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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Level 1 (Notes) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Service Corporation International (SCI) and all subsidiaries in which we hold a controlling financial interest. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Our consolidated financial statements also include the accounts of the merchandise and service trusts and cemetery perpetual care trusts in which we have a variable interest and are the primary beneficiary. We have retained the specialized industry accounting principles when consolidating the trusts. Our trusts are variable interest entities, for which we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary as we absorb a majority of the losses and returns associated with these trusts. Although we consolidate the trusts, it does not change the legal relationships among the trusts, us, or our customers. The customers are the legal beneficiaries of these trusts; therefore, their interests in these trusts represent a liability to us. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period financial statement presentation with no effect on our consolidated net income or cash flows. As a result, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, $19.5 million and $15.6 million, respectively, of expenses were reclassified from Costs of revenue to Corporate general and administrative expenses. This reclassification results from strategic changes in how we operate certain centralized functions. Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. As a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The components of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were as follows:
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
| (In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 191,938 |  |  | $ | 268,626 |
Restricted cash(1): |  |  |
Included in Other current assets | 10,379 |  |  | 7,847 |
Included in Deferred charges and other assets | 2,207 |  |  | 2,082 |
Total restricted cash | 12,586 |  |  | 9,929 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 204,524 |  |  | $ | 278,555 |
(1) Restricted cash in both periods primarily consists of proceeds from divestitures deposited into escrow accounts under IRS code section 1031 and collateralized obligations under certain insurance policies. Receivables, Net The components of Receivables, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheet were as follows:
| December 31, 2022
| Atneed Funeral |  | Atneed Cemetery |  | Miscellaneous |  | Current Portion of Notes |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Receivables | $ | 44,417 |  |  | $ | 19,781 |  |  | $ | 38,483 |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 102,867 |
Reserve for credit losses | (3,627) |  |  | (2,076) |  |  | (344) |  |  | (139) |  |  | (6,186) |
Receivables, net | $ | 40,790 |  |  | $ | 17,705 |  |  | $ | 38,139 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 96,681 |
| December 31, 2021
| Atneed Funeral |  | Atneed Cemetery |  | Miscellaneous |  | Current Portion of Notes |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Receivables | $ | 49,011 |  |  | $ | 27,461 |  |  | $ | 35,650 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 112,389 |
Reserve for credit losses | (3,597) |  |  | (2,231) |  |  | (344) |  |  | (166) |  |  | (6,338) |
Receivables, net | $ | 45,414 |  |  | $ | 25,230 |  |  | $ | 35,306 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 106,051 |
Additionally, included in Deferred charges and other assets, net were notes receivable, net and long-term miscellaneous receivables, net as follows:
| December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| (In thousands)
Notes receivable | $ | 9,367 |  |  | $ | 8,684 |
Reserve for credit losses | (2,546) |  |  | (3,424) |
Notes receivable, net | $ | 6,821 |  |  | $ | 5,260 |
Long-term miscellaneous receivables | $ | 7,993 |  |  | $ | 8,146 |
Reserve for credit losses | (1,056) |  |  | (1,153) |
Long-term miscellaneous receivables, net | $ | 6,937 |  |  | $ | 6,993 |
Our atneed trade receivables primarily consist of amounts due for funeral and cemetery services already performed. We provide reserves for credit losses for our receivables. These reserves are based on an analysis of historical trends of collection activity adjusted for current conditions and forecasts. These estimates are impacted by a number of factors, including changes in the economy and demographic or competitive changes in our areas of operation. Cemetery preneed receivables are collateralized by cemetery property to the extent of the fair value of the property. Payment on atneed contracts is generally due at the time the merchandise is delivered or the services are performed. We also have preneed receivables, as disclosed in Note 3, for which payment generally occurs prior to our fulfillment of the performance obligations. Our preneed contracts may also have extended payment terms with associated financing charges. We do not accrue interest on preneed receivables if they are not paid in accordance with the contractual payment terms given the nature of our merchandise and services, the nature of our contracts with customers, and the timing of the delivery of our services. Generally, receivables are considered past due after thirty days. We do not consider preneed funeral receivables to be past due until the contract converts into an atneed contract at which time the preneed receivable is paid or reclassified as a trade receivable with payment terms of less than thirty days. Collections are generally managed by the locations or third party agencies acting on behalf of the locations, until a receivable is one hundred eighty days delinquent, at which time trade receivables are fully reserved. The following table summarizes the activity in our reserve for credit losses by portfolio segment, excluding preneed receivables which are presented in Note 3, for the year ended December 31, 2022:
