for the Credit Facility was 7.09%, however we had no short-term borrowings. As of June 30, 2024, we had $1.2 million of issued letters of credit under the Credit Facility and the balance of the Credit Facility, $348.8 million, remains available to us. From time to time during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, we borrowed under our Credit Facility. The weighted average daily borrowing under the Credit Facility during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $19.1 million with daily outstanding borrowings ranging from $0.0 million to $67.8 million.
We believe that our total liquidity of $547.9 million, as of June 30, 2024, which includes cash and cash equivalents of $199.1 million and available borrowing capac ity of $348.8 million under the Credit Facility, will be sufficient to fund our cash needs over the foreseeable future.
As of June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $22.0 million held at various foreign subsidiaries. Our global cash deployment considers, among other things, the geographic and institutional location of our subsidiaries' cash balances, the locations of our anticipated liquidity needs and the cost to access international cash balances, as necessary. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, we repatriated cash of $4.3 million from foreign jurisdictions. From time to time, we may make short-term intercompany borrowings against our cash held outside the United States in order to reduce or eliminate any required borrowing under our Credit Facility.
We are subject to certain financial and restrictive covenants under the Credit Facility which requires the maintenance of a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.00 to 1.00 and a consolidated net leverage ratio of no more than 4.00 to 1.00. The restrictions of these covenants (other than the financial ratio covenants) are subject to certain exceptions or threshold triggering amounts or events specified in the Credit Facility, and in some cases the restrictions may be waived by the lenders. As of June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all of the covenants of the Credit Facility.
The following table shows our actual ratio performance with respect to the financial covenants, as of June 30, 2024:

Covenant |  | Covenant Requirement |  | Actual Ratio
Consolidated interest coverage ratio |  | 3.00 to 1.00 (minimum) |  | 10.14 to 1.00
Consolidated net leverage ratio |  | 4.00 to 1.00 (maximum) |  | 0.96 to 1.00

To the extent that we do not comply with the current or modified covenants under the Credit Facility, this could reduce our liquidity and flexibility due to potential restrictions on borrowings available to us unless we are able to obtain waivers or modifications of the covenants.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The following provides additional information regarding certain non-GAAP financial measures that we use in this report. Our definitions and calculations of these items may not necessarily be the same as those used by other companies.
Net Sales and Gross Margin Excluding Surcharge Revenue
This report includes discussions of net sales as adjusted to exclude the impact of raw material surcharge and the resulting impact on gross margins, which represent financial measures that have not been determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). We present and discuss these financial measures because management believes removing the impact of raw material surcharge from net sales provides a more consistent basis for comparing results of operations from period to period for the reasons discussed earlier in this report. Management uses its results excluding these amounts to evaluate its operating performance and to discuss its business with investment institutions, our Board of Directors and others. See our earlier discussion of "Gross Profit" for a reconciliation of net sales and gross margin, excluding surcharge revenue, to net sales as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Net sales and gross margin excluding surcharge revenue is not a U.S. GAAP financial measure and should not be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, net sales and gross margin calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) and Adjusted Operating Margin Excluding Surcharge Revenue and Special Items
This report includes discussions of operating income (loss) and operating margin as adjusted to exclude the impact of raw material surcharge revenue and special items which represent financial measures that have not been determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We present and discuss these financial measures because management believes removing the impact of raw material surcharge from net sales provides a more consistent and meaningful basis for comparing results of operations from period to period for the reasons discussed earlier in this report. In addition, management believes that excluding special items from operating margin is helpful in analyzing our operating performance, as these items are not indicative of ongoing operating performance. Management uses its results excluding these amounts to evaluate its operating performance and to discuss its business with investment institutions, our Board of Directors and others. See our earlier discussion of operating income (loss) for a reconciliation of adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted operating margin excluding special items to operating income (loss) and operating margin determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted operating margin excluding surcharge revenue and special items are not U.S. GAAP financial measures and should not be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, operating income (loss) and operating margin calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Adjusted Earnings Per Share
The following provides a reconciliation of adjusted earnings per share, to its most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure:

($ in millions, except per share data) |  | Earnings Before Income Taxes |  | Income Tax Expense |  | Net Income |  | Earnings Per Diluted Share*
Year ended June 30, 2024, as reported |  | $ | 211.6 |  |  | $ | (25.1) |  |  | $ | 186.5 |  |  | $ | 3.70 |
Special items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill impairment charge |  | 14.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 14.1 |  |  | 0.28 |
Restructuring and asset impairment charges |  | 16.9 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 16.8 |  |  | 0.33 |
Pension settlement charge |  | 51.9 |  |  | (12.4) |  |  | 39.5 |  |  | 0.79 |
U.S. Tax benefit related to restructuring activities |  | — |  |  | (18.4) |  |  | (18.4) |  |  | (0.36) |
Year ended June 30, 2024, as adjusted |  | $ | 294.5 |  |  | $ | (56.0) |  |  | $ | 238.5 |  |  | $ | 4.74 |

* Impact per diluted share calculated using weighted average common shares outstanding of 50.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024.
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($ in millions, except per share data) |  | Earnings Before Income Taxes |  | Income Tax Expense |  | Net Income |  | Earnings Per Diluted Share*
Year ended June 30, 2023, as reported |  | $ | 72.5 |  |  | $ | (16.1) |  |  | $ | 56.4 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |
Special item: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
None reported |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Year ended June 30, 2023, as adjusted |  | $ | 72.5 |  |  | $ | (16.1) |  |  | $ | 56.4 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |

* Impact per diluted share calculated using weighted average common shares outstanding of 49.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023.
Management believes that the presentation of earnings per share adjusted to exclude the impact of special items is helpful in analyzing the operating performance of the Company, as these items are not indicative of ongoing operating performance. Management uses its results excluding these amounts to evaluate its operating performance and to discuss its business with investment institutions, the Company's Board of Directors and others. Our definitions and calculations of these items may not necessarily be the same as those used by other companies. Adjusted earnings per share is not a U.S. GAAP financial measure and should not be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, earnings per share calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Adjusted Free Cash Flow
This report includes discussions of adjusted free cash flow which is a non-GAAP financial measure and may not be comparable to adjusted free cash flow reported by other companies. The following provides a reconciliation of adjusted free cash flow, as used in this Annual Report, to its most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure:

|  | Fiscal Year
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net cash provided from operating activities |  | $ | 274.9 |  |  | $ | 14.7 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |
Purchases of property, plant, equipment and software |  | (96.6) |  |  | (82.3) |  |  | (91.3) |
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment and assets held for sale |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |
Adjusted free cash flow |  | $ | 179.0 |  |  | $ | (67.6) |  |  | $ | (83.1) |

