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Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Principles of Consolidation | A) Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our majority-owned subsidiaries and partnerships controlled by us or our subsidiaries as the managing general partner. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Revenue Recognition | B) Revenue Recognition: On January 1, 2018, we adopted, using the modified retrospective approach, ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” and “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)”, respectively, which provides guidance for revenue recognition. The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The most significant change from the adoption of the new standard relates to our estimation for the allowance for doubtful accounts. Under the previous standards, our estimate for amounts not expected to be collected based upon our historical experience, were reflected as provision for doubtful accounts, included within net revenue. Under the new standard, our estimate for amounts not expected to be collected based on historical experience will continue to be recognized as a reduction to net revenue, however, not reflected separately as provision for doubtful accounts. Under the new standard, subsequent changes in estimate of collectability due to a change in the financial status of a payer, for example a bankruptcy, will be recognized as bad debt expense in operating charges. The adoption of this ASU in 2018, and amounts recognized as bad debt expense and included in other operating expenses, did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 10-Revenue Recognition, for additional disclosure related to our revenues including a disaggregation of our consolidated net revenues by major source for each of the periods presented herein. We report net patient service revenue at the estimated net realizable amounts from patients and third-party payers and others for services rendered. We have agreements with third-party payers that provide for payments to us at amounts different from our established rates. Payment arrangements include prospectively determined rates per discharge, reimbursed costs, discounted charges and per diem payments. Estimates of contractual allowances, which represent explicit price concessions under ASC 606, under managed care plans are based upon the payment terms specified in the related contractual agreements. We closely monitor our historical collection rates, as well as changes in applicable laws, rules and regulations and contract terms, to assure that provisions are made using the most accurate information available. However, due to the complexities involved in these estimations, actual payments from payers may be different from the amounts we estimate and record.. We estimate our Medicare and Medicaid revenues using the latest available financial information, patient utilization data, government provided data and in accordance with applicable Medicare and Medicaid payment rules and regulations. The laws and regulations governing the Medicare and Medicaid programs are extremely complex and subject to interpretation and as a result, there is at least a reasonable possibility that recorded estimates will change by material amounts in the near term. Certain types of payments by the Medicare program and state Medicaid programs (e.g. Medicare Disproportionate Share Hospital, Medicare Allowable Bad Debts and Inpatient Psychiatric Services) are subject to retroactive adjustment in future periods as a result of administrative review and audit and our estimates may vary from the final settlements. Such amounts are included in accounts receivable, net, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funding of both federal Medicare and state Medicaid programs are subject to legislative and regulatory changes. As such, we cannot provide any assurance that future legislation and regulations, if enacted, will not have a material impact on our future Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. Adjustments related to the final settlement of these retrospectively determined amounts did not materially impact our results in 2018, 2017 or 2016. If it were to occur, each 1% adjustment to our estimated net Medicare revenues that are subject to retrospective review and settlement as of December 31, 2018, would change our after-tax net income by approximately $1 million.