| December 31, 2021 |  | Provision for Expected Credit Losses |  | Acquisitions (Divestitures), net |  | Write Offs |  | Recoveries |  | Effect of Foreign Currency |  | December 31, 2022
| (In thousands)
Trade receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Funeral | $ | (3,597) |  |  | $ | (5,698) |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | 7,544 |  |  | $ | (2,190) |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | (3,627) |
Cemetery | (2,231) |  |  | (881) |  |  | (4) |  |  | 1,244 |  |  | (208) |  |  | 4 |  |  | (2,076) |
Total reserve for credit losses on trade receivables | $ | (5,828) |  |  | $ | (6,579) |  |  | $ | (16) |  |  | $ | 8,788 |  |  | $ | (2,398) |  |  | $ | 330 |  |  | $ | (5,703) |
Miscellaneous receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | (344) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (344) |
Long-term | (1,153) |  |  | 97 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,056) |
Total reserve for credit losses on miscellaneous receivables | $ | (1,497) |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,400) |
Notes receivable | $ | (3,590) |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 877 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2,685) |
At December 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis of our miscellaneous and notes receivables by year of origination was as follows:
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Line of Credit |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Miscellaneous receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 37,190 |  |  | $ | 671 |  |  | $ | 301 |  |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38,483 |
Long-term | 3,472 |  |  | 2,395 |  |  | 959 |  |  | 1,063 |  |  | 101 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,993 |
Total miscellaneous receivables | $ | 40,662 |  |  | $ | 3,066 |  |  | $ | 1,260 |  |  | $ | 1,311 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46,476 |
Notes receivable | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,673 |  |  | $ | 4,854 |  |  | $ | 9,553 |
At December 31, 2022, the payment status of our miscellaneous and notes receivables was as follows:
| Past Due |  |  |  |
| <30 Days |  | 30-90 Days |  | 90-180 Days |  | >180 Days |  | Total |  | Current |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Miscellaneous receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 38,245 |  |  | $ | 38,483 |
Long-term | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,993 |  |  | 7,993 |
Total miscellaneous receivables | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 46,238 |  |  | $ | 46,476 |
Notes receivable | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  | $ | 8,437 |  |  | $ | 9,553 |
Inventories and Cemetery Property Funeral and cemetery merchandise are stated at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. Cemetery property is recorded at cost. Inventory costs and cemetery property are relieved using specific identification in fulfillment of performance obligations on our contracts. Cemetery property amortization was $94.1 million, $98.2 million, and $80.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense, whereas renewals and major replacements that extend the useful lives of the assets are capitalized. Depreciation is recognized ratably over the estimated useful lives of the various classes of assets. Buildings and improvements are depreciated over a period ranging from ten years to forty years, equipment is depreciated over a period from three years to twelve years, and leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or twelve years. Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $175.3 million, $159.3 million, and $155.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. When property or equipment is sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheet and the resulting gains and losses are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations in the period of sale or disposal. Leases We have operating and finance leases. Our operating leases primarily include funeral service real estate and office equipment for funeral service locations, cemetery locations, and administrative offices. Our finance leases primarily include transportation equipment but also include real estate and office equipment. Lease terms related to real estate generally range from one year to forty years with options to renew at varying terms. Lease terms related to office and transportation equipment generally range from one year to eight years with options to renew at varying terms. We determine whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception of the arrangement based on the unique facts and circumstances present. Right-of-use (ROU) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as ROU assets and lease liabilities. We have elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of one year or less. Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. For transportation equipment, we use the rate implicit in each lease to calculate the present value. For real estate and non-transportation equipment leases, the interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. Therefore, we use the appropriate collateralized incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments for real estate and non-transportation equipment leases. Certain adjustments to the ROU asset may be required for items such as initial direct costs paid or incentives received. For a lessee, the discount rate for the lease is defined as the rate implicit in the lease unless that rate cannot be readily determined. In that case, the lessee is required to use its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term with an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. We use the rate implicit in each lease for