Management believes that the presentation of adjusted free cash flow provides useful information to investors regarding our financial condition because it is a measure of cash generated which management evaluates for alternative uses. It is management's current intention to use excess cash to fund investments in capital equipment, acquisition opportunities and consistent dividend payments. Additionally, we will discretionarily use excess cash for a recently approved share repurchase program up to $400.0 million of our outstanding common stock. The primary use of this program will be to offset dilution. Adjusted free cash flow is not a U.S. GAAP financial measure and should not be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, cash flows calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to bad debts, customer claims, inventories, pensions and other postretirement benefits, intangible assets, goodwill, leases, environmental liabilities, income taxes, derivative instruments and hedging activities and contingencies and litigation.
We believe the following are the critical accounting policies and areas affected by significant judgments and estimates impacting the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the failure of our customers to make required payments. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and monitor their payment patterns. Should
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the financial condition of our customers deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.
Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market for those inventories determined by the LIFO method. We value other inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value, determined by the FIFO and average cost methods. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, $152.2 million and $133.2 million of inventory, respectively, was accounted for using a method other than the LIFO method. If the FIFO method of inventory had been used instead of the LIFO method, inventories would have been $371.0 million and $517.2 million higher as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Costs include direct materials, direct labor, applicable manufacturing overhead and other direct costs. Under the LIFO inventory valuation method, changes in the cost of raw materials and production activities are recognized in cost of sales in the current period even though these materials and other costs may have been incurred at significantly different values due to the length of time of our production cycle. The prices for many of the raw materials we use have been volatile. Since we value most of our inventory utilizing the LIFO inventory costing methodology, rapid changes in raw material costs have an impact on our operating results. In a period of rising prices, cost of sales expense recognized under LIFO is generally higher than the cash costs incurred to acquire the inventory sold. Conversely, in a period of declining raw material prices, cost of sales expense recognized under LIFO is generally lower than the cash costs incurred to acquire the inventory sold.
Since the LIFO inventory valuation methodology is designed for annual determination, interim estimates of the annual LIFO valuation are required. We evaluate the effects of the LIFO inventory valuation method on an interim basis by estimating the expected annual LIFO cost based on cost changes to date and recognize effects that are not expected to be replaced by year-end in the interim period in which the liquidation occurs. These projections of annual LIFO inventory valuation reserve changes are updated quarterly and are evaluated based upon material, labor and overhead costs.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
The amount of net pension expense (income), which is determined annually, or upon remeasurement, is based upon the value of the assets in the pension trusts at the beginning of the fiscal year as well as actuarial assumptions, such as the discount rate and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. The assumed long-term rate of return on pension plan assets is reviewed at each year-end based on the plan's investment policies, an analysis of the historical returns of the capital markets and current interest rates. Based on the current funding level, the benchmark allocation policy for the Company's largest pension plan assets is to have approximately 75 percent in return seeking assets and 25 percent in liability-hedging assets. Return seeking assets include global equities, diversified credit and real assets. Liability-hedging assets include bond funds and cash. When the funding level of the plan reaches 95 percent and improves to fully or over-funded status in increments of 5 percent, assets will be shifted from return seeking to liability-hedging assets in accordance with the glidepath policy outlined in the pension plan's Investment Policy Statement. The plan discount rate is determined by reference to the BondLink interest rate model based upon a portfolio of highly rated U.S. corporate bonds with individual bonds that are theoretically purchased to settle the plan's anticipated cash outflows. The fluctuations in stock and bond markets could cause actual investment results to be significantly different from those assumed, and therefore, significantly impact the valuation of the assets in our pension trusts. Changes in actuarial assumptions could significantly impact the accounting for the pension assets and liabilities. If the assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets was changed by 0.25 percent, the net pension expense (income) would change by $1.4 million. If the discount rate was changed by 0.25 percent, the net pension expense (income) would change by $0.3 million.
Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment and written down to fair value whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable through estimated future undiscounted cash flows. The amount of the impairment loss is the excess of the carrying amount of the impaired assets over the fair value of the assets based upon estimated future discounted cash flows. We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment by individual business unit. Changes in estimated cash flows could have a significant impact on whether or not an asset is impaired and the amount of the impairment.
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Goodwill
Goodwill is not amortized but instead is tested at least annually for impairment as of June 1, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may be impaired. Effective in fiscal year 2022 and prospectively, we will perform the required annual goodwill impairment test as of June 1 rather than on June 30 which was our previous practice. We believe this change is preferable as it more closely aligns with the timing of our annual budgeting process. We do not believe this change resulted in any delay, acceleration or avoidance of impairment. Furthermore, a retrospective application to prior periods is impracticable as we are unable to objectively determine, without the use of hindsight, the assumptions which would be used in earlier periods.
Potential impairment is identified by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, any impairment loss is measured by the difference between the carrying value of the reporting unit and its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The discounted cash flow analysis for each reporting unit tested requires significant estimates and assumptions related to cash flow forecasts, discount rates, terminal values and income tax rates. The cash flow forecasts include significant judgments and assumptions related to revenue growth rates, which include perpetual growth rates, gross margin and weighted average cost of capital. The cash flow forecasts are developed based on assumptions about each reporting unit's markets, product offerings, pricing, capital expenditure and working capital requirements as well as cost performance.
The discount rates used in the discounted cash flow are estimated based on a market participant's perspective of each reporting unit's weighted average cost of capital. The terminal value, which represents the value attributed to the reporting unit beyond the forecast period, is estimated using a perpetuity growth rate assumption. The income tax rates used in the discounted cash flow analysis represent estimates of the long-term statutory income tax rates for each reporting unit based on the jurisdictions in which the reporting units operate.
As of June 30, 2024, we have two reporting units with goodwill recorded. Goodwill associated with the SAO reporting unit as of June 30, 2024, was $195.5 million and represents 86 percent of total goodwill as of June 30, 2024. The remaining goodwill recorded as of June 30, 2024 of $31.8 million is associated with the Dynamet reporting unit in the PEP segment. The fair value for both reporting units is estimated using a weighting of discounted cash flows and the use of market multiples valuation techniques.
In preparing the financial statements for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, we identified an impairment triggering event in the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit within the PEP segment related to a decline in customer ordering patterns. This combined with market headwinds due to general industrial macroeconomic conditions including rising interest rates has contributed to lower sales and profit margins compared to the established annual operation plan for fiscal year 2024. Despite the efforts we made to mitigate the market challenges, results had not improved for the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit during the quarter ended March 31, 2024. In light of these market conditions at the time, the pace of growth in the future projections for Latrobe Distribution reporting unit were lowered.
We determined the goodwill associated with the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit was impaired and recorded an impairment charge of $14.1 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, which represented the entire balance of goodwill. The fair value was estimated using a weighting of discounted cash flows and the use of market multiples valuation techniques.
Goodwill associated with the SAO reporting unit is tested at the SAO segment level. As of June 1, 2024, the fair value of the SAO reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by 203 percent. The discounted cash flows analysis for the SAO reporting unit includes assumptions related to our ability to increase volume, improve mix, expand product offerings and continue to implement opportunities to reduce costs over the next several years. For purposes of the discounted cash flow analysis for SAO's fair value, a weighted average cost capital of 9.5 percent and a terminal growth rate assumption of 2.5 percent were used. If the long-term growth rate for this reporting unit had been hypothetically reduced by 0.5 percent at June 1, 2024, the SAO reporting unit would have a fair value that exceeded the carrying value by approximately 196 percent.
Goodwill associated with the PEP segment is tested at the Dynamet reporting unit level. As of June 1, 2024, the fair value of the Dynamet reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by 144 percent. For purposes of the discounted cash flow analysis for Dynamet's fair value, a weighted average cost capital of 11.0 percent and a terminal growth rate assumption of 2.5 percent were used. If the long-term growth rate for this reporting unit had been hypothetically reduced by 0.5 percent at June 1, 2024, the Dynamet reporting unit would have a fair value that exceeded the carrying value by approximately 140 percent.
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The estimate of fair value requires significant judgment. We based our fair value estimates on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable but that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain, including estimates of future growth rates and operating margins and assumptions about the overall economic climate and the competitive environment for our business units. There can be no assurance that our estimates and assumptions made for purposes of our goodwill and identifiable intangible asset testing as of the time of testing will prove to be accurate predictions of the future. If our assumptions regarding business projections, competitive environments or anticipated growth rates are not correct, we may be required to record goodwill and/or intangible asset impairment charges in future periods, whether in connection with our next annual impairment testing or earlier, if an indicator of an impairment is present before our next annual evaluation. We continuously monitor for events and circumstances that could negatively impact the key assumptions in determining fair value of the reporting units.
Leases
Determination of whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception is based on the presence of identified assets and the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefit from or to direct the use of such assets. When it is determined a lease exists, a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and corresponding lease liability are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. Lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets are recognized at the commencement date at the value of the lease liability and are adjusted for any prepayments, lease incentives received and initial direct costs incurred. Lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. As the discount rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable in most leases, an incremental borrowing rate is used. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. Lease contracts with a term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. Fixed lease expense is recognized for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, are accounted for as a single lease component for all underlying asset classes. Accordingly, all costs associated with a lease contract are accounted for as lease costs. Some leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage, output, or may vary for other reasons, such as insurance and tax payments. The variable lease payments are not presented as part of the ROU asset or lease liability.
Environmental Expenditures
Environmental expenditures that pertain to current operations or to future revenues are expensed or capitalized consistent with the Company's capitalization policy for property, plant and equipment. Expenditures that result from the remediation of an existing condition caused by past operations and that do not contribute to current or future revenues are expensed. Liabilities are recognized for remedial activities when the remediation is probable and the cost can be reasonably estimated. Most estimated liabilities are not discounted to present value due to the uncertainty as to the timing and duration of expected costs. For one former operating facility site, due to the routine nature of the expected costs, the liability for future costs is discounted to present value over 20 years with a discount rate of approximately 6 percent as of June 30, 2024 and approximately 5 percent as of June 30, 2023.
Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences in the recognition of income and expense for financial and income tax reporting purposes, or differences between the fair value of assets acquired in business combinations accounted for as purchases for financial reporting purposes and their corresponding tax bases. Deferred income taxes represent future tax benefits (assets) or costs (liabilities) to be recognized when those temporary differences reverse. We evaluate on a quarterly basis whether, based on all available evidence, we believe that our deferred income tax assets will be realizable. Valuation allowances are established when it is estimated that it is more likely than not that the tax benefit of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The evaluation includes the consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, regarding historical operating results including recent years with reported losses, the estimated timing of future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, estimated future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, and potential tax planning strategies which may be employed to prevent an operating loss or tax credit carryforward from expiring unused. Future realization of deferred income tax assets ultimately depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carryback or carryforward period available under tax law.
Management determines whether a tax position should be recognized in the financial statements by evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities based upon the technical merits of the position. For those tax positions which should be recognized, the measurement of a tax position is determined as being the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Interest and penalties on estimated liabilities for uncertain tax positions are recorded as components of the provision for income taxes.
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Derivative Financial Instruments
Our current risk management strategies include the use of derivative instruments to reduce certain risks. The critical strategies include: (1) the use of commodity forward contracts to fix the price of a portion of anticipated future purchases of certain raw materials and energy to offset the effects of changes in the costs of those commodities; and (2) the use of foreign currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of anticipated future sales denominated in foreign currencies, principally the Euro and Pound Sterling, in order to offset the effect of changes in exchange rates. The commodity forwards and foreign currency forwards have been designated as cash flow hedges and unrealized net gains and losses are recorded in the accumulated other comprehensive loss component of stockholders' equity. The unrealized gains or losses are reclassified to the statement of operations when the hedged transaction affects earnings or if the anticipated transactions are no longer expected to occur. We may use interest rate swaps to maintain a certain level of floating rate debt relative to fixed rate debt. Interest rate swaps have been designated as fair value hedges. Accordingly, the mark-to-market values of both the interest rate swap and the underlying debt obligations are recorded as equal and offsetting gains and losses in the interest expense component of the consolidated statement of operations. We have also used forward interest rate swaps to manage the risk of cash flow variability associated with fixed interest debt expected to be issued. We also use foreign currency forward contracts to protect certain short-term asset or liability positions denominated in foreign currencies against the effect of changes in exchange rates. These positions do not qualify for hedge accounting and accordingly are marked-to-market at each reporting date through charges to other expense (income), net.
New Accounting Pronouncements
For information with respect to new accounting pronouncements and the impact of these pronouncements on our consolidated financial statements, see Note 3 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We had no off balance sheet arrangements during the periods presented.
Market Sensitive Instruments and Risk Management
See "Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" for discussion of market sensitive instruments and associated market risk for Carpenter Technology Corporation.
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Contingencies
Environmental
We are subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental laws and regulations relating to pollution, protection of public health and the environment, natural resource damages and occupational safety and health. Although compliance with these laws and regulations may affect the costs of our operations, compliance costs to date have not been material. We have environmental remediation liabilities at some of our owned operating facilities and have been designated as a potentially responsible party ("PRP") with respect to certain third party Superfund waste-disposal sites and other third party-owned sites. We accrue amounts for environmental remediation costs that represent our best estimate of the probable and reasonably estimable future costs related to environmental remediation. Additionally, we have been notified that we may be a PRP with respect to other Superfund sites as to which no proceedings have been instituted against us. Neither the exact amount of remediation costs nor the final method of their allocation among all designated PRPs at these Superfund sites have been determined. Accordingly, at this time, we cannot reasonably estimate expected costs for such matters. The liability for future environmental remediation costs that can be reasonably estimated is evaluated on a quarterly basis. The liabilities recorded for environmental remediation costs at Superfund sites, other third party-owned sites and Carpenter-owned current or former operating facilities remaining at June 30, 2024 and 2023 were $17.3 million and $16.5 million, respectively.
In December 1997, we were named as a party in a Landfill Settlement Agreement related to a third-party Superfund waste-disposal site. As a result of this Agreement, we were obligated to reimburse the settling work defendants for capital expenditure costs as they were incurred, which was prior to fiscal year 2022. During fiscal year 2022, we recorded a $2.4 million liability related to these costs. During fiscal year 2023, we paid the liability related to the prior capital expenditure costs and incurred minimal additional costs related to ongoing studies. We expect to incur additional claims as a result of this ongoing study that cannot be quantified at this time.
Estimates of the amount and timing of future costs of environmental remediation requirements are inherently imprecise because of the continuing evolution of environmental laws and regulatory requirements, the availability and application of technology, the identification of currently unknown remediation sites and the allocation of costs among the PRPs. Based upon information currently available, such future costs are not expected to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows over the long-term. However, such costs could be material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular future quarter or year.
Other
We are defending various routine claims and legal actions that are incidental to our business, and that are common to our operations, including those pertaining to product claims, commercial disputes, patent infringement, employment actions, employee benefits, compliance with domestic and foreign laws and regulations, personal injury claims and tax issues. Like many other manufacturing companies in recent years we, from time to time, have been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injury as a result of exposure to chemicals and substances in the workplace such as asbestos. We provide for costs relating to these matters when a loss is probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. The effect of the outcome of these matters on our future results of operations and liquidity cannot be predicted because any such effect depends on future results of operations and the amount and timing (both as to recording future charges to operations and cash expenditures) of the resolution of such matters. While it is not feasible to determine the outcome of these matters, we believe that the total liability from these matters will not have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows over the long-term. However, there can be no assurance that an increase in the scope of pending matters or that any future lawsuits, claims, proceedings or investigations will not be material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular future quarter or year.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from those projected, anticipated or implied. The most significant of these uncertainties are described in this Form 10-K. They include but are not limited to: (1) the cyclical nature of the specialty materials business and certain end-use markets, including aerospace, defense, medical, transportation, energy, industrial and consumer, or other influences on Carpenter Technology's business such as new competitors, the consolidation of competitors, customers, and suppliers or the transfer of manufacturing capacity from the United States to foreign countries; (2) the ability of Carpenter Technology to achieve cash generation, growth, earnings, profitability, operating income, cost savings and reductions, qualifications, productivity i mprovements or process changes; (3) the ability to recoup increases in the cost of energy, raw materials, freight or other factors; (4) domestic and foreign excess manufacturing capacity for certain metals; (5) fluctuations in currency exchange and interest rates; (6) the effect of government trade actions; (7) the valuation of the assets and liabilities in Carpenter Technology's pension trusts and the accounting for pension plans; (8) possible labor disputes or work stoppages; (9) the potential that our customers may substitute alternate materials or adopt different manufacturing practices that replace or limit the suitability of our products; (10) the ability to successfully acquire and integrate acquisitions; (11) the availability of credit facilities to Carpenter Technology, its customers or other members of the supply chain; (12) the ability to obtain energy or raw materials, especially from suppliers located in countries that may be subject to unstable political or economic conditions; (13) Carpenter Technology's manufacturing processes are dependent upon highly specialized equipment located primarily in facilities in Reading and Latrobe, Pennsylvania and Athens, Alabama for which there may be limited alternatives if there are significant equipment failures or a catastrophic event; (14) the ability to hire and retain a qualified workforce and key personnel, including members of the executive management team, management, metallurgists and other skilled personnel; (15) fluctuations in oil and gas prices and production; (16) the impact of potential cyber attacks and information technology or data security breaches; (17) the ability of suppliers to meet obligations due to supply chain disruptions or otherwise; (18) the ability to meet increased demand, production targets or commitments; (19) the ability to manage the impacts of natural disasters, climate change, pandemics and outbreaks of contagious diseases and other adverse public health developments; and (20) geopolitical, economic, and regulatory risks relating to our global business, including geopolitical and diplomatic tensions, instabilities and conflicts, such as the war in Ukraine, the war between Israel and HAMAS, and Houthi attacks on commercial shipping vessels and other naval vessels as well as compliance with U.S. and foreign trade and tax laws, sanctions, embargoes and other regulations. Any of these factors could have an adverse and/or fluctuating effect on Carpenter Technology's results of operations. The forward-looking statements in this document are intended to be subject to the safe harbor protection provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Sec urities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Form 10-K or as of the dates otherwise indicated in such forward-looking statements. Carpenter Technology undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We use derivative financial instruments to reduce certain types of financial risk. Firm price sales arrangements involve a risk of profit margin fluctuations particularly as raw material prices have been volatile. Firm price sales arrangements generally include certain annual purchasing commitments and consumption schedules agreed to by the customers at selling prices based on raw material prices at the time the arrangements are established. As discussed in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," in order to reduce the risk of fluctuating profit margins on these sales, we enter into commodity forward contracts to purchase certain critical raw materials necessary to produce the products sold under the firm price sales arrangements. If a customer fails to perform its obligations under the firm price sales arrangements, we may realize losses as a result of the related commodity forward contracts. As of June 30, 2024, we had approximately $2.6 million of net deferred losses related to commodity forward contracts to purchase certain raw materials. A large portion of this balance is related to commodity forward contracts to support firm price sales arrangements associated with many customers in addition to credit already extended to these customers in connection with outstanding trade receivables. Our customers have historically performed under these arrangements and we believe that they will honor such obligations in the future.
We are actively involved in managing risks associated with energy resources. Risk containment strategies include interaction with primary and secondary energy suppliers as well as obtaining adequate insurance coverage to compensate us for potential business interruption related to lack of availability of energy resources. In addition, we have used forwards to fix the price of a portion of our anticipated future purchases of certain energy requirements to protect against the impact of significant increases in energy costs. We also use surcharge mechanisms to offset a portion of these charges where appropriate.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could subject us to risk of losses on anticipated future cash flows from our international operations or customers. Foreign currency forward contracts are used to hedge certain foreign exchange risk.
From time-to time we use interest rate swaps to achieve a level of floating rate debt relative to fixed rate debt where appropriate. Historically, we have entered into forward swap contracts to manage the risk of cash flow variability associated with fixed interest debt expected to be issued.
All hedging strategies are reviewed and approved by senior financial management before being implemented. Senior financial management has established policies regarding the use of derivative instruments that prohibit the use of speculative or leveraged derivatives.
Based on the current funding level, the benchmark allocation policy for the Company's largest pension plan assets is to have approximately 75 percent in return seeking assets and 25 percent in liability-hedging assets. Return seeking assets include global equities, diversified credit and real assets. Liability-hedging assets include bond funds and cash. When the funding level of the plan reaches 95 percent and improves to fully or over-funded status in increments of 5 percent, assets will be shifted from return seeking to liability-hedging assets in accordance with the glidepath policy outlined in the pension plan's Investment Policy Statement.
The status of our financial instruments as of June 30, 2024, is provided in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." Assuming on June 30, 2024, (a) an instantaneous 10 percent decrease in the price of raw materials and energy for which we have commodity forward contracts, or (b) a 10 percent strengthening of the U.S. dollar versus foreign currencies for which foreign exchange forward contracts existed, our results of operations would not have been materially affected in either scenario.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

| Page
Consolidated Financial Statements: |
Management's Responsibilities for Financial Reporting | 44
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | 44
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238) | 45
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 | 47
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 | 48
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 | 49
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 | 50
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 | 51
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 53
Supplementary Data: |
Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) | 90
Schedule II. Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the Years Ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 | 101

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Management's Responsibilities for Financial Reporting
Management prepared the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is responsible for their integrity and objectivity. The statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and, as such, include amounts based on management's best judgments and estimates. Financial information elsewhere in this Annual Report is consistent with that in the financial statements.
Carpenter maintains a system of internal controls, supported by a code of conduct, designed to provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded and transactions are properly executed and recorded for the preparation of financial information. We believe Carpenter's system of internal controls provides this appropriate balance. The system of internal controls and compliance is continually monitored by Carpenter's internal audit staff.
The Audit/Finance Committee of the Board of Directors, composed of independent directors, meets regularly with management, Carpenter's internal auditors and our independent registered public accounting firm to consider audit results and to discuss significant internal control, auditing and financial reporting matters. Both the independent registered public accounting firm and internal auditors have unrestricted access to the Audit/Finance Committee.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluations of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of Carpenter's internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013).
Based on its assessment, management concluded that, as of June 30, 2024, Carpenter's internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.
The effectiveness of Carpenter's internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing herein.

/s/ Tony R. Thene
Tony R. Thene
President and Chief Executive Officer
/s/ Timothy Lain
Timothy Lain
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and
Stockholders of Carpenter Technology Corporation
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Carpenter Technology Corporation and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income (loss), of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2024, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Revenue Recognition - Goods Transferred to the Customer
As described in Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, revenue is recognized when the Company's performance obligations are satisfied. This occurs when control of the goods and services has transferred to the customer, which is generally determined when title, ownership and risk of loss pass to the customer, all of which occurs upon shipment or delivery of the product, based on the applicable shipping terms, or when the service is performed. For the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company's net sales were $2.76 billion, a majority of which relates to goods transferred to the customer.
The principal consideration for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition related to goods transferred to the customer is a critical audit matter is a high degree of auditor effort in performing procedures related to the Company's revenue recognition.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing the issuance and settlement of invoices and credit memos, tracing transactions not settled to a detailed listing of accounts receivable, and testing the completeness and accuracy of certain data provided by management; (ii) testing revenue, on a test basis, by obtaining and inspecting source documents, such as invoices, delivery documents, evidence of customer arrangement, price information, and cash receipts; and (iii) performing confirmation procedures for a sample of outstanding customer invoice balances as of June 30, 2024 and, for confirmations not returned, obtaining and inspecting source documents, such as invoices, delivery documents, evidence of customer arrangement, price information, and subsequent cash receipts.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
August 13, 2024
We have served as the Company's auditor since 1918.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
For the Years Ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022

($ in millions, except per share data) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net sales |  | $ | 2,759.7 |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |
Cost of sales |  | 2,175.4 |  |  | 2,213.0 |  |  | 1,686.5 |
Gross profit |  | 584.3 |  |  | 337.3 |  |  | 149.8 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 230.2 |  |  | 204.2 |  |  | 174.7 |
Goodwill impairment charge |  | 14.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring and asset impairment charges |  | 16.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Operating income (loss) |  | 323.1 |  |  | 133.1 |  |  | (24.9) |
Interest expense, net |  | 51.0 |  |  | 54.1 |  |  | 44.9 |
Debt extinguishment losses, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.0 |
Other expense (income), net |  | 60.5 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | (12.7) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 211.6 |  |  | 72.5 |  |  | (63.1) |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 25.1 |  |  | 16.1 |  |  | (14.0) |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 186.5 |  |  | $ | 56.4 |  |  | $ | (49.1) |
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 3.75 |  |  | $ | 1.15 |  |  | $ | (1.01) |
Diluted |  | $ | 3.70 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | (1.01) |
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 49.7 |  |  | 48.8 |  |  | 48.5 |
Diluted |  | 50.3 |  |  | 49.2 |  |  | 48.5 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
For the Years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022

($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 186.5 |  |  | $ | 56.4 |  |  | $ | (49.1) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  | .6 |  |  |  |
Net gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of tax of $(0.3), $3.9 and $0.5, respectively |  | 1.1 |  |  | (12.5) |  |  | (1.4) |
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $(16.0), $(11.8) and $(8.4), respectively |  | 51.2 |  |  | 37.4 |  |  | 26.2 |
Foreign currency translation |  | (3.2) |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | (6.0) |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | 49.1 |  |  | 30.5 |  |  | 18.8 |
Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | $ | 235.6 |  |  | $ | 86.9 |  |  | $ | (30.3) |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Years Ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022

($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 186.5 |  |  | $ | 56.4 |  |  | $ | (49.1) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 134.6 |  |  | 131.0 |  |  | 131.4 |
Goodwill impairment charge |  | 14.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquisition-related contingent liability release |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4.7) |
Noncash restructuring and asset impairment charges |  | 15.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt extinguishment losses, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.0 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (13.3) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (3.1) |
Net pension expense (income) |  | 76.0 |  |  | 19.9 |  |  | (7.3) |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 19.8 |  |  | 16.4 |  |  | 10.8 |
Net loss on disposal of property, plant, and equipment and assets held for sale |  | 4.6 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 2.0 |
Changes in working capital and other: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | (32.6) |  |  | (144.5) |  |  | (79.0) |
Inventories |  | (96.7) |  |  | (140.3) |  |  | (71.9) |
Other current assets |  | (31.3) |  |  | 13.0 |  |  | 8.3 |
Accounts payable |  | (11.0) |  |  | 29.2 |  |  | 95.7 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 23.6 |  |  | 38.2 |  |  | (24.5) |
Pension plan contributions |  | (11.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.7) |
Other postretirement plan contributions |  | (2.6) |  |  | (3.3) |  |  | (1.7) |
Other, net |  | (1.3) |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | (6.2) |
Net cash provided from operating activities |  | 274.9 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 6.0 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant, equipment and software |  | (96.6) |  |  | (82.3) |  |  | (91.3) |
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment and assets held for sale |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |
Net cash used for investing activities |  | (95.9) |  |  | (82.3) |  |  | (89.1) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit agreement borrowings |  | 62.5 |  |  | 183.7 |  |  | — |
Credit agreement repayments |  | (62.5) |  |  | (183.7) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of offering costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 296.6 |
Payments on long-term debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (300.0) |
Payments for debt extinguishment costs, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6.0) |
Payments for debt issue costs |  | — |  |  | (1.9) |  |  | (0.8) |
Dividends paid |  | (40.0) |  |  | (39.4) |  |  | (39.2) |
Proceeds from stock options exercised |  | 40.9 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | — |
Withholding tax payments on share-based compensation awards |  | (24.2) |  |  | (3.8) |  |  | (3.4) |
Net cash used for financing activities |  | (23.3) |  |  | (40.1) |  |  | (52.8) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (1.1) |  |  | (2.0) |  |  | 2.7 |
INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS |  | 154.6 |  |  | (109.7) |  |  | (133.2) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 44.5 |  |  | 154.2 |  |  | 287.4 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 199.1 |  |  | $ | 44.5 |  |  | $ | 154.2 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
June 30, 2024 and 2023