Charity Care, Uninsured Discounts and Other Adjustments to Revenue | C) Charity Care, Uninsured Discounts and Other Adjustments to Revenue: Collection of receivables from third-party payers and patients is our primary source of cash and is critical to our operating performance. Our primary collection risks relate to uninsured patients and the portion of the bill which is the patient’s responsibility, primarily co-payments and deductibles. We estimate our revenue adjustments for implicit price concessions based on general factors such as payer mix, the agings of the receivables and historical collection experience, consistent with our estimates for provision for doubtful accounts under ASC 605. We routinely review accounts receivable balances in conjunction with these factors and other economic conditions which might ultimately affect the collectability of the patient accounts and make adjustments to our allowances as warranted. At our acute care hospitals, third party liability accounts are pursued until all payment and adjustments are posted to the patient account. For those accounts with a patient balance after third party liability is finalized or accounts for uninsured patients, the patient receives statements and collection letters. Under ASC 605, our hospitals established a partial reserve for self-pay accounts in the allowance for doubtful accounts for both unbilled balances and those that have been billed and were under 90 days old. All self-pay accounts were fully reserved at 90 days from the date of discharge. Third party liability accounts were fully reserved in the allowance for doubtful accounts when the balance aged past 180 days from the date of discharge. Patients that express an inability to pay were reviewed for potential sources of financial assistance including our charity care policy. If the patient was deemed unwilling to pay, the account was written-off as bad debt and transferred to an outside collection agency for additional collection effort. Under ASC 606, while similar processes and methodologies are considered, these revenue adjustments are considered at the time the services are provided in determination of the transaction price. Historically, a significant portion of the patients treated throughout our portfolio of acute care hospitals are uninsured patients which, in part, has resulted from patients who are employed but do not have health insurance or who have policies with relatively high deductibles. Patients treated at our hospitals for non-elective services, who have gross income less than 400% of the federal poverty guidelines, are deemed eligible for charity care. The federal poverty guidelines are established by the federal government and are based on income and family size. Because we do not pursue collection of amounts that qualify as charity care, the transaction price is fully adjusted and there is no impact in our net revenues or in our accounts receivable, net. A portion of the accounts receivable at our acute care facilities are comprised of Medicaid accounts that are pending approval from third-party payers but we also have smaller amounts due from other miscellaneous payers such as county indigent programs in certain states. Our patient registration process includes an interview of the patient or the patient’s responsible party at the time of registration. At that time, an insurance eligibility determination is made and an insurance plan code is assigned. There are various pre-established insurance profiles in our patient accounting system which determine the expected insurance reimbursement for each patient based on the insurance plan code assigned and the services rendered. Certain patients may be classified as Medicaid pending at registration based upon a screening evaluation if we are unable to definitively determine if they are currently Medicaid eligible. When a patient is registered as Medicaid eligible or Medicaid pending, our patient accounting system records net revenues for services provided to that patient based upon the established Medicaid reimbursement rates, subject to the ultimate disposition of the patient’s Medicaid eligibility. When the patient’s ultimate eligibility is determined, reclassifications may occur which impacts net revenues in future periods. Although the patient’s ultimate eligibility determination may result in adjustments to net revenues, these adjustments do not have a material impact on our results of operations in 2018, 2017 or 2016 since our facilities make estimates at each financial reporting period to adjust revenue based on historical collections. Under ASC 605, these estimates were reported in the provision for doubtful accounts. We also provide discounts to uninsured patients (included in “uninsured discounts” amounts below) who do not qualify for Medicaid or charity care. Because we do not pursue collection of amounts classified as uninsured discounts, the transaction price is fully adjusted and there is no impact in our net revenues or in our net accounts receivable. In implementing the discount policy, we first attempt to qualify uninsured patients for governmental programs, charity care or any other discount program. If an uninsured patient does not qualify for these programs, the uninsured discount is applied. Uncompensated care (charity care and uninsured discounts): The following table shows the amounts recorded at our acute care hospitals for charity care and uninsured discounts, based on charges at established rates, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
|  | (dollar amounts in thousands) |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
Charity care |  | $ | 761,783 |  |  |  | 40 | % |  | $ | 887,136 |  |  |  | 50 | % |  | $ | 733,585 |  |  |  | 50 | %
Uninsured discounts |  |  | 1,132,811 |  |  |  | 60 | % |  |  | 881,265 |  |  |  | 50 | % |  |  | 720,205 |  |  |  | 50 | %
Total uncompensated care |  | $ | 1,894,594 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,768,401 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,453,790 |  |  |  | 100 | %
The estimated cost of providing uncompensated care: The estimated cost of providing uncompensated care, as reflected below, were based on a calculation which multiplied the percentage of operating expenses for our acute care hospitals to gross charges for those hospitals by the above-mentioned total uncompensated care amounts. The percentage of cost to gross charges is calculated based on the total operating expenses for our acute care facilities divided by gross patient service revenue for those facilities. An increase in the level of uninsured patients to our facilities and the resulting adverse trends in the adjustments to net revenues and uncompensated care provided could have a material unfavorable impact on our future operating results.
