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The related direct and incremental platform commissions as well as game developers’ licensing fees are deferred and reported in “Prepayments and Other Current Assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.It is primarily due to the tax effect of the Company as a tax-exempt entity incorporated in the Cayman Islands.The transactions in 2018 referred to the investments transferred to an entity controlled by the Group’s major shareholders. In June 2019, to focus the Company’s efforts and resources on its core businesses, the Company transferred several equity investments of the Group to an investment fund. The Group contributed a total of RMB220.0 million cash into this fund as a limited partner, which is accounted for as an equity method investment. The cost of the equity investments transferred was RMB465.8 million. The consideration was RMB539.6 million, which was based on the estimated fair value of the investments. The difference between the consideration and cost of the investments was recognized as investment income. In July 2020, the Company acquired certain equity interests of two investments from the investment fund. The consideration was RMB110.0 million. The balances due from an investment fund as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2020 were consideration receivables related to the equity investments transferred in 2019 and dividend receivables, which is non-trade in nature.The balances as of December 31, 2020 mainly represent interest-bearing loans and interest expenses of RMB105.6 million related to an equity investee, which is non-trade in nature and partially offset by the trade payables to the equity investee. 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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)

☐ | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report
For the transition period from
to
Commission file number:
001-38429
Bilibili Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
N/A
(Translation of Registrant’s Name Into English)
Cayman Islands
(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
Building 3, Guozheng Center, No. 485 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District
Shanghai, 200433
People’s Republic of China
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Xin Fan, Chief Financial Officer
Building 3, Guozheng Center, No. 485 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District
Shanghai, 200433
People’s Republic of China
Phone: +86 21 25099255
Email: sam@bilibili.com
(Name, Telephone,
E-mail
and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
SECURITIES REGISTERED OR TO BE REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OF THE ACT:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered
American depositary shares, each representing one Class Z ordinary share |  | BILI |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market
Class Z ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share* |  |  |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market

* | Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market of American depositary shares.

SECURITIES REGISTERED OR TO BE REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(G) OF THE ACT:
None
(Title of Class)
SECURITIES FOR WHICH THERE IS A REPORTING OBLIGATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 15(D) OF THE ACT:
None
(Title of Class)
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:
As of December 31, 2020, there were 351,919,952 ordinary shares outstanding, par value $0.0001 per share, being the sum of 83,715,114 Class Y ordinary shares and 268,204,838 Class Z ordinary shares (excluding 3,302,327 Class Z ordinary shares issued and reserved for future issuance upon the exercising or vesting of awards granted under our share incentive plans).
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ |  | Accelerated filer ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer ☐ |  | Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepare its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† | The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ |  | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued |  |  |  |  |  | Other ☐
|  | by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ |  |  |  |  |  |

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in
Rule 12b-2
of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No
(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. ☐ Yes ☐ No

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION |  |  | 1 |
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS |  |  | 3 |
PART I. |  |  | 4 |
|  | ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS |  |  | 4 |
|  | ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE |  |  | 4 |
|  | ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION |  |  | 4 |
|  | ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY |  |  | 55 |
|  | ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS |  |  | 91 |
|  | ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS |  |  | 91 |
|  | ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES |  |  | 116 |
|  | ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS |  |  | 125 |
|  | ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |  | 127 |
|  | ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING |  |  | 128 |
|  | ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION |  |  | 129 |
|  | ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK |  |  | 139 |
|  | ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES |  |  | 139 |
PART II. |  |  | 141 |
|  | ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES |  |  | 141 |
|  | ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS |  |  | 141 |
|  | ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES |  |  | 142 |
|  | ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT |  |  | 143 |
|  | ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS |  |  | 143 |
|  | ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES |  |  | 143 |
|  | ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES |  |  | 143 |
|  | ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS |  |  | 144 |
|  | ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT |  |  | 144 |
|  | ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE |  |  | 144 |
|  | ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE |  |  | 144 |
PART III. |  |  | 144 |
|  | ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |  |  | 144 |
|  | ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |  |  | 144 |
|  | ITEM 19. EXHIBITS |  |  | 144 |
SIGNATURES |  |  | 147 |

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form
20-F
to:

| • |  | “ADRs” are to the American depositary receipts that evidence our ADSs;

| • |  | “ADSs” are to our American depositary shares, each of which represents one Class Z ordinary share;

| • |  | “average monthly interactions” for a period is calculated by dividing the total number of interactions based on our interactions features such as bullet chats, commentaries, following, favorites, sharing, bilibili moment posts and like, among other things, during the specified period by the number of months in such period;

| • |  | “average monthly revenue per paying user” for a period is calculated by dividing the sum of revenues from mobile games and VAS during the specified period by the total number of monthly paying users during such period;

| • |  | “average monthly revenue per MAU” for a period is calculated dividing the sum of revenues during the specified period by the total number of MAU during that period then further by the number of months in the specified period;

| • |  | “average daily time spent per active user on our mobile apps” for a period is calculated by dividing the total time spent on our mobile apps during the specified period (excluding time spent on Bilibili operating games, Bilibili Comic and Maoer) by the average number of active users per day during such period, further divided by the number of days during the specified period;

| • |  | “Bilibili,” “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” are to Bilibili Inc., its subsidiaries and its consolidated affiliated entities;

| • |  | “bullet chat” or “bullet chatting” are to a commenting function that enables content viewers to send comments that fly across the screen like bullets, which we refer to as bullet chats herein. Bullet chats are context-based and can be viewed by the audiences who watch the same content, and therefore can intrigue interactive commenting among content viewers. Only official member can send bullet chats on our platform;

| • |  | “China” or the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purposes of this annual report only, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan;

| • |  | “Class Y ordinary shares” are to our Class Y ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

| • |  | “Class Z ordinary shares” are to our Class Z ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

| • |  | “Generation Z+” or “Gen Z+” are to, for the purposes of this annual report only, the demographic cohort of individuals in China born from 1985 to 2009;

| • |  | “monthly active users” or “MAU” are to the sum of our mobile apps MAU and PC MAU after eliminating duplicates so that each active registered user that logged on both our Bilibili mobile app and our Bilibili PC website would only be counted towards mobile apps MAU and not PC MAU during a given month. We calculate mobile apps MAU based on the number of mobile devices (including smart TV and other smart devices) that launched our mobile apps during a given month. Starting from the first quarter of 2019, we count mobile MAU of Bilibili Comic, a mobile app offering anime and comic content, and Maoer, an audio platform offering audio drama, towards our MAU. We calculate PC MAU by dividing the total number of IP addresses used by users to visit our PC website during a given month by an estimate of the average number of IP addresses used by each user. “Average MAU” for a period is calculated by dividing the sum of MAU during the specified period by the number of months in such period;

1

Table of Contents

| • |  | “official members” are to users who pass our multiple-choice membership exam consisting of 100 questions, after which additional interactive and community features, such as bullet chatting and commenting, will become available to them;

| • |  | “our platform” are to “Bilibili” mobile apps, PC websites, Smart TV, Bilibili Comic, Maoer and a variety of related features, functionalities, tools and services that we provide to users and content creators;

| • |  | “occupationally generated videos” or “OGV” are to Bilibili-produced or jointly produced content and licensed content procured from third-party production companies;

| • |  | “paying users” on our platform are to users who make payments for various products and services on our platform, including purchases in mobile games offered on our platform and payments for VAS (excluding purchases on our e-commerce platform). A user who makes payments across different products and services offered on our platform using the same registered account is counted as one paying user and we add the number of paying users of Maoer towards our total paying users without eliminating duplicates. “Average monthly paying user” for a period is calculated by dividing the sum of monthly paying users during the specified period by the number of months in such period;

| • |  | “professional user generated videos” or “PUGV” are to videos generated by users that exhibits creativity as well as a certain level of professional production and editing capabilities;

| • |  | “retention rate”, as applied to any cohort of users who visit our platform in a given period, are to the percentage of these users who make at least one repeat visit after a certain duration; the “12th-month retention rate” for any cohort of users in a given month is the retention rate in the twelfth month after the applicable month;

| • |  | “premium members” are to members who have subscribed to our premium membership, which allow these members to enjoy exclusive or advance access to our premium content. We calculate premium members based on the number of members whose premium package is still valid by the last day of a given month;

| • |  | “RMB” and “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of China;

| • |  | “shares” or “ordinary shares” are to our Class Y and Class Z ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share;

| • |  | “US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$,” and “dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States;

| • |  | “VAS” are to value-added services, including premium membership, live broadcasting, Bilibili Comic, Maoer and other value-added services;

| • |  | “video-based content” are to, for the purposes of this annual report only, video content on video-centric platforms and non-video-centric platforms as well as mobile games. Non-video-centric platforms include social media, instant messaging, e-commerce, browser, and other kind of platforms;

| • |  | “videolization” are to the trend of video integrating into the scenarios of everyday life and;

| • |  | “young generations” are to, for the purposes of this annual report only, people aged 35 or below.