vehicles and other transportation equipment, which represents 61% of our total lease liability as of December 31, 2022 and which are substantially all finance leases. For leases of real estate and non-transportation equipment, which are primarily operating leases, we use our incremental borrowing rate since the rate implicit in these leases cannot be readily determined. To calculate the incremental borrowing rate, we utilize the yield-to-worst of our publicly traded debt securities, adjusted for the appropriate duration on a secured basis. As an accounting policy election, we include reasonably certain renewal periods when determining the rate to use as the incremental borrowing rate for each lease. We calculate operating lease expense ratably over the lease term. We consider reasonably assured renewal options and fixed escalation provisions in our calculation. Generally, our leases do not include options to terminate the lease prior to the contractual lease expiration date, but future renewal periods are generally cancelable. The majority of our contractually available renewal periods for leases of buildings and land are considered reasonably certain of being exercised. This determination is made by our real estate team based on facts and circumstances surrounding each property. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. The majority of our lease arrangements contain options to (i) purchase the property at fair value on the exercise date, (ii) purchase the property for a value determined at the inception of the lease, or (iii) renew the lease for the fair rental value at the end of the primary lease term. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are generally limited by the expected lease term. Certain of our lease agreements include variable rental payments based on a percentage of sales over base contractual levels and others include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We generally do not have sublease arrangements, sale-leaseback arrangements, or leveraged leases. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For leases commencing before January 1, 2019, we have elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components on certain equipment leases, such as copiers where the cost-per-copy maintenance charges are included in the lease charge. On these leases, we have elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single component. For leases commencing on or after January 1, 2019, we account for the maintenance charges (non-lease components) separately from the lease components. For more information related to leases, see Note 8. Goodwill The excess of purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations is recorded as goodwill. Goodwill is tested annually during the fourth quarter for impairment by assessing the fair value of each of our reporting units. Our goodwill impairment test involves estimates and management judgment. In order to perform our goodwill impairment test, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. We determine fair value of each reporting unit using both a market and income approach. The income approach, which is a discounted cash flow method, uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows. We do not record an impairment of goodwill in instances where the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of a reporting unit, an impairment is recognized in an amount equal to the excess, up to the amount of goodwill in the reporting unit. F or our most recent annual impairment test performed in the fourth quarter, we used a 6.25% discount rate, revenue growth rates ranging from (3.5)% to 6.0% over a seven-year period, plus a terminal value determined using the constant growth method in projecting our future cash flows. Our terminal value was calculated using a long-term revenue growth rate of 1.0% and 2.8% for our funeral and cemetery reporting units, respectively. Additionally, we used a ratio of expenses to revenue ranging from 70.0% to 80.0% and growth rates for other assumptions in our model ranging from (3.5)% to 6.0%. Fair value was calculated as the sum of the projected discounted cash flows of our reporting units over the next seven years plus terminal value at the end of those seven years. In addition to our annual review, we assess the impairment of goodwill whenever certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be greater than fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results and significant negative industry or economic trends. For more information related to goodwill, see Note 4. Other Intangible Assets Our intangible assets include covenants-not-to-compete, customer relationships, trademarks and tradenames, and other intangible assets primarily resulting from acquisitions. Certain of our trademark and tradenames and other intangible assets are considered to have an indefinite life and are not subject to amortization. We test for impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets annually during the fourth quarter. Our intangible asset impairment tests involve estimates and management judgment. For trademarks and tradenames, our test uses the relief from royalty method whereby we determine the fair value of the assets by discounting the cash flows that represent a savings over having to pay a royalty fee for use of the trademarks and tradenames. The discounted cash flow valuation uses projections of future cash flows and includes assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions that may differ from actual future cash flows. For our most recent annual impairment test performed in the fourth quarter, we estimated that the pre-tax savings would range from 2.0% to 5.0% (4.2% weighted average using carrying value) of the revenue associated with the trademarks and tradenames, based primarily on our research of intellectual property valuation and licensing databases. We also assumed a terminal