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Bank Loans | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2017
Receivables [Abstract] |
Bank Loans | NOTE 7 – Bank Loans Our loan portfolio consists primarily of the following segments: Real Estate. Real estate loans include commercial real estate, residential real estate non-conforming loans, residential real estate conforming loans and home equity lines of credit. The allowance methodology related to real estate loans considers several factors, including, but not limited to, loan-to-value ratio, FICO score, home price index, delinquency status, credit limits, and utilization rates. Commercial and industrial (C&I). C&I loans primarily include commercial and industrial lending used for general corporate purposes, working capital and liquidity, and “event-driven." “Event-driven” loans support client merger, acquisition or recapitalization activities. C&I lending is structured as revolving lines of credit, letter of credit facilities, term loans and bridge loans. Risk factors considered in determining the allowance for corporate loans include the borrower’s financial strength, seniority of the loan, collateral type, leverage, volatility of collateral value, debt cushion, and covenants. Securities-based loans. Securities-based loans allow clients to borrow money against the value of qualifying securities for any suitable purpose other than purchasing, trading, or carrying securities or refinancing margin debt. The majority of consumer loans are structured as revolving lines of credit and letter of credit facilities and are primarily offered through Stifel’s Pledged Asset ("SPA") program. The allowance methodology for securities-based lending considers the collateral type underlying the loan, including the liquidity and trading volume of the collateral, position concentration and other borrower specific factors such as personal guarantees. Consumer. Consumer loans allow customers to purchase non-investment goods and services. Construction and land. Short-term loans used to finance the development of a real estate project. The following table presents the balance and associated percentage of each major loan category in our bank loan portfolio at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (in thousands, except percentages):
|  | September 30, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Balance |  |  | Percent |  |  | Balance |  |  | Percent |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 2,517,543 |  |  |  | 36.6 | % |  | $ | 2,161,400 |  |  |  | 38.4 | %
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 2,380,417 |  |  |  | 34.6 |  |  |  | 1,710,399 |  |  |  | 30.3 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | 1,839,981 |  |  |  | 26.7 |  |  |  | 1,614,033 |  |  |  | 28.6 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 78,614 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 78,711 |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Consumer |  |  | 36,149 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 45,391 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 13,072 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 15,008 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Construction and land |  |  | 18,115 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 12,623 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Gross bank loans |  |  | 6,883,891 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 5,637,565 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
Unamortized loan premium/(discount), net |  |  | 655 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 858 |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized loan fees, net of loan fees |  |  | 707 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (49 | ) |  |  |  |
Loans in process |  |  | (39,946 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,021 | ) |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (62,229 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (45,163 | ) |  |  |  |
Bank loans, net |  | $ | 6,783,078 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,591,190 |  |  |  |  |
At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, Stifel Bank had loans outstanding to its executive officers, directors, and their affiliates in the amount of $3.7 million and $3.7 million, respectively, and loans outstanding to other Stifel Financial Corp. executive officers, directors, and their affiliates in the amount of $7.2 million and $5.6 million, respectively. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we had loans held for sale of $166.3 million and $228.6 million, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized gains of $3.2 million and $4.9 million, respectively, from the sale of originated loans, net of fees and costs. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized gains of $9.4 million and $11.7 million, respectively, from the sale of originated loans, net of fees and costs. The following table details activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 (in thousands).