Our reporting currency is the Renminbi because our business is mainly conducted in China and a substantial majority of our revenues is denominated in Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The conversion of Renminbi into U.S. dollars in this annual report is based on the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.5250 to US$1.00, the exchange rate on December 31, 2020 set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This annual report on
Form 20-F
contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigations Reform Act of 1995.
You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

| • |  | our goals and strategies;

| • |  | our future business development, financial conditions and results of operations;

| • |  | the expected growth of the online entertainment and mobile games industries in China;

| • |  | our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;

| • |  | our expectations regarding our relationships with users, content providers, game developers and publishers, advertisers and other partners;

| • |  | competition in our industry;

| • |  | relevant government policies and regulations relating to our industry;

| • |  | the outcome of any current and future litigation or legal or administrative proceedings; and

| • |  | other factors described under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”

You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. Other sections of this annual report discuss factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
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Table of Contents
PART I.
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. | Selected Financial Data

Our Selected Consolidated Financial Data
The following table presents the selected consolidated financial information of our company. Our selected consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss data and selected consolidated statements of cash flow data presented below for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 and our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our selected consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss data and selected consolidated statements of cash flow data presented below for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 and our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 have been derived from our consolidated financial statements which are not included in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Starting from January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASC 606, using the modified retrospective method. The consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 presented below have been prepared in accordance with ASC 606, while the comparative information for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 presented below have not been restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. Starting from January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC 842, Leases, using the modified retrospective method. The consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 and 2020 presented below has been prepared in accordance with ASC 842, while the comparative information for those periods prior to January 1, 2019, presented below have not been restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. Starting from January 1, 2020, we adopted ASC 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, using the modified retrospective method. The consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2020 presented below has been prepared in accordance with ASC 326, while the comparative information for those periods prior to
January 1, 2020, presented below have not been restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative
of results expected for future periods.
You should read the selected consolidated financial information in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results expected for future periods.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands, except for share and per share data) |
Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net revenues |  |  | 523,310 |  |  |  | 2,468,449 |  |  |  | 4,128,931 |  |  |  | 6,777,922 |  |  |  | 11,998,976 |  |  |  | 1,838,924 |
Cost of revenues (1) |  |  | (772,812 | ) |  |  | (1,919,241 | ) |  |  | (3,273,493 | ) |  |  | (5,587,673 | ) |  |  | (9,158,800 | ) |  |  | (1,403,648 | )
Gross (loss)/profit |  |  | (249,502 | ) |  |  | 549,208 |  |  |  | 855,438 |  |  |  | 1,190,249 |  |  |  | 2,840,176 |  |  |  | 435,276 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing expenses (1) |  |  | (102,659 | ) |  |  | (232,489 | ) |  |  | (585,758 | ) |  |  | (1,198,516 | ) |  |  | (3,492,091 | ) |  |  | (535,186 | )
General and administrative expenses (1) |  |  | (451,334 | ) |  |  | (260,898 | ) |  |  | (461,165 | ) |  |  | (592,497 | ) |  |  | (976,082 | ) |  |  | (149,592 | )
Research and development expenses (1) |  |  | (91,222 | ) |  |  | (280,093 | ) |  |  | (537,488 | ) |  |  | (894,411 | ) |  |  | (1,512,966 | ) |  |  | (231,872 | )
Total operating expenses |  |  | (645,215 | ) |  |  | (773,480 | ) |  |  | (1,584,411 | ) |  |  | (2,685,424 | ) |  |  | (5,981,139 | ) |  |  | (916,650 | )
Loss from operations |  |  | (894,717 | ) |  |  | (224,272 | ) |  |  | (728,973 | ) |  |  | (1,495,175 | ) |  |  | (3,140,963 | ) |  |  | (481,374 | )

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|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands, except for share and per share data) |
Other income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income, net (including impairments) |  |  | 9,795 |  |  |  | 22,957 |  |  |  | 96,440 |  |  |  | 96,610 |  |  |  | 28,203 |  |  |  | 4,322 |
Interest income |  |  | 1,502 |  |  |  | 1,483 |  |  |  | 68,706 |  |  |  | 162,782 |  |  |  | 83,301 |  |  |  | 12,766 |
Interest expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (46,543 | ) |  |  | (108,547 | ) |  |  | (16,636 | )
Exchange (losses)/gains |  |  | (21,267 | ) |  |  | 6,445 |  |  |  | (1,661 | ) |  |  | (11,789 | ) |  |  | 41,717 |  |  |  | 6,393 |
Others, net |  |  | (3,668 | ) |  |  | 18,518 |  |  |  | 26,455 |  |  |  | 26,412 |  |  |  | 95,641 |  |  |  | 14,660 |
Loss before tax |  |  | (908,355 | ) |  |  | (174,869 | ) |  |  | (539,033 | ) |  |  | (1,267,703 | ) |  |  | (3,000,648 | ) |  |  | (459,869 | )
Income tax |  |  | (3,141 | ) |  |  | (8,881 | ) |  |  | (25,988 | ) |  |  | (35,867 | ) |  |  | (53,369 | ) |  |  | (8,180 | )
Net loss |  |  | (911,496 | ) |  |  | (183,750 | ) |  |  | (565,021 | ) |  |  | (1,303,570 | ) |  |  | (3,054,017 | ) |  |  | (468,049 | )
Accretion to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,292 | ) |  |  | (658 | )
Accretion to Pre-IPO Preferred Shares redemption value |  |  | (161,933 | ) |  |  | (258,554 | ) |  |  | (64,605 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deemed dividend in connection with repurchase of Pre-IPO Preferred Shares |  |  | (113,151 | ) |  |  | (129,244 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 1,430 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,301 |  |  |  | 14,597 |  |  |  | 46,605 |  |  |  | 7,143 |
Net loss attributable to the Bilibili Inc.’s shareholders |  |  | (1,185,150 | ) |  |  | (571,548 | ) |  |  | (616,325 | ) |  |  | (1,288,973 | ) |  |  | (3,011,704 | ) |  |  | (461,564 | )
Net loss |  |  | (911,496 | ) |  |  | (183,750 | ) |  |  | (565,021 | ) |  |  | (1,303,570 | ) |  |  | (3,054,017 | ) |  |  | (468,049 | )
Other comprehensive income/(loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 58,048 |  |  |  | (75,695 | ) |  |  | 296,030 |  |  |  | 140,152 |  |  |  | (325,100 | ) |  |  | (49,823 | )
Total other comprehensive income/(loss) |  |  | 58,048 |  |  |  | (75,695 | ) |  |  | 296,030 |  |  |  | 140,152 |  |  |  | (325,100 | ) |  |  | (49,823 | )
Total comprehensive loss |  |  | (853,448 | ) |  |  | (259,445 | ) |  |  | (268,991 | ) |  |  | (1,163,418 | ) |  |  | (3,379,117 | ) |  |  | (517,872 | )
Accretion to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,292 | ) |  |  | (658 | )
Accretion to Pre-IPO Preferred Shares redemption value |  |  | (161,933 | ) |  |  | (258,554 | ) |  |  | (64,605 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deemed dividend in connection with repurchase of Pre-IPO Preferred Shares |  |  | (113,151 | ) |  |  | (129,244 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 1,430 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,301 |  |  |  | 14,597 |  |  |  | 46,605 |  |  |  | 7,143 |
Comprehensive loss attributable to the Bilibili Inc.’s shareholders |  |  | (1,127,102 | ) |  |  | (647,243 | ) |  |  | (320,295 | ) |  |  | (1,148,821 | ) |  |  | (3,336,804 | ) |  |  | (511,387 | )
Net loss per share, basic |  |  | (20.42 | ) |  |  | (8.17 | ) |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | ) |  |  | (1.33 | )
Net loss per share, diluted |  |  | (20.42 | ) |  |  | (8.17 | ) |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | ) |  |  | (1.33 | )
Net loss per ADS, basic |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | ) |  |  | (1.33 | )
Net loss per ADS, diluted |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | ) |  |  | (1.33 | )
Weighted average number of ordinary shares, basic |  |  | 58,038,570 |  |  |  | 69,938,570 |  |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares, diluted |  |  | 58,038,570 |  |  |  | 69,938,570 |  |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |
Weighted average number of ADS, basic |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |
Weighted average number of ADS, diluted |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |

Note:

(1) | Share-based compensation expenses were allocated as follows:

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|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 3,775 |  |  |  | 7,936 |  |  |  | 28,173 |  |  |  | 23,281 |  |  |  | 37,087 |  |  |  | 5,684 |
Sales and marketing expenses |  |  | 3,029 |  |  |  | 3,423 |  |  |  | 11,499 |  |  |  | 14,269 |  |  |  | 40,808 |  |  |  | 6,254 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 353,806 |  |  |  | 56,746 |  |  |  | 102,544 |  |  |  | 68,497 |  |  |  | 181,753 |  |  |  | 27,855 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 4,878 |  |  |  | 11,849 |  |  |  | 38,977 |  |  |  | 66,503 |  |  |  | 126,250 |  |  |  | 19,349 |
Total |  |  | 365,488 |  |  |  | 79,954 |  |  |  | 181,193 |  |  |  | 172,550 |  |  |  | 385,898 |  |  |  | 59,142 |

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 387,198 |  |  |  | 762,882 |  |  |  | 3,540,031 |  |  |  | 4,962,660 |  |  |  | 4,678,109 |  |  |  | 716,952 |
Time deposits |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,960 |  |  |  | 749,385 |  |  |  | 1,844,558 |  |  |  | 4,720,089 |  |  |  | 723,385 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 110,666 |  |  |  | 392,942 |  |  |  | 324,392 |  |  |  | 744,845 |  |  |  | 1,053,641 |  |  |  | 161,478 |
Prepayments and other current assets |  |  | 185,378 |  |  |  | 477,265 |  |  |  | 990,851 |  |  |  | 1,315,901 |  |  |  | 1,765,787 |  |  |  | 270,619 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 712,564 |  |  |  | 488,391 |  |  |  | 945,338 |  |  |  | 1,260,810 |  |  |  | 3,357,189 |  |  |  | 514,511 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 282,472 |  |  |  | 426,292 |  |  |  | 1,419,435 |  |  |  | 1,657,333 |  |  |  | 2,356,959 |  |  |  | 361,220 |
Goodwill |  |  | 50,967 |  |  |  | 50,967 |  |  |  | 941,488 |  |  |  | 1,012,026 |  |  |  | 1,295,786 |  |  |  | 198,588 |
Long-term investments, net |  |  | 377,031 |  |  |  | 635,952 |  |  |  | 979,987 |  |  |  | 1,251,129 |  |  |  | 2,232,938 |  |  |  | 342,213 |
Total assets |  |  | 2,166,710 |  |  |  | 3,473,525 |  |  |  | 10,490,036 |  |  |  | 15,516,567 |  |  |  | 23,865,608 |  |  |  | 3,657,566 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 628,100 |  |  |  | 1,397,994 |  |  |  | 3,298,834 |  |  |  | 4,272,597 |  |  |  | 7,391,548 |  |  |  | 1,132,805 |
Long-term debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,414,628 |  |  |  | 8,340,922 |  |  |  | 1,278,302 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 628,100 |  |  |  | 1,397,994 |  |  |  | 3,298,834 |  |  |  | 7,880,107 |  |  |  | 16,083,404 |  |  |  | 2,464,891 |
Net current assets |  |  | 772,706 |  |  |  | 755,106 |  |  |  | 3,251,163 |  |  |  | 6,051,467 |  |  |  | 8,347,999 |  |  |  | 1,279,386 |
Net assets |  |  | 1,538,610 |  |  |  | 2,075,531 |  |  |  | 7,191,202 |  |  |  | 7,636,460 |  |  |  | 7,782,204 |  |  |  | 1,192,675 |
Total mezzanine equity |  |  | 2,861,613 |  |  |  | 4,015,043 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | 357 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 240,406 |  |  |  | 583,976 |  |  |  | 182,004 |  |  |  | 27,893 |
Total shareholders’ (deficit)/equity |  |  | (1,323,003 | ) |  |  | (1,939,512 | ) |  |  | 7,191,202 |  |  |  | 7,636,460 |  |  |  | 7,782,204 |  |  |  | 1,192,675 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  | 2,166,710 |  |  |  | 3,473,525 |  |  |  | 10,490,036 |  |  |  | 15,516,567 |  |  |  | 23,865,608 |  |  |  | 3,657,566 |

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Selected Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities |  |  | (198,967 | ) |  |  | 464,550 |  |  |  | 737,286 |  |  |  | 194,551 |  |  |  | 753,103 |  |  |  | 115,418 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (1,187,300 | ) |  |  | (716,254 | ) |  |  | (3,196,394 | ) |  |  | (3,958,277 | ) |  |  | (8,906,821 | ) |  |  | (1,365,029 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 1,024,087 |  |  |  | 675,533 |  |  |  | 4,974,810 |  |  |  | 5,078,842 |  |  |  | 8,335,419 |  |  |  | 1,277,458 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents held in foreign currencies |  |  | 49,606 |  |  |  | (48,145 | ) |  |  | 261,447 |  |  |  | 107,513 |  |  |  | (466,252 | ) |  |  | (71,456 | )
Net (decrease)/ increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (312,574 | ) |  |  | 375,684 |  |  |  | 2,777,149 |  |  |  | 1,422,629 |  |  |  | (284,551 | ) |  |  | (43,609 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year |  |  | 699,772 |  |  |  | 387,198 |  |  |  | 762,882 |  |  |  | 3,540,031 |  |  |  | 4,962,660 |  |  |  | 760,561 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year |  |  | 387,198 |  |  |  | 762,882 |  |  |  | 3,540,031 |  |  |  | 4,962,660 |  |  |  | 4,678,109 |  |  |  | 716,952 |

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B. | Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. | Risk Factors

Summary Risk Factors
Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks related to:
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

| • |  | We operate in a fast-evolving industry. We cannot guarantee that we will successfully implement our commercialization strategies or develop new ones, or generate sustainable revenues and profit.

| • |  | We have incurred significant losses and we may continue to experience losses in the future.

| • |  | If we fail to anticipate user preferences and provide products and services to attract and retain users, or if we fail to keep up with rapid changes in technologies and their impact on user behavior, we may not be able to attract sufficient user traffic to remain competitive, and our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

| • |  | Our business depends on our ability to provide users with interesting and useful content, which in turn depends on the content contributed by the content creators on our platform.

| • |  | Increases in the costs of content on our platform may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations;

| • |  | Our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB and, as such, you are deprived of the benefits of such inspection. In addition, various legislative and regulatory developments related to U.S.-listed China-based companies due to lack of PCAOB inspection and other developments may have a material adverse impact on our listing and trading in the U.S. and the trading prices of our ADSs.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

| • |  | If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our businesses in China do not comply with PRC regulations on foreign investment in internet and other related businesses, or if these regulations or their interpretation change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

| • |  | We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders for our operations in China, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership.

| • |  | We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by our VIEs and their subsidiaries that are important to our business if our VIEs and their subsidiaries declare bankruptcy or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

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• |  | Contractual arrangements we have entered into with our VIEs may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities. A finding that we owe additional taxes could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

• |  | Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.

