<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001019849-20-000050.txt : 20201014
<SEC-HEADER>0001019849-20-000050.hdr.sgml : 20201014
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20201014162637
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001019849-20-000050
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		20
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20201014
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20201014
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20201014

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001019849
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	RETAIL-AUTO DEALERS & GASOLINE STATIONS [5500]
		IRS NUMBER:				223086739
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-12297
		FILM NUMBER:		201239284

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2555 TELEGRAPH RD
		CITY:			BLOOMFIELD HILLS
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48302-0954
		BUSINESS PHONE:		248-648-2500

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2555 TELEGRAPH RD
		CITY:			BLOOMFIELD HILLS
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48302-0954

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	UNITED AUTO GROUP INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19960726
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>8-K
<SEQUENCE>1
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<DESCRIPTION>8-K
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<div style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;height:2pt;page-break-after:always;width:79.3%;border:0;margin:30pt 10.35% 30pt 10.35%;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:10.35%;padding-right:10.35%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;white-space:pre-wrap;">Item 5.03 Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws;  Change in Fiscal Year.</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><span style="white-space:pre-wrap;">Our Board of Directors adopted amended and restated bylaws effective October 14, 2020.  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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">3.2</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:1.92%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;"><span style="line-height:1.19;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:90.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;"><a style="-sec-extract:exhibit;" href="pag-20201014ex3205fea5d.htm"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.26;text-align:left;">Bylaws amended and restated on October 14, 2020.</span></a></p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.3pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:7.68%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">99.1</p></td><td 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;"><span style="line-height:1.19;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:90.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL).</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><span 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style="vertical-align:top;width:42.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.3pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:18.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;"><i style="font-style:italic;">October 14, 2020</i></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:3%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;"><i style="font-style:italic;">By:</i></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.71%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:42.22%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;"><i style="font-style:italic;">/s/ Shane M. Spradlin</i></p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.3pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:18.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:3%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.71%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:42.22%;border-top:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;"><i style="font-style:italic;">Name: Shane M. Spradlin</i></p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.3pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:18.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:3%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.71%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:42.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.26;margin:0pt;"><i style="font-style:italic;">Title: 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<!--Enhanced HTML document created with Toppan Merrill Bridge  9.7.0.58--><!--Created on: 10/14/2020 08:21:38 PM (UTC)--><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title></head><body><div style="margin-top:30pt;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:right;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt -36pt 0pt -36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:72pt;"><b style="color:#000000;font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;">EXHIBIT 3.2</b></font><font style="display:inline-block;width:36pt;"></font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt -36pt 0pt -36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC. </b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt -36pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt -36pt 0pt -36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">Incorporated Under the General Corporation Law </b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt -36pt 0pt -36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">of the State of Delaware </b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt -36pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt -36pt 0pt -36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS AS OF 10/14/2020</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt -36pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt -36pt 0pt -36pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">* * * * * </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt -36pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt -36pt 0pt -36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE I. OFFICES </b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt -36pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">The registered office of PENSKE AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, INC. (the &quot;Corporation&quot;) in Delaware shall be at 1209 Orange Street in the City of Wilmington, County of Kent, in the State of Delaware, and The Corporation Trust Company shall be the resident agent of the Corporation in charge thereof. The Corporation may also have such other offices at such other places, within or without the State of Delaware, as the board of directors of the Corporation (the &quot;Board of Directors&quot;) may from time to time designate or the business of the Corporation may require. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE II. STOCKHOLDERS</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 1. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual meeting of stockholders for the election of directors and the transaction of any other business shall be held on such date, in such city and state and at such time and place, or by means of remote communication, as may be designated by the Board of Directors, which shall be set forth in the notice of such meeting. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 2. SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the stockholders for any purpose may be called at any time by a majority of the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board or the Chief Executive Officer and shall be called by the Chief Executive Officer at the request of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote. Special meetings shall be held at such place or places within or without the State of Delaware, or by means of remote communication, as shall from time to time be designated by the Board of Directors and stated in the notice of such meeting. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 3. BUSINESS CONDUCTED AT A MEETING. At a special meeting of the stockholders, no business shall be transacted and no corporate action shall be taken other than that stated in the notice of the meeting. At the annual meeting of stockholders, any business may be transacted and any corporate action may be taken, whether stated in the notice of meeting or not, except as otherwise expressly provided by statute, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws. The Board of Directors may prescribe an order of business for meetings of stockholders. No business shall be conducted at a meeting of the stockholders except in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">A proposal of other business that may properly be considered by stockholders at an annual meeting may be made only (A) pursuant to the Corporation&#39;s notice of meeting given by or at the </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">direction of the Board of Directors, (B) otherwise by or at the direction of the Board of Directors as permitted by law or (C) by any stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder of record at the time such stockholder gives notice of such proposal as provided for in this Article, who is entitled to vote on the proposal and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Article. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">For business to be properly brought by a stockholder before the annual meeting of stockholders, the stockholder must give timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation and such business must otherwise be a proper matter for stockholder action. To be timely, a stockholder&#39;s notice of intention to propose other business at the annual meeting must either (A) be sent to the Corporation in compliance with the requirements of SEC Rule 14a-8, if the proposal is submitted under such rule, or (B) if not, be mailed and received by, or delivered to, the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not earlier than the close of business on the 150</font><sup style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:8.25pt;vertical-align:top;">th</sup><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';"> day, and not later than the close of business on the 120</font><sup style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:8.25pt;vertical-align:top;">th</sup><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';"> day prior to the anniversary date of the most recent annual meeting of stockholders (the &#8220;Meeting Anniversary Date&#8221;); provided, however, that in the event that the annual meeting is called for a date that is not within thirty (30) days before or after the Meeting Anniversary Date, notice by the stockholder in order to be timely must be so received not later than the close of business on the 10th day following the day on which notice of the date of the annual meeting was mailed or public disclosure of the date of the annual meeting was made, whichever first occurs. In no event shall the adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting, or the public disclosure of such an adjournment or postponement, commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder&#8217;s notice as described above. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;min-height:12.0pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">A stockholder&#39;s notice to the Secretary to submit business for action at the annual meeting of stockholders shall set forth either the information required by SEC Rule 14a-8 if submitted in accordance with and permitted by such rule or, if not in accordance with such rule: (a) as to each matter such stockholder proposes to bring before the annual meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the annual meeting and the reasons for conducting such business at the annual meeting, and (b) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is being made, (i) the name and address of such person, (ii) (A) the class or series and number of all shares of stock of the Corporation which are owned beneficially or of record by such person and any affiliates (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,</font><font style="font-size:12pt;"><a name="eolPage7"></a></font><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';"> as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;)) or associates (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act) of such person, (B) the name of each nominee holder of shares of all stock of the Corporation owned beneficially but not of record by such person or any affiliates or associates of such person, and the number of such shares of stock of the Corporation held by each such nominee holder, (C)&#160;whether and the extent to which any derivative instrument, swap, option, warrant, short interest, hedge or profit interest or other transaction has been entered into by or on behalf of such person, or any affiliates or associates of such person, with respect to stock of the Corporation and (D) whether and the extent to which any other transaction, agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any short position or any borrowing or lending of shares of stock of the Corporation) has been made by or on behalf of such person, or any affiliates or associates of such person, the effect or intent of any of the foregoing being to mitigate loss to, or to manage risk or benefit of stock price changes for, such </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;min-height:12.0pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">person, or