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Provision |  |  | Charge-offs |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Ending Balance |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 40,805 |  |  | $ | 6,312 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 47,152 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | 3,600 |  |  |  | (288 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,312 |
Consumer |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 103 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 5,569 |  |  |  | 1,566 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,135 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 932 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,027 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 283 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 271 |
Construction and land |  |  | 224 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 233 |
Qualitative |  |  | 2,684 |  |  |  | 312 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,996 |
|  | $ | 54,202 |  |  | $ | 7,990 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 62,229 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Provision |  |  | Charge-offs |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Ending Balance |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 35,127 |  |  | $ | 12,239 |  |  | $ | (250 | ) |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 47,152 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | 3,094 |  |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,312 |
Consumer |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 103 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 2,660 |  |  |  | 4,475 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,135 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 1,363 |  |  |  | 2,367 |  |  |  | (2,703 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,027 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 371 |  |  |  | (102 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 271 |
Construction and land |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 233 |
Qualitative |  |  | 2,187 |  |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,996 |
|  | $ | 45,163 |  |  | $ | 19,980 |  |  | $ | (2,953 | ) |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 62,229 |
The following table presents the recorded balances of loans and amount of allowance allocated based upon impairment method by portfolio segment at September 30, 2017 (in thousands):
|  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  |  | Recorded Investment in Loans |
|  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 7,111 |  |  | $ | 7,135 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 2,517,370 |  |  | $ | 2,517,543 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 2,131 |  |  |  | 45,021 |  |  |  | 47,152 |  |  |  | 14,511 |  |  |  | 2,365,906 |  |  |  | 2,380,417 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,312 |  |  |  | 3,312 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,839,981 |  |  |  | 1,839,981 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,027 |  |  |  | 1,027 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78,614 |  |  |  | 78,614 |
Consumer |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 36,146 |  |  |  | 36,149 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 271 |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 12,750 |  |  |  | 13,072 |
Construction and land |  |  | — |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,115 |  |  |  | 18,115 |
Qualitative |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,996 |  |  |  | 2,996 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 2,307 |  |  | $ | 59,922 |  |  | $ | 62,229 |  |  | $ | 15,009 |  |  | $ | 6,868,882 |  |  | $ | 6,883,891 |
The following table details activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 (in thousands).
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 |
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Provision |  |  | Charge-offs |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Ending Balance |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 29,816 |  |  | $ | 2,631 |  |  | $ | (267 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,180 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | 1,731 |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,903 |
Consumer |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 203 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 295 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 1,529 |  |  |  | 346 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,875 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 512 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 504 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 283 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 285 |
Construction and land |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 203 |
Qualitative |  |  | 1,744 |  |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,900 |
|  | $ | 35,866 |  |  | $ | 3,561 |  |  | $ | (283 | ) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 39,145 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 |
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Provision |  |  | Charge-offs |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Ending Balance |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 24,748 |  |  | $ | 7,699 |  |  | $ | (267 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,180 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | 1,607 |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,903 |
Consumer |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 295 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 1,241 |  |  |  | 644 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1,875 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 504 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 285 |
Construction and land |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 203 |
Qualitative |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | 446 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,900 |
|  | $ | 29,787 |  |  | $ | 9,643 |  |  | $ | (296 | ) |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 39,145 |
The following table presents the recorded balances of loans and amount of allowance allocated based upon impairment method by portfolio segment at December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
|  | Allowance for Loan Losses |  |  | Recorded Investment in Loans |