• |  | We face uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Internet Platform Economy Sector.

• |  | Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the mobile and internet in China may adversely affect our business and subject us to liability for content posted on our platform.

• |  | Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could have a material and adverse effect on overall economic growth in China, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

• |  | The trading price of our listed securities has been and is likely to continue to be volatile, regardless of our operating performance, which could result in substantial losses to our investors.

• |  | We may need additional capital, and the sale of additional Class Z ordinary shares and/or ADSs or other equity securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders, and the incurrence of additional indebtedness could increase our debt obligations.

• |  | Conversion of our convertible senior notes may dilute the ownership interest of the existing shareholders, including holders who had previously converted their notes.

• |  | Provisions of our convertible senior notes could discourage an acquisition of us by a third-party.

• |  | Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class Z ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

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Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
We operate in a fast-evolving industry. We cannot guarantee that we will successfully implement our commercialization strategies or develop new ones, or generate sustainable revenues and profit.
We operate in a fast-evolving industry, and our commercialization model is evolving. We generate revenues primarily by providing our users with valuable content, such as videos, mobile games and VAS. We also generate revenues from advertising,
e-commerce
and other services. We cannot assure you that we can successfully implement the existing commercialization strategies to sustainably generate growing revenues, or that we will be able to develop new commercialization strategies to grow our revenues. If our strategic initiatives do not enhance our ability to monetize or enable us to develop new commercialization approaches, we may not be able to maintain or increase our revenues or recover any associated costs. In addition, we may introduce new products and services to expand our revenue streams, including products and services with which we have little or no prior development or operating experience. If these new or enhanced products or services fail to engage users, content creators or business partners, we may fail to diversify our revenue streams or generate sufficient revenues to justify our investments and costs, and our business and operating results may suffer as a result.
We have incurred significant losses and we may continue to experience losses in the future.
We have incurred significant losses in the past. In 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively, we had loss from operations of RMB729.0 million, RMB1,495.2 million, and RMB3,141.0 million (US$481.4 million), respectively. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate profits in the future. Our ability to achieve profitability depends in large part on our ability to manage our costs and expenses. We intend to manage and control our costs and expenses as a proportion of our total revenues, but there can be no assurance that we will achieve this goal. We may experience losses in the future due to our continued investments in technology, talent, content, brand recognition, user base expansion and other initiatives. In addition, our ability to achieve and sustain profitability is affected by various factors, some of which are beyond our control, such as changes in macroeconomic and regulatory environment or competitive dynamics in the industry. Accordingly, you should not rely on our financial results of any prior period as an indication of our future performance.
If we fail to anticipate user preferences and provide products and services to attract and retain users, or if we fail to keep up with rapid changes in technologies and their impact on user behavior, we may not be able to attract sufficient user traffic to remain competitive, and our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
Our ability to retain, grow and engage our user base depends heavily on our ability to provide a superior user experience. We must offer quality content covering a wide range of interests and formats, introduce successful new products and services, develop user-friendly platform features, and push effective content feeds recommendations. In particular, we must encourage content creators to upload more appealing professional user generated content and we must source more popular licensed content. We must also keep providing our users with features and functions that could enable superior content viewing and social interaction experience. If we are unable to provide a superior user experience, our user base and user engagement may decline, which may materially and adversely affect our business and growth prospects.
We maintain a large content library primarily consisting of PUGV and OGV, and are developing new features to attract and retain our users. In order to expand our content library, we must continue to work with our content creators and incentivize them to produce content that reflects cultural trends and maintain good business relationships with licensors of premium copyrighted content to renew our licenses and source new professionally produced content. Our content creators and licensors may choose to work with other large online video platforms to distribute their content if such platforms can offer better products, services or terms than we do. We cannot assure you that we will be able to attract our content creators to upload their content to our platform or renew or enter into license agreements on commercially reasonable terms with our licensors or at all.
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In addition, the industry in which we operate is characterized by rapidly changing technologies and changing user expectations. To remain competitive, we must adapt our products and services to evolving industry standards and improve the performance and reliability of our products and services to be able to adapt to these changes and innovate in response to evolving user expectations. Developing and integrating new content, products, services and technologies into our existing platform could be expensive and time-consuming, and these efforts may not yield the benefits we expect. If we fail to develop new products, services or innovative technologies on a timely basis, or our new products, services or technologies are not accepted by our users, our business, financial performance and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. We cannot assure you that we can anticipate user preferences and industry changes and respond to such changes in a timely and effective manner. In addition, changes in user behavior resulting from technological developments may also adversely affect us. For example, the number of people accessing the internet through mobile devices, including mobile phones, tablets and other hand-held devices, has increased in recent years, and we expect this trend to continue while 4G, 5G and more advanced mobile communications technologies are broadly implemented. If we fail to develop products and technologies that are compatible with all mobile devices, or if the products and services we develop are not widely accepted and used by users of various mobile devices, we may not be able to penetrate the mobile markets. In addition, the widespread adoption of new internet, networking or telecommunications technologies or other technological changes could require substantial expenditures to modify or integrate our products, services or infrastructure. If we fail to keep up with rapid technological changes to remain competitive, our future success may be adversely affected.
Our business depends on our ability to provide users with interesting and useful content, which in turn depends on the content contributed by the content creators on our platform.
The quality of the content offered on our platform and our users’ level of engagement are critical to our success. In order to attract and retain users and compete effectively, we must offer interesting and useful content and enhance our users’ viewing experience. It is vital to our operations that we remain sensitive to and responsive to evolving user preferences and offer content that appeals to our users and members. In 2020, 91.4% of the total video views are of PUGV, as compared to 90.1% in 2019. Thus far, we have been generally able to encourage our content creators to create and upload PUGV that are appealing to our users. We have also been providing our content creators with support and guidance in various forms, including technical support for content distribution, editing and uploading. However, we cannot assure you that our content creators can contribute to create popular professional user generated content for our platform. If our content creators cease to contribute content, or their uploaded content fails to attract or retain our users, we may experience a decline in user traffic and user engagement. If the number of users or the level of user engagement declines, we may suffer a reduction in revenue.
Increases in the costs of content on our platform may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We need to acquire or produce popular content to provide our users with an engaging and satisfying viewing experience. We recorded content costs in our cost of revenue of RMB543.0 million, RMB1,001.6 million and RMB1,875.5 million (US$287.4 million) in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Increases in market prices for licensed content and live broadcasting rights may also have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in September 2020, we formed a strategic partnership with Riot Games, the developer of leading MOBA League of Legends, among others, for granting us a three-year exclusive license for live broadcasting the League of Legends Esports global events in China beginning in 2020 through the 2023
Mid-Season
Invitational, at an aggregate purchase price of RMB800 million (US$122.6 million). If we are not able to procure licensed content at commercially acceptable costs, our business and results of operations will be adversely impacted. In addition, if we are unable to generate sufficient revenues to outpace the increase in market prices for licensed content, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. In 2018, we started to devote more resources in producing our original content. We rely on our
in-house
team to generate creative ideas for original content and to supervise the original content origination and production process, and we intend to continue to invest resources in content production. If we are not able to compete effectively for talent or attract and retain top talent at reasonable costs, our original content production capabilities would be negatively impacted.
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If the content contained within videos, live broadcasting, games, audios and other content formats on our platform is deemed to violate any PRC laws or regulations, considered inappropriate or offensive, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
The PRC government and regulatory authorities have adopted regulations governing content contained within videos, live broadcasting, games, audios and other information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers are prohibited from posting or displaying content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China or the public interest, or is obscene, superstitious, fraudulent, violent or defamatory on the internet. Internet content providers are also prohibited from displaying content that may be deemed by relevant government authorities as “socially destabilizing” or leaking “state secrets” of China. The PRC government and regulatory authorities strengthen the regulations on internet content from time to time, such as the Opinion on Strictly Regulating Online Game Market Management jointly adopted by a few authorities in December 2017, the Regulations on Administration of Network Short Video Platforms, the Censoring Criteria for Network Short Video Content, promulgated in January 2019 by China Netcasting Services Association, or the CNSA, and the Administrative Provisions on Online Audio-Visual Information Services, effective from January 1, 2020. The enactment of these regulations may significantly increase our compliance costs in recruiting additional content reviewers and training them to identify the prohibited content timely and accurately. Any failure to comply with these regulations may subject us to liability. In November 2020, the NRTA further promulgated the Notice on Strengthening the Management of Online Show Live Broadcasting and
E-commerce