($ in millions, except share data) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 199.1 |  |  | $ | 44.5 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $6.9 million and $7.4 million at June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively |  | 562.6 |  |  | 531.3 |
Inventories |  | 735.4 |  |  | 639.7 |
Other current assets |  | 94.1 |  |  | 66.4 |
Total current assets |  | 1,591.2 |  |  | 1,281.9 |
Property, plant, equipment and software, net |  | 1,335.2 |  |  | 1,383.8 |
Goodwill |  | 227.3 |  |  | 241.4 |
Other intangibles, net |  | 15.2 |  |  | 28.7 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 7.5 |  |  | 6.6 |
Other assets |  | 115.3 |  |  | 111.5 |
Total assets |  | $ | 3,291.7 |  |  | $ | 3,053.9 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 263.9 |  |  | $ | 278.1 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 202.4 |  |  | 181.3 |
Total current liabilities |  | 466.3 |  |  | 459.4 |
Long-term debt |  | 694.2 |  |  | 693.0 |
Accrued pension liabilities |  | 207.6 |  |  | 190.1 |
Accrued postretirement benefits |  | 21.1 |  |  | 45.8 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 174.1 |  |  | 170.3 |
Other liabilities |  | 99.6 |  |  | 99.2 |
Total liabilities |  | 1,662.9 |  |  | 1,657.8 |
Contingencies and commitments (see Note 12) |  |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
Common stock — authorized 100,000,000 shares; issued 56,978,663 shares at June 30, 2024, and 56,143,131 shares at June 30, 2023; outstanding 49,776,955 shares at June 30, 2024, and 48,635,740 shares at June 30, 2023 |  | 284.9 |  |  | 280.7 |
Capital in excess of par value |  | 352.6 |  |  | 328.4 |
Reinvested earnings |  | 1,374.5 |  |  | 1,228.0 |
Common stock in treasury (7,201,708 shares and 7,507,391 shares at June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively), at cost |  | (289.3) |  |  | (298.0) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (93.9) |  |  | (143.0) |
Total stockholders' equity |  | 1,628.8 |  |  | 1,396.1 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 3,291.7 |  |  | $ | 3,053.9 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
For the Years Ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in millions, except per share data) |  | Par Value of $5 |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  | Reinvested Earnings |  | Common Stock in Treasury | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | Total Equity |  |
Balances at June 30, 2021 |  | $ | 280.1 |  |  | $ | 322.6 |  |  | $ | 1,299.3 |  |  | $ | (317.4) |  |  | $ | (192.3) |  |  | $ | 1,392.3 |  |  |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (49.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (49.1) |  |  |
Net loss on derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | (1.4) |  |  |
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26.2 |  |  | 26.2 |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6.0) |  |  | (6.0) |  |  |
Cash dividends: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common @ $0.80 per share |  |  |  |  |  | (39.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (39.2) |  |  |
Share-based compensation plans |  |  |  | (2.3) |  |  |  |  | 10.0 |  |  |  |  | 7.7 |  |  |
Balances at June 30, 2022 |  | 280.1 |  |  | 320.3 |  |  | 1,211.0 |  |  | (307.4) |  |  | (173.5) |  |  | 1,330.5 |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | 56.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 56.4 |  |  |
Net loss on derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12.5) |  |  | (12.5) |  |  |
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37.4 |  |  | 37.4 |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |
Cash dividends: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common @ $0.80 per share |  |  |  |  |  | (39.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (39.4) |  |  |
Share-based compensation plans |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  |  | 9.4 |  |  |  |  | 13.1 |  |  |
Stock options exercised |  | 0.6 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |
Balances at June 30, 2023 |  | 280.7 |  |  | 328.4 |  |  | 1,228.0 |  |  | (298.0) |  |  | (143.0) |  |  | 1,396.1 |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | 186.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 186.5 |  |  |
Net gain on derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |
Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 51.2 |  |  | 51.2 |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.2) |  |  | (3.2) |  |  |
Cash dividends: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common @ $0.80 per share |  |  |  |  |  | (40.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (40.0) |  |  |
Share-based compensation plans |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  |  | 8.7 |  |  |  |  | 9.6 |  |  |
Stock options exercised |  | 4.2 |  |  | 23.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27.5 |  |  |
Balances at June 30, 2024 |  | $ | 284.9 |  |  | $ | 352.6 |  |  | $ | 1,374.5 |  |  | $ | (289.3) |  |  | $ | (93.9) |  |  | $ | 1,628.8 |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (CONTINUED)
For the Years Ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022

|  | Common Shares
|  | Issued |  | Treasury |  | Net Outstanding
Balances at June 30, 2021 |  | 56,024,619 |  |  | (7,983,943) |  |  | 48,040,676 |
Stock options exercised |  | 891 |  |  | — |  |  | 891 |
Share-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | 244,872 |  |  | 244,872 |
Balances at June 30, 2022 |  | 56,025,510 |  |  | (7,739,071) |  |  | 48,286,439 |
Stock options exercised |  | 117,621 |  |  | — |  |  | 117,621 |
Share-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | 231,680 |  |  | 231,680 |
Balances at June 30, 2023 |  | 56,143,131 |  |  | (7,507,391) |  |  | 48,635,740 |
Stock options exercised |  | 835,532 |  |  | — |  |  | 835,532 |
Share-based compensation plans |  | — |  |  | 305,683 |  |  | 305,683 |
Balances at June 30, 2024 |  | 56,978,663 |  |  | (7,201,708) |  |  | 49,776,955 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue, net of related discounts, rebates, returns and allowances is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied under the terms of a customer order or contract. This occurs when control of the goods and services has transferred to the customer, which is generally determined when title, ownership and risk of loss pass to the customer, all of which occurs upon shipment or delivery of the product, based on the applicable shipping terms, or when the service is performed. Shipping terms may vary for products shipped outside the United States depending on the mode of transportation, the country where the material is shipped and any agreements made with the customers.
Freight and Handling Fees and Costs
Freight and handling fees and costs billed separately to customers are included as part of net sales, and freight and handling costs expensed are included as part of cost of sales on the consolidated statements of operations.
Research and Development
Research and development expenditures, which amounted to $25.6 million, $24.4 million and $20.4 million in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are expensed as incurred and are generally reported in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. The research and development expenditures consist principally of salaries and benefits, building costs, utilities and administrative expenses. Substantially all development costs are related to developing new products or designing significant improvements to existing products or processes.
Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid instruments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates market.
Accounts Receivable
Trade receivables are carried at original invoice amount less an estimate made for doubtful receivables based on a review of outstanding amounts. Trade credit is extended based upon periodic evaluation of each customer's ability to perform its obligations. The Company determines accounts receivable allowances based on an aging of accounts and a review of specific accounts identified as collection risks. The Company generally does not require collateral to secure accounts receivable.
Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market for those inventories determined by the LIFO method. The Company values other inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value, determined by the FIFO and average cost methods. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, $152.2 million and $133.2 million of inventory, respectively, was accounted for using a method other than the LIFO method.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Property, Plant and Equipment and Depreciation
Fixed assets are stated at historical cost, with the exception of assets acquired through acquisitions, which are recorded at fair value, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for financial reporting purposes is computed by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Upon disposal, assets and related depreciation are removed from the accounts and the differences between the net amounts and proceeds from disposal are generally included in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of operations.
Computer Software and Amortization
Computer software is included in property, plant, equipment and software, net on the consolidated balance sheets and is amortized for financial reporting purposes on a straight-line basis over the respective estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 15 years.
Goodwill
Goodwill, net of accumulated impairment losses, representing the excess of the cost over the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of acquired businesses, is stated at cost. Goodwill is not amortized but instead is tested at least annually for impairment as of June 1, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may be impaired.
Potential impairment is identified by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. The fair value is estimated using a weighting of discounted cash flows and the use of market multiples valuation techniques for the SAO reporting unit and the Dynamet reporting unit in the PEP segment.
The discounted cash flow technique requires the use of cash flow forecasts. The cash flow forecasts include significant judgments and assumptions related to revenue growth rates, which include perpetual growth rates, gross margin and weighted average cost of capital. The market multiples valuation technique includes significant judgment in the determination of the market multiples. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, any impairment loss is measured by the difference between the carrying value of the reporting unit and its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.
Intangible assets
The costs of intangible assets, consisting principally of trademarks, trade names, non-compete arrangements, technology, patents and customer relationships are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives ranging from 15 to 30 years. The gross carrying amount and related accumulated amortization are removed from the accounts upon full amortization or impairment.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets subject to amortization, including property, plant, equipment, software and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment and written down to fair value whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable through future undiscounted cash flows. The amount of the impairment loss is the excess of the carrying amount of the impaired assets over the fair value of the assets based upon discounted future cash flows.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Leases
Determination of whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception is based on the presence of identified assets and the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefit from or to direct the use of such assets. When it is determined a lease exists, a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and corresponding lease liability are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. Lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. On the lease commencement date, the Company measures and records a ROU asset and lease liability equal to the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the rate implicit in the lease (or if that rate cannot be readily determined, an incremental borrowing rate). Lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. Lease contracts with a term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets. Fixed lease expense is recognized for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, are accounted for as a single lease component for all underlying asset classes. Accordingly, all costs associated with a lease contract are accounted for as lease costs. Some leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage, output, or may vary for other reasons, such as insurance and tax payments. The variable lease payments are not presented as part of the ROU asset or lease liability.
Environmental Expenditures
Environmental expenditures that pertain to current operations or to future revenues are expensed or capitalized consistent with the Company's capitalization policy for property, plant and equipment. Expenditures that result from the remediation of an existing condition caused by past operations and that do not contribute to current or future revenues are expensed. Liabilities are recognized for remedial activities when the remediation is probable and the cost can be reasonably estimated. Most estimated liabilities are not discounted to present value due to the uncertainty as to the timing and duration of expected costs. For one former operating facility site, due to the routine nature of the expected costs, the liability for future costs is discounted to present value over 20 years assuming a discount rate of approximately 6 percent as of June 30, 2024 and approximately 5 percent as of June 30, 2023. The liabilities, net of present value discount, for this former operating site were $10.6 million and $10.1 million, as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Derivative Financial Instruments
All derivative financial instruments are recorded on the balance sheet at their fair value and changes in fair value are recorded each period in current earnings or other comprehensive income (loss). The Company enters into derivative financial instruments to hedge certain anticipated transactions, firm commitments or assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. In addition, the Company, from time to time, utilizes interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate debt to floating rate debt.
Foreign Currency Translation
Assets and liabilities of international operations are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at year-end, and their income statements are translated at the average monthly exchange rates prevailing during the year. The resulting translation gains and losses are recorded each period as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until the international entity is sold or liquidated. Gains and losses from transactions denominated in foreign currencies are reported in other expense (income), net in the consolidated statements of operations.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates, applicable to future years, to temporary differences between the tax basis and financial statement carrying values of the Company's assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be realized.
Significant judgments, estimates and assumptions are required in determining tax return reporting positions and in calculating provisions for income tax, which are based on interpretations of tax regulations and accounting pronouncements. Liabilities are established for uncertain tax positions when it is more likely than not that such positions, if challenged, would not be sustained upon review by taxing authorities. These liabilities are re-evaluated as tax regulations and facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the expiration of the statute of limitations for a specific exposure.
Earnings per Share
The Company calculates basic and diluted earnings per share using the two class method. Under the two class method, earnings are allocated to common stock and participating securities (non-vested restricted shares and units that receive non-forfeitable dividends) according to their participation rights in dividends and undistributed earnings. The earnings available to each class of stock are divided by the weighted average number of outstanding shares for the period in each class. Diluted earnings per share assumes the issuance of common stock for all potentially dilutive share equivalents outstanding.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities and trade receivables. Investment and cash management policies have been implemented that limit deposit concentrations and limit investments to investment grade securities. The risk with respect to trade receivables is mitigated by monitoring payment terms and periodic credit evaluations the Company performs on our customers, the short duration of our payment terms and by the diversification of our customer base. During fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, no single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of total net sales. No single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of the accounts receivable outstanding at June 30, 2024 and 2023.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
2. Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges
During fiscal year 2024, the Company recorded restructuring and asset impairment charges of $16.9 million as a result of actions taken to streamline operations in the Carpenter Additive business in the PEP segment. This included $15.8 million of noncash pre-tax impairment charges related to $8.8 million of property, plant, equipment and software and $7.0 million associated with a certain definite lived intangible asset. The Company also recognized $1.1 million of various personnel costs for severance payments, medical coverage and related items.
There were no restructuring and asset impairment charges for fiscal years 2023 and 2022.
The reserve balances and activity for restructuring charges at June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

|  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Reserve balance beginning of year |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Restructuring charges excluding noncash impairments |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  |
Cash payments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Reserve balance end of year |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements - Pending Adoption
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The guidance in this ASU enhances the transparency and decision functionality of income tax disclosures to provide investors information to better assess how an entity's operations and related tax risks, tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flow. The amendments in this ASU require public entities to disclose the following specific categories in the rate reconciliation by both percentages and reporting currency amounts: the effect of state and local income tax, net of federal (national) income tax, foreign tax effects, effects of changes in tax laws or rates enacted in the current period, effects of cross-border tax laws, tax credits, changes in valuation allowances, nontaxable or nondeductible items and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 also require public entities to provide additional information for reconciling items that meet the qualitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pre-tax income (loss) by the applicable statutory income tax rate). The ASU requires reporting entities to annually disclose the year-to-date amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign localities. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a prospective basis and retrospective application is permitted. For public business entities, ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements not yet issued. ASU 2023-09 is a requirement for additional disclosure and is not expected to materially impact the consolidated financial statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The guidance in ASU 2023-07 seeks to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this ASU require a public entity to disclose the following: significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition; and the title and position of the CODM and how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. This ASU requires public entities to provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods. ASU 2023-07 clarifies that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment's profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2023-07 is a requirement for additional disclosure and is not expected to materially impact the consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted
In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10 Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance. The amendments in ASU 2021-10 require the following annual disclosures about transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy: information about the nature of the transactions and the related accounting policy used to account for the transactions; the line items on the balance sheet and income statement that are affected by the transactions, and the amounts applicable to each financial statement line item; significant terms and conditions of the transactions, including commitments and contingencies. ASU 2021-10 is effective for public business entities for annual periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2021-10 in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022. ASU 2021-10 is a requirement for additional disclosure and it did not materially impact the consolidated financial statements.
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04 Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). The guidance in ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. These amendments became effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 for Topic 848 which extended the application of optional expedients and exceptions from ASU 2020-04 to June 30, 2023. The Company's Prior Credit Agreement, in place as of March 31, 2023, referenced LIBOR in certain borrowing situations. The Credit Facility was entered into on April 14, 2023 and replaced LIBOR with the Secured Oversight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). Through March 31, 2023, the Company had not experienced any unintended outcomes or consequences of reference rate reform that would have required the adoption of this guidance. The adoption of ASU 2022-06 did not materially impact the consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The guidance removes certain exceptions to the general principles related to the approach for intraperiod tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year, and recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The new standard also simplifies the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in a step-up in the basis of goodwill. ASU 2019-12 is effective for public business entities for annual periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2019-12 in the first quarter of fiscal year 2022. Adoption of the other provisions in ASU 2019-12 did not materially impact the consolidated financial statements.
4. Revenue
The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts. The Company applies the five-step model in the FASB's guidance, which requires the Company to: (i) identify the contract with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
The Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations under the terms of a customer purchase order or contract are satisfied. This occurs when control of the goods and services has transferred to the customer, which is generally determined when title, ownership and risk of loss pass to the customer, all of which occurs upon shipment or delivery of the product or the service is performed. Consignment transactions are arrangements where the Company transfers product to a customer location but retains ownership and control of such product until it is used by the customer. Revenue for consignment arrangements is recognized upon usage by the customer. Service revenue is recognized as the services are performed.
The customer purchase order or contract for goods transferred has a single performance obligation for which revenue is recognized at a point in time. The standard terms and conditions of a customer purchase order include general rights of return and product warranty provisions related to nonconforming product. Depending on the circumstances, the product is either replaced or a quality adjustment is issued. Such warranties do not represent a separate performance obligation.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Each customer purchase order or contract sets forth the transaction price for the products and services purchased under that arrangement. Some customer arrangements include variable consideration, such as volume rebates, which generally depend upon the Company's customers meeting specified performance criteria, such as a purchasing level over a period of time. The Company exercises judgment to estimate the most likely amount of variable consideration at each reporting date.
Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for its product. The normal payment terms are 30 days. The Company has elected to use the practical expedient that permits a Company to not adjust for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects that at the contract inception, the period between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.
Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling activities to fulfill the Company's promise to transfer the goods are included in revenues and costs incurred by the Company for the delivery of goods are classified as cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. Shipping terms may vary for products shipped outside the United States depending on the mode of transportation, the country where the material is shipped and any agreements made with the customers.
Contract liabilities are recognized when the Company has received consideration from a customer to transfer goods or services at a future point in time when the Company performs under the purchase order or contract. Contract liabilities were $12.3 million and $14.0 million at June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Revenue recognized for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 from amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period was not significant and substantially all of our contract liabilities are recognized within a twelve-month period.
The Company elected the practical expedient that permits the omission of disclosure for remaining performance obligations which are expected to be satisfied in one year or less.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The Company operates in two business segments, Specialty Alloys Operations and Performance Engineered Products. Revenue is disaggregated within these two business segments by diversified end-use markets and by geographical locations. Comparative information of the Company's overall revenues by end-use markets and geographic locations for fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