|  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 2,636 |  |  | $ | 2,660 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | 2,161,222 |  |  | $ | 2,161,400 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 2,392 |  |  |  | 32,735 |  |  |  | 35,127 |  |  |  | 16,815 |  |  |  | 1,693,584 |  |  |  | 1,710,399 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,094 |  |  |  | 3,094 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,614,033 |  |  |  | 1,614,033 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 722 |  |  |  | 641 |  |  |  | 1,363 |  |  |  | 9,522 |  |  |  | 69,189 |  |  |  | 78,711 |
Consumer |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 45,385 |  |  |  | 45,391 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 231 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 371 |  |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | 14,595 |  |  |  | 15,008 |
Construction and land |  |  | — |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,623 |  |  |  | 12,623 |
Qualitative |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,187 |  |  |  | 2,187 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 3,375 |  |  | $ | 41,788 |  |  | $ | 45,163 |  |  | $ | 26,934 |  |  | $ | 5,610,631 |  |  | $ | 5,637,565 |
In determining the amount of our allowance, we rely on an analysis of our loan portfolio, our experience and our evaluation of general economic conditions. If our assumptions prove to be incorrect, our current allowance may not be sufficient to cover future loan losses and we may experience significant increases to our provision. There are two components of the allowance for loan losses: the inherent allowance component and the specific allowance component. The inherent allowance component of the allowance for loan losses is used to estimate the probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio and includes non-homogeneous loans that have not been identified as impaired and portfolios of smaller balance homogeneous loans. The Company maintains methodologies by loan product for calculating an allowance for loan losses that estimates the inherent losses in the loan portfolio. Qualitative and environmental factors such as economic and business conditions, nature and volume of the portfolio and lending terms, and volume and severity of past due loans may also be considered in the calculations. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level reasonable to ensure that it can adequately absorb the estimated probable losses inherent in the portfolio. The specific allowance component of the allowance for loan losses is used to estimate probable losses for non-homogeneous exposures, including loans modified in a Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”), which have been specifically identified for impairment analysis by the Company and determined to be impaired. At September 30, 2017, we had $15.0 million of impaired loans, net of discounts, which included $8.9 million in troubled debt restructurings, for which there was a specific allowance of $2.3 million. At December 31, 2016, we had $26.9 million of impaired loans, net of discounts, which included $9.7 million in troubled debt restructurings, for which there was a specific allowance of $3.4 million. The gross interest income related to impaired loans, which would have been recorded, had these loans been current in accordance with their original terms, and the interest income recognized on these loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, were insignificant to the consolidated financial statements. The tables below present loans that were individually evaluated for impairment by portfolio segment at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, including the average recorded investment balance for the year to date period presented (in thousands):
|  | September 30, 2017 |
|  | Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment with No Allowance |  |  | Recorded Investment with Allowance |  |  | Total Recorded Investment |  |  | Related Allowance |  |  | Average Recorded Investment |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 14,511 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,511 |  |  | $ | 14,511 |  |  | $ | 2,131 |  |  | $ | 16,057 |
Consumer |  |  | 677 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 6 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 175 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 323 |
Total |  | $ | 15,683 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,009 |  |  | $ | 15,009 |  |  | $ | 2,307 |  |  | $ | 16,561 |
|  | December 31, 2016 |
|  | Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance |  |  | Recorded Investment with No Allowance |  |  | Recorded Investment with Allowance |  |  | Total Recorded Investment |  |  | Related Allowance |  |  | Average Recorded Investment |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 16,815 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,815 |  |  | $ | 16,815 |  |  | $ | 2,392 |  |  | $ | 22,559 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 10,503 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,522 |  |  |  | 9,522 |  |  |  | 722 |  |  |  | 9,080 |
Consumer |  |  | 833 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 9 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | 231 |  |  |  | 413 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 181 |
Total |  | $ | 28,742 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,934 |  |  | $ | 26,934 |  |  | $ | 3,375 |  |  | $ | 32,242 |
The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 by portfolio segment (in thousands):
|  | As of September 30, 2017 |
|  | 30 – 89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90 or More Days Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Current Balance |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 5,471 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,471 |  |  | $ | 2,512,072 |  |  | $ | 2,517,543 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,380,417 |  |  |  | 2,380,417 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,839,981 |  |  |  | 1,839,981 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78,614 |  |  |  | 78,614 |
Consumer |  |  | 314 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | 35,833 |  |  |  | 36,149 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,072 |  |  |  | 13,072 |
Construction and land |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,115 |  |  |  | 18,115 |
Total |  | $ | 5,785 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 5,787 |  |  | $ | 6,878,104 |  |  | $ | 6,883,891 |
|  | As of September 30, 2017 * |
|  | Non-Accrual |  |  | Restructured (1) |  |  | Total |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 5,749 |  |  | $ | 8,762 |  |  | $ | 14,511 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 322 |
Residential real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 173 |
Consumer |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |
Total |  | $ | 6,074 |  |  | $ | 8,935 |  |  | $ | 15,009 |
(1) | On non-accrual status.