|  | (amounts in thousands) |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Estimated cost of providing charity care |  | $ | 94,088 |  |  | $ | 120,208 |  |  | $ | 107,887 |
Estimated cost of providing uninsured discounts related care |  |  | 139,913 |  |  |  | 119,412 |  |  |  | 105,920 |
Estimated cost of providing uncompensated care |  | $ | 234,001 |  |  | $ | 239,620 |  |  | $ | 213,807 |
Our accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 include amounts due from Illinois of approximately $32 million and $25 million, respectively. Collection of the outstanding receivables continues to be delayed due to state budgetary and funding pressures. Approximately $18 million as of December 31, 2018 and $8 million as of December 31, 2017, of the receivables due from Illinois were outstanding in excess of 60 days, as of each respective date. Although the accounts receivable due from Illinois could remain outstanding for the foreseeable future, since we expect to eventually collect all amounts due to us, no related reserves have been established in our consolidated financial statements. However, we can provide no assurance that we will eventually collect all amounts due to us from Illinois. Failure to ultimately collect all outstanding amounts due to us from Illinois would have an adverse impact on our future consolidated results of operations and cash flows.
Concentration of Revenues | D) Concentration of Revenues: Our six acute care hospitals in the Las Vegas, Nevada market contributed, on a combined basis, 15% in 2018, 15% in 2017 and 14% in 2016 of our consolidated net revenues.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | E) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash: We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows are presented separately on our consolidated balance sheets as follow:
|  | (amounts in thousands) |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 105,220 |  |  | $ | 74,423 |  |  | $ | 33,747 |
Restricted cash (a) |  |  | 94,465 |  |  |  | 92,874 |  |  |  | 88,203 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 199,685 |  |  | $ | 167,297 |  |  | $ | 121,950 |
(a)Restricted cash is included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and consists of statutorily required capital reserves related to our commercial insurance subsidiary. The fair value of our restricted cash was computed based upon quotes received from financial institutions. We consider these to be “level 1” in the fair value hierarchy as outlined in the authoritative guidance for disclosures in connection with financial securities. |
Property and Equipment | F) Property and Equipment: Property and equipment are stated at cost. Expenditures for renewals and improvements are charged to the property accounts. Replacements, maintenance and repairs which do not improve or extend the life of the respective asset are expensed as incurred. We remove the cost and the related accumulated depreciation from the accounts for assets sold or retired and the resulting gains or losses are included in the results of operations. Construction-in-progress includes both construction projects and equipment not yet placed into service. While in progress, we capitalized interest on major construction projects and the development and implementation of information technology applications amounting to $2.3 million during 2018, $1.0 million during 2017 and $1.9 million during 2016. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of buildings and improvements (twenty to forty years) and equipment (three to fifteen years). Depreciation expense was $410.0 million during 2018, $388.4 million during 2017 and $350.8 million during 2016.
Long-Lived Assets | G) Long-Lived Assets: We review our long-lived assets, including intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. The assessment of possible impairment is based on our ability to recover the carrying value of our asset based on our estimate of its undiscounted future cash flow. If the analysis indicates that the carrying value is not recoverable from future cash flows, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value and an impairment loss is recognized. Fair values are determined based on estimated future cash flows using appropriate discount rates.