End-Use Market |  | Year Ended June 30, 2024
($ in millions) |  | SAO |  | PEP |  | Intersegment |  | Total
Aerospace and Defense |  | $ | 1,449.9 |  |  | $ | 111.1 |  |  | $ | (22.2) |  |  | $ | 1,538.8 |
Medical |  | 282.4 |  |  | 144.9 |  |  | (51.7) |  |  | 375.6 |
Transportation |  | 141.3 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | 149.1 |
Energy |  | 177.2 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 185.8 |
Industrial and Consumer |  | 393.0 |  |  | 40.3 |  |  | (18.0) |  |  | 415.3 |
Distribution |  | — |  |  | 97.9 |  |  | (2.8) |  |  | 95.1 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 2,443.8 |  |  | $ | 411.0 |  |  | $ | (95.1) |  |  | $ | 2,759.7 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

End-Use Market |  | Year Ended June 30, 2023
($ in millions) |  | SAO |  | PEP |  | Intersegment |  | Total
Aerospace and Defense |  | $ | 1,214.6 |  |  | $ | 108.0 |  |  | $ | (31.9) |  |  | $ | 1,290.7 |
Medical |  | 213.8 |  |  | 123.4 |  |  | (35.6) |  |  | 301.6 |
Transportation |  | 178.5 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | 185.0 |
Energy |  | 151.6 |  |  | 11.6 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 163.3 |
Industrial and Consumer |  | 455.1 |  |  | 60.6 |  |  | (28.5) |  |  | 487.2 |
Distribution |  | — |  |  | 122.6 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 122.5 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 2,213.6 |  |  | $ | 433.7 |  |  | $ | (97.0) |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |

End-Use Market |  | Year Ended June 30, 2022
($ in millions) |  | SAO |  | PEP |  | Intersegment |  | Total
Aerospace and Defense |  | $ | 739.3 |  |  | $ | 76.7 |  |  | $ | (25.8) |  |  | $ | 790.2 |
Medical |  | 155.1 |  |  | 79.9 |  |  | (22.7) |  |  | 212.3 |
Transportation |  | 173.4 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 178.3 |
Energy |  | 104.8 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 113.0 |
Industrial and Consumer |  | 393.0 |  |  | 49.1 |  |  | (24.9) |  |  | 417.2 |
Distribution |  | — |  |  | 125.5 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 125.3 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 1,565.6 |  |  | $ | 344.5 |  |  | $ | (73.8) |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |

Geographic Location |  | Year Ended June 30, 2024
($ in millions) |  | SAO |  | PEP |  | Intersegment |  | Total
United States |  | $ | 1,418.5 |  |  | $ | 234.4 |  |  | $ | (29.9) |  |  | $ | 1,623.0 |
Europe |  | 449.2 |  |  | 75.5 |  |  | (20.9) |  |  | 503.8 |
Asia Pacific |  | 389.4 |  |  | 46.2 |  |  | (44.3) |  |  | 391.3 |
Mexico |  | 86.0 |  |  | 34.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 120.1 |
Canada |  | 56.9 |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 70.1 |
Other |  | 43.8 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 51.4 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 2,443.8 |  |  | $ | 411.0 |  |  | $ | (95.1) |  |  | $ | 2,759.7 |

Geographic Location |  | Year Ended June 30, 2023
($ in millions) |  | SAO |  | PEP |  | Intersegment |  | Total
United States |  | $ | 1,350.7 |  |  | $ | 242.3 |  |  | $ | (36.8) |  |  | $ | 1,556.2 |
Europe |  | 373.6 |  |  | 81.4 |  |  | (17.7) |  |  | 437.3 |
Asia Pacific |  | 317.4 |  |  | 44.5 |  |  | (42.4) |  |  | 319.5 |
Mexico |  | 83.7 |  |  | 40.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 124.0 |
Canada |  | 44.1 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 60.1 |
Other |  | 44.1 |  |  | 9.2 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 53.2 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 2,213.6 |  |  | $ | 433.7 |  |  | $ | (97.0) |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Geographic Location |  | Year Ended June 30, 2022
($ in millions) |  | SAO |  | PEP |  | Intersegment |  | Total
United States |  | $ | 1,018.6 |  |  | $ | 191.1 |  |  | $ | (29.8) |  |  | $ | 1,179.9 |
Europe |  | 208.5 |  |  | 58.0 |  |  | (13.0) |  |  | 253.5 |
Asia Pacific |  | 231.8 |  |  | 33.1 |  |  | (31.0) |  |  | 233.9 |
Mexico |  | 44.2 |  |  | 45.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 89.4 |
Canada |  | 29.6 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 41.5 |
Other |  | 32.9 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 38.1 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 1,565.6 |  |  | $ | 344.5 |  |  | $ | (73.8) |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |

5. Earnings (Loss) per Common Share
The Company calculates basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share using the two class method. Under the two class method, earnings (loss) are allocated to common stock and participating securities (non-vested restricted shares and units that receive non-forfeitable dividends) according to their participation rights in dividends and undistributed earnings. The earnings (loss) available to each class of stock are divided by the weighted average number of outstanding shares for the period in each class. Diluted earnings (loss) per share assumes the issuance of common stock for all potentially dilutive share equivalents outstanding. For the year ended June 30, 2022, the Company incurred a net loss and accordingly excluded all potentially dilutive securities from the determination of diluted loss per share as their impact was anti-dilutive.
The calculations of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
(in millions, except per share data) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 186.5 |  |  | $ | 56.4 |  |  | $ | (49.1) |
Dividends allocated to participating securities |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.1) |
Earnings (loss) available for common stockholders used in calculation of basic earnings (loss) per common share |  | $ | 186.2 |  |  | $ | 56.0 |  |  | $ | (49.2) |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic |  | 49.7 |  |  | 48.8 |  |  | 48.5 |
Basic earnings (loss) per common share |  | $ | 3.75 |  |  | $ | 1.15 |  |  | $ | (1.01) |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 186.5 |  |  | $ | 56.4 |  |  | $ | (49.1) |
Dividends allocated to participating securities |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.1) |
Earnings (loss) available for common stockholders used in calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per common share |  | $ | 186.2 |  |  | $ | 56.0 |  |  | $ | (49.2) |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic |  | 49.7 |  |  | 48.8 |  |  | 48.5 |
Effect of shares issuable under share-based compensation plans |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted |  | 50.3 |  |  | 49.2 |  |  | 48.5 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share |  | $ | 3.70 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | (1.01) |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following awards issued under share-based compensation plans were excluded from the calculations of diluted earnings per share above because their effects were anti-dilutive:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
(in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Stock options |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.9 |

6. Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following components at June 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Raw materials and supplies |  | $ | 164.0 |  |  | $ | 157.7 |
Work in process |  | 430.5 |  |  | 370.1 |
Finished and purchased products |  | 140.9 |  |  | 111.9 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 735.4 |  |  | $ | 639.7 |

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market for those inventories determined by the LIFO method. The Company values other inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value, determined by the FIFO and average cost methods. If the FIFO method of inventory had been used instead of the LIFO method, inventories would have been $371.0 million and $517.2 million higher as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Current cost of LIFO-valued inventories was $954.2 million at June 30, 2024, and $1,023.7 million at June 30, 2023. There was no impact to cost of sales, net income or earnings per share from changes in LIFO-valued inventories during fiscal years 2024 or 2023. In addition, there were no inventory impairments recorded in fiscal years 2024 and 2023.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
7. Property, Plant, Equipment and Software, net
Property, plant, equipment and software, net consisted of the following components at June 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Land |  | $ | 40.6 |  |  | $ | 40.0 |
Buildings and building equipment |  | 562.7 |  |  | 555.5 |
Machinery and equipment |  | 2,454.4 |  |  | 2,391.1 |
Capitalized software |  | 225.3 |  |  | 220.5 |
Construction in progress |  | 68.2 |  |  | 92.7 |
Total at cost |  | 3,351.2 |  |  | 3,299.8 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | 2,016.0 |  |  | 1,916.0 |
Total property, plant, equipment and software, net |  | $ | 1,335.2 |  |  | $ | 1,383.8 |

The estimated useful lives of depreciable assets are as follows:

Asset Category |  | Useful Life (in Years)
Buildings and building equipment |  | 10 – 45
Machinery and equipment |  | 3 – 30
Capitalized software |  | 3 – 15

Depreciation for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $111.8 million, $107.9 million and $107.6 million, respectively. Amortization related to capitalized software amounted to $16.3 million, $16.3 million and $16.9 million for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As a result of the actions taken to streamline operations in the Carpenter Additive business, the Company announced the planned closure of the Carpenter Additive operations in the United Kingdom. As a result, the Company recorded impairment charges of $8.8 million related to property, plant, equipment and software during fiscal year 2024.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net
Goodwill
Goodwill is not amortized but instead is tested at least annually for impairment as of June 1, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may be impaired. Potential impairment is identified by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, any impairment loss is measured by the difference between the carrying value of the reporting unit and its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The discounted cash flow analysis for each reporting unit tested requires significant estimates and assumptions related to cash flow forecasts, discount rates, terminal values and income tax rates. The cash flow forecasts include significant judgments and assumptions related to revenue growth rates, which include perpetual growth rates, gross margin and weighted average cost of capital. The cash flow forecasts are developed based on assumptions about each reporting unit's markets, product offerings, pricing, capital expenditure and working capital requirements as well as cost performance.
As of June 30, 2024, the Company has two reporting units with goodwill recorded. Goodwill associated with the SAO reporting unit as of June 30, 2024, was $195.5 million and represents 86 percent of total goodwill. The remaining goodwill of $31.8 million is associated with the Dynamet reporting unit in the PEP segment. The fair value is estimated using a weighting of discounted cash flows and the use of market multiples valuation techniques for the SAO reporting unit and the Dynamet reporting unit.
In preparing the financial statements for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, the Company identified an impairment triggering event in the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit within the PEP segment related to a decline in customer ordering patterns. This combined with market headwinds due to general industrial macroeconomic conditions including rising interest rates has contributed to lower sales and profit margins compared to the established annual operation plan for fiscal year 2024. Despite efforts of the Company to mitigate the market challenges, results did not improve for the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit during the quarter ended March 31, 2024. In light of these market conditions at the time, the pace of growth in the future projections for the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit were lowered.
The Company determined the goodwill associated with the Latrobe Distribution reporting unit was impaired and recorded an impairment charge of $14.1 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, which represented the entire balance of goodwill. The fair value was estimated using a weighting of discounted cash flows and the use of market multiples valuation techniques.
Goodwill associated with the SAO reporting unit is tested at the SAO segment level. As of June 1, 2024, the fair value of the SAO reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by 203 percent. The discounted cash flows analysis for the SAO reporting unit includes assumptions related to our ability to increase volume, improve mix, expand product offerings and continue to implement opportunities to reduce costs over the next several years. For purposes of the discounted cash flow analysis for SAO's fair value, a weighted average cost capital of 9.5 percent and a terminal growth rate assumption of 2.5 percent were used. If the long-term growth rate for this reporting unit had been hypothetically reduced by 0.5 percent at June 1, 2024, the SAO reporting unit would have a fair value that exceeded the carrying value by approximately 196 percent.
Goodwill associated with the PEP segment is tested at the Dynamet reporting unit level. As of June 1, 2024, the fair value of the Dynamet reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by 144 percent. For purposes of the discounted cash flow analysis for Dynamet's fair value, a weighted average cost capital of 11.0 percent and a terminal growth rate assumption of 2.5 percent were used. If the long-term growth rate for this reporting unit had been hypothetically reduced by 0.5 percent at June 1, 2024, the Dynamet reporting unit would have a fair value that exceeded the carrying value by approximately 140 percent.
The Company continuously monitors for events and circumstances that could negatively impact the key assumptions in determining fair value of the reporting units.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Accumulated goodwill impairment losses of $148.7 million are related solely to the PEP segment. The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for fiscal years 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

|  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Impairment |  |  |  | 2024
Goodwill |  | $ | 376.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 376.0 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 376.0 |
Accumulated impairment losses |  | (134.6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (134.6) |  |  |  | (14.1) |  |  |  |  | (148.7) |
Total goodwill |  | $ | 241.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 241.4 |  |  |  | $ | (14.1) |  |  |  |  | $ | 227.3 |
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | $ | 195.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 195.5 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 195.5 |
Performance Engineered Products |  | 45.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 45.9 |  |  |  | (14.1) |  |  |  |  | 31.8 |
Total goodwill |  | $ | 241.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 241.4 |  |  |  | $ | (14.1) |  |  |  |  | $ | 227.3 |

Other Intangible Assets, Net
Other intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of June 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  |  |  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2023
($ in millions) |  | Useful Life (in Years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  |  | Net Carrying Amount |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  |  | Net Carrying Amount
Trademarks and trade names |  | 30 |  | $ | 29.9 |  |  | $ | (27.3) |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.6 |  |  | $ | 29.9 |  |  | $ | (26.3) |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.6 |
Customer relationships |  | 15 |  | 70.8 |  |  | (58.2) |  |  |  |  | 12.6 |  |  | 70.8 |  |  | (53.5) |  |  |  |  | 17.3 |
Technology |  | 11 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | (3.5) |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Patents |  | 15 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | (3.7) |  |  |  |  | 7.7 |
Total other intangibles |  |  |  | $ | 100.7 |  |  | $ | (85.5) |  |  |  |  | $ | 15.2 |  |  | $ | 115.7 |  |  | $ | (87.0) |  |  |  |  | $ | 28.7 |

The Company recorded $6.5 million of amortization expense related to intangible assets during fiscal year 2024, $6.8 million during fiscal year 2023 and $6.9 million during fiscal year 2022. The estimated annual amortization expense related to intangible assets for each of the succeeding four fiscal years is $5.7 million in fiscal years 2025 and 2026, $3.8 million in fiscal year 2027 and $0.0 million in fiscal year 2028.
As a result of the actions taken to streamline operations in the Carpenter Additive business, the Company announced the planned closure of the Carpenter Additive operations in the United Kingdom. As a result, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $7.0 million related to a certain definite lived intangible asset during fiscal year 2024. There is no remaining carrying value for this asset as of June 30, 2024.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
9. Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following as of June 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Accrued compensation and benefits |  | $ | 121.6 |  |  | $ | 92.4 |
Accrued interest expense |  | 18.5 |  |  | 18.5 |
Accrued postretirement benefits |  | 15.4 |  |  | 16.1 |
Contract liabilities |  | 12.3 |  |  | 14.0 |
Current portion of lease liabilities |  | 8.8 |  |  | 9.1 |
Accrued taxes |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.9 |
Derivative financial instruments |  | 3.6 |  |  | 6.4 |
Accrued pension liabilities |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.3 |
Accrued income taxes |  | 1.0 |  |  | 2.5 |
Other |  | 13.7 |  |  | 14.1 |
Total accrued liabilities |  | $ | 202.4 |  |  | $ | 181.3 |

