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Revenues | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2018
Revenues. |
Revenues | 2. Revenues Automotive and commercial truck dealerships represent the majority of our revenues. New and used vehicle revenues typically include sales to retail customers, to fleet customers, and to leasing companies providing consumer leasing. We generate finance and insurance revenues from sales of third-party extended service contracts, sales of third-party insurance policies, commissions relating to the sale of finance and lease contracts to third parties, and the sales of certain other products. Service and parts revenues include fees paid by customers for repair, maintenance and collision services, and the sale of replacement parts and other aftermarket accessories, as well as warranty repairs that are reimbursed directly by various OEMs. Revenues are recognized upon satisfaction of our performance obligations under contracts with our customers and are measured at the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. A discussion of revenue recognition by reportable segment is included below. Retail Automotive and Retail Commercial Truck Dealership Revenue Recognition Dealership Vehicle Sales. We record revenue for vehicle sales at a point in time when vehicles are delivered, which is when the transfer of title, risks and rewards of ownership and control are considered passed to the customer. The amount of consideration we receive for vehicle sales is stated within the executed contract with our customer and is reduced by any noncash consideration representing the fair value of trade-in vehicles, if applicable. Payment is typically due and collected within 30 days subsequent to transfer of control of the vehicle. Dealership Parts and Service Sales. We record revenue for vehicle service and collision work over time as work is completed, and when parts are delivered to our customers. For service and parts revenues recorded over time, we utilize a method that considers total costs incurred to date and the applicable margin in relation to total expected efforts to complete our performance obligation in order to determine the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize over time. Recognition of this revenue over time reflects the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to for the transfer of goods and services performed to date, representative of the amount for which we have a right to payment. The amount of consideration we receive for parts and service sales, including collision repair work, is based upon labor hours expended and parts utilized to perform and complete the necessary services to our customers. Payment is typically due upon delivery or within a period of time shortly thereafter. We receive payment from our customers upon transfer of control or within a period typically less than 30 days subsequent to the completion of services for the customer. We allow for customer returns of parts sales up to 30 days after the sale; however, parts returns are not material. Dealership Finance and Insurance Sales. Subsequent to the sale of a vehicle to a customer, we sell installment sale contracts to various financial institutions on a non‑recourse basis (with specified exceptions) to mitigate the risk of default. We receive a commission from the lender equal to either the difference between the interest rate charged to the customer and the interest rate set by the financing institution or a flat fee. We also receive commissions for facilitating the sale of various products to customers, including guaranteed vehicle protection insurance, vehicle theft protection and extended service contracts. These commissions are recorded as revenue at a point in time when the customer enters into the contract. Payment is typically due and collected within 30 days subsequent to the execution of the contract with the customer. In the case of finance contracts, a customer may prepay or fail to pay their contract, thereby terminating the contract. Customers may also terminate extended service contracts and other insurance products, which are fully paid at purchase, and become eligible for refunds of unused premiums. In these circumstances, a portion of the commissions we received may be charged back based on the terms of the contracts. The revenue we record relating to these transactions is net of an estimate of the amount of chargebacks we will be required to pay. Our estimate is based upon our historical experience with similar contracts, including the impact of refinance and default rates on retail finance contracts and cancellation rates on extended service contracts and other insurance products. Aggregate reserves relating to chargeback activity were $25.9 million and $24.9 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Commercial Vehicle Distribution and Other Revenue Recognition Penske Commercial Vehicles Australia. We record revenue from the distribution of vehicles and other products at a point in time when delivered, which is when the transfer of title, risks and rewards of ownership and control are considered passed to the customer. We record revenue for service or repair work over time as work is completed, and when parts are delivered to our customers. For service and parts revenues recorded over time, we utilize a method that considers total costs incurred to date and the applicable margin in relation to total expected efforts to complete our performance obligation in order to determine the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize over time. Recognition of this revenue over time reflects the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to for the transfer of goods and services performed to date, representative of the amount for which we have a right to payment. The amount of consideration we receive for vehicle and product sales is stated within the executed contract with our customer. The amount of consideration we receive for parts and service sales is based upon labor hours expended and parts utilized to perform and complete the necessary services to our customers. Payment is typically due upon delivery, upon invoice, or within a period of time shortly thereafter. We receive payment from our customers upon transfer of control or within a period typically less than 30 days subsequent to transfer of control or invoice. Penske Power Systems. We record revenue from the distribution of engines and other products at a point in time when delivered, which is when the transfer of title, risks and rewards of ownership and control are considered passed to the customer. We record revenue for service or repair work over time as work is completed, and when parts are delivered to our customers. For service and parts revenues recorded over time, we utilize a method that considers total costs incurred to date and the applicable margin in relation to total expected efforts to complete our performance obligation in order to determine the appropriate amount of revenue to recognize over time. Recognition of revenue over time reflects the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to for the transfer of goods and services performed to date, representative of the amount for which we have a right to payment. For our long-term power generation contracts, we record revenue over time as