Goodwill | H) Goodwill: Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or sooner if the indicators of impairment arise. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on market conditions and operational performance of each reporting unit. We have designated October 1st as our annual impairment assessment date and performed quantitative impairment assessments as of October 1, 2018 which indicated no impairment of goodwill. There were also no goodwill impairments during 2017 or 2016. Future changes in the estimates used to conduct the impairment reviews, including profitability and market value projections, could indicate impairment in future periods potentially resulting in a write-off of a portion or all of our goodwill. Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the two years ended December 31, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):
|  | Acute Care Services |  |  | Behavioral Health Services |  |  | Total Consolidated |
Balance, January 1, 2017 |  | $ | 440,294 |  |  | $ | 3,343,812 |  |  | $ | 3,784,106 |
Goodwill acquired during the period |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 80 |
Adjustments to goodwill (a) |  |  | 1,137 |  |  |  | 39,834 |  |  |  | 40,971 |
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  |  | 441,511 |  |  |  | 3,383,646 |  |  |  | 3,825,157 |
Goodwill acquired during the period |  |  | 917 |  |  |  | 44,173 |  |  |  | 45,090 |
Goodwill divested during the period |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (2,135 | ) |  |  | (2,135 | )
Adjustments to goodwill (a) |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | (23,518 | ) |  |  | (23,484 | )
Balance, December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 442,462 |  |  | $ | 3,402,166 |  |  | $ | 3,844,628 |
(a) | The increase/(decrease) in the Behavioral Health Services’ goodwill consists primarily of foreign currency translation adjustments.
Other Assets and Intangible Assets | I) Other Assets and Intangible Assets: Other assets consist primarily of amounts related to: (i) intangible assets acquired in connection with our acquisitions of Cambian Group, PLC’s adult services’ division, Foundations Recovery Network, L.L.C. (“Foundations”) during 2015, Ascend Health Corporation during 2012 and Psychiatric Solutions, Inc. during 2010; (ii) prepaid fees for various software and other applications used by our hospitals; (iii) costs incurred in connection with the purchase and implementation of an electronic health records application for each of our acute care facilities; (iv) statutorily required capital reserves related to our commercial insurance subsidiary ($112 million as of December 31, 2018); (v) deposits; (vi) investments in various businesses, including Universal Health Realty Income Trust ($8 million as of December 31, 2018) and Premier, Inc. ($56 million as of December 31, 2018); (vii) the invested assets related to a deferred compensation plan that is held by an independent trustee in a rabbi-trust and that has a related payable included in other noncurrent liabilities; (viii) the estimated future payments related to physician-related contractual commitments, as discussed below, and; (ix) other miscellaneous assets. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment on an annual basis or sooner if the indicators of impairment arise. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on market conditions and operational performance of each asset. We have designated October 1st as our annual impairment assessment date and performed impairment assessments as of October 1, 2018 which indicated an impairment to the Foundations tradename intangible asset, as discussed below. There were no impairments during 2017 or 2016. During 2018, we recorded a pre-tax $49 million provision for asset impairment to reduce the carrying value of a tradename intangible asset to approximately $75 million from approximately $124 million as previously recorded in connection with our 2015 acquisition of Foundations. The intangible asset impairment charge, which is included in other operating expenses in our 2018 consolidated statements of income, was recorded after evaluation of the estimated fair value of the Foundations’ tradename for its existing facilities, consisting of 4 inpatient and 12 outpatient facilities as of December 31, 2018, as well as estimated planned de novos. This asset impairment charge was impacted by the following: (i) the lost future revenue and cash flows resulting from the permanent closure of a Foundations’ inpatient facility located in Malibu, California that was severely damaged in the California wildfires during the fourth quarter of 2018; (ii) reduction in growth rates of projected future patient volumes, revenues and operating cash flows based upon pressures on reimbursement rates experienced from certain payers and competitive pressures experienced in certain markets, and; (iii) revisions made to the number and timing of planned de novo facilities. The following table shows the amounts recorded as net intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:
|  | (amounts in millions) |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Foundations tradename |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 124 |
Medicare licenses |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 57 |
Certificates of need |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 12 |
|  | 20 |  |  |  | 27 |
Net Intangible Assets |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 220 |
Physician Guarantees and Commitments | J) Physician Guarantees and Commitments: Our accrued liabilities-other, and our other assets included approximately $2 million of estimated future payments related to physician-related contractual commitments as of each of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Substantially all of the $2 million of potential future financial obligations outstanding as of December 31, 2018 are potential 2019 obligations.