10. Debt
On April 14, 2023, the Company entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and letter of credit issuer and the other lenders, agents and arrangers party thereto (the "Credit Facility"). The Credit Facility amended and restated the Company's then existing Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 26, 2021 which had been set to expire on March 31, 2024. The Second Amendment extends the maturity to April 12, 2028.
The Credit Facility is a secured revolving credit facility with a commitment of $350.0 million subject to the right, from time to time, to request an increase of the commitment by the greater of (i) $300.0 million or (ii) an amount equal to the consolidated EBITDA; and provides for the issuance of letters of credit subject to a $40.0 million sub-limit. The Company has the right to voluntarily prepay and re-borrow loans, to terminate or reduce the commitments under the Credit Facility, and, subject to certain lender approvals, to join subsidiaries as subsidiary borrowers.
As of June 30, 2024, the Company had $1.2 million of issued letters of credit under the Credit Facility and no short-term borrowings, with the balance of $348.8 million available to the Company.
Interest on the borrowings under the Credit Facility accrue at variable rates which are determined based upon the Company's consolidated total leverage ratio. The applicable margin to be added to Alternative Currency Daily Rate, Alternative Currency Term Rate and Term SOFR determined loans ranges from 1.75% to 2.50% (1.75% as of June 30, 2024), and for Base Rate-determined loans, from 0.75% to 1.50% (0.75% as of June 30, 2024). The Company also pays a quarterly commitment fee ranging from 0.250% to 0.375% (0.250% as of June 30, 2024), determined based upon the consolidated total leverage ratio, of the unused portion of the commitment under the Credit Facility. In addition, the Company must pay certain letter of credit fees, ranging from 1.75% to 2.50% (1.75% as of June 30, 2024), with respect to letters of credit issued under the Credit Facility. As of June 30, 2024, the borrowing rate for the Credit Facility was 7.09%, however the Company had no short-term borrowings.
The Company is subject to certain financial and restrictive covenants under the Credit Facility which requires the maintenance of a minimum interest coverage ratio of 3.00 to 1.00 and a consolidated net leverage ratio of no more than 4.00 to 1.00. The restrictions of these covenants (other than the financial ratio covenants) are subject to certain exceptions or thresholds triggering amounts or events specified in the Credit Facility, and in some cases the restrictions may be waived by the lenders. As of June 30, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all of the covenants of the Credit Facility.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Long-term debt outstanding at June 30, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

|  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Senior unsecured notes, 6.375% due July 2028 (face value of $400.0 million at June 30, 2024 and 2023) |  | $ | 397.2 |  |  | $ | 396.5 |
Senior unsecured notes, 7.625% due March 2030 (face value of $300.0 million at June 30, 2024 and 2023) |  | 297.0 |  |  | 296.5 |
Total debt |  | 694.2 |  |  | 693.0 |
Less: amounts due within one year |  | — |  |  | — |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  | $ | 694.2 |  |  | $ | 693.0 |

Aggregate maturities of long-term debt for the five fiscal years subsequent to June 30, 2024, are $0.0 million for fiscal years 2025 through 2028 and $400.0 million in fiscal year 2029.
For the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, interest costs totaled $52.6 million, $55.6 million and $45.7 million, respectively, of which $1.6 million, $1.5 million and $0.8 million, respectively, were capitalized as part of the cost of property, plant, equipment and software. The decrease in interest expense for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, is largely due to decreased short-term borrowing activity under the Company's Credit Facility. Debt extinguishment losses, net for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 were $0.0 million and $0.0 million, respectively. Debt extinguishment losses, net for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022 were $6.0 million.
11. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
The Company provides several noncontributory defined benefit pension plans to certain employees. The plans provide defined benefits based on years of service and final average salary.
The Company also provides other postretirement benefit plans to certain of its employees. The postretirement benefit plans consist of health care and life insurance plans. Plan assets are maintained in a Voluntary Employee Benefit Association ("VEBA") Trust. During fiscal years 2024 and 2023, the Company funded benefit payments using assets in the VEBA Trust.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following provides a reconciliation of benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of the plans:

|  | Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Change in projected benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | 848.2 |  |  | $ | 959.4 |  |  | $ | 182.3 |  |  | $ | 206.2 |
Service cost |  | 8.2 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.8 |
Interest cost |  | 43.7 |  |  | 46.2 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 10.0 |
Benefits paid |  | (68.8) |  |  | (77.5) |  |  | (12.3) |  |  | (13.5) |
Actuarial gain |  | (2.3) |  |  | (65.3) |  |  | (8.9) |  |  | (22.2) |
Plan settlements |  | (147.2) |  |  | (23.3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Projected benefit obligation at end of year |  | 682.7 |  |  | 848.2 |  |  | 172.8 |  |  | 182.3 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  | 654.8 |  |  | 759.4 |  |  | 120.4 |  |  | 114.7 |
Actual return |  | 18.5 |  |  | (7.4) |  |  | 25.6 |  |  | 15.9 |
Benefits paid |  | (68.8) |  |  | (77.5) |  |  | (12.3) |  |  | (13.5) |
Contributions |  | 14.5 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 3.3 |
Plan settlements |  | (147.2) |  |  | (23.3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | 471.8 |  |  | 654.8 |  |  | 136.3 |  |  | 120.4 |
Funded status of the plans |  | $ | (210.9) |  |  | $ | (193.4) |  |  | $ | (36.5) |  |  | $ | (61.9) |
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued liabilities - current |  | (3.3) |  |  | (3.3) |  |  | (15.4) |  |  | (16.1) |
Accrued pension liabilities - noncurrent |  | (207.6) |  |  | (190.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Accrued postretirement benefits - noncurrent |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21.1) |  |  | (45.8) |
Funded status of the plans |  | $ | (210.9) |  |  | $ | (193.4) |  |  | $ | (36.5) |  |  | $ | (61.9) |

|  | Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss (gain) |  | $ | 215.4 |  |  | $ | 260.3 |  |  | $ | (64.3) |  |  | $ | (39.7) |
Prior service cost (benefit) |  | 4.2 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | (2.4) |
Total |  | $ | 219.6 |  |  | $ | 266.1 |  |  | $ | (62.8) |  |  | $ | (42.1) |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss (gain) |  | $ | 15.5 |  |  | $ | (12.5) |  |  | $ | (27.2) |  |  | $ | (31.2) |
Amortization of net (loss) gain |  | (8.0) |  |  | (9.5) |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 1.8 |
Amortization of prior service (cost) benefit |  | (2.1) |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 3.9 |
Settlement charge |  | (51.9) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total, before tax effect |  | $ | (46.5) |  |  | $ | (24.1) |  |  | $ | (20.8) |  |  | $ | (25.5) |
Additional information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans |  | $ | 678.5 |  |  | $ | 843.8 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A

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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For the year ended June 30, 2024, actuarial gains in pension plans were impacted by a change in discount rate of $5.4 million partially offset by a change in plan experience of $3.1 million. Actuarial gains in other postretirement plans were impacted by a change in discount rate of $2.1 million and a change in plan experience of $4.9 million. For the year ended June 30, 2023, actuarial gains in pension plans were significantly impacted by a change in discount rate of $70.9 million partially offset by a change in plan experience of $9.2 million. Actuarial gains in other postretirement plans were significantly impacted by a change in discount rate of $13.8 million.
The following is additional information related to plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets as of June 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Projected benefit obligation |  | $ | 682.7 |  |  | $ | 848.2 |  |  | $ | 172.8 |  |  | $ | 182.3 |
Fair value of plan assets |  | $ | 471.8 |  |  | $ | 654.8 |  |  | $ | 136.3 |  |  | $ | 120.4 |

The following additional information is for plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets as of June 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Accumulated benefit obligation |  | $ | 678.5 |  |  | $ | 843.8 |  |  | $ | 172.8 |  |  | $ | 182.3 |
Fair value of plan assets |  | $ | 471.8 |  |  | $ | 654.8 |  |  | $ | 136.3 |  |  | $ | 120.4 |

The components of the net periodic pension expense (income) related to the Company's pension and other postretirement benefits for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

|  | Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Service cost |  | $ | 8.2 |  |  | $ | 8.1 |  |  | $ | 8.6 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 2.4 |
Interest cost |  | 43.7 |  |  | 46.2 |  |  | 36.6 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 7.4 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (35.9) |  |  | (45.3) |  |  | (59.9) |  |  | (7.3) |  |  | (6.8) |  |  | (8.2) |
Amortization of net loss (gain) |  | 8.0 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | (2.5) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | (0.8) |
Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) |  | 2.1 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | (3.9) |
Settlement charge |  | 51.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net pension expense (income) |  | $ | 78.0 |  |  | $ | 20.6 |  |  | $ | (4.2) |  |  | $ | (2.0) |  |  | $ | (0.7) |  |  | $ | (3.1) |

The service cost component of the Company's net pension expense (income), which represents the estimated cost of future pension liabilities earned associated with active employees, is included in the operating income (loss) of the business segments. The residual net pension expense (income), which is comprised of the expected return on plan assets, interest costs on the projected benefit obligations of the plans, and amortization of actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and benefits, is presented within other expense (income), net. See Note 18 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Company executed a buy-out annuity transaction for the Company's largest defined benefit plan. The Company determined that the annuity settlement and lump-sum payments exceeded the threshold of service cost and interest cost components and therefore settlement accounting was required. As a result, the Company recorded a settlement charge of $51.9 million in the year ended June 30, 2024 within other expense (income), net.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at fiscal year end |  | Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Discount rate |  | 5.98 | % |  | 5.85 | % |  | 6.03 | % |  | 5.87 | % |
Rate of compensation increase |  | 3.33 | % |  | 3.28 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A |

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the fiscal year |  | Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Discount rate |  | 5.89 | % |  | 5.01 | % |  | 3.06 | % |  | 5.87 | % |  | 5.02 | % |  | 3.04 | %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets |  | 6.50 | % |  | 6.25 | % |  | 6.22 | % |  | 6.50 | % |  | 6.25 | % |  | 6.25 | %
Long-term rate of compensation increase |  | 3.28 | % |  | 3.28 | % |  | 3.29 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A

The following table shows the expected health care rate increase and the future rate and time at which it is expected to remain constant:

|  | June 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Assumed health care cost trend rate |  | 6.50 | % |  | 6.25 | %
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline and remain (the ultimate trend rate) |  | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate |  | 2031 |  | 2028

Amounts in other accumulated comprehensive loss (gain) that are expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, are:

($ in millions) |  | Pension Plans |  | Other Postretirement Plans |  | Total
Amortization of prior service cost (benefit) |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 3.3 |
Amortization of net actuarial loss (gain) |  | 7.3 |  |  | (5.6) |  |  | 1.7 |
Amortization of accumulated other comprehensive loss (gain) |  | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | (4.4) |  |  | $ | 5.0 |

The Company's U.S. pension plans' weighted-average asset allocations at June 30, 2024 and 2023, by asset category are as follows:

|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Equity securities |  | 42.4 | % |  | 43.8 | %
Fixed income securities |  | 31.6 |  |  | 36.5 |
Real assets securities |  | 26.0 |  |  | 19.7 |
Total |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

The Company's policy for developing a pension plan investment strategy includes the periodic development of an asset and liability study by an independent investment consultant. Management considers this study in establishing an asset allocation that is presented to and approved by the Company's Retirement Committee.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Based on the current funding level, the benchmark allocation policy for the Company's largest pension plan assets is to have approximately 75 percent in return seeking assets and 25 percent in liability-hedging assets. Return seeking assets include global equities, diversified credit and real assets. Liability-hedging assets include bond funds and cash. When the funding level of the plan reaches 95 percent and improves to fully or over-funded status in increments of 5 percent, assets will be shifted from return seeking to liability-hedging assets in accordance with the glidepath policy outlined in the pension plan's Investment Policy Statement. The assets related to the Company's other postretirement benefit plans were invested in approximately 95 percent U.S. equities and 5 percent short-term investments as of June 30, 2024. Management establishes the expected long-term rate of return assumption by reviewing historical trends and analyzing the current and projected market conditions in relation to the plan's asset allocation and risk management objectives. In determining the expected long-term rate of return, the Company considered historical returns for individual asset classes and the impact of active portfolio management.
A financial instrument's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Investments in domestic and international equities are generally valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which they are traded. Commingled funds, limited partnerships and mutual funds are valued based on the net asset value ("NAV") established for the fund at each valuation date. The NAV is based on the value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities, and then divided by the number of units/shares outstanding. Corporate and government agency bonds and other fixed income securities are valued using closing bid prices on an active market when possible, otherwise using evaluated bid prices.
The fair values of the Company's pension plan assets as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, by asset category and by the levels of inputs used to determine fair value were as follows:

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Input Type |  |  |  |
($ in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Net Asset Value |  | Total
Short-term investments |  | $ | 7.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7.2 |
Commingled trust funds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 464.1 |  |  | 464.1 |
Mortgage/asset backed securities and other |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | $ | 7.2 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 464.1 |  |  | $ | 471.8 |

|  | June 30, 2023
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Input Type |  |  |  |
($ in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Net Asset Value |  | Total
Short-term investments |  | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.7 |
Commingled trust funds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 646.8 |  |  | 646.8 |
Mortgage/asset backed securities and other |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 646.8 |  |  | $ | 654.8 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The fair values of the Company's other postretirement benefit plans as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, by asset category and by the level of inputs used to determine fair value, were as follows:

|  | June 30, 2024
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Input Type |  |  |  |
($ in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Net Asset Value |  | Total
Commingled trust fund |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129.7 |  |  | $ | 129.7 |
Short-term investments |  | 6.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.6 |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | $ | 6.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129.7 |  |  | $ | 136.3 |

|  | June 30, 2023
|  | Fair Value Measurements Using Input Type |  |  |  |
($ in millions) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Net Asset Value |  | Total
Commingled trust fund |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 110.1 |  |  | $ | 110.1 |
Short-term investments |  | 10.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10.3 |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | $ | 10.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 110.1 |  |  | $ | 120.4 |

Cash Flows — Employer Contributions
The Company made contributions to the qualified defined benefit pension plans of $11.3 million, $0.0 million and $0.7 million during fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company currently expects to make $26.3 million of required cash pension contributions to the domestic qualified defined benefit pension plans during fiscal year 2025. During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company made contributions of $3.2 million, $3.6 million and $3.1 million, respectively, to other non-qualified pension plans.
Estimated Future Benefit Payments
Pension benefits are currently paid from plan assets and other benefits are currently paid from both corporate assets and the VEBA trust. The benefit payments below, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid by fiscal year as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Benefits
2025 |  | $ | 63.4 |  |  | $ | 15.4 |
2026 |  | $ | 61.3 |  |  | $ | 15.4 |
2027 |  | $ | 60.3 |  |  | $ | 15.2 |
2028 |  | $ | 58.7 |  |  | $ | 15.0 |
2029 |  | $ | 57.3 |  |  | $ | 14.8 |
2030-2034 |  | $ | 264.9 |  |  | $ | 69.6 |

