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BIOLOGICAL ASSETS | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2023
BIOLOGICAL ASSETS. |
BIOLOGICAL ASSETS | 13.BIOLOGICAL ASSETS The roll-forward of biological assets is as set forth below:
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
Opening balance |  | 14,632,186 |  | 12,248,732
Additions | ​ | 2,899,032 | ​ | 4,957,380
Depletions | ​ | (1,805,371) | ​ | (3,665,057)
Gain on fair value adjustments | ​ | 1,256,315 | ​ | 1,199,759
Disposals | ​ | (36,278) | ​ | (82,331)
Other write-offs | ​ | (31,764) | ​ | (26,297)
Closing balance | ​ | 16,914,120 | ​ | 14,632,186
​ The calculation of fair value of the biological assets falls under Level 3 in the hierarchy set forth in IFRS 13 — Measurement of Fair Value, due to the complexity and structure of the calculation. The assumptions such as the average annual growth (“IMA”), discount rate, and average gross selling price of eucalyptus, stand out as being the most sensitive, where increases or reductions in these assumptions could generate significant gains or losses in the measurement of fair value. The assumptions used in the measurement of the fair value of biological assets were as follow:
| i) | Average cycle of forest formation between 6 and 7 years;
| ii) | Effective area of forest from the 3rd year of planting;
| iii) | The IMA consists of the estimated volume of production of wood with bark in m3 per hectare, ascertained based on the genetic material used in each region, silvicultural practices and forest management, production potential, climate factors and soil conditions;
| iv) | The estimated average standard cost per hectare includes silvicultural and forest management expenses, applied to each year of formation of the biological cycle of the forests, plus the costs of land lease agreements and the opportunity cost of owning land;
| v) | The average gross selling prices of eucalyptus were based on specialized research on transactions carried out by the Company with independent third parties; and
| vi) | The discount rate used in cash flows is measured based on the capital structure and other economic assumptions of an independent market participant in the sale of standing wood (forests).
The table below discloses the measurement of the premises adopted:
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Planted useful area (hectare) | ​ | 1,105,168 | ​ | 1,097,081
Mature assets | ​ | 181,573 | ​ | 134,752
Immature assets | ​ | 923,595 | ​ | 962,329
Average annual growth (IMA) - m3/hectare /year | ​ | 37.61 | ​ | 37.07
Average gross sale price of eucalyptus - R$/m3 | ​ | 97.34 | ​ | 90.16
Discount rate - % (post-tax) | ​ | 8.8% | ​ | 9.1%
​ The pricing model considers the net cash flows, after the deduction of taxes on profit at the applicable rates. The fair value adjustment justified by the combined variations of the indicators mentioned above resulted in a positive variation of R$1,256,315 recognized in other operating income (expenses), net (Note 30).
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Physical changes | ​ | 432,212 | ​ | (37,088)
Price | ​ | 824,103 | ​ | 1,236,847
​ | ​ | 1,256,315 | ​ | 1,199,759
​ The Company manages the financial and climate risks related to its agricultural activities in a preventive manner. To reduce the risks arising from edaphoclimatic factors, the weather is monitored through meteorological stations and, in the event of pests and diseases, our Department of Forestry Research and Development, an area specialized in physiological and phytosanitary aspects, has procedures to diagnose and act rapidly against possible occurrences and losses. The Company has no biological assets pledged for the six-month period ended June 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022.

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