Self-Insured/Other Insurance Risks | K) Self-Insured/Other Insurance Risks: We provide for self-insured risks, primarily general and professional liability claims and workers’ compensation claims. Our estimated liability for self-insured professional and general liability claims is based on a number of factors including, among other things, the number of asserted claims and reported incidents, estimates of losses for these claims based on recent and historical settlement amounts, estimate of incurred but not reported claims based on historical experience, and estimates of amounts recoverable under our commercial insurance policies. All relevant information, including our own historical experience is used in estimating the expected amount of claims. While we continuously monitor these factors, our ultimate liability for professional and general liability claims could change materially from our current estimates due to inherent uncertainties involved in making this estimate. Our estimated self-insured reserves are reviewed and changed, if necessary, at each reporting date and changes are recognized currently as additional expense or as a reduction of expense. See Note 8 - Commitments and Contingencies for discussion of adjustments to our prior year reserves for claims related to our self-insured general and professional liability and workers’ compensation liability. In addition, we also: (i) own commercial health insurers headquartered in Nevada and Puerto Rico, and; (ii) maintain self-insured employee benefits programs for employee healthcare and dental claims. The ultimate costs related to these programs/operations include expenses for claims incurred and paid in addition to an accrual for the estimated expenses incurred in connection with claims incurred but not yet reported. Given our significant insurance-related exposure, there can be no assurance that a sharp increase in the number and/or severity of claims asserted against us will not have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations.
Income Taxes | L) Income Taxes: Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the amount of taxes payable or deductible in future years as a result of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements. We believe that future income will enable us to realize our deferred tax assets net of recorded valuation allowances relating to state net operating loss carry-forwards. We operate in multiple jurisdictions with varying tax laws. We are subject to audits by any of these taxing authorities. Our tax returns have been examined by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) through the year ended December 31, 2006. We believe that adequate accruals have been provided for federal, foreign and state taxes. See Note 6 - Income Taxes, for additional disclosure.
Other Noncurrent Liabilities | M) Other Noncurrent Liabilities: Other noncurrent liabilities include the long-term portion of our professional and general liability, workers’ compensation reserves, pension and deferred compensation liabilities, and liabilities incurred in connection with split-dollar life insurance agreements on the lives of our chief executive officer and his wife.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Noncontrolling Interest | N) Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Noncontrolling Interest: As of December 31, 2018, outside owners held noncontrolling, minority ownership interests of: (i) 20% in an acute care facility located in Washington, D.C.; (ii) approximately 11% in an acute care facility located in Texas; (iii) 20% and 30% in two behavioral health care facilities located in Pennsylvania and Ohio, respectively; (iv) approximately 5% in an acute care facility located in Nevada and; (v) approximately 20% in a newly constructed behavioral health care facility located in Spokane, Washington which was completed and opened in October, 2018. The noncontrolling interest and redeemable noncontrolling interest balances of $77 million and $4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018, consist primarily of the third-party ownership interests in these hospitals. In May, 2016, we purchased the minority ownership interests held by a third-party in our six acute care hospitals located in Las Vegas, Nevada, for an aggregate cash payment of $445 million which included both the purchase price ($418 million) and the return of reserve capital ($27 million). The ownership interests purchased ranged from 26.1% to 27.5%. In connection with the two behavioral health care facilities located in Pennsylvania and Ohio, the minority ownership interests of which are reflected as redeemable noncontrolling interests on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, the outside owners have “put options” to put their entire ownership interest to us at any time. If exercised, the put option requires us to purchase the minority member’s interest at fair market value.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | O) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income: The accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) component of stockholders’ equity includes: net unrealized gains and losses on effective cash flow hedges, foreign currency translation adjustments and the net minimum pension liability of a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan which covers employees at one of our subsidiaries. See Note 11 - Pension Plan for additional disclosure regarding the defined benefit pension plan. The amounts recognized in AOCI for the two years ended December 31, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):