Other Benefit Plans
The Company also maintains defined contribution retirement and savings plans for substantially all domestic employees. Company contributions to the plans were $26.5 million in fiscal year 2024, $23.3 million in fiscal year 2023 and $21.0 million in fiscal year 2022.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
12. Contingencies and Commitments
Environmental
The Company is subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental laws and regulations relating to pollution, protection of public health and the environment, natural resource damages and occupational safety and health. Although compliance with these laws and regulations may affect the costs of the Company's operations, compliance costs to date have not been material. The Company has environmental remediation liabilities at some of its owned operating facilities and has been designated as a PRP with respect to certain third party Superfund waste-disposal sites and other third party-owned sites. The Company accrues amounts for environmental remediation costs that represent management's best estimate of the probable and reasonably estimable future costs related to environmental remediation.
During fiscal year 2024 the Company increased the liability for environmental remediation costs by $0.8 million. During fiscal year 2023, the Company decreased the liability for environmental remediation costs by $1.8 million. The liabilities recorded for environmental remediation costs at Superfund sites, other third party-owned sites and Carpenter-owned current or former operating facilities remaining at June 30, 2024 and 2023 were $17.3 million and $16.5 million, respectively. Additionally, the Company has been notified that it may be a PRP with respect to other Superfund sites as to which no proceedings have been instituted against the Company. Neither the exact amount of remediation costs nor the final method of their allocation among all designated PRPs at these Superfund sites have been determined. Accordingly, at this time the Company cannot reasonably estimate expected costs for such matters. The liability for future environmental remediation costs that can be reasonably estimated is evaluated by management on a quarterly basis. The Company accrues amounts for environmental remediation costs that represent management's best estimate of the probable and reasonably estimable future costs related to environmental remediation.
Estimates of the amount and timing of future costs of environmental remediation requirements are inherently imprecise because of the continuing evolution of environmental laws and regulatory requirements, the availability and application of technology, the identification of currently unknown remediation sites and the allocation of costs among the PRPs. Based upon information currently available, such future costs are not expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows over the long-term. However, such costs could be material to the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular future quarter or year.
Other
The Company is defending various routine claims and legal actions that are incidental to its business and common to its operations, including those pertaining to product claims, commercial disputes, patent infringement, employment actions, employee benefits, compliance with domestic and foreign laws and regulations, personal injury claims and tax issues. Like many other manufacturing companies in recent years, the Company, from time to time, has been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injury as a result of exposure to chemicals and substances in the workplace such as asbestos. The Company provides for costs relating to these matters when a loss is probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. The effect of the outcome of these matters on the Company's future results of operations and liquidity cannot be predicted because any such effect depends on future results of operations and the amount and timing (both as to recording future charges to operations and cash expenditures) of the resolution of such matters. While it is not feasible to determine the outcome of these matters, management believes that the total liability from these matters will not have a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows over the long-term. However, there can be no assurance that an increase in the scope of pending matters or that any future lawsuits, claims, proceedings or investigations will not be material to the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular future quarter or year.
The Company has entered into purchase agreements primarily for various key raw materials at market related prices, all made in the normal course of business. The commitments include both fixed and variable price provisions. Raw material prices as of June 30, 2024, were used for commitments with variable pricing. The purchase commitments covered by these agreements aggregate to $243.8 million as of June 30, 2024. Of this amount, $176.3 million relates to fiscal year 2025, $44.7 million to fiscal year 2026, $21.9 million to fiscal year 2027, $0.5 million to fiscal year 2028 and $0.4 million to fiscal year 2029.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
13. Leases
The Company records ROU assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets for several types of operating leases, including land and buildings, equipment (e.g. trucks and forklifts), vehicles and computer equipment. On the lease commencement date, the Company measures and records a ROU asset and lease liability equal to the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the rate implicit in the lease (or if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company's incremental borrowing rate). Operating leases are included in other assets, accrued liabilities (current) and other liabilities (long-term) on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company elected the practical expedient to not separate lease components from nonlease components for all asset classes. The Company recognizes lease expense in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company elected to not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases with an initial term of 12 months or less for all asset classes. Leases with the option to extend their term or terminate early are reflected in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. Some leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage, output, or may vary for other reasons, such as insurance and tax payments. The variable lease payments are not presented as part of the ROU asset or lease liability.
Total lease cost was $14.6 million, $14.0 million and $13.5 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The following table sets forth the components of the Company's lease cost for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 11.0 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  | $ | 10.9 |
Short-term lease cost |  | 4.4 |  |  | 3.8 |  |  | 3.5 |
Variable lease cost |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Sublease income |  | (1.0) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (1.0) |
Total lease cost |  | $ | 14.6 |  |  | $ | 14.0 |  |  | $ | 13.5 |
Operating cash flow payments from operating leases |  | $ | 11.6 |  |  | $ | 12.3 |  |  | $ | 11.4 |
Noncash ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |  |  | $ | 16.5 |

The leases have a remaining term of one to thirteen years. The following table sets forth the Company's weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate at June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases |  | 7.4 years |  | 8.0 years |  | 8.5 years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases |  | 4.4 | % |  | 4.1 | % |  | 3.7 | %

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table sets forth the Company's ROU assets and lease liabilities at June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023:

|  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Operating lease assets: |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | 39.0 |  |  | $ | 43.9 |
Operating lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accrued liabilities |  | $ | 8.8 |  |  | $ | 9.1 |
Other liabilities |  | 38.4 |  |  | 43.6 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 47.2 |  |  | $ | 52.7 |

Minimum lease payments by fiscal year for operating leases expiring subsequent to June 30, 2024, are as follows:

($ in millions) |  | Lease Payments
2025 |  | $ | 10.4 |
2026 |  | 8.1 |
2027 |  | 7.6 |
2028 |  | 6.4 |
2029 |  | 4.9 |
Thereafter |  | 17.7 |
Total future minimum lease payments |  | 55.1 |
Less: imputed interest |  | 7.9 |
Total |  | $ | 47.2 |

14. Fair Value Measurements
The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the inputs used to determine fair value. Level 1 refers to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 refers to observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3 refers to unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets and liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs. Currently, the Company does not use Level 1 and 3 inputs.
The following tables present the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy:

June 30, 2024 |  | Fair Value Measurements Using Input Type
($ in millions) |  | Level 2 |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | — |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 5.8 |  |  |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

June 30, 2023 |  | Fair Value Measurements Using Input Type
($ in millions) |  | Level 2 |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 3.7 |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  |

The Company's derivative financial instruments have historically consisted of commodity forward contracts, foreign currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps and forward interest rate swaps. These instruments are measured at fair value using the market method valuation technique. The inputs to this technique utilize information related to foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates published by third party leading financial news and data providers. This is observable data; however, the valuation of these instruments is not based on actual transactions for the same instruments and, as such, they are classified as Level 2. The Company's use of derivatives and hedging policies are more fully discussed in Note 16.
The Company has currently chosen not to elect the fair value option for any items that are not already required to be measured at fair value in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
The carrying amounts of other financial instruments not listed in the table below approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments not recorded at fair value in the financial statements were as follows:

|  | June 30, 2024 |  | June 30, 2023
($ in millions) |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
Long-term debt |  | $ | 694.2 |  |  | $ | 709.1 |  |  | $ | 693.0 |  |  | $ | 698.1 |
Company-owned life insurance |  | $ | 31.8 |  |  | $ | 31.8 |  |  | $ | 26.2 |  |  | $ | 26.2 |

The fair values of long-term debt as of June 30, 2024, and June 30, 2023, were determined by using current interest rates for debt with terms and maturities similar to the Company's existing debt arrangements and accordingly would be classified as Level 2 inputs in the fair value hierarchy.
The carrying amount of company-owned life insurance reflects cash surrender values based upon the market values of underlying securities, using Level 2 inputs, net of any outstanding policy loans. The carrying value associated with the cash surrender value of these policies is recorded in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
For purposes of performing Step 1 of goodwill impairment testing, the Company uses certain nonrecurring fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Fair value for purposes of the goodwill impairment test is based on a weighting of an income approach and a market approach. Under the income approach, fair value is determined based on a discounted cash flow technique that uses estimates of cash flows discounted to present value using rates commensurate with the risks associated with those cash flows. Under the market approach, a market-based value is derived by relating multiples for earnings and cash flow measures for a group of comparable public companies to the same measure for each reporting unit to estimate fair value. The assumptions used by the Company to determine fair value of the reporting units are similar to those that would be used by market participants performing valuations.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
15. Share-Based Compensation
The Company has two share-based compensation plans: the Amended and Restated Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees (the "Omnibus Plan") and the Stock-Based Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors ("Director's Plan"). The Company recognizes compensation cost based on the fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The compensation cost is recognized over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the shorter of the vesting period that the holder is required to provide service, or the period from the grant date to the date on which the employee is eligible to retire or the Director has a separation from service event. Upon the employee's retirement, as defined in the Omnibus Plan, or the Director's separation from service, as defined in the Director's Plan, outstanding awards are subject to certain accelerated vesting terms.
Awards granted under the share-based compensation plans are paid from shares held in treasury and newly issued shares. The total compensation cost that has been charged against income related to these share-based compensation plans was $19.8 million, $16.4 million and $10.8 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Omnibus Plan
The Omnibus Plan provides that the Board of Directors or a designated committee may grant stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units, and determine the terms and conditions of each grant. The Omnibus Plan provides the Chief Executive Officer with limited authority to grant awards. As of June 30, 2024, 3,419,252 shares were available for awards which may be granted under this plan.
Director's Plan
The Director's Plan provides for the granting of stock options and stock units to non-employee directors. As of June 30, 2024, 171,911 shares were available for awards which may be granted under this plan.
Stock Options (all plans)
Stock options granted under the plans above are granted with an exercise price equal to at least the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The options are typically exercisable after one to three years of service and expire no longer than ten years from the grant date.
The fair value of stock options awarded in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022 was estimated on the date of each grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Expected volatility |  | 55.4 | % |  | 54.0 | % |  | 51.6 | %
Dividend yield |  | 1.1 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 2.4 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | 4.6 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 1.1 | %
Expected term (in years) |  | 5.0 |  | 5.0 |  | 5.0

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The assumptions are based on multiple factors, including historical exercise patterns of employees in relatively homogeneous groups with respect to exercise and post-vesting employment termination behaviors, expected future exercising patterns for these same homogeneous groups and the implied volatility of our stock price based on historical performance for the same expected term of the options granted. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of each grant.

|  | Number of Awards |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($ in millions)
Outstanding at June 30, 2021 |  | 2,075,753 |  |  | $ | 43.47 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 36,444 |  |  | $ | 34.43 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (891) |  |  | $ | 39.70 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (69,656) |  |  | $ | 40.52 |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  | (79,061) |  |  | $ | 54.49 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2022 |  | 1,962,589 |  |  | $ | 42.96 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 27,956 |  |  | $ | 36.24 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (117,621) |  |  | $ | 42.39 |  |  |  |  |
Withheld |  | (1,136) |  |  | $ | 44.90 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (2,097) |  |  | $ | 42.16 |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  | (61,517) |  |  | $ | 49.67 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2023 |  | 1,808,174 |  |  | $ | 42.67 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 11,014 |  |  | $ | 70.64 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (835,532) |  |  | $ | 45.06 |  |  |  |  |
Withheld |  | (369,042) |  |  | $ | 39.81 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (1,028) |  |  | $ | 70.64 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2024 |  | 613,586 |  |  | $ | 41.61 |  |  | 3.6 years |  | $ | 41.7 |
Exercisable at June 30, 2024 |  | 603,600 |  |  | $ | 41.13 |  |  | 3.5 years |  | $ | 41.3 |

Outstanding and Exercisable Options

Exercise Price Range |  | Number Outstanding at June 30, 2024 |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number Exercisable at June 30, 2024 |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
$18.26 - $20.00 |  | 50,142 |  |  | 6.3 |  | $ | 18.26 |  |  | 50,142 |  |  | $ | 18.26 |
$20.01 - $30.00 |  | — |  |  | 0.0 |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
$30.01 - $40.00 |  | 160,379 |  |  | 3.6 |  | $ | 37.13 |  |  | 160,379 |  |  | $ | 37.13 |
$40.01 - $50.00 |  | 311,969 |  |  | 3.0 |  | $ | 42.58 |  |  | 311,969 |  |  | $ | 42.58 |
$50.01 - $60.00 |  | 81,110 |  |  | 3.1 |  | $ | 57.59 |  |  | 81,110 |  |  | $ | 57.59 |
$60.01 - $70.64 |  | 9,986 |  |  | 9.3 |  | $ | 70.64 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
|  | 613,586 |  |  |  |  | $ | 41.61 |  |  | 603,600 |  |  | $ | 41.13 |

The weighted average grant date fair value of options awarded during fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $34.06, $15.55 and $12.39, respectively. Share-based compensation charged against income related to stock options for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $0.4 million, $0.5 million and $0.6 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, $0.1 million of compensation cost related to nonvested stock options will be recognized over a weighted average remaining life of 0.3 years. Of the options outstanding at June 30, 2024, 384,642 relate to the Omnibus Plan and 228,944 relate to the Directors' Plan.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Restricted Stock Unit Awards (Omnibus Plan)
Restricted stock unit awards are granted to employees with performance and/or service conditions. Dividend equivalents are accrued for earned restricted stock unit awards and will only be paid upon satisfaction of the terms and conditions applicable to the underlying restricted stock units. The fair value of the restricted stock unit awards is determined based on the close price of the Company's stock on the grant date.
Performance-based restricted stock unit awards are earned dependent upon how certain performance goals are achieved during a specified performance period according to the terms determined at the date of the grant. These shares typically vest upon expiration of the performance period. Compensation cost is determined and charged to expense beginning in the performance period through the vesting period.
Time-based restricted stock unit awards typically vest one to three years from the date of grant. Compensation cost related to time-based stock unit awards is recognized over the vesting period of the award.
Amounts charged to compensation expense for restricted stock unit awards were $9.8 million, $8.6 million and $8.0 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, $7.6 million of compensation cost related to restricted stock unit awards remains to be recognized over a weighted average remaining life of 1.5 years.

|  | Number of Awards |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Restricted Award Balance at June 30, 2021 |  | 496,325 |  |  | $ | 29.44 |
Time-based granted |  | 281,533 |  |  | $ | 35.76 |
Vested |  | (216,656) |  |  | $ | 32.71 |
Forfeited |  | (45,538) |  |  | $ | 32.35 |
Restricted Award Balance at June 30, 2022 |  | 515,664 |  |  | $ | 31.27 |
Time-based granted |  | 285,268 |  |  | $ | 39.01 |
Vested |  | (246,306) |  |  | $ | 31.37 |
Forfeited |  | (31,880) |  |  | $ | 35.23 |
Restricted Award Balance at June 30, 2023 |  | 522,746 |  |  | $ | 35.18 |
Time-based granted |  | 191,909 |  |  | $ | 61.42 |
Vested |  | (273,296) |  |  | $ | 32.67 |
Forfeited |  | (40,262) |  |  | $ | 45.19 |
Restricted Award Balance at June 30, 2024 |  | 401,097 |  |  | $ | 48.44 |

The Company granted performance-based awards in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022 within the Omnibus Plan. The awards are granted at a target number of shares. These awards are earned dependent upon how certain performance goals are achieved during a specified performance period according to the terms determined at the date of the grant. The actual number of shares awarded may range from a minimum of 0 percent of the target shares to a maximum of 200 percent of the target shares. Participants do not have any rights to dividends (or equivalents) during the performance period. These shares typically vest upon expiration of the performance period. Compensation cost is determined and charged to expense beginning in the performance period through the vesting period. In fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022 expense of $8.3 million, $6.1 million and $1.1 million was recognized for these awards, respectively. Compensation cost in fiscal year 2024 reflects higher performance attainment compared to fiscal years 2023 and 2022.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Director Stock Units
According to the provisions of the Director's Plan, on the date of each annual stockholders' meeting or on such other regularly scheduled date as the Board of Directors may determine from time to time in light of the Company's prevailing practices for the grant of equity awards to employees, each Director shall be granted, in place of cash compensation, a number of stock units determined by dividing 50 percent of the Director's annual retainer by the fair market value of the Company's common stock on that date. These stock units vest on the first anniversary of the grant date, provided that one-quarter of the units granted within the one year period preceding separation from service (for reasons other than cause, a change in control, death or disability) will vest for every three months of service following the grant date. At the Director's election, the remaining 50 percent of the annual retainer and 100 percent of committee chair fees may be paid in stock units in lieu of cash. These units are immediately vested.
In addition to the grant of retainer stock units described above, each Director may be granted annually an additional award of stock units as the Board may determine by resolution. These stock units vest on the first anniversary of the grant date, provided that one-quarter of the units granted within the one-year period preceding separation from service (for reasons other than cause, a change in control, death or disability) will vest for every three months of service following the grant date.
Additional units are credited to each Director on a quarterly basis to reflect dividend equivalents on the Company's common stock. In the case of separation from service due to death or disability, all stock units shall immediately vest. Following a Director's separation from service, or such other elected distribution date or event, the number of stock units credited to the Director's account will be converted to an equivalent number of the Company's common stock.

|  | Number of Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at June 30, 2021 |  | 353,365 |  |  | $ | 35.54 |
Granted |  | 37,234 |  |  | $ | 33.62 |
Distributed |  | (81,136) |  |  | $ | 33.28 |
Dividend equivalents |  | 7,770 |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding at June 30, 2022 |  | 317,233 |  |  | $ | 31.89 |
Granted |  | 38,433 |  |  | $ | 34.93 |
Distributed |  | (54,057) |  |  | $ | 35.85 |
Dividend equivalents |  | 5,962 |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding at June 30, 2023 |  | 307,571 |  |  | $ | 30.75 |
Granted |  | 21,590 |  |  | $ | 71.01 |
Distributed |  | (11,653) |  |  | $ | 36.14 |
Forfeited |  | (1,912) |  |  | $ | 70.64 |
Dividend equivalents |  | 3,223 |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding at June 30, 2024 |  | 318,819 |  |  | $ | 33.85 |