any affiliates or associates of such person, or to increase or decrease the voting power or pecuniary or economic interest of such person, or any affiliates or associates of such person, with respect to stock of the Corporation, (iii) a description of all agreements, arrangements, or understandings (whether written or oral) between or among such person, or any affiliates or associates of such person, and any other person or persons (including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business and any material interest of such person or any affiliates or associates of such person, in such business, including any anticipated benefit therefrom to such person, or any affiliates or associates of such person, (iv) a representation that the stockholder giving the notice (or a qualified representative thereof) will appear in person at the annual meeting to bring such business before the meeting, and (v) any other information relating to such person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with the solicitation of proxies by such person with respect to the proposed business to be brought by such person before the annual meeting pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In the case of any proposed nomination for election or re-election as a director, such stockholder&#8217;s notice shall also set forth: (1) the name and residence address of the person or persons to be nominated; (2) a description of all direct and indirect compensation and other material monetary agreements, arrangements and understandings during the past three years, and any other material relationships, between or among such stockholder and beneficial owner, if any, and their respective affiliates and associates, or others acting in concert therewith, on the one hand, and each proposed nominee, and his or her respective affiliates and associates, or others acting in concert therewith, on the other hand; (3) such other information regarding each nominee proposed by such stockholder as would be required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for elections of directors, or would be otherwise required to be disclosed, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act, including any information that would be required to be included in a proxy statement filed pursuant to Regulation 14A had the nominee been nominated by the Board of Directors; and (4) the written consent of each nominee to be named in a proxy statement and to serve as a director of the Corporation if so elected. </font></p><p style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;min-height:12.0pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;min-height:12.0pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">Any person providing any information to the Corporation pursuant to this Section 3 shall further update and supplement such information, if necessary, so that all information provided (or required to be provided) pursuant to this Section 3 shall be true and correct as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to receive notice of the annual meeting and such update and supplement shall be delivered to or be mailed and received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than five (5) business days after the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to receive notice of the annual meeting.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">The officer presiding at the meeting of stockholders shall determine all matters relating to the efficient conduct of the meeting, including, but not limited to, the items of business. The presiding officer shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare that any putative business was not properly brought before the meeting in accordance with the procedures prescribed by this Article II, in which case such business shall not be transacted. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 4. NOTICE OF MEETINGS. Written notice of the time and place of any stockholders&#39; meeting, whether annual or special, shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote thereat, </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">by personal delivery or by mailing the same to him at his address as the same appears upon the records of the Corporation at least ten (10) days but not more than sixty (60) days before the day of the meeting. Without limiting the manner by which notices of meetings otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any such notice may be given by electronic transmission in the manner provided in Section 232 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Notice of any adjourned meeting need not be given except by announcement at the meeting so adjourned, unless otherwise ordered in connection with such adjournment. Such further notice, if any, shall be given as may be required by law. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 5. QUORUM. Any number of stockholders, together holding at least a majority of the capital stock of the Corporation issued and outstanding and entitled to vote, who shall be present in person or represented by proxy at any meeting duly called, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of all business, except as otherwise provided by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these Bylaws. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 6. ADJOURNMENT OF MEETINGS. If less than a quorum shall attend at the time for which a meeting shall have been called, the meeting may be adjourned from time to time by a majority vote of the stockholders present or represented by proxy and entitled to vote, without notice other than by announcement at the meeting until a quorum shall attend. Any meeting at which a quorum is present may also be adjourned in like manner and for such time or upon such call as may be determined by a majority vote of the stockholders present or represented by proxy and entitled to vote. At any adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present, any business may be transacted and any corporate action may be taken which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally called. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 7. VOTING. Each stockholder entitled to vote at any meeting may vote either in person or by proxy. Each stockholder entitled to vote shall at every meeting of the stockholders be entitled to one vote for each share of stock registered in his name on the record of stockholders. At all meetings of stockholders all matters, except as otherwise provided by statute, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, shall be determined by the affirmative vote of the majority of shares present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote on the subject matter. Voting at meetings of stockholders need not be by written ballot.