growth rate of 1.0% and 2.8% for our funeral and cemetery segments (1.7% weighted average using carrying value), respectively, and discounted the cash flows at a 6.45% discount rate based on the relative risk of these assets to our overall business. In addition to our annual review, we assess the impairment of intangible assets whenever certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be greater than the fair value. Factors that could trigger an interim impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results and significant negative industry or economic trends. Certain of our intangible assets associated with prior acquisitions are relieved using specific identification in fulfillment of performance obligations on our contracts with customers. We amortize all other finite-lived intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range from five years to eighty-nine years. For more information related to intangible assets, see Note 4. Fair Value Measurements We measure the securities held by our funeral merchandise and service, cemetery merchandise and service, and cemetery perpetual care trusts at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We utilize a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows: •Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities held by the trusts are classified as Level 1 investments. •Where quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, fair values are estimated by using either quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or an income approach fair value model with observable inputs that include a combination of interest rates, yield curves, credit risks, prepayment speeds, ratings, and tax-exempt status. These securities are classified as Level 2 investments. •The valuation of other investments requires management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity, and the long-term nature of such assets. These securities are classified as Level 3 investments. Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Fixed income commingled funds, money market funds, and private equity investments are measured at net asset value. Fixed income commingled funds and money market funds are redeemable for net asset value with two weeks' notice and immediately, respectively. Our private equity investments include several funds that invest in limited partnerships, distressed debt, real estate, and mezzanine financing. These investments can never be redeemed by the funds. Instead, due to the nature of the investments in this category, distributions are received through the liquidation of the underlying assets of the funds. Valuation policies and procedures are determined by our Trust Services department, which reports to our Chief Financial Officer. Additionally, valuations are reviewed quarterly by the Investment Committee of the Board of Directors. Treasury Stock We make treasury stock purchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions and normal trading restrictions. We account for the repurchase of our common stock under the par value method. We canceled 11.9 million, 9.8 million, and 11.9 million shares of our common stock held in our treasury in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. These retired treasury shares were changed to authorized but unissued status. Foreign Currency Translation All assets and liabilities of Canadian subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect as of the end of the reporting period. Revenue and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates for the reporting period. The resulting translation adjustments are included as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Statement of Equity and Consolidated Balance Sheet. The functional currency of SCI and its subsidiaries is the respective local currency. The transactional currency gains and losses that arise from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our operations are recorded in Other income, net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. We do not have any investments in foreign operations considered to be in highly inflationary economies. Funeral and Cemetery Operations Revenue is recognized when control of the merchandise or services is transferred to the customer. Our performance obligations include the delivery of funeral and cemetery merchandise and services and cemetery property interment rights. Control transfers when merchandise is delivered or services are performed. For cemetery property interment rights, control transfers to the customer when the property is developed and the interment right has been sold and can no longer be marketed or sold to another customer. Sales taxes collected are recognized on a net basis in our consolidated financial statements. On our atneed contracts, we generally deliver the merchandise and perform the services at the time of need. Personalized marker merchandise and marker installation services sold on atneed contracts are recognized when control is transferred to the customer, generally when the marker is delivered and installed in the cemetery. We also sell price-guaranteed preneed contracts through various programs providing for future merchandise and services at prices prevailing when the agreements are signed. Revenue associated with sales of preneed contracts is deferred until control of the merchandise or the services is transferred to the customer, which is upon delivery of the merchandise or as services are performed, generally at the time of need. On certain preneed contracts, we sell memorialization merchandise, which consists of urns and urn-related products, that we deliver to the customer at the time of sale. Revenue is recognized at the time of delivery when control of the memorialization merchandise is transferred. For personalized marker merchandise sold on a preneed contract, we will: •purchase the merchandise from vendors, •personalize such