* | There were no loans past due 90 days and still accruing interest at September 30, 2017.
|  | As of December 31, 2016 |
|  | 30 – 89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90 or More Days Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Current Balance |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 1,923 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,923 |  |  | $ | 2,159,477 |  |  | $ | 2,161,400 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,710,399 |  |  |  | 1,710,399 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,614,033 |  |  |  | 1,614,033 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 9,522 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,522 |  |  |  | 69,189 |  |  |  | 78,711 |
Consumer |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 45,389 |  |  |  | 45,391 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 274 |  |  |  | 14,734 |  |  |  | 15,008 |
Construction and land |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,623 |  |  |  | 12,623 |
Total |  | $ | 11,523 |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 11,721 |  |  | $ | 5,625,844 |  |  | $ | 5,637,565 |
|  | As of December 31, 2016* |
|  | Non-Accrual |  |  | Restructured |  |  | Total |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 16,815 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,815 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,522 |  |  |  | 9,522 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 413 |
Residential real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 178 |
Consumer |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |
Total |  | $ | 17,234 |  |  | $ | 9,700 |  |  | $ | 26,934 |
* | There were no loans past due 90 days and still accruing interest at December 31, 2016.
Credit quality indicators Loans meet the definition of Pass when they are performing and do not demonstrate adverse characteristics that are likely to result in a credit loss. A loan is determined to be impaired when principal or interest becomes 90 days past due or when collection becomes uncertain. At the time a loan is determined to be impaired, the accrual of interest and amortization of deferred loan origination fees is discontinued (“non-accrual status”), and any accrued and unpaid interest income is reversed. We closely monitor economic conditions and loan performance trends to manage and evaluate our exposure to credit risk. Trends in delinquency ratios are an indicator, among other considerations, of credit risk within our loan portfolio. The level of nonperforming assets represents another indicator of the potential for future credit losses. Accordingly, key metrics we track and use in evaluating the credit quality of our loan portfolio include delinquency and nonperforming asset rates, as well as charge-off rates and our internal risk ratings of the loan portfolio. In general, we are a secured lender. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, 96.8% and 97.9% of our loan portfolio was collateralized, respectively. Collateral is required in accordance with the normal credit evaluation process based upon the creditworthiness of the customer and the credit risk associated with the particular transaction. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings: Pass. A credit exposure rated pass has a continued expectation of timely repayment, all obligations of the borrower are current, and the obligor complies with material terms and conditions of the lending agreement. Special Mention. Extensions of credit that have potential weakness that deserve management’s close attention, and if left uncorrected may, at some future date, result in the deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position. Substandard. Obligor has a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes the repayment of the debt and has a high probability of payment default with the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if noted deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful. Inherent weakness in the exposure makes the collection or repayment in full, based on existing facts, conditions and circumstances, highly improbable, and the amount of loss is uncertain. Doubtful loans are considered impaired. Substandard loans are regularly reviewed for impairment. When a loan is impaired the impairment is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, or as a practical expedient, the observable market price of the loan or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of our loan portfolio was as follows: (in thousands):
|  | As of September 30, 2017 |
|  | Pass |  |  | Special Mention |  |  | Substandard |  |  | Doubtful |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 2,516,586 |  |  | $ | 784 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,517,543 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 2,338,246 |  |  |  | 26,548 |  |  |  | 15,623 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,380,417 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | 1,839,981 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,839,981 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 78,614 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78,614 |
Consumer |  |  | 36,144 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 36,149 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 12,750 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,072 |
Construction and land |  |  | 18,115 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,115 |
Total |  | $ | 6,840,436 |  |  | $ | 27,332 |  |  | $ | 16,123 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,883,891 |
|  | As of December 31, 2016 |
|  | Pass |  |  | Special Mention |  |  | Substandard |  |  | Doubtful |  |  | Total |
Residential real estate |  | $ | 2,161,223 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,161,400 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 1,652,211 |  |  |  | 27,905 |  |  |  | 30,283 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,710,399 |
Securities-based loans |  |  | 1,614,033 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,614,033 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 69,189 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,522 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78,711 |
Consumer |  |  | 45,385 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 45,391 |
Home equity lines of credit |  |  | 14,595 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,008 |
Construction and land |  |  | 12,623 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,623 |
Total |  | $ | 5,569,259 |  |  | $ | 27,905 |  |  | $ | 40,401 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,637,565 |

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