Live Broadcasting (“Notice 78”) which requests the live broadcasting platforms for online shows to strengthen positive value guidance and to prevent the spread of the trends of wealth flaunting, money worshiping and vulgarity. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Live Broadcasting Services.”
In addition to licensed content provided by copyright owners, we allow our users to upload content to our platform. Our users can upload all types of content including self-created and professionally produced content and certain graphical files for the purpose of updating user biographies and content covers. Currently only registered users are allowed to upload content to our platform. We maintain two levels of content management and review procedures to monitor the content uploaded to our platform to ensure that no content that may be deemed to be prohibited by government rules and regulations is posted and to promptly remove any infringing content. Our content screening team is dedicated to screening and monitoring the content uploaded on our platform on a
24-hour,
7-day
basis. For more details relating to our content monitoring procedures, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Content Management and Review.” However, there can be no assurance that we can identify all the videos or other content that may violate relevant laws and regulations due to the large amount of content uploaded by our users every day.
If the content contained within videos, live broadcasting, games, audios and other content formats on our platform is considered inappropriate or offensive, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Failure to identify and prevent illegal or inappropriate content from being uploaded and/or streamed on our platform may subject us to liability. To the extent that PRC regulatory authorities find any content on our platform objectionable, they may require us to limit or eliminate the dissemination of such content on our platform in the form of take-down orders, cause our app to be temporarily removed from app stores, or temporarily disable certain functions on our platform, or otherwise. For example, the CAC conducted a nationwide inspection of major internet platforms providing short-video content, and we were notified by certain smartphone app stores in China that our mobile app had been temporarily removed from July 26, 2018 until August 25, 2018. We implemented the required measures promptly and reinstated the mobile app downloads from those app stores on August 26, 2018. We thereafter conducted a self-inspection by taking a comprehensive review of the content on our platform and have doubled the headcounts of content monitoring personnel. Our app may be removed from app stores again in the future, and such removal could materially and adversely affect our business operations. On December 3, 2020, in response to the reported vulgar content on our platform, the Shanghai Municipal Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publication, the Shanghai Municipal Internet Information Office and the Shanghai Municipal Culture and Tourism Bureau made inquiries with us and requested us to rectify within two weeks and strengthen the content review of videos, live broadcasting, anime, bullet chatting and other content on our platform. We have completed the required rectification and submitted the final rectification report to the Shanghai Municipal Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publication and the Shanghai Municipal Internet Information Office on December 22, 2020 and our rectification report has been accepted by the relevant competent authorities.
In addition, PRC laws and regulations are subject to interpretation by the relevant authorities, and it may not be possible to determine in all cases the types of content that could result in our liability as a platform operator. In the past, we were subject to penalties by PRC regulatory authorities due to our failure to comply with these requirements. For example, the Inspection Department of the Enforcement General Administration of Shanghai Culture Market imposed on us a fine of RMB20,000 in May 2018 and a fine of RMB10,000 in April 2019 primarily for having inappropriate content on our platform. We also may face liability for copyright or trademark infringement, fraud and other claims based on the nature and content of the materials that are delivered, shared or otherwise accessed through or displayed on our platform.
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Furthermore, reports or publicity of violence and crimes related to our PUGV, OGV, online games or any claims of our PUGV, OGV, online game content to be considered, among others, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent, defamatory, inappropriate, offensive or impairing public interest, may result in negative publicity, harm to our brand or a regulatory response that might have a material and adverse impact on our business. Any claim of us failing to identify any content a viewer may find objectionable may result in negative publicity, harm to our brand or regulatory actions, which in turn might have a material and adverse impact on our business. We generate a portion of our revenues from advertising. Our advertising revenues might be materially and adversely affected by any decision by advertisers to reduce their advertising as a result of adverse media reports, user complaints or other negative publicity involving us or, content on our platform. In addition, reductions of advertising by advertisers due to allegedly objectionable content made available on our platform by content creators, licensors, or other third parties, concerns about our content management practices, concerns about brand reputation or potential liability, or uncertainty regarding their own legal and compliance obligations, may also materially and adversely affect our advertising revenues.
We face uncertainties with respect to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of Notice 78.
According to Notice 78, platforms providing online show live broadcasting or
e-commerce
live broadcasting services shall, among other things, register their information and business operations by November 30, 2020, ensure real-name registration for all live broadcasting hosts and virtual gifting users, prohibit users that are minors or without real-name registration from virtual gifting, and set a limit on the maximum amount of virtual gifting per time, per day, and per month.
As advised by our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, there is currently no explicit provisions as to what limits on virtual gifting will be imposed by the NRTA pursuant to Notice 78 and it is unclear how and to what degree any such limits would be imposed on different platforms. Given there is no explicit provisions on how to set the limit on virtual gifting, we have not been able to set such limit on our platform and we are currently not able to assess the impact this requirement under Notice 78 will have on the virtual gifting spending activities on our platform. We recorded revenues generated from our live broadcasting business under VAS. We derived 14.2%, 24.2% and 32.0% of our revenues from VAS in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Revenues from live broadcasting accounted for 7.8%, 8.8% and 10.9% of our total net revenues in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Any such limits ultimately imposed may negatively impact our revenues derived from virtual gifting and our results of operations.
Notice 78 also requests the live broadcasting platforms for online shows to register in the National Internet Audio-visual Platforms Information Management System, however, in our communication with Shanghai Municipal Administration of Radio and Television, we were informed that due to the adjustment of the system, entities holding a License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs need to wait for further notification from the competent authority before they can register in this system. As of the date of this annual report, we have not yet received the notification requesting such registration. Notice 78 also sets forth requirements for certain live broadcasting businesses with respect to real-name registration, limits on user spending on virtual gifting, restrictions on minors on virtual gifting, live broadcasting review personnel requirements, content tagging requirements, and other requirements. For more information on Notice 78, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Live Broadcasting Services.”
Since Notice 78 was only issued in November 2020 and some of the requirements in Notice 78 are unclear and have no explicit provisions or implementation standards, we are still in the process of getting further guidance from regulatory authorities and evaluating the applicability and effect of the various requirements under Notice 78 on our business. Any further rulemaking under Notice 78 or other intensified regulation with respect to live broadcasting may increase our compliance burden in the live broadcasting business, and may have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
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We may not be able to effectively manage our growth and the increased complexity of our business, which could negatively impact our brand and financial performance.
We have experienced rapid growth since our inception in 2011. Our financial performance has been and will continue to be influenced by our ability to add, retain and engage active users of our products. Our user acquisition and engagement may fluctuate depending on factors beyond our control, such as the
shelter-in-place
restrictions due to the
COVID-19
pandemic. We have experienced a significant increase in the size and engagement of our active user base during the first quarter of 2020 partly due to the
shelter-in-place
restrictions in China. Although we have been able to maintain the momentum of user acquisition and engagement in the other quarters of 2020 as China gradually relaxed its
shelter-in-place
restrictions, we may not be able to maintain the growth of our active user base or user acquisition and the level of engagement in the long term. As we grow our user base and increase the level of user engagement, we may incur increasing costs, such as licensing fees and royalties for licensed content and hosts’ compensation to further expand our content library to meet the growing and diversified demands of our users. If such expansion is not properly managed, it may adversely affect our financial and operating resources without achieving the desired effects. The market prices for licensing fees and royalties for licensed content, such as license for live broadcasting popular
e-sport
events, have increased significantly in China during the past few years. Online video broadcasting programs are competing aggressively to license popular content titles and events, driving licensing fees up in general. As the market further grows, copyright owners, distributors and industry participants may demand higher licensing fees for such content. Furthermore, as our content library expands, we expect the costs of licensed content to continue to increase. If we are unable to generate sufficient revenues to outpace the increase in costs, we may incur more losses and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. See “ —Increases in the costs of content on our platform may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
As we only have a limited history of operating our business at its current scale, it is difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects, including our ability to grow in the future. In addition, our costs and expenses may increase rapidly as we expand our business and continue to invest in our infrastructure to enhance the performance and reliability of our platform. For example, we may increase our investment in servers and bandwidth to maintain our quality user experience while sustaining the growth of user base. Continued growth could also strain our ability to maintain reliable service levels for our users, content creators and business partners, develop and improve our operational, financial, legal and management controls, and enhance our reporting systems and procedures. Our costs and expenses may grow faster than our revenues and may be greater than what we anticipate. If we are unable to generate adequate revenues and to manage our costs and expenses, we may continue to incur losses in the future and may not be able to achieve or subsequently maintain profitability. Managing our growth will require significant expenditures and the allocation of valuable management resources. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of efficiency in our organization as it grows, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed.
We have a unique community culture that is vital to our success. Our operations may be materially and adversely affected if we fail to maintain our culture and brand image within our addressable user communities.