merchandise in accordance with the customer's specific written instructions, •either store the merchandise at a third-party bonded storage facility or install the merchandise, based on the customer's instructions, and •transfer title to the customer. We recognize revenue and record the cost of sales when control is transferred for the merchandise, which occurs upon delivery to the third-party storage facility or installation of the merchandise at the cemetery. There is no general right of return for delivered items. We also sell travel protection as an agent of a third party. Travel protection is a service that provides shipment of remains to the servicing funeral home or cemetery of choice if the purchaser passes away outside of a certain radius of their residence, without any additional expense to the family. We do not provide these travel protection services, and we are not primarily obligated to provide such services under these arrangements. Therefore, we record revenues, net of amounts due to the third-party, at the time of sale. Total consideration received for price-guaranteed preneed and for atneed contracts with customers represents the stated amount of the contract excluding any amounts collected on behalf of third parties, such as sales taxes. Additionally, pursuant to state or provincial law, all or a portion of the proceeds from merchandise or services sold on a preneed basis may be required to be deposited into trust funds. Earnings on these trust funds, which are specifically identifiable for each performance obligation, are also included in total consideration. The total consideration received for contracts with customers is allocated to each performance obligation based on relative selling price. Relative selling prices are determined by either the amount we sell the performance obligation for on a stand-alone basis or our best estimate of the amount we would sell it for based on an adjusted market assessment approach that is consistent with our historical pricing practices. Payment on atneed contracts is generally due at the time the merchandise is delivered or the services are performed. For preneed contracts, payment generally occurs prior to our fulfillment of the performance obligations. Our preneed contracts may also have extended payment terms with associated financing charges. We do not accrue interest on preneed receivables if they are not paid in accordance with the contractual payment terms given the nature of our merchandise and services, the nature of our contracts with customers, and the timing of the delivery of our services. We do not consider preneed receivables to be past due until the merchandise or services are required to be delivered at which time the preneed receivable is paid or reclassified as a trade receivable with payment terms of less than thirty days. For unfulfilled performance obligations on cancelable preneed contracts, our Consolidated Balance Sheet reflects the net contract liability, which represents the amount we have collected from customers, in Deferred revenue, net. Pursuant to state or provincial law, all or a portion of the proceeds from merchandise or services sold on a preneed basis may be required to be deposited into trust funds. When we receive payments from the customer, we deposit the amount required by law into the merchandise and service trusts and reclassify the corresponding amount from Deferred revenue, net into Deferred receipts held in trust. Amounts are withdrawn from the merchandise and service trusts when we fulfill the performance obligations. Fixed income securities held by these trust funds are classified as trading securities. Earnings on these trust funds, which are specifically identifiable for each performance obligation, are also included in total consideration. We defer these investment earnings related to the merchandise and service trusts until the associated merchandise is delivered or services are performed. Fees charged by our wholly-owned registered investment advisor are also included in revenue in the period in which they are earned. If a preneed contract is canceled prior to delivery, state or provincial law determines the amount of the refund owed to the customer, if any, including the amount of the attributed investment earnings. Upon cancellation, we receive the amount of principal deposited to the trust and previously undistributed net investment earnings and, where required, issue a refund to the customer. In addition, we are entitled to retain, in certain jurisdictions, a portion of collected customer payments when a customer cancels a preneed contract. We recognize these retained funds, if any, and the attributed investment earnings (net of any investment earnings payable to the customer) as revenue in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. In certain jurisdictions, we may be obligated to fund any shortfall if the amount refundable to the customer exceeds the funds in trust. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of cemetery property interment rights is required by state or provincial law to be paid into perpetual care trust funds by us to maintain the cemetery. This portion of the proceeds is not recognized as revenue. Fixed income securities held by these trust funds are classified as trading securities. Investment earnings from these trusts are distributed to us regularly and recognized in current cemetery revenue. These distributions are intended to defray cemetery maintenance costs incurred by us for our cemetery properties, which are expensed as incurred. The principal of such perpetual care trust funds generally cannot be withdrawn; however, in lieu of the distribution of realized income, certain states allow a total return distribution, which may contain elements of income, capital appreciation, and principal. Costs related to delivery or performance of merchandise and services are charged to expense when merchandise is delivered or services are performed. Costs related to property interment rights include the property and construction costs specifically identified by each project. Property and construction costs are charged to expense when the revenue is recognized by specific identification in the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Incremental direct selling costs are deferred until fulfillment of the performance obligations. These deferred costs are classified as long-term on our Consolidated Balance Sheet because we do not control the timing of the delivery of the merchandise or performance of the services as they are generally provided at the time of need. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized $263.9 million, $259.9 million, and $199.6 million, respectively, of incremental selling costs. All other selling costs are expensed as incurred. The components of Cost of revenue in our Consolidated Statement of Operations are: •Cost of property and merchandise, which includes cemetery property amortization, the direct cost of merchandise, labor-related costs for merchandise handling and delivery, cemetery maintenance expenses and depreciation, and selling costs; •Cost of services, which includes the direct cost of providing the services (including labor-related costs), cemetery maintenance expenses and depreciation, vehicle operating costs and depreciation, and selling costs; and •Overhead and other expenses, which includes labor-related costs, facility expenses and depreciation, and other general and administrative expenses incurred in our funeral and cemetery operations. Corporate general and administrative expenses include labor-related costs, corporate asset depreciation and amortization, public company costs, and other general and administrative expenses incurred by our corporate functions. Insurance-Funded Preneed Contracts Where permitted by state or provincial law, we may sell a life insurance or annuity policy from third-party insurance companies, for which we earn a commission as general sales agent for the insurance company. These general agency commissions (GA revenue) are based on a percentage per contract sold and are recognized as funeral revenue when the insurance purchase transaction between the preneed purchaser and third-party insurance provider is completed. All selling costs incurred pursuant to the sale of insurance-funded preneed contracts are expensed as incurred. GA revenue recognized in 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $164.3 million, $157.4 million, and $124.5 million, respectively. We do not reflect the unfulfilled insurance-funded preneed contract amounts in our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The policy amount of the insurance contract between the customer and the third-party insurance company generally equals the amount of the preneed contract. The policyholder has made a revocable commitment to assign the proceeds from the policy to us at the time of need. The proceeds of the life insurance policies or annuity contracts will be reflected in funeral revenue as we perform these funerals. Income Taxes We compute income taxes using the liability method. Our ability to realize the benefit of our deferred tax assets requires us to achieve certain future earnings levels. We have established a valuation allowance against a portion of our deferred tax assets. We could be required to further adjust that valuation allowance in the near term if market conditions change materially and future earnings are, or are projected to be, significantly different than our current estimates. An increase in the valuation allowance would result in additional income tax expense in such period. All deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowances are classified as non-current on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act was enacted into U.S. law. We do not currently expect that the Inflation Reduction Act will have a material impact on our income taxes. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Business Combinations In October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") amended guidance to require that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606. Generally, this new guidance will result in the Company recognizing contract assets and contract liabilities consistent with those reported by the acquiree immediately before the acquisition date. We have adopted the new guidance and will apply it to customer contracts acquired in business combinations, if any, after January 1, 2022. The adoption had no impact on our consolidated results of operations, consolidated financial position, and cash flows. Financial Instruments In March 2022, the FASB amended guidance to require public companies to disclose the vintage year of receivable write-offs during the reporting period. This new disclosure is required for us beginning with our Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and we will add the additional disclosures if write-offs during the period are material. The amended guidance is not expected to have any impact on our consolidated results of operations, consolidated financial position, and cash flows. Fair Value Measurements In June 2022, the FASB amended guidance to clarify that the fair value of investments in equity instruments with contractual sale restrictions should not be discounted as a result of the contractual restrictions. Additionally, the new guidance mandated disclosure of the fair value of any such securities, a description of the nature and duration of the restrictions, and circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restrictions. The new guidance is effective for us beginning with valuations that occur after January 1, 2024 and is not expected to have any impact on our consolidated results of operations, consolidated financial position, and cash flows.

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