Compensation cost is determined using the grant date fair value and charged to expense over the vesting period of one year. This amounted to $1.3 million, $1.2 million and $1.1 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, $0.3 million of compensation cost related to director stock units remains to be recognized over a weighted average remaining life of 0.3 years.
16. Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The Company, from time to time, uses commodity forwards, interest rate swaps, forward interest rate swaps and foreign currency forwards to manage risks generally associated with commodity price, interest rate and foreign currency rate fluctuations. The following explains the various types of derivatives and includes a summary of the impact the derivative instruments had on the Company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Cash Flow Hedging — Commodity forward contracts: The Company enters into commodity forward contracts to fix the price of a portion of anticipated future purchases of certain critical raw materials and energy to manage the risk of cash flow variability associated with volatile commodity prices. The commodity forward contracts have been designated as cash flow hedges. The qualifying hedge contracts are marked-to-market at each reporting date and any unrealized gains or losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to the extent effective, and reclassified to cost of sales in the period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings or it becomes probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had forward contracts to purchase 2.0 million pounds of certain raw materials with settlement dates through December 2025.
Cash Flow Hedging — Forward interest rate swaps: Historically, the Company has entered into forward interest rate swap contracts to manage the risk of cash flow variability associated with fixed interest debt expected to be issued. The forward interest rate swaps were designated as cash flow hedges. The qualifying hedge contracts were marked-to-market at each reporting date and any unrealized gains or losses were included in AOCI to the extent effective and reclassified to interest expense in the period during which the hedged transaction affected earnings or it became probable that the forecasted transaction would not occur. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, net gains of $0.0 million, $0.0 million and $0.4 million, respectively, were recorded as a reduction to interest expense. These amounts represent the impact of previously terminated swaps which were being amortized over the remaining term of the underlying debt which was paid off during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022.
Cash Flow Hedging — Foreign currency forward contracts: The Company, from time to time, uses foreign currency forward contracts to hedge a portion of anticipated future sales denominated in foreign currencies, principally the Euro and Pound Sterling, in order to offset the effect of changes in exchange rates. The qualifying hedge contracts are marked-to-market at each reporting date and any unrealized gains or losses are included in AOCI to the extent effective and reclassified to net sales in the period during which the transaction affects earnings or it becomes probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur. The Company had no qualifying foreign currency hedge contracts as of June 30, 2024 and 2023.
The Company also uses foreign currency forward contracts to protect certain short-term asset positions denominated in foreign currencies against the effect of changes in exchange rates. These positions do not qualify for hedge accounting and accordingly are marked-to-market at each reporting date through charges to other expense (income), net. As of June 30, 2024, the fair value of the outstanding foreign currency forwards not designated as hedging instruments and the charges to income for changes in fair value for these contracts were not material.
The fair value and location of outstanding derivative contracts recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets were as follows as of June 30, 2024 and 2023:

June 30, 2024 ($ in millions) |  |  |  | Foreign Currency Contracts |  | Commodity Contracts |  | Total Derivatives
Asset Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other assets |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total asset derivatives |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liability Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued liabilities |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |
Other liabilities |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 2.2 |
Total liability derivatives |  |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

June 30, 2023 ($ in millions) |  |  |  | Foreign Currency Contracts |  | Commodity Contracts |  | Total Derivatives
Asset Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets |  |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |
Other assets |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total asset derivatives |  |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |
Liability Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued liabilities |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |
Other liabilities |  |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |
Total liability derivatives |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | 6.8 |

Substantially all of the Company's derivative contracts are subject to master netting arrangements, or similar agreements with each counterparty, which provide for the option to settle contracts on a net basis when they settle on the same day and in the same currency. In addition, these arrangements provide for a net settlement of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event that the arrangement is terminated due to the occurrence of default or a termination event. The Company presents the outstanding derivative contracts on a net basis by counterparty in the consolidated balance sheets. If the Company had chosen to present the derivative contracts on a gross basis, the total asset derivatives would have been $0.2 million and total liability derivatives would have been $6.0 million as of June 30, 2024.
According to the provisions of the Company's derivative arrangements, in the event that the fair value of outstanding derivative positions with certain counterparties exceeds certain thresholds, the Company may be required to issue cash collateral to the counterparties. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had no cash collateral held by counterparties.
The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by counterparties on its derivative instruments as well as credit or performance risk with respect to its customer commitments to perform. Although nonperformance is possible, the Company does not anticipate nonperformance by any of the parties. In addition, various master netting arrangements are in place with counterparties to facilitate settlements of gains and losses on these contracts.
Cash Flow Hedges
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of AOCI and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transactions affect earnings or it becomes probable the forecasted transactions will not occur. The following is a summary of the (losses) gains related to cash flow hedges recognized during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Amount of (Loss) Gain Recognized in AOCI on Derivatives Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationship: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts |  | $ | (9.6) |  |  | $ | (8.8) |  |  | $ | 26.8 |
Total |  | $ | (9.6) |  |  | $ | (8.8) |  |  | $ | 26.8 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  |  |  | Amount of (Loss) Gain Reclassified from AOCI into Income Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | Location of (Loss) Gain Reclassified from AOCI into Income |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationship: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts |  | Cost of sales |  | $ | (11.0) |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  | $ | 28.3 |
Forward interest rate swaps |  | Interest expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | (11.0) |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  | $ | 28.7 |

The following is a summary of total amounts presented in the consolidated statements of operations in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  |  |  | Year Ended June 30, 2024 |  |  |  | Year Ended June 30, 2023
($ in millions) |  |  |  | Cost of Sales |  |  |  |  |  | Cost of Sales |  |
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statements of operations in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded |  |  |  | $ | 2,175.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,213.0 |  |  |
(Loss) Gain on Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationship: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of (loss) gain reclassified from AOCI to income |  |  |  | (11.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.7 |  |  |
Total (loss) gain |  |  |  | $ | (11.0) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  |

The Company estimates that $1.5 million of net derivative losses included in AOCI as of June 30, 2024, will be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months. No significant cash flow hedges were discontinued during the year ended June 30, 2024.
The changes in AOCI associated with derivative hedging activities during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance, beginning |  | $ | (7.0) |  |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | 6.9 |
Current period changes in fair value, net of tax |  | (7.3) |  |  | (6.7) |  |  | 20.4 |
Reclassification to earnings, net of tax |  | 8.4 |  |  | (5.8) |  |  | (21.8) |
Balance, ending |  | $ | (5.9) |  |  | $ | (7.0) |  |  | $ | 5.5 |

17. Income Taxes
Income (loss) before income taxes for the Company's domestic and foreign operations was as follows:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Domestic |  | $ | 224.1 |  |  | $ | 51.2 |  |  | $ | (74.0) |
Foreign |  | (12.5) |  |  | 21.3 |  |  | 10.9 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 211.6 |  |  | $ | 72.5 |  |  | $ | (63.1) |

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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The expense (benefit) for income taxes from continuing operations consisted of the following:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 30.4 |  |  | $ | 8.6 |  |  | $ | (14.7) |
State |  | 4.2 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 0.1 |
Foreign |  | 3.8 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 3.7 |
Total current |  | 38.4 |  |  | 16.5 |  |  | (10.9) |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | (10.1) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (1.0) |
State |  | (2.7) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (2.7) |
Foreign |  | (0.5) |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.6 |
Total deferred |  | (13.3) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (3.1) |
Total income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 25.1 |  |  | $ | 16.1 |  |  | $ | (14.0) |

The following is a reconciliation of income taxes computed at the U.S. Federal income tax rate to the Company's effective income tax rates:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
(% of pre-tax income (loss)) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Statutory federal income tax rate |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 3.1 |
Foreign tax rate differential |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (1.0) |
Research and development tax credit |  | (1.6) |  |  | (3.5) |  |  | 4.4 |
Foreign derived intangible income deduction |  | (1.8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjustments of prior years' income taxes |  | — |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | (7.4) |
Non-deductible goodwill impairment |  | 1.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax benefit related to closure of Additive operations |  | (8.7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-taxable income |  | (0.5) |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (1.0) |
Non-deductible expenses |  | 6.4 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.7) |
Non-deductible compensation |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | (1.1) |
Share-based compensation |  | (3.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.7) |
Changes in valuation allowances |  | (4.7) |  |  | (7.4) |  |  | 6.0 |
Law changes |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Interest on prior tax positions |  | (0.4) |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | 0.2 |
Other, net |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.6) |
Effective income tax rate |  | 11.9 | % |  | 22.2 | % |  | 22.2 | %

Deferred taxes are recorded for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. A valuation allowance is required when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of $178.2 million expiring between fiscal years 2024 and 2044. A significant portion of the state net operating loss carryforwards are subject to an annual limitation that, under current law, is likely to limit future tax benefits to approximately $7.0 million. Realization is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income prior to expiration of the loss carryforwards. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax asset will be realized. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be revised in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period change.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Valuation allowances decreased by $11.2 million during fiscal year 2024. Liquidation of the Carpenter Additive business in the United Kingdom for tax purposes resulted in the write-off of net deferred tax assets of $7.2 million for which no benefit was recognized. The write-off of the net deferred tax assets reduced the valuation allowance. The expiration of $3.3 million net operating losses, for which no tax benefit was recognized, caused a reduction in the valuation allowance. As a result of increases in estimates of projected future taxable income during the carryforward period, the valuation allowance was reduced by $0.9 million for the expected realization of previously limited net operating loss carryforwards. This was partially offset by a $0.2 million increase in net operating losses incurred in certain jurisdictions for which no tax benefit was recognized.
The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities that are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets are summarized in the table below:

|  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Pensions |  | $ | 33.1 |  |  | $ | 39.8 |
Postretirement provisions |  | 14.4 |  |  | 20.0 |
Non-equity compensation |  | 9.6 |  |  | 16.0 |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  | 8.5 |  |  | 22.5 |
Tax credit carryforwards |  | 2.0 |  |  | 1.2 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 8.9 |  |  | 10.0 |
Other |  | 20.1 |  |  | 22.3 |
Gross deferred tax assets |  | 96.6 |  |  | 131.8 |
Valuation allowances |  | (2.4) |  |  | (13.6) |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 94.2 |  |  | 118.2 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  | 219.6 |  |  | 237.6 |
Intangible assets |  | 3.2 |  |  | 5.8 |
Inventories |  | 28.2 |  |  | 27.4 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 7.0 |  |  | 8.0 |
Other |  | 2.8 |  |  | 3.1 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | 260.8 |  |  | 281.9 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net |  | $ | 166.6 |  |  | $ | 163.7 |

The Company does not have unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022. The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.
All years prior to fiscal year 2018 have been settled with the Internal Revenue Service and with most significant state, local and foreign tax jurisdictions.
The Company asserts that substantially all undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries are not considered indefinitely reinvested. The potential tax implications from the distribution of these earnings are expected to be limited to withholding taxes in certain jurisdictions and are not expected to materially impact the consolidated financial statements.
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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
18. Other Expense (Income), Net
Other expense (income), net consists of the following:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Unrealized (gains) losses on company-owned life insurance contracts and investments held in rabbi trusts |  | $ | (5.8) |  |  | $ | (3.3) |  |  | $ | 4.8 |
Interest income |  | (1.8) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.1) |
Foreign exchange losses |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 1.3 |
Pension earnings, interest and deferrals |  | 14.4 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | (18.3) |
Pension settlement charge |  | 51.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |
Total other expense (income), net |  | $ | 60.5 |  |  | $ | 6.5 |  |  | $ | (12.7) |

19. Segment Information, Geographic and Product Data
The Company has two reportable segments, Specialty Alloys Operations and Performance Engineered Products.
The SAO segment is comprised of the Company's major premium alloy and stainless steel manufacturing operations. This includes operations performed at mills primarily in Reading and Latrobe, Pennsylvania and surrounding areas as well as South Carolina and Alabama. The combined assets of the SAO operations are managed in an integrated manner to optimize efficiency and profitability across the total system.
The PEP segment is comprised of the Company's differentiated operations. This segment includes the Dynamet titanium business, the Carpenter Additive business and the Latrobe and Mexico distribution businesses. The businesses in the PEP segment are managed with an entrepreneurial structure to promote flexibility and agility to quickly respond to market dynamics.
The Company's executive management evaluates the performance of these operating segments based on sales, operating income and cash flow generation. Segment operating results exclude general corporate costs, which include executive and director compensation, and other corporate facilities and administrative expenses not allocated to the segments. Also excluded are items that management considers not representative of ongoing operations, such as restructuring charges and other specifically identified income or expense items.
The service cost component of the Company's net pension expense, which represents the estimated cost of future pension liabilities earned associated with active employees, is included in the operating income of the business segments. The residual net pension expense, which is comprised of the expected return on plan assets, interest costs on the projected benefit obligations of the plans, amortization of actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and pension settlement charges is included within other expense (income), net.
On a consolidated basis, no single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of net sales for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022. No single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of the accounts receivable outstanding at June 30, 2024 and 2023.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Net Sales |  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | $ | 2,443.8 |  |  | $ | 2,213.6 |  |  | $ | 1,565.6 |
Performance Engineered Products |  | 411.0 |  |  | 433.7 |  |  | 344.5 |
Intersegment |  | (95.1) |  |  | (97.0) |  |  | (73.8) |
Consolidated net sales |  | $ | 2,759.7 |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |
Operating Income (Loss) |  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | $ | 408.5 |  |  | $ | 179.1 |  |  | $ | 9.6 |
Performance Engineered Products |  | 36.0 |  |  | 31.8 |  |  | 18.1 |
Corporate costs (including special items) |  | (123.0) |  |  | (75.5) |  |  | (52.8) |
Intersegment |  | 1.6 |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | 0.2 |
Consolidated operating income (loss) |  | $ | 323.1 |  |  | $ | 133.1 |  |  | $ | (24.9) |
Depreciation and Amortization |  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | $ | 113.3 |  |  | $ | 110.0 |  |  | $ | 110.1 |
Performance Engineered Products |  | 16.3 |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | 15.8 |
Corporate |  | 5.0 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 5.5 |
Consolidated depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 134.6 |  |  | $ | 131.0 |  |  | $ | 131.4 |
Capital Expenditures |  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Specialty Alloys Operations |  | $ | 80.0 |  |  | $ | 70.2 |  |  | $ | 77.5 |
Performance Engineered Products |  | 13.2 |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | 10.8 |
Corporate |  | 3.4 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 3.0 |
Consolidated capital expenditures |  | $ | 96.6 |  |  | $ | 82.3 |  |  | $ | 91.3 |
Total Assets |  |  |  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Specialty Alloys Operations |  |  |  | $ | 2,542.2 |  |  | $ | 2,461.2 |
Performance Engineered Products |  |  |  | 431.5 |  |  | 451.6 |
Corporate |  |  |  | 334.8 |  |  | 159.0 |
Intersegment |  |  |  | (16.8) |  |  | (17.9) |
Consolidated total assets |  |  |  | $ | 3,291.7 |  |  | $ | 3,053.9 |

Geographic Location |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Sales (a) |  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
United States |  | $ | 1,623.0 |  |  | $ | 1,556.2 |  |  | $ | 1,179.9 |
Europe |  | 503.8 |  |  | 437.3 |  |  | 253.5 |
Asia Pacific |  | 391.3 |  |  | 319.5 |  |  | 233.9 |
Mexico |  | 120.1 |  |  | 124.0 |  |  | 89.4 |
Canada |  | 70.1 |  |  | 60.1 |  |  | 41.5 |
Other |  | 51.4 |  |  | 53.2 |  |  | 38.1 |
Consolidated net sales |  | $ | 2,759.7 |  |  | $ | 2,550.3 |  |  | $ | 1,836.3 |

(a) Net sales are attributed to geographic region based on the location of the customer.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Long-lived Assets |  | June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
United States |  | $ | 1,330.0 |  |  | $ | 1,368.1 |
Europe |  | 3.0 |  |  | 13.1 |
Mexico |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.6 |
Asia Pacific |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |
Canada |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.5 |
Consolidated long-lived assets |  | $ | 1,335.2 |  |  | $ | 1,383.8 |

20. Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The changes in AOCI by component, net of tax, for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

($ in millions) (a) |  | Cash flow hedging items |  | Pension and other postretirement benefit plan items |  |  | Foreign currency items |  | Total
Balances at June 30, 2023 |  | $ | (7.0) |  |  | $ | (95.5) |  |  |  | $ | (40.5) |  |  | $ | (143.0) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  | (7.3) |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  | (3.2) |  |  | (1.7) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (b) |  | 8.4 |  |  | 42.4 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 50.8 |
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 1.1 |  |  | 51.2 |  |  |  | (3.2) |  |  | 49.1 |
Balances at June 30, 2024 |  | $ | (5.9) |  |  | $ | (44.3) |  |  |  | $ | (43.7) |  |  | $ | (93.9) |