|  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Effective Cash Flow Hedges |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment |  |  | Unrealized loss on marketable security |  |  | Minimum Pension Liability |  |  | Total AOCI |
Balance, January 1, 2017, net of income tax |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (14,197 | ) |  | $ | (1,398 | ) |  | $ | (9,841 | ) |  | $ | (25,417 | )
2017 activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pretax amount |  |  | 6,679 |  |  |  | 26,678 |  |  |  | (2,169 | ) |  |  | 4,070 |  |  |  | 35,258 |
Income tax effect |  |  | (2,490 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | (983 | ) |  |  | (2,664 | )
Change, net of income tax |  |  | 4,189 |  |  |  | 26,678 |  |  |  | (1,360 | ) |  |  | 3,087 |  |  |  | 32,594 |
Balance, January 1, 2018, net of income tax |  |  | 4,208 |  |  |  | 12,481 |  |  |  | (2,758 | ) |  |  | (6,754 | ) |  |  | 7,177 |
2018 activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pretax amount |  |  | (2,805 | ) |  |  | 9,718 |  |  |  | 4,398 |  |  |  | (6,892 | ) |  |  | 4,419 |
Income tax effect, net of adoption of ASU 2018-02 |  |  | 1,577 |  |  |  | (6,824 | ) |  |  | (1,640 | ) |  |  | (467 | ) |  |  | (7,354 | )
Change, net of income tax |  |  | (1,228 | ) |  |  | 2,894 |  |  |  | 2,758 |  |  |  | (7,359 | ) |  |  | (2,935 | )
Balance, December 31, 2018, net of income tax |  | $ | 2,980 |  |  | $ | 15,375 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (14,113 | ) |  | $ | 4,242 |
Accounting for Derivative Financial Investments and Hedging Activities and Foreign Currency Forward Exchange Contracts | P) Accounting for Derivative Financial Investments and Hedging Activities and Foreign Currency Forward Exchange Contracts: We manage our ratio of fixed to floating rate debt with the objective of achieving a mix that management believes is appropriate. To manage this risk in a cost-effective manner, we, from time to time, enter into interest rate swap agreements in which we agree to exchange various combinations of fixed and/or variable interest rates based on agreed upon notional amounts. We account for our derivative and hedging activities using the Financial Accounting Standard Board’s (“FASB”) guidance which requires all derivative instruments, including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts, to be carried at fair value on the balance sheet. For derivative transactions designated as hedges, we formally document all relationships between the hedging instrument and the related hedged item, as well as its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking each hedge transaction. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Cash flow hedges are accounted for by recording the fair value of the derivative instrument on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability, with a corresponding amount recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) within stockholders’ equity. Amounts are reclassified from AOCI to the income statement in the period or periods the hedged transaction affects earnings. We use interest rate derivatives in our cash flow hedge transactions. Such derivatives are designed to be highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows related to the hedged liability. For derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges, the ineffective portion of the change in expected cash flows of the hedged item are recognized currently in the income statement. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Fair value hedges are accounted for by recording the changes in the fair value of both the derivative instrument and the hedged item in the income statement. For hedge transactions that do not qualify for the short-cut method, at the hedge’s inception and on a regular basis thereafter, a formal assessment is performed to determine whether changes in the fair values or cash flows of the derivative instruments have been highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged items and whether they are expected to be highly effective in the future. We use forward exchange contracts to hedge our net investment in foreign operations against movements in exchange rates. The effective portion of the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts is recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within accumulated other comprehensive income and remains there until either the sale or liquidation of the subsidiary. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Stock-Based Compensation | Q) Stock-Based Compensation: At December 31, 2018, we have a number of stock-based employee compensation plans. Pursuant to the FASB’s guidance, we expense the grant-date fair value of stock options and other equity-based compensation pursuant to the straight-line method over the stated vesting period of the award using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The expense associated with share-based compensation arrangements is a non-cash charge. In the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, share-based compensation expense is an adjustment to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities.