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 8. NO ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders may be taken only at such duly called annual or special meeting. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 9. CONDUCT OF MEETINGS. The Chief Executive Officer or any Vice President designated by the Chief Executive Officer, shall preside at all regular or special meetings of stockholders. To the maximum extent permitted by law, such presiding person shall have the power to set procedural rules, including but not limited to rules respecting the time allotted to stockholders to speak, governing all aspects of the conduct of such meetings. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 10. PROXIES. A stockholder may appoint a proxy to vote for the stockholder by submission of (i) an appointment form signed by the stockholder or the stockholder&#8217;s attorney-</font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">in-fact or (ii) an electronic or telephonic transmission that contains or is accompanied by information from which it can be reasonably verified that the transmission was authorized by the stockholder or by the stockholder&#8217;s attorney-in-fact. &#160;An appointment of proxy is effective when an appointment form or an electronic or telephonic transmission is received by the person authorized to tabulate votes for the Corporation. The proxy has the same power to vote as that possessed by the stockholder, unless the appointment form or electronic or telephonic transmission contains an express limitation on the power to vote or direction as to how to vote the shares on a particular matter, in which event, the Corporation must tabulate the votes in a manner consistent with that limitation or direction.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE III. DIRECTORS</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 1. NUMBER AND QUALIFICATIONS. On the effective date of these Bylaws, the Board of Directors shall consist of 13 directors and thereafter shall consist of such number as may be fixed from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors. The directors need not be stockholders. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 2. ELECTION OF DIRECTORS. At each annual meeting of stockholders of the Corporation, the directors elected at such meeting shall serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until their successor has been elected and qualified or until their earlier death, resignation or removal.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 3. REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION OF DIRECTORS. Any director may be removed from the Board of Directors by the holders of a majority of the shares of capital stock entitled to vote, at any special meeting of the stockholders called for that purpose, and the office of such director shall forthwith become vacant. Any director may resign at any time. Such resignation shall take effect at the time specified therein, and if no time be specified, at the time of its receipt by the Chief Executive Officer or Secretary. The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective, unless so specified therein. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 4. FILLING OF VACANCIES. Any vacancy among the directors, occurring from any cause whatsoever, may be filled by a majority of the remaining directors, though less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that the stockholders removing any director may at the same meeting fill the vacancy caused by such removal; and PROVIDED, FURTHER, that if the directors fail to fill any such vacancy, the stockholders may at any meeting called for the purpose fill such vacancy. &#160;In case of any increase in the number of directors, the additional directors may be elected by the directors in office before such increase.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 5. REGULAR MEETINGS. The Board of Directors shall hold an annual meeting for the transaction of any business immediately before or after the annual meeting of the stockholders, provided a quorum of directors is present. Other regular meetings may be held at such times as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 6. SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer, or by a majority of the Board </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">of Directors.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 7. NOTICE AND PLACE OF MEETINGS. Meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at the principal office of the Corporation or at such other place or by remote participation as shall be stated in the notice of such meeting. No notice of the annual meeting of the Board of Directors shall be required if it is held immediately before or after the annual meeting of the stockholders and if a quorum is present. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 8. BUSINESS TRANSACTED AT MEETINGS, ETC. Any business may be transacted and any corporate action may be taken at any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors at which a quorum shall be present, whether such business or proposed action be stated in the notice of such meeting or not, unless special notice of such business or proposed action shall be required by statute. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 9. QUORUM. A majority of the Board of Directors at any time in office shall constitute a quorum. At any meeting at which a quorum is present, the vote of a majority of the members present shall be the act of the Board of Directors unless the act of a greater number is specifically required by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws. The members of the Board of Directors shall act only as the Board of Directors and the individual members thereof shall not have any powers as such. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 10. COMPENSATION. Directors shall receive such compensation and expense reimbursements for their services as directors as set by the Board of Directors. Nothing herein contained shall preclude any director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity, as an officer, agent or otherwise, and receiving compensation therefor.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 11. ACTION WITHOUT A MEETING. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any committee of the Board of Directors (each a &quot;Committee&quot;), may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board of Directors or Committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission, and the writing or writings or electronic transmissions are filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the Board of Directors or Committee. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 12. MEETINGS THROUGH USE OF COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT. Members of the Board of Directors or any Committee may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors, or any Committee, by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and such participation shall constitute presence in person at the meeting. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE IV. COMMITTEES </b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 1. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by a majority of the whole Board of Directors, designate one (1) or more of their number to constitute an Executive Committee to hold office at the pleasure of the Board of Directors, which Committee shall, during the intervals between meetings of the Board of Directors, have and exercise all of </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">the powers of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, subject only to such restrictions or limitations as the Board of Directors may from time to time specify, or as limited by law. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 2. OTHER COMMITTEES. Other Committees may be appointed by resolution of the whole Board of Directors, which Committees shall hold office for such time and have such powers and perform such duties as may from time to time be assigned to them by the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 3. COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP. Any member of a Committee may resign at any time. Such resignation shall be made in writing and shall take effect at the time specified therein, or, if no time be specified, at the time of its receipt by the Chief Executive Officer or Secretary. The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective unless so specified therein. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">Any member of a Committee may be removed at any time, with or without cause, by a resolution passed by a majority of the whole Board of Directors. Any person ceasing to be a director shall automatically cease to be a member of any Committee on which the Director was serving. Any vacancy on a Committee occurring from any cause whatsoever may be filled from among the directors by a resolution passed by a majority of the Board of Directors.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 4. QUORUM. Forty percent (40%) of the members of a Committee shall constitute a quorum. &#160;If a quorum is present when a vote is taken, the affirmative vote of a majority of members of a Committee present shall be the act of such Committee. &#160;The members of a Committee shall act only as a Committee, and the individual members thereof shall not have any powers as such. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 5. RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS. Each Committee shall keep a record of its proceedings, which record shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 6. NOTICES. Notice stating the place, date and hour of a meeting of the Board of Directors or a Committee shall be given to each director or member of a Committee either by mail not less than forty-eight (48)&#160;hours before the date of the meeting, or by telephone, facsimile, telegram or other means of electronic transmission, overnight express mail service or personally on twenty-four (24)&#160;hours&#8217; notice, or on such shorter notice as the person or persons calling such meeting may deem necessary or appropriate in the circumstances. Whenever any notice is required to be given to any director or member of a Committee, a waiver thereof in writing, signed by such director or member of a Committee, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a director or member of a Committee at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where the director or member of a Committee attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:14pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 7. COMPENSATION. The members of any Committee shall be entitled to such </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">compensation as may be allowed them by resolution of the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE V. OFFICERS </b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 1. NUMBER. The officers of the Corporation shall be a Chief Executive Officer, one or more Vice Presidents, a Secretary, one or more Assistant Secretaries, a Treasurer, and such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 3 of this Article V. The Board of Directors in its discretion may also elect a Chairman of the Board of Directors and/or a Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may designate the Vice Chairman to be an Executive Officer of the Corporation accountable to the Chief Executive Officer. &#160;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 2. ELECTION, TERM OF OFFICE AND QUALIFICATIONS. The officers shall be appointed annually by the Board of Directors. Each such officer shall hold office until the next annual appointment of officers or until their earlier death, resignation or removal. Except as otherwise provided by law, any number of offices may be held by the same person. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 3. OTHER OFFICERS. Other officers, including a president, one or more additional executive vice presidents, vice presidents, assistant secretaries or assistant treasurers, may from time to time be appointed by the Board of Directors, which other officers shall have such powers and perform such duties as may be assigned to them by authority appointing them. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 4. REMOVAL OF OFFICERS. Any officer of the Corporation may be removed from office, with or without cause, by a vote of a majority of the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 5. RESIGNATION. Any officer of the Corporation may resign at any time. Such resignation shall be in writing and shall take effect at the time specified therein, and if no time be specified, at the time of its receipt by the Chief Executive Officer or Secretary. The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary in order to make it effective, unless so specified therein. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 6. FILLING OF VACANCIES. A vacancy in any office shall be filled by the Board of Directors or by the authority appointing the predecessor in such office. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 7. COMPENSATION. The compensation of the executive officers shall be fixed by the Board of Directors, or by any Committee upon whom power in that regard may be conferred by the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 8. CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. The Chairman of the Board of Directors shall be a director and shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors at which he shall be present, and shall have such power and perform such duties as may from time to time be assigned to him by the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 9. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER. The Chief Executive Officer shall, when present, preside at all meetings of the stockholders. He shall have power to call special meetings of the stockholders or of the Board of Directors at any time. He shall be the chief executive officer of </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">the Corporation, and shall have the general direction of the business, affairs and property of the Corporation, and of its several officers, and shall have and exercise all such powers and discharge such duties as usually pertain to the office of Chief Executive Officer. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 10. VICE PRESIDENTS. The President, if any, or Vice Presidents, or any of them, shall, subject to the direction of the Board of Directors, at the request of the Chief Executive Officer or in his absence, or in case of his inability to perform his duties for any cause, perform the duties of the Chief Executive Officer, and, when so acting, shall have all the powers of, and be subject to all restrictions upon, the Chief Executive Officer. The President, if any, and the Vice Presidents shall also perform such other duties as may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, and the Board of Directors may determine the order of priority among the Vice Presidents. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 11. SECRETARY. The Secretary shall perform such duties as are usually incident to the office of Secretary, or as may from time to time be assigned to him by the Board of Directors, or as are prescribed by these Bylaws. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 12. TREASURER. The Treasurer shall perform such duties and have powers as are usually incident to the office of Treasurer or may from time to time be assigned to him by the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE VI. CAPITAL STOCK </b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 1. ISSUANCE OF STOCK. Shares of capital stock of the Corporation may be represented by certificates or may be uncertificated. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 2. REGISTRATION AND TRANSFER OF SHARES. The name of each person owning one or more shares of the capital stock of the Corporation shall be entered on the books of the Corporation together with the number of shares held by him, the numbers of the certificates, if any, covering such shares and the dates of issuance of any certificates. The shares of stock of the Corporation shall be transferable on the books of the Corporation by the holders thereof in person, or by their duly authorized attorneys or legal representatives, and with such proof of the authenticity of the signature as the Corporation or its agents may reasonably require. A record shall be made of each transfer. The Board of Directors may make other and further rules and regulations concerning the transfer and registration of stock and may appoint a transfer agent or registrar or both. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 3. LOST, STOLEN, DESTROYED AND MUTILATED CERTIFICATES. The Corporation may issue a new certificate of stock in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by it alleged to have been lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated, and the Corporation may, in its discretion, require the owner of the lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated certificate, or his legal representatives, to give the Corporation a bond, in such sum not exceeding double the value of the stock and with such surety or sureties as they may require, to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it by reason of the issuance of such new certificate and against all other liability in the premises. </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE VII. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS </b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 1. FISCAL YEAR. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be the calendar year, or such other annual period as may be determined by the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 2. CORPORATE SEAL. The corporate seal shall be in such form as approved by the Board of Directors and may be altered at their pleasure. The corporate seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or reproduced or otherwise. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 3. INDEMNIFICATION OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS. Each person who was or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party to or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (a &#8220;Proceeding&#8221;), by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or an officer of the Corporation or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director or officer of another Corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to an employee benefit plan (an &#8220;Indemnitee&#8221;), whether the basis of such Proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as a director or officer or in any other capacity while serving as a director or officer, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent permitted or required by the Delaware General Corporation Law, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights than such law permitted the Corporation to provide prior to such amendment), against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys&#8217; fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes or penalties and amounts paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by such Indemnitee in connection therewith; provided, however, that, the Corporation shall indemnify any such Indemnitee in connection with a Proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such Indemnitee only if such Proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">The right to indemnification conferred above shall include the right to be paid by the Corporation the expenses (including, without limitation, attorneys&#8217; fees and expenses) incurred in defending any such Proceeding in advance of its final disposition (an &#8220;Advancement of Expenses&#8221;); provided, however, that, an Advancement of Expenses conferred to an Indemnitee (1) may be made subject to such restrictions as the Board of Directors deems appropriate (such as a demand for reasonable collateral) and (2) shall be made only upon delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking (an &#8220;Undertaking&#8221;), by or on behalf of such Indemnitee, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal (a &#8220;Final Adjudication&#8221;) that such Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses under this Section 3 or otherwise. &#160;The rights to indemnification and to the Advancement of Expenses conferred in Sections 3 of this Article 7 shall be contract rights and such rights shall continue as to an Indemnitee who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the Indemnitee&#8217;s heirs, executors and administrators.