($ in millions) (a) |  | Cash flow hedging items |  | Pension and other postretirement benefit plan items |  |  |  | Foreign currency items |  | Total
Balances at June 30, 2022 |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | (132.9) |  |  |  |  | $ | (46.1) |  |  | $ | (173.5) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  | (6.7) |  |  | 32.9 |  |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 31.8 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (b) |  | (5.8) |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1.3) |
Net other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (12.5) |  |  | 37.4 |  |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 30.5 |
Balances at June 30, 2023 |  | $ | (7.0) |  |  | $ | (95.5) |  |  |  |  | $ | (40.5) |  |  | $ | (143.0) |

(a) All amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits.
(b) See separate table below for further details.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following is a summary of amounts reclassified from AOCI for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  |  |  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI
Details about AOCI Components |  |  |  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) (a) |  | Location of (loss) gain |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flow hedging items: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts |  | Cost of sales |  | $ | (11.0) |  |  | $ | 7.7 |
Total before tax |  |  |  | (11.0) |  |  | 7.7 |
Tax benefit (expense) |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | (1.9) |
Net of tax |  |  |  | $ | (8.4) |  |  | $ | 5.8 |

|  |  |  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI
Details about AOCI Components |  |  |  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) (a) |  | Location of (loss) gain |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Amortization of pension and other postretirement benefit plan items: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss |  |  |  | $ | (5.5) |  |  | $ | (7.7) |
Prior service benefit |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 1.8 |
Settlement charge |  |  |  | (51.9) |  |  | — |
Total before tax |  | (b) |  | (55.6) |  |  | (5.9) |
Tax benefit |  | (b) |  | 13.2 |  |  | 1.4 |
Net of tax |  | (b) |  | $ | (42.4) |  |  | $ | (4.5) |

(a) Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to income/loss.
(b) These AOCI components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (see Note 11 for additional details).
21. Supplemental Data
The following are additional required disclosures and other material items:

|  | Years Ended June 30,
($ in millions) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cost Data: |  |  |  |  |  |
Repairs and maintenance costs |  | $ | 126.7 |  |  | $ | 101.4 |  |  | $ | 74.6 |
Cash Flow Data: |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncash purchases of property, plant, equipment and software |  | $ | 10.6 |  |  | $ | 13.6 |  |  | $ | 7.6 |
Cash paid (received) during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest payments, net |  | $ | 49.2 |  |  | $ | 50.9 |  |  | $ | 40.5 |
Income tax payments (refunds), net |  | $ | 62.8 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |  |  | $ | (46.1) |

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SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
Quarterly sales and earnings results can be influenced by seasonal factors with the first six months of the fiscal year typically being lower, principally because of annual plant vacation and maintenance shutdowns by us, as well as by many of our customers. However, the timing of major changes in the general economy or the markets for certain products can alter this pattern.
The quarterly financial data does not reflect special items as identified in Item 7 "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" discussed above. Special items included in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 results include: a goodwill impairment charge of $14.1 million; pre-tax restructuring and asset impairment charges of $16.9 million as a result of actions taken to streamline operations in the Carpenter Additive business; a pension settlement charge of $51.9 million; and an $18.4 million U.S. tax benefit that was generated as a result of the Carpenter Additive restructuring actions.

($ in millions) |  | First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | Third Quarter |  | Fourth Quarter
Results of Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fiscal Year 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 651.9 |  |  | $ | 624.2 |  |  | $ | 684.9 |  |  | $ | 798.7 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 124.1 |  |  | $ | 122.6 |  |  | $ | 147.0 |  |  | $ | 190.6 |
Operating income |  | $ | 69.0 |  |  | $ | 69.8 |  |  | $ | 75.9 |  |  | $ | 108.3 |
Net income |  | $ | 43.9 |  |  | $ | 42.7 |  |  | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | 93.6 |
Fiscal Year 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 522.9 |  |  | $ | 579.1 |  |  | $ | 690.1 |  |  | $ | 758.1 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 54.8 |  |  | $ | 70.0 |  |  | $ | 93.5 |  |  | $ | 119.0 |
Operating income |  | $ | 8.3 |  |  | $ | 22.6 |  |  | $ | 39.3 |  |  | $ | 62.9 |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (6.9) |  |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | $ | 18.6 |  |  | $ | 38.4 |

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(per share amount) |  | First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | Third Quarter |  | Fourth Quarter
Earnings (Loss) per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fiscal Year 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings |  | $ | 0.89 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 1.87 |
Diluted earnings |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 0.85 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 1.85 |
Fiscal Year 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic (loss) earnings |  | $ | (0.14) |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |
Diluted (loss) earnings |  | $ | (0.14) |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.78 |

(shares in millions) |  | First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | Third Quarter |  | Fourth Quarter
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fiscal Year 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 49.2 |  |  | 49.7 |  |  | 49.7 |  |  | 50.0 |
Diluted |  | 49.9 |  |  | 50.2 |  |  | 50.3 |  |  | 50.6 |
Fiscal Year 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 48.7 |  |  | 48.8 |  |  | 48.8 |  |  | 48.9 |
Diluted |  | 48.7 |  |  | 49.0 |  |  | 49.2 |  |  | 49.4 |

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
(a) Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company's management, with the participation of the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer and Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act") as of June 30, 2024. Based on that evaluation, the President and Chief Executive Officer and Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2024, were effective in providing a reasonable level of assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods required under the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, including that information required to be disclosed by us in such reports is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer and Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management's Report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting is included in Item 8. of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption "Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" and is incorporated herein by reference. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm has audited the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as stated in their report which appears in Item 8. of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption "Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" and is incorporated herein by reference.
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(c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
During the three months ended June 30, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act).
The Company has adopted an Insider Trading Policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of the Company’s securities by its directors, officers and employees, that the Company believes is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations and the listing standards of the NYSE applicable to the Company. A copy of the Company's insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 9C. Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required as to the officers is set forth in Part I hereof.
The information required as to directors and the committees of the Board of Directors is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement under the captions "Election of Directors" and "Corporate Governance."
The information concerning compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement under the caption "Corporate Governance."
The information concerning Carpenter's Code of Ethics and certain additional information relating to the Company's Corporate Governance is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement under the caption "Corporate Governance."
The information concerning the Audit/Finance Committee and its financial experts is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement under the caption "Audit/Finance Committee Report."
The information concerning material changes to the procedures by which stockholders may recommend nominees to the Board of Directors is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement under the caption "General Information."
On October 30, 2023, we filed with the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") the Annual CEO Certification regarding our compliance with the NYSE's Corporate Governance listing standards as required by Section 303 A-12(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. In addition, we have filed as exhibits to our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the applicable certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, regarding the quality of Carpenter's public disclosures.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement under the captions "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" and "Executive Compensation."
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement under the captions "Security Ownership of Principal Beneficial Owners" and "Directors, Nominees and Management Stock Ownership."
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Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table shows the securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans as of June 30, 2024:

Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a) |  | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 613,586 |  |  | $ | 41.61 |  |  | 3,591,163 |  |  | (1) |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Total |  | 613,586 |  |  | $ | 41.61 |  |  | 3,591,163 |  |  | (1) |

(1) Includes 3,419,252 shares available for issuance under the Third Amendment to the Carpenter Technology Corporation Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees (which provides for the issuance of stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units) and 171,911 shares available under the Second Amendment to the Stock-Based Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (which provides for issuance of stock options, stock units and performance units).
There were no reportable purchases during the quarter ended June 30, 2024, provided however that 7,571 shares, at an average purchase price of $98.49, were surrendered by employees to the Company for the payment of the minimum tax liability withholding obligations upon the vesting of shares of restricted stock. We do not consider this a share repurchase program.
Item 13. Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement under the captions "Corporate Governance" and "Executive Compensation."
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's fiscal year 2024 definitive Proxy Statement under the caption "Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm."
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) Financial Statement Schedule:
(1) The following consolidated financial statement schedule should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements (see Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data"):
Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is contained in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
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(b) Exhibits
Exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed below. Documents not designated as being incorporated herein by reference are filed herewith. The exhibit numbers correspond to the paragraph numbers designated in Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3(A) |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated October 26, 1998 (Exhibit 3(A) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on September 9, 2005 and incorporated herein by reference).
3(B) |  | By-Laws, amended as of August 11, 2015 (Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 17, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference).
3(C) |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Carpenter Technology Corporation. (as amended and restated through April 18, 2023) (Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference).
4(A) |  | Indenture, dated January 12, 1994, between Carpenter Technology Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust National Association (formerly known as First Trust of New York, National Association, as successor Trustee to Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York) (Exhibit 4(A) to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 10, 1994 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(B) |  | Forms of Fixed Rate and Floating Rate Medium-Term Note, Series B (Exhibit 4(F) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on September 3, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(C) |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated May 22, 2003, between Carpenter Technology Corporation and U.S. Bank Trust National Association (formerly known as First Trust of New York, National Association as successor Trustee to Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York) (Exhibit 4(I) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on September 12, 2003 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(D) |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 30, 2011, between Carpenter Technology Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association (Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(E) |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated February 29, 2012, by and among Carpenter, Watermill-Toolrock Partners, L.P., Watermill-Toolrock Partners II, L.P., Watermill-Toolrock Enterprises, LLC and HHEP-Latrobe, L.P. (Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 1, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(F) |  | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 26, 2013, between Carpenter Technology Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association (Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 26, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(G) |  | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated July 24, 2020, by and between Carpenter Technology Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association (Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 24, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference).
4(H) |  | Form of 6.375% Senior Notes Due 2028 (Exhibit 4.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 24, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference).

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† 10(A) |  | Supplemental Retirement Plan for Executives of Carpenter Technology Corporation (Exhibit 10(A) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 20, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(B) |  | First Amendment to the Supplemental Retirement Plan for Executives of Carpenter Technology Corporation (Exhibit 10(A) to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on October 27, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(C) |  | Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Management Directors of Carpenter Technology Corporation (Exhibit 10(B) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 24, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(D) |  | Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Management Directors of Carpenter Technology Corporation (Exhibit 10(D) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 29, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(E) |  | Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees of Carpenter Technology Corporation (Exhibit 10(D) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 11, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(F) |  | Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees of Carpenter Technology Corporation (Exhibit 10(F) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 29, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(G) |  | Stock-Based Compensation Plan For Non-Employee Directors, as amended (Exhibit 10(E) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 24, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(H) |  | Second Amendment to the Stock-Based Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended (Exhibit 10(H) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 29, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(I) |  | Trust Agreement for Non-Qualified Employee Benefits Trust between Carpenter Technology Corporation and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., effective as of August 15, 2014 (Exhibit 10(G) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 25, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(J) |  | Amended and Restated Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees (Exhibit A to our Definitive Proxy Statement filed on September 16, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(K) |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (pursuant to Carpenter's Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees) (Exhibit 10(A) to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 1, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(L) |  | Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (pursuant to Carpenter's Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees) (Exhibit 10(B) to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 1, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(M) |  | Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (pursuant to Carpenter's Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees) (Exhibit 10(C) to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 1, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference).

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† 10(N) |  | Form of Three-Year Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (pursuant to Carpenter's Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees) (Exhibit 10(D) to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 1, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(O) |  | Benefits Restoration Plan of Carpenter Technology Corporation (Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 2, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(P) |  | First Amendment to the Benefits Restoration Plan of Carpenter Technology Corporation (Exhibit 10(P) to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on October 27, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(Q) |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers (Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(R) |  | Amended and Restated Severance Pay Plan for Executives of Carpenter Technology Corporation (Exhibit 10(S) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 11, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(S) |  | Offer Letter, dated June 1, 2015, by and between Carpenter Technology Corporation and Tony R. Thene (Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(T) |  | Offer Letter, dated August 6, 2018, by and between Carpenter Technology Corporation and Timothy Lain (Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(U) |  | Employment Letter of Agreement, dated August 13, 2010, by and between Carpenter Technology Corporation and James D. Dee (Exhibit 10(F) of Carpenter's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2010 filed November 5, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(V) |  | Offer Letter, dated June 29, 2015, by and between Carpenter Technology Corporation and Brian J. Malloy (Exhibit 10(AA) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 29, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(W) |  | Executive incentive bonus compensation plan of Carpenter Technology Corporation effective July 1, 2021 (Exhibit 10(CC) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 19, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(X) |  | First Amendment to the Executive Incentive Bonus Compensation Plan of Carpenter Technology Corporation effective as of July 1, 2021 (Exhibit 10.B to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on October 28, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(Y) |  | Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated March 16, 2022, by and between Carpenter Technology Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association (Exhibit 4.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 16, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
10(Z) |  | Form of 7.625% Senior Notes due 2030 (Exhibit 4.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 16, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).

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† 10(AA) |  | Amended and Restated Carpenter Technology Corporation Change of Control Severance Plan (Exhibit 10(FF) to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on August 15, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference).
† 10(BB) |  | Second Amendment to the Stock-Based Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees, as amended (Exhibit 10(A) to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on April 27, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference).
10(CC) |  | Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of April 14, 2023 by and among the Company, Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent, swing line lender and letter of credit issuer, and the other lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agent, PNC Bank, National Association and U.S. Bank, National Association, each, as a documentation agent, and BofA Securities Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners (filed herewith).
10(DD) |  | Amended and Restated Security Agreement dated as of April 14, 2023 by and among the Company, the grantors party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent for the secured parties. (Exhibit 10.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 18, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference).
†10(EE) |  | First Amendment to the Stock-Based Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees, as amended (Exhibit A to our Supplemental Proxy Statement filed on September 27, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference).
†10(FF) |  | Second Amendment to the Executive Incentive Bonus Compensation Plan of Carpenter Technology Corporation (filed herewith).
†10(GG) |  | Third Amendment to the Carpenter Technology Corporation Stock-Based Incentive Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees, as amended (filed herewith).
†10(HH) |  | Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation Plan for Officers and Key Employees of Carpenter Technology Corporation (filed herewith).
18 |  | Preferability letter from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP on change in date of annual goodwill impairment testing performed by the Company (Exhibit 18 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed August 15, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference).
19 |  | Carpenter Technology Corporation Insider Trading Policy (filed herewith).
21 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant (filed herewith).
23 |  | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (filed herewith).
24 |  | Powers of Attorney in favor of James D. Dee or Timothy Lain (filed herewith).
31(A) |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by the Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) (filed herewith).
31(B) |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by the Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) (filed herewith).
32 |  | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350 (furnished herewith).

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97 |  | Carpenter Technology Corporation Clawback Policy for Executive Officers (filed herewith).
101 |  | The following financial information from this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) and furnished electronically herewith: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss); (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity; and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (filed herewith).

† Denotes employment- or compensation- related agreement, document or plan.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
| By | /s/ Timothy Lain
|  | Timothy Lain
|  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date: August 13, 2024 |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

/s/ Tony R. Thene |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |  | August 13, 2024
Tony R. Thene |  | and Director |  |
|  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ Timothy Lain |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | August 13, 2024
Timothy Lain |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |  |
/s/ Elizabeth Socci |  | Vice President - Controller, Chief Accounting |  | August 13, 2024
Elizabeth Socci |  | Officer |  |
|  | (Principal Accounting Officer) |  |

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* |  | Chairman and Director |  | August 13, 2024
I. Martin Inglis |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | August 13, 2024
Viola L. Acoff |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | August 13, 2024
A. John Hart |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | August 13, 2024
Steven E. Karol |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | August 13, 2024
Kathleen Ligocki |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | August 13, 2024
Charles McLane, Jr. |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | August 13, 2024
Colleen Pritchett |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | August 13, 2024
Stephen M. Ward, Jr. |  |  |  |
* |  | Director |  | August 13, 2024
Ramin Younessi |  |  |  |

Original Powers of Attorney authorizing James D. Dee or Timothy Lain to sign this Report on behalf of: I. Martin Inglis, Viola L. Acoff, A. John Hart, Steven E. Karol, Kathleen Ligocki, Charles McLane, Jr., Colleen Pritchett, Stephen M. Ward, Jr. and Ramin Younessi are being filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

| *By | /s/ James D. Dee
|  | James D. Dee
|  | Attorney-in-fact

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CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
SCHEDULE II. VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
($ in millions)

Column A |  | Column B |  | Column C Additions |  | Column D |  | Column E
Description |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Charged to Costs & Expenses |  | Charged to Other Accounts |  | Deductions |  | Balance at End of Period
Year Ended June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.0 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  | $ | 13.6 |  |  | $ | (11.2) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.4 |
Year Ended June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable |  | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | (0.4) |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.1 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  | $ | 21.3 |  |  | $ | (7.7) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13.6 |
Year Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | (0.4) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.3 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  | $ | 25.2 |  |  | $ | (3.9) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21.3 |

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