Earnings Per Share | R) Earnings per Share: Basic earnings per share are based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share are based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year adjusted to give effect to common stock equivalents. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share, for the periods indicated:
|  | Twelve Months Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Basic and diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income |  | $ | 797,883 |  |  | $ | 771,312 |  |  | $ | 747,171 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | (18,178 | ) |  |  | (19,009 | ) |  |  | (44,762 | )
Less: Net income attributable to unvested restricted share grants |  |  | (1,091 | ) |  |  | (362 | ) |  |  | (314 | )
Net income attributable to UHS—basic and diluted |  | $ | 778,614 |  |  | $ | 751,941 |  |  | $ | 702,095 |
Basic earnings per share attributable to UHS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of common shares—basic |  |  | 93,276 |  |  |  | 95,652 |  |  |  | 97,208 |
Total basic earnings per share |  | $ | 8.35 |  |  | $ | 7.86 |  |  | $ | 7.22 |
Diluted earnings per share attributable to UHS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of common shares |  |  | 93,276 |  |  |  | 95,652 |  |  |  | 97,208 |
Net effect of dilutive stock options and grants based on the treasury stock method |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | 673 |  |  |  | 1,172 |
Weighted average number of common shares and equivalents—diluted |  |  | 93,750 |  |  |  | 96,325 |  |  |  | 98,380 |
Total diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 8.31 |  |  | $ | 7.81 |  |  | $ | 7.14 |
The “Net effect of dilutive stock options and grants based on the treasury stock method”, for all years presented above, excludes certain outstanding stock options applicable to each year since the effect would have been anti-dilutive. The excluded weighted-average stock options totaled approximately 7.9 million during 2018, 6.2 million during 2017 and 2.2 million during 2016.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | S) Fair Value of Financial Instruments: The fair values of our debt and investments are based on quoted market prices. The fair values of other long-term debt, including capital lease obligations, are estimated by discounting cash flows using period-end interest rates and market conditions for instruments with similar maturities and credit quality. The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and short-term borrowings approximates their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Accordingly, these items have been excluded from the fair value disclosures included elsewhere in these notes to consolidated financial statements.
Use of Estimates | T) Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Mergers and Acquisitions | U) Mergers and Acquisitions: The acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at the date of acquisition at their respective fair values with limited exceptions. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Any excess of the purchase price (consideration transferred) over the estimated fair values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs and costs to restructure the acquired company are expensed as incurred. The fair value of intangible assets, including Medicare licenses, certificates of need, tradenames and certain contracts, is based on significant judgments made by our management, and accordingly, for significant items we typically obtain assistance from third party valuation specialists.
GPO Agreement/Minority Ownership Interest | V) GPO Agreement/Minority Ownership Interest: During 2013, we entered into a new group purchasing organization agreement (“GPO”) with Premier, Inc. (“Premier), a healthcare performance improvement alliance, and acquired a minority interest in the GPO for a nominal amount. During the fourth quarter of 2013, in connection with the completion of an initial public offering of the stock of Premier, we received cash proceeds for the sale of a portion of our ownership interest in the GPO, which were recorded as deferred income, on a pro rata basis, as a reduction to our supplies expense over the initial expected life of the GPO agreement. Also in connection with this GPO agreement, we received shares of restricted stock in Premier which vest ratably over a seven-year period (2014 through 2020), contingent upon our continued participation and minority ownership interest in the GPO. We recognize the fair value of this restricted stock, as a reduction to our supplies expense, in our consolidated statements of income, on a pro rata basis, over the vesting period. We have elected to retain a portion of the previously vested shares of Premier, the value of which is included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheet. Based upon the closing price of Premier’s stock on each respective date, the market value of our shares of Premier on which the restrictions have lapsed was $56 million and $33 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The $23 million increase in market value at December 31, 2018, as compared to December 31, 2017, consists of $17 million of additional vested shares and $6 million of increased market value. In connection with our 2018 adoption of ASU 2016-01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities”, since our vested shares of Premier are held for investment and classified as available for sale, the $6 million increase in market value of these shares since December 31,2017 was recorded as an unrealized gain and included in “Other (income) expense, net” on our consolidated statements of income for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2018. Prior to 2018, changes in the market value of our vested Premier stock were recorded to other comprehensive income/loss on our consolidated balance sheet.
Provider Taxes | W) Provider Taxes: We incur health-care related taxes (“Provider Taxes”) imposed by states in the form of a licensing fee, assessment or other mandatory payment which are related to: (i) healthcare items or services; (ii) the provision of, or the authority to provide, the health care items or services, or; (iii) the payment for the health care items or services. Such Provider Taxes are subject to various federal regulations that limit the scope and amount of the taxes that can be levied by states in order to secure federal matching funds as part of their respective state Medicaid programs. We derive a related Medicaid reimbursement benefit from assessed Provider Taxes in the form of Medicaid claims based payment increases and/or lump sum Medicaid supplemental payments. Under these programs, including the impact of the Texas Uncompensated Care and Upper Payment Limit program, the Texas Delivery System Reform Incentive program, and various other state programs, we earned revenues (before Provider Taxes) of approximately $387 million during 2018, $357 million during 2017 and $327 million during 2016. These revenues were offset by Provider Taxes of approximately $179 million during 2018, $171 million during 2017, $166 million during 2016, which are recorded in other operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income as included herein. The aggregate net benefit from these programs was $208 million during 2018, $186 million during 2017 and $161 million during 2016. The aggregate net benefit pursuant to these programs is earned from multiple states and therefore no particular state’s portion is individually material to our consolidated financial statements. In addition, under various disproportionate share hospital payment programs and the Nevada state plan amendment program, we earned revenues of $64 million in 2018, $55 million in 2017 and $53 million in 2016.
Recent Accounting Standards | X) Recent Accounting Standards: On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which adds or clarifies guidance of the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows, and ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which requires an entity to show the changes in total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. We adopted these ASUs by applying a retrospective transition method, which requires a restatement of our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for all periods presented. In February, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“Update 2016-02”), which requires an entity to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and to disclose key qualitative and quantitative information about the entity’s leasing arrangements. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, “Leases (Topic 842) - Targeted Improvements (“ASU 2018-11”), which provides an additional transition method allowing entities to initially apply the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. This update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. While we continue to evaluate other practical expedients available under the guidance, we expect to elect the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within ASU 2016-02 to not reassess prior conclusions related to contracts containing leases, lease classification and initial direct costs and, therefore, do not anticipate a material impact on our consolidated statements of income. While we are continuing to assess the effects of adoption, we currently believe the most significant changes relate to the recognition of significant right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet as a result of our operating lease obligations, as well as the impact of new disclosure requirements. Operating lease expense will still be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining life of the lease within lease and rental expense in the consolidated statements of income. We plan to adopt ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 and anticipate using the optional transition method in ASU 2018-11. Under this method, we would not adjust our comparative period financial statements for the effects of the new standard or make the new required lease disclosures for periods prior to the effective date. In January, 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment” (“ASU 2017-04”), which removes the requirement to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. ASU 2017-04 is effective for the annual and interim periods beginning January 1, 2020 with early adoption permitted, and applied prospectively. We do not expect ASU 2017-04 to have a material impact on our financial statements. In August, 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities", which amends the accounting and presentation of certain hedging activities outlined in ASC 815 and is intended to more accurately present economic results of hedging activities. This update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. The adoption is required prospectively with a cumulative-effect adjustment. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on our financial statements. In February, 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income”, which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. We early adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2018, which required a cumulative-effect reclass from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. From time to time, new accounting guidance is issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that is adopted by the Company as of the effective date or, in some cases where early adoption is permitted, in advance of the effective date. The Company has assessed the recently issued guidance that is not yet effective and, unless otherwise indicated above, believes the new guidance will not have a material impact on our results of operations, cash flows or financial position.
Foreign Currency Translation | Y) Foreign Currency Translation: Assets and liabilities of our U.K. subsidiaries are denominated in pound sterling and translated into U.S. dollars at: (i) the rates of exchange at the balance sheet date, and; (ii) average rates of exchange prevailing during the year for revenues and expenses. The currency translation adjustments are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. See Note 3 - Financial Instruments, Foreign Currency Forward Exchange Contracts for additional disclosure.
Supplies | Z) Supplies: Supplies, which consist primarily of medical supplies, are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out basis) or market.

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