services are provided in accordance with contract milestones, which is considered an output method that requires judgment to determine our progress towards contract completion and the corresponding amount of revenue to recognize. Any revisions to estimates related to revenues or costs to complete contracts are recorded in the period in which the revisions to estimates are identified and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. The amount of consideration we receive for engine, product, and power generation sales is stated within the executed contract with our customer. The amount of consideration we receive for service sales is based upon labor hours expended and parts utilized to perform and complete the necessary services to our customers. Payment is typically due upon delivery, upon invoice, or within a period of time shortly thereafter. We receive payment from our customers upon transfer of control or within a period typically less than 30 days subsequent to transfer of control or invoice. Other. Other revenue primarily consists of our non-automotive motorcycle dealership operations. Revenue recognition practices for these operations do not differ materially from those described under “Retail Automotive and Retail Commercial Truck Dealership Revenue Recognition” above. Retail Automotive Dealership The following tables disaggregate our retail automotive reportable segment revenue by product type and geographic location for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
Retail Automotive Dealership Revenue |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
New vehicle |  | $ | 2,350.2 |  | $ | 2,480.8 |  | $ | 7,325.6 |  | $ | 7,189.9 |
Used vehicle |  |  | 1,825.2 |  |  | 1,669.5 |  |  | 5,588.9 |  |  | 4,850.6 |
Finance and insurance, net |  |  | 158.5 |  |  | 152.0 |  |  | 482.2 |  |  | 436.6 |
Service and parts |  |  | 523.8 |  |  | 520.9 |  |  | 1,615.1 |  |  | 1,540.1 |
Fleet and wholesale |  |  | 290.8 |  |  | 262.2 |  |  | 888.2 |  |  | 865.3 |
Total retail automotive dealership revenue |  | $ | 5,148.5 |  | $ | 5,085.4 |  | $ | 15,900.0 |  | $ | 14,882.5 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
Retail Automotive Dealership Revenue |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
U.S. |  | $ | 2,891.6 |  | $ | 2,953.1 |  | $ | 8,596.4 |  | $ | 8,625.5 |
U.K. |  |  | 1,945.1 |  |  | 1,864.6 |  |  | 6,244.9 |  |  | 5,412.3 |
Germany and Italy |  |  | 311.8 |  |  | 267.7 |  |  | 1,058.7 |  |  | 844.7 |
Total retail automotive dealership revenue |  | $ | 5,148.5 |  | $ | 5,085.4 |  | $ | 15,900.0 |  | $ | 14,882.5 |
Retail Commercial Truck Dealership The following table disaggregates our retail commercial truck reportable segment revenue by product type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
Retail Commercial Truck Dealership Revenue |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
New truck |  | $ | 249.4 |  | $ | 184.3 |  | $ | 630.5 |  | $ | 411.5 |
Used truck |  |  | 32.5 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 86.3 |  |  | 67.9 |
Finance and insurance, net |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | 6.6 |
Service and parts |  |  | 93.1 |  |  | 83.3 |  |  | 275.7 |  |  | 244.6 |
Other |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | 9.2 |
Total retail commercial truck dealership revenue |  | $ | 385.3 |  | $ | 299.6 |  | $ | 1,016.5 |  | $ | 739.8 |
Commercial Vehicle Distribution and Other The following table disaggregates our other reportable segment revenue by business for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
Commercial Vehicle Distribution and Other |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Penske Commercial Vehicles Australia |  | $ | 50.4 |  | $ | 70.7 |  | $ | 169.6 |  | $ | 191.6 |
Penske Power Systems |  |  | 73.3 |  |  | 67.6 |  |  | 256.8 |  |  | 171.8 |
Other |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 3.2 |
Total commercial vehicle distribution and other revenue |  | $ | 124.8 |  | $ | 139.4 |  | $ | 429.3 |  | $ | 366.6 |
Contract Balances The following table summarizes our accounts receivable and unearned revenues as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
|  | September 30, |  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Accounts receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contracts in transit |  | $ | 318.7 |  | $ | 356.1 |
Vehicle receivables |  |  | 251.9 |  |  | 233.0 |
Manufacturer receivables |  |  | 216.8 |  |  | 230.1 |
Trade receivables |  |  | 158.9 |  |  | 136.7 |
Accrued expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unearned revenues |  | $ | 271.7 |  | $ | 302.6 |
Contracts in transit represent receivables from unaffiliated finance companies relating to the sale of customers’ installment sales and lease contracts arising in connection with the sale of a vehicle by us. Vehicle receivables represent receivables for any portion of the vehicle sales price not paid by the finance company. Manufacturer receivables represent amounts due from manufacturers, including incentives, holdbacks, rebates, warranty claims, and other receivables due from the factory. Trade receivables represent receivables due from customers, including amounts due for parts and service sales, as well as receivables due from finance companies and others for the commissions earned on financing and commissions earned on insurance and extended service products provided by third parties. We evaluate collectability of receivables and estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the age of the receivable and historical collection experience, which is recorded within “Accounts receivable” on our consolidated balance sheets with our receivables presented net of the allowance. Unearned revenues primarily relate to payments received from customers prior to satisfaction of our performance obligations, such as customer deposits and deferred revenues from operating leases. These amounts are presented within “Accrued expenses” on our consolidated balance sheets. Of the amounts recorded as unearned revenues as of December 31, 2017, $220.3 million was recognized as revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Additional Revenue Recognition Related Policies We do not have any material significant payment terms associated with contracts with our customers. Payment is due and collected as previously detailed for each reportable segment. We do not offer material rights of return or service-type warranties. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are recorded on a net basis (excluded from revenue). Shipping costs incurred subsequent to transfer of control to our customers are recognized as cost of sales. Sales promotions that we offer to customers are accounted for as a reduction of revenues at the time of sale. We expense sales commissions as incurred, as the amortization period for such costs would be less than one year. We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less nor for contracts that we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed. The effect of applying these practical expedients is not material.

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- Definition The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 606 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=49130388 + Details
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