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">The rights to indemnification and to the Advancement of Expenses conferred in this Section 3 shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:14.82%;padding-right:9.3%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">any statute, the Corporation&#8217;s Certificate of Incorporation, By-laws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, grant rights to indemnification and to the Advancement of Expenses to any employee or agent of the Corporation to the fullest extent of the provisions of this Section 3 with respect to the indemnification and Advancement of Expenses of directors and officers of the Corporation.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-indent:72pt;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">SECTION 4. AMENDMENTS. The Board of Directors shall have the power to make, rescind, alter, amend and repeal these Bylaws, PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that the stockholders shall have power to rescind, alter, amend or repeal any bylaws made by the Board of Directors, and to enact bylaws which if so expressed shall not be rescinded, altered, amended or repealed by the Board of Directors. </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';font-size:11pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Arial','Helvetica','sans-serif';">* * * * *</font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-left:14.82%;margin-right:9.3%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:avoid;width:75.88%;border-width:0;"></body></html>
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<!--Enhanced HTML document created with Toppan Merrill Bridge  9.7.0.58--><!--Created on: 10/14/2020 08:21:47 PM (UTC)--><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>Attention:</title></head><body><div style="margin-top:30pt;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:9.41%;padding-right:9.41%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:23.75pt;min-height:12.25pt;width:100%;"><div align="left"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:67.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"> <font style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:32.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:67.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><img src="pag-20201014ex991142bc8001.jpg" alt="Penske Auto Logo_Grad" style="display:inline-block;height:80.45pt;left:0%;padding-bottom:0.55pt;position:relative;top:0pt;width:156.7pt;"> </p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:32.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;">Exhibit 99.1</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:24pt;white-space:pre-wrap;">Press Release  </font></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:67.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:32.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;">Penske Automotive Group, Inc.,</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;">2555 Telegraph Rd.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;">Bloomfield Hills, MI  48302</font></p></td></tr></table></div><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><div align="left"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;width:100%;"><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:52.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><a name="OLE_LINK1"></a><a name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a name="OLE_LINK3"></a><font style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;line-height:14pt;text-decoration:underline;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#000000;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;line-height:14pt;text-decoration:underline;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:47.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;line-height:1.19;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><font style="line-height:14pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;line-height:1.19;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><img src="pag-20201014ex991142bc8002.jpg" alt="Graphic" style="display:inline-block;height:22.32pt;left:0%;padding-bottom:0.2pt;position:relative;top:0pt;width:22.32pt;">  <img src="pag-20201014ex991142bc8003.jpg" alt="Graphic" style="display:inline-block;height:22.32pt;left:0%;padding-bottom:0.2pt;position:relative;top:0pt;width:22.32pt;">  <img src="pag-20201014ex991142bc8004.jpg" alt="Graphic" style="display:inline-block;height:22.32pt;left:0%;padding-bottom:0.2pt;position:relative;top:0pt;width:22.32pt;">  <img src="pag-20201014ex991142bc8005.jpg" alt="Graphic" style="display:inline-block;height:22.32pt;left:0%;padding-bottom:0.2pt;position:relative;top:0pt;width:22.32pt;">  <img src="pag-20201014ex991142bc8006.jpg" alt="Icon&#10;&#10;Description automatically generated" style="display:inline-block;height:21.92pt;left:0%;padding-bottom:0.6pt;position:relative;top:0pt;width:20.61pt;"></p></td></tr></table></div><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;">BLOOMFIELD HILLS, MI,</b><font style="font-size:12pt;white-space:pre-wrap;"> October 14, 2020 &#8211; Penske Automotive Group, Inc. (NYSE:PAG), a  diversified international transportation services company, </font><font style="color:#333333;font-size:12pt;white-space:pre-wrap;">today announced that its Board of Directors has reinstated the Company&#8217;s dividend,  declaring a cash dividend of $0.42 per share.  The dividend is payable on December 1, 2020, to shareholders of record on November 10, 2020.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="color:#333333;font-size:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="color:#333333;font-size:12pt;white-space:pre-wrap;">Commenting on the dividend reinstatement, Chair Roger Penske said, &#8220;I am pleased to announce the reinstatement of our dividend.  The actions we took to mitigate the impact of Covid-19, coupled with the improvement in business conditions in the third quarter, were instrumental in our ability to preserve liquidity and repay at maturity $300 million in Senior Subordinated Notes in August.   I am confident in the strength of our financial position and our ability to reinstate the dividend at this time.&#8221;  </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#000000;">About Penske Automotive</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;">Penske Automotive Group, Inc., (NYSE:PAG) headquartered in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, is an international transportation services company that operates automotive and commercial truck dealerships principally in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Western Europe, and distributes commercial vehicles, diesel engines, gas engines, power systems and related parts and services principally in Australia and New Zealand. PAG is a member of the Fortune&#160;500, Russell&#160;1000, and Russell 3000 indexes, and is ranked among the World&#8217;s Most Admired Companies by Fortune Magazine. For additional information, visit the company&#8217;s website at www.penskeautomotive.com.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;">Inquiries should contact:</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;line-height:1.19;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;line-height:14pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><div style="padding-left:0.4pt;" align="left"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;table-layout:auto;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><th style="font-weight:normal;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;width:53.17%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;visibility:hidden;width:0pt;">&#8203;</font><br></font><font style="font-size:12pt;">248-648-2810<br></font><font style="font-size:12pt;text-decoration:none;">jcarlson@penskeautomotive.com</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div></div></th><th style="font-weight:normal;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;width:46.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;visibility:hidden;width:0pt;">&#8203;</font><br></font><font style="font-size:12pt;">248-648-2540<br></font><font style="font-size:12pt;text-decoration:none;">tpordon@penskeautomotive.com</font><font style="font-size:12pt;"> </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div></div></th></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:normal;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;width:53.17%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;">J. D. Carlson<br>Executive Vice President and </font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;">Chief Financial Officer</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;">248-648-2810<br>jcarlson@penskeautomotive.com<br></font><font style="font-size:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></th><th style="font-weight:normal;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;width:46.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;">Anthony R. Pordon<br>Executive Vice President Investor Relations and Corporate Development</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:12pt;">248-648-2540<br>tpordon@penskeautomotive.com<br></font><font style="font-size:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></th></tr></table></div><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;line-height:1.19;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"># # #</p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-left:9.41%;margin-right:9.41%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:avoid;width:81.18%;border-width:0;"></body></html>
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      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Narr_y-gIK0fbqEqXjuWlsdYsJA">MI</dei:EntityAddressStateOrProvince>
    <dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode
      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
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    <dei:CityAreaCode
      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Narr_--uNSE5tvEKnRzV93Tsk0A">248</dei:CityAreaCode>
    <dei:LocalPhoneNumber
      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Narr_WXUujMtsVUm5zWtDZ_sWxg">648-2500</dei:LocalPhoneNumber>
    <dei:Security12bTitle
      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Tc_kYImIYrwREmpY3DRyZ_A-Q_2_0">Voting Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share</dei:Security12bTitle>
    <dei:TradingSymbol
      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Tc_7Tckwwpo60eBasr7R_nKcQ_2_1">PAG</dei:TradingSymbol>
    <dei:SecurityExchangeName
      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Tc_Jb6W8AbzTEyhWLZ8cYIOIw_2_2">NYSE</dei:SecurityExchangeName>
    <dei:WrittenCommunications
      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Narr_k_lcHw9m00-V6NN8UpqqqQ">false</dei:WrittenCommunications>
    <dei:SolicitingMaterial
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      id="Narr_rL3pVl6IN02A43xr5f2u-A">false</dei:SolicitingMaterial>
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      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Narr_0wvAft4qZUGbMAV977HpPg">false</dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer>
    <dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer
      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Narr_bc0iT1gHrEWV7Ykk-rzFdw">false</dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer>
    <dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany
      contextRef="Duration_10_14_2020_To_10_14_2020_1H6J0WJSDUyjPzmeexbllg"
      id="Narr_zd-eMKJEq0ml4oILagz7oA">false</dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>14
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.20.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140557677069720">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Oct. 14, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Document and Entity Information [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Oct. 14,  2020<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">1-12297<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Penske Automotive Group, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">22-3086739<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">2555 Telegraph Road<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Bloomfield Hills<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">MI<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">48302<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">248<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">648-2500<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Voting Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">PAG<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001019849<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The end date of the period reflected on the cover page if a periodic report. For all other reports and registration statements containing historical data, it is the date up through which that historical data is presented.  If there is no historical data in the report, use the filing date. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