Our users have developed a unique community culture that distinguishes us from other online content providers. Our users come to our platform for creative content covering a wide array of cultures and interests as well as for strong, vibrant and safe communities. We believe that maintaining and promoting such community culture is critical to retaining and expanding our user base. We have taken multiple initiatives to preserve our community culture and values, such as requiring users to pass a membership exam before they are allowed to send bullet chats and utilize other interactive functions on our platform, and temporarily blocking or permanently deleting accounts of users who posted inappropriate content or comments.
Despite our efforts, we may be unable to maintain and foster our unique community culture and cease to be the preferred platform for our target users and content creators. As our user base is expanding, we may have difficulties in guiding our new users to honor and abide by our community values despite the initiatives we have adopted and may adopt in the future. In such event, our user engagement and loyalty may suffer, which would in turn negatively affect user traffic and our attractiveness to other customers and partners. In addition, frictions among our users and inflammatory comments posted by internet trolls may damage our community culture and brand image, which would be detrimental to our operations. Historically, some incidents of intense frictions among our users who belonged to different micro-interests and fans groups disrupted our operations. Users who have met through our services may become involved in emotionally charged situations and could suffer adverse moral, emotional or physical consequences. Such events could be highly publicized and have a significant negative impact on our reputation. Government authorities may require us to discontinue or restrict the relevant services. As a result, our business could suffer and our user base and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
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If we fail to obtain and maintain the licenses and approvals required within the complex regulatory environment applicable to our businesses in China, or if we are required to take compliance actions that are time-consuming or costly, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
The internet and mobile industries in China are highly regulated. Our consolidated affiliated entities are required to obtain and maintain applicable licenses and approvals from different regulatory authorities in order to provide their current services. However, we cannot assure you that we can successfully renew these licenses in a timely manner or that these licenses are sufficient to conduct all of our present or future business. As we develop and expand our business scope, we may need to obtain additional qualifications, permits, approvals or licenses. We may be required to obtain additional licenses or approvals if the PRC government adopts more stringent policies or regulations for our business.
The expiration date of the major subsidiary’s Online Culture Operating Permits granted by the local branch of MCT ranges from June 2022 to December 2023, which were all renewed after May 2019. As the MCT ceased to assume the responsibility for the administration of the online game industry and no longer approved or issued the Online Culture Operating Permits regarding online games since May 2019, the Online Culture Operating Permits held by our major subsidiary no longer contains content related to online games operation. Based on our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm’s consultation with the MCT in November 2020, the MCT no longer assumes the responsibility to supervise the operation of online games, and it is not necessary for an enterprise to obtain Online Culture Operating Permits to operate online game operation business. As of the date of this annual report, no laws, regulations or official guidelines have been promulgated regarding whether the responsibility of MCT for regulating online games will be undertaken by another governmental department. Therefore, our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, has advised us that as long as there is no governmental authority promulgating new supervision requirements for the operation of online game, we are able to continue our online game operation business although the Online Culture Operating Permits currently held no longer contain content related to online games operation, which will not constitute any material noncompliance.
The NAPP at the national level had suspended the approval of game registration and issuance of publication numbers for online games starting from March 2018. Although the NAPP later resumed game registration and issued game publication numbers for the first batch of games with an effective date of December 19, 2018, the processing time of games registration and issuance of publication may vary greatly and is within the NAPP’s discretion. Any delay in game registration with NAPP or obtaining game publication numbers could lead to the termination of our cooperation agreements with third parties or negatively affect the operation results of our games. Under the Notice on Adjusting the Scope of Examination and Approval regarding the Internet Culture Operation License to Further Regulate the Approval Work released in May 2019, the Online Culture Operating Permits covering the business scope of using the information network to operate online games granted by the MCT before this notice will remain valid until the expiration dates of these permits. On July 10, 2019, the MCT announced the abolishment of the Interim Measures on Administration of Online Games, which regulated the issuance of Online Culture Operating Permits relating to online games. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Games.” As of the date of this annual report, the governmental authorities have not issued laws or regulations to replace the Interim Measures on Administration of Online Games, or to clarify the new regulatory body of online games. If we are unable to comply with the new regulations relating to our online games operations, our ability to introduce, launch and operate new games may be adversely affected, and our financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected. In addition, we cannot assure you that we or relevant third parties can obtain the NAPP’s approvals or complete any new governmental requirements for all games on our platform in a timely manner or at all, which could adversely and materially impact our ability to introduce new games, the timetable to launch new games and our business growth.
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Moreover, the provision of online games is deemed to be an internet publication activity. An online game operator may be required to obtain an Internet Publishing Service License in order to directly make those games publicly available in China. Although it is not specifically authorized by the NAPP, an online game operator is generally able to publish its games through third-party licensed electronic publishing entities and register the games with the NAPP as electronic publications, which is consistent with our practice as of the date of this annual report. In addition, the provision of comics online may be deemed to be an internet publication activity, which may require the content provider to obtain an Internet Publishing Service License. Furthermore, in a consultation with the competent government authorities in February 2021, our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, was informed that operation of an online comics business currently does not require the Internet Publishing Service License. However, for the future convenience to publish games by ourselves, we are planning to apply for the Internet Publishing Service License for our business operation and we have been continuously communicating with the competent authorities. However, there is no assurance that we will be granted such license. If we fail to complete, obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals or make the necessary filings, we may be subject to various penalties, such as confiscation of the net revenues that were generated through online games and comics, the imposition of fines, the revocation of our business and operating licenses and the discontinuation or restriction of our operations of online games and comics.
In addition, considerable uncertainties exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of existing and future laws and regulations governing our business activities. For example, under the Administrative Regulations on the Introduction and Broadcasting of Foreign Television Programs, the introduction or broadcasting of foreign anime in China is subject to approval of the SAPPRFT or its authorized entities. Approval or filing procedures were not explicitly required in practice by the NRTA for the broadcasting and distribution of foreign anime on the internet only. We are currently preparing for the approval or filling procedures for broadcasting and distribution of foreign anime on our platform based on our preliminary consultation with the relevant government authorities. We could be found in violation of any future laws and regulations or of the laws and regulations currently in effect due to changes in the relevant authorities’ interpretation of these laws and regulations. If we fail to complete, obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals or make the necessary filings, we may be subject to various penalties, such as confiscation of the net revenues that were generated through the unlicensed internet or mobile activities, the imposition of fines and the discontinuation or restriction of our operations. Any such penalties or changes in policies, regulations or enforcement by government authorities, may disrupt our operations and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Furthermore, in August 2018, the National Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publication, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, the MCT, the NRTA and the CAC jointly issued the Notice on Strengthening the Management of Live Broadcasting Service, which required a real-name registration system for users to be put in place by live broadcasting service providers. On October 25, 2019, the NAPP issued the Notice on Preventing Minors from Indulging in Online Games, which requires all online gamers to register accounts with their valid identity information and all game companies to stop providing game services to users who fail to do so. Pursuant to the Notice 78, users who have not registered with real names or who are minors are prohibited from virtual gifting. On October 17, 2020, the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision) added a new section entitled “Online Protections” which stipulates a series of provisions to further protect minors’ interests on the internet. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Games” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Streaming Services.” We have implemented several measures to comply with the current real-name registration system. However, the PRC government may further tighten the real-name registration requirements or require us to implement a more thorough compulsory real-name registration system for all users on our platform in the future, so that we will need to upgrade our system or purchase relevant services from third-party service providers and incur additional costs in relation thereto. If we were required to implement a more rigid real-name registration system for users on our platform, potential users may be deterred from registering with our platform, which may in turn negatively affect the growth of our user base and prospect.
We face significant competition, primarily from companies that operate in the video-based industry in China, and we compete with these companies for users, content providers and advertisers.
We face significant competition primarily from companies that operate in the video-based industry in China designed to engage users, especially the Generation Z+, and capture their time spent on mobile devices and the internet. In particular, our competitors mainly include large online video streaming platforms, other platforms offering video products, live broadcasting platforms, and other companies offering online content. Some of our competitors have longer operating histories and significantly greater financial resources than we do, and in turn may be able to attract and retain more users, content partners and advertisers. Our competitors may compete with us in a variety of ways, including by obtaining exclusive online distribution rights for popular content, conducting brand promotions and other marketing activities, and making acquisitions. If any of our competitors provides comparable or better user experience, our user traffic could decline significantly. We have exclusive distribution rights only for certain content on our platform. Our content creators are generally free to post their content on our competitors’ platforms, which may divert user traffic from our platform, and adversely affect our user traffic and thus our operations.
We believe that our ability to compete effectively depends upon many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

| • |  | the popularity, usefulness, ease of use, performance and reliability of our platform, products and services compared to those of our competitors;

| • |  | the amount, quality and timeliness of content on our platform, especially the amount and quality of the PUGV generated by our content creators;

| • |  | the environment and culture of our user communities;

| • |  | our ability, and the ability of our competitors, to develop new products and services and enhancements to existing products and services to keep up with user preferences and demands;

| • |  | the inventory size, quality and size of player base of the games we operate;

| • |  | our ability to establish and maintain relationships with content providers and partners;

| • |  | our ability to commercialize our services;

| • |  | changes mandated by legislation, regulations or government policies, some of which may have a disproportionate effect on us;

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| • |  | acquisitions or consolidation within our industry, which may result in more formidable competitors; and

| • |  | our reputation and brand strength relative to our competitors.

We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from mobile games. If we fail to launch new games or release upgrades to existing games to grow our games’ player base, our business and operating results will be materially and adversely affected.
We derived 71.1%, 53.1% and 40.0% of our revenues from mobile games in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We derive a significant portion of mobile game revenues from a limited number of games. We had one mobile game contributing more than 10% of our total net revenues, accounting for 53%, 31%, and 11% of our total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
We offer mobile games from third-party game developers and publishers on our platform either on an exclusive or
non-exclusive
basis. Therefore, we must maintain good relationships with our third-party game developers and copyright owners to obtain access to new popular games on reasonable commercial terms. We may not be able to maintain or renew these agreements on acceptable terms or at all. In such event, we may be unable to continue offering these popular mobile games, and our operating results will be adversely affected. In addition, if our users decide to access these games through our competitors, or if they prefer other mobile games operated by our competitors, our operating results could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we fail to launch new games or release upgrades to existing games in a timely manner, or if our games do not achieve expected popularity, we may lose players of our games, which could materially and adversely impact our business. Even in the event that we succeed in launching new games, the new games may divert players away from the existing games on our platform, which may increase player churn and reduce revenues from our existing games.
In addition, the revenue model we adopt for online games may not remain effective, which may cause us to lose players and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We derive substantially all of the mobile games revenues from the sale of
in-game
virtual items. However, we may not be able to continue to successfully implement this model.
The PRC government has taken steps to limit online game playing time for all minors and to otherwise control the content and operation of online games. Such restrictions on online games may materially and adversely impact our business and results of operations.
As part of its anti-addiction online game policy, the PRC regulators have been implementing regulations designed to reduce the amount of time that youth under the age of 18 spend playing online games. For a detailed description of these regulations, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Games—Anti-addiction System and Protection of Minors.” A revenue model that does not charge for playing time may be viewed by the PRC regulators as inconsistent with this goal. On the other hand, if we were to start charging for playing time, we may lose our players, and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Furthermore, minors are prohibited from playing games exceeding a certain period of time per day or putting money into their accounts exceeding a certain amount. Online game operators are required to explore the manner to notify users of different ages about the online games based on various criteria, such as the games’ content and the amount of money anticipated to be used in the games, on the game’s download, registration and
log-in
pages in a prominent way. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Games—Anti-addiction System and Protection of Minors.”
Although we have implemented several measures and developed a detailed plan for system upgrade and are in the process of conducting various system upgrading works according to the requirements under the relevant laws and regulations, we may be nevertheless considered
non-compliant
if the regulators take a different view, or if our system is not fully upgraded by the end of the grace period, the length of which also remains uncertain at the discretion of the relevant government authorities. Should the relevant government authorities find us not satisfying the requirements, they may order us to rectify. In a severe case, our business license could be revoked, which may materially and adversely affect our business operations and financial condition.
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The implementation of these laws and regulations may lead to a decrease in the number of minors in our user base and the playtime of minor users, thereby leading to a decrease in the minor users’ revenue contribution to our mobile game business, and may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and prospects.
Illegal game servers and acts of cheating by users of mobile games could harm our business and reputation and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
Several of our competitors have reported that certain third parties have misappropriated the source codes of their games and set up illegal game servers and let their customers play such games on illegal servers without paying for the game playing time. While we already have in place numerous internal control measures to protect the source codes of our games from being stolen and to address illegal server usage and, to date, our games have not to our knowledge experienced such usage, our preventive measures may not be effective. The misappropriation of our game server installation software and installation of illegal game servers could harm our business and reputation and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
In addition, acts of cheating by users of mobile games could lessen the popularity of our mobile games and adversely affect our reputation and our results of operations. There have been a number of incidents in previous years where users, through a variety of methods, were able to modify the rules of our mobile games. Although these users did not gain authorized access to our systems, they were able to modify the rules of our mobile games during gameplay in a manner that allowed them to cheat and disadvantage our other mobile game users, which often has the effect of causing players to stop playing the game and shortening the game’s lifecycle. Although we have taken a number of steps to deter our users from engaging in cheating when playing our mobile games, we cannot assure you that we or the third parties from whom we license some of our mobile games will be successful or timely in taking steps necessary to prevent users from modifying the rules of our mobile games.
If we suspect a player of installing cheating programs on our mobile games, or of engaging in other types of unauthorized activities, we may freeze that player’s game account or even ban the player from logging on to our games and other products. Such activities to regulate the behavior of our users are essential to maintain a fair playing environment for our users. However, if any of our regulatory activities are found to be wrongly implemented, our users may institute legal proceedings against us for damages or claims. Our operation, business and financial performance may be materially and adversely affected as a result.
We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in material damage to our reputation and brand, payment of substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our platform or seeking license arrangements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.
Content posted on our platform may expose us to allegations by third parties of infringement of intellectual property rights, unfair competition, invasion of privacy, defamation and other violations of third-party rights. We have been involved in litigation based on allegations of infringement of third-party copyright due to the content available on our platform. We are currently involved in approximately 110 lawsuits based on allegations of infringement of third-party copyright due to the content posted on our platform, which are immaterial to our company on an individual basis or a collective basis. Regardless of the outcome, these lawsuits, and any other litigation that may be brought against us or our current or former directors and officers, could be time-consuming, result in significant expenses and divert our resources and the attention of our management and other key employees. An unfavorable outcome in any of these matters could exceed the limited coverage provided under our current applicable insurance policies.
Our failure to identify unauthorized videos posted on our platform may subject us to claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights or other rights. Although we maintain content management and review procedures to monitor the content uploaded to our platform, due to the large number of videos uploaded, we may not be able to identify all content that may infringe on third-party rights. Such failure may subject us to potential claims and lawsuits, defending of which may impose a significant burden on our management and employees, and there can be no assurance that we will obtain final outcomes that are favorable to us. In addition, we may be subject to administrative actions brought by the National Copyright Administration of China or its local branches or related law enforcement departments for alleged copyright infringement.
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The validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights in internet-related industries, particularly in China, are uncertain and still evolving. As we face increasing competition and as litigation becomes a more common way to resolve disputes in China, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. Under relevant PRC laws and regulations, online service providers which provide storage space for users to upload works or links to other services or content could be held liable for copyright infringement under various circumstances, including situations where an online service provider knows or should reasonably have known that the relevant content uploaded or linked to on its platform infringes the copyrights of others. In certain cases in China, the courts have found an online service provider to be liable for the copyrighted content posted by users which was accessible from and stored on such provider’s servers.
Although we have not been subject to claims or lawsuits outside China, we may become subject to copyright laws in other jurisdictions, such as the United States, by virtue of our listing in the United States, the ability of users to access our videos from the United States and other jurisdictions, the ownership of our ADSs by investors, and the extraterritorial application of foreign law by foreign courts or otherwise.
In addition, as a publicly listed company, we may be exposed to increased risk of litigation. If a claim of infringement brought against us in the United States or other jurisdictions is successful, we may be required to (i) pay substantial statutory or other damages and fines, (ii) remove relevant content from our platform, or (iii) enter into royalty or license agreements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
Although we have required our users to post only legally compliant and inoffensive materials and have set up screening procedures, our screening procedures may fail to screen out all potentially offensive or
non-compliant
user-generated content and, even if properly screened, a third-party may still find user-generated content posted on our platform offensive and take action against us in connection with the posting of such content. We may also face litigation or administrative actions for defamation, negligence or other purported injuries resulting from the content we provide or the nature of our services. Such litigation and administrative actions, with or without merit, may be expensive and time-consuming, result in significant diversion of resources and management attention from our operations, and adversely affect our brand and reputation.
Furthermore, our app may be taken down temporarily from Apple app store or other apps markets for copyright reasons, and we may be subject to copyright infringement claims brought by our competitors, which, malicious or not, may be time-consuming to defend and disrupting to our operations.
We may not be able to prevent others from engaging in unauthorized use of our intellectual property, unfair competition, defamation or other violations of our rights, which could harm our business and competitive position.
We have invested significant resources to develop our own intellectual property and acquire licenses to use and distribute the intellectual property of others on our platform. Failure to maintain or protect these rights could harm our business. In addition, any unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties may adversely affect our current and future revenues and our reputation. Further, others may engage in conduct that constitutes unfair competition, defamation or other violations of our rights, which could harm our business, reputation and competitive position.
Implementation and enforcement of PRC intellectual property-related laws have historically been deficient and ineffective. Accordingly, protection of intellectual property rights in China may not be as effective as in the United States or other developed countries. Furthermore, policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon our intellectual property rights. Other unlawful conduct against us is also difficult to prevent and police. We cannot assure you that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our rights. From time to time, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources.
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Many of our products and services contain open source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, products and services in a manner that negatively affects our business.
We use open source software in our products and services and will use open source software in the future. There is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our products or services. Additionally, we may face claims from third parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that we developed using such software. These claims could result in litigation and could require us to make our software source code freely available, purchase a costly license or cease offering the implicated products or services unless and until we can
re-engineer
them to avoid infringement. This
re-engineering
process could require significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be able to complete it successfully.
Furthermore, because any software source code we contribute to open source projects is publicly available, our ability to protect our intellectual property rights with respect to such software source code may be limited or lost entirely. As a result, we may be unable to prevent our competitors or others from using such software source code contributed by us.
We face intense competition for users and hosts, as well as strict regulatory supervision by government authorities, for our live broadcasting business.
We face significant competition in the live broadcasting business for both users and hosts. The live broadcasting on our platform primarily focuses on interest areas including anime, game, music, fashion, lifestyle, technology and others. We cannot assure you that such content will continue to attract new users and retain existing ones.
We have entered into exclusive cooperation agreements with certain popular hosts on our platform. We may not be able to maintain or renew these agreements on acceptable terms or at all. In such event, we may be unable to retain these popular hosts on our platform, and our operating results will be adversely affected. We cooperate with talent agencies to recruit, manage, train and support our hosts. Furthermore, we may lose hosts if the talent agencies that manage them are unable to reach or maintain satisfactory cooperation arrangements with such hosts. If talented and popular hosts cease to contribute content to our platform, or their live broadcasting programs fail to attract users, we may experience a decline in user traffic and user engagement, which may have material and adverse impact on our results of operations and financial conditions.
In addition, the costs attributed to hosts’ compensation have increased significantly in China during the past few years for companies that provide such services. If we are unable to generate sufficient revenues to outpace the increase in such compensation, we may lose opportunities to retain the popular hosts on our platform and thus incur more losses. In addition, the compensation we pay to the hosts could significantly increase our cost of revenues and materially adversely affect our margins, financial condition and results of operations.
We cooperate with talent agencies to manage, organize and recruit hosts on our platform. As we are an open platform that welcomes all hosts to register on our websites, cooperation with talent agencies substantially increases our operation efficiency in terms of discovering, supporting and managing hosts in a more organized and structured manner, and turning amateur hosts to full-time hosts. We have a revenue sharing arrangement with both our hosts and talent agencies under which we share with them a portion of the revenues from virtual gifting. In addition, we also cooperate with popular
e-sports
teams to make their game-play available on our platform by paying them a sponsorship fee. The absolute amounts and revenue sharing percentages that we pay hosts and talent agencies may increase. If the interests among us, hosts and the talent agencies are not well balanced, or if we cannot design a revenue-sharing mechanism that is agreeable to both hosts and talent agencies, we may not be able to retain or attract hosts or talent agencies, or both. In addition, while we have entered into exclusive streaming agreements with certain hosts, none of the talent agencies we cooperate with has an exclusive cooperation relationship with us. If our competitor platforms offer higher revenue sharing percentages with an intent to attract our popular hosts, costs to retain our hosts may further increase, additionally, talent agencies may choose to devote more of their resources to hosts who stream on other platforms, or they may encourage their hosts to use or even enter into an exclusive agreement with other platforms, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we are not able to continue to retain our hosts and produce high-quality content on our platform at commercially acceptable costs, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely impacted. Furthermore, as our business and user base further expand, we may have to devote more resources in encouraging our hosts and talent agencies to produce content that meets the varied interests of a diverse user base, which would increase the costs of content on our platform. If we are unable to generate sufficient revenues that outpace our increased content costs, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
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In addition, our live broadcasting services may be abused by hosts and other users. We have an internal control system in place to review and monitor live broadcasting streams and will shut down those streams that may violate PRC laws and regulations. For detailed descriptions of these PRC laws and regulations, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Live Broadcasting Services.” However, we may not identify all such streams and content. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may result in the revocation of our licenses to provide internet content or other licenses, the closure of the concerned platforms and reputational harm. We may also be held liable for such censored information displayed on our platform.
If we fail to develop effective advertising products and systems or retain existing advertisers or attract new advertisers to advertise on our platform, or if we are unable to collect accounts receivable from the advertisers or advertising agencies in a timely manner, our financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.
We generate a portion of our revenues from advertising. We enter into contracts with both advertisers and third-party advertising agencies, and the financial soundness of these customers may affect our collection of accounts receivable. We make a credit assessment of the advertiser and advertising agency to evaluate the collectability of the advertising service fees before entering into an advertising contract. However, we cannot assure you that we are or will be able to accurately assess the creditworthiness of each advertiser or advertising agency, and any inability of advertisers or advertising agencies to pay us in a timely manner may adversely affect our liquidity and cash flows.
Our ability to generate and