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STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Equity [Abstract] |
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Stock-Based Compensation Our stock-based compensation generally includes stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance share units (PSUs) and purchases under our employee stock purchase plan. Shares issued relating to our stock-based plans are generally issued out of treasury stock. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 20 million authorized shares are available for future awards under our stock-based compensation plans. Stock Compensation Expense Stock compensation expense was $133 million, $153 million and $146 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The related tax benefit recognized was $14 million in 2023, $34 million in 2022 and $36 million in 2021. Included in the benefit in 2023 was tax expense for stock-based compensation shortfalls of $11 million. Included in the benefit in 2022 and 2021 were realized excess tax benefits for stock-based compensation of, $5 million and $13 million, respectively. Approximately 70% of stock compensation expense is classified in SG&A expenses, with the remainder classified in cost of sales and R&D expenses. Costs capitalized in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were not material. Stock compensation expense is based on awards expected to vest, and therefore has been reduced by estimated forfeitures. Stock Options Stock options are granted to employees and non-employee directors with exercise prices equal to 100% of the market value on the date of grant. Stock options granted to employees generally vest in one-third increments over a three-year period. Stock options granted to non-employee directors generally vest immediately on the grant date and are issued with a six-month claw-back provision. Stock options typically have a contractual term of 10 years. The grant-date fair value, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the substantive vesting period. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes model. The weighted-average assumptions used in estimating the fair value of stock options granted during each year, along with the weighted-average grant-date fair values, were as follows:
years ended December 31 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Expected volatility | 27 | % | 24 | % | 24 | %
Expected life (in years) | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.5
Risk-free interest rate | 4.2 | % | 1.8 | % | 0.8 | %
Dividend yield | 3.0 | % | 1.3 | % | 1.3 | %
Fair value per stock option | $ | 9 |  | $ | 18 |  | $ | 16 |
The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2023.
(options and aggregate intrinsic values in thousands) | Options | Weighted- average exercise price | Weighted- average remaining contractual term (in years) | Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023 | 19,641 |  | $ | 63.51 |  |  |
Granted | 4,361 |  | $ | 39.03 |  |  |
Exercised | (1,204) |  | $ | 38.13 |  |  |
Forfeited | (1,232) |  | $ | 57.33 |  |  |
Expired | (2,099) |  | $ | 69.36 |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 | 19,467 |  | $ | 59.35 |  | 5.29 | $ | 3,688 |
Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2023 | 18,994 |  | $ | 59.69 |  | 5.20 | $ | 3,635 |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023 | 13,987 |  | $ | 61.93 |  | 4.02 | $ | 3,458 |
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the difference between the exercise price and our closing stock price on the last trading day of the year. The total intrinsic value of options exercised in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $5 million, $38 million and $78 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, $35 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years. RSUs RSUs are granted to employees and non-employee directors. RSUs granted to employees generally vest in one-third increments over a three-year period. RSUs granted to non-employee directors generally vest immediately on the grant date and are issued with a six-month claw-back provision. The grant-date fair value, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the substantive vesting period. The fair value of RSUs is determined based on the number of shares granted and the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant. The following table summarizes nonvested RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023.
(share units in thousands) | Share units | Weighted- average grant-date fair value
Nonvested RSUs as of January 1, 2023 | 1,912 |  | $ | 79.51 |
Granted | 3,443 |  | $ | 39.21 |
Vested | (752) |  | $ | 76.02 |
Forfeited | (597) |  | $ | 51.13 |
Nonvested RSUs as of December 31, 2023 | 4,006 |  | $ | 49.77 |
As of December 31, 2023, $121 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.9 years. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $39.21, $81.53 and $79.30, respectively. The fair value of RSUs vested in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $30 million, $76 million and $47 million, respectively. PSUs Our annual equity awards stock compensation program for senior management includes the issuance of PSUs. PSUs awarded after 2019 were based on our compound annual sales growth rate (CAGR) performance, our adjusted return on invested capital (ROIC) performance and on our stock performance relative to our peer group. PSUs awarded between 2018 and 2019 were based on adjusted operating margin as well as stock performance relative to our peer group. The vesting condition for CAGR and ROIC PSUs is set at the beginning of the 3-year service period while the vesting condition for adjusted operating margin is set at the beginning of each year for each tranche of the award during the 3-year service period. Compensation cost for the CAGR, adjusted ROIC and adjusted operating margin PSUs is measured based on the fair value of the awards on the date that the specific vesting terms for each award are established and the fair value of the awards is determined based on the quoted price of our stock on the grant date of the award. The compensation cost for CAGR, adjusted ROIC and adjusted operating margin PSUs is adjusted at each reporting date to reflect the estimated vesting outcome. The fair value for PSUs based on our stock performance relative to our peer group is determined using a Monte Carlo model. The assumptions used in estimating the fair value of these PSUs granted during the period, along with the grant-date fair values, were as follows:
years ended December 31 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Baxter volatility | 27 | % | 27 | % | 28 | %
Peer group volatility | 23%-54% | 24%-54% | 26%-81%
Correlation of returns | 0.23-0.48 | 0.21-0.61 | 0.05-0.65
Risk-free interest rate | 4.6 | % | 1.6 | % | 0.3 | %
Fair value per PSU | $ | 30 |  | $ | 102 |  | $ | 86 |
The following table summarizes nonvested PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023.
(share units in thousands) | Share units | Weighted- average grant-date fair value
Nonvested PSUs as of January 1, 2023 | 698 |  | $ | 85.00 |
Granted | 451 |  | $ | 29.57 |
Vested | (80) |  | $ | 76.25 |
Forfeited | (340) |  | $ | 73.52 |
Nonvested PSUs as of December 31, 2023 | 729 |  | $ | 57.03 |
Unrecognized compensation cost related to all unvested PSUs of $17 million at December 31, 2023 is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years. Employee Stock Purchase Plan Nearly all employees are eligible to participate in our employee stock purchase plan. The employee purchase price is 85% of the closing market price on the purchase date. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 9 million shares of common stock were available for issuance to eligible participants. During 2023, 2022, and 2021, we issued approximately 1.4 million, 0.9 million and 0.7 million shares, respectively, under the employee stock purchase plan. Cash Dividends Total cash dividends declared per share for 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $1.16, $1.15 and $1.085, respectively. A quarterly dividend of $0.29 per share ($1.16 on an annualized basis) was declared in February, May and July of 2023 and was paid in April, July and October of 2023, respectively. Our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.29 per share in November of 2023, which was paid in January of 2024. Stock Repurchase Programs As authorized by the Board of Directors, we repurchase our stock depending on our cash flows, net debt level and market conditions. In July 2012, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program and the related authorization was subsequently increased a number of times. We did not repurchase any shares under this authority in 2023. We repurchased 0.5 million shares under this authority pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 plan for $32 million in cash in 2022 and 7.3 million shares under this authority pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 plans for $600 million in cash in 2021. We had $1.30 billion of purchase authority available as of December 31, 2023. Other In addition to common stock, our authorized capital structure includes 100 million shares of preferred stock, no par value. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no shares of preferred stock were outstanding.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for shareholders' equity and share-based payment arrangement. Includes, but is not limited to, disclosure of policy and terms of share-based payment arrangement, deferred compensation arrangement, and employee stock purchase plan (ESPP). + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 505 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//505/tableOfContent Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 718 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//718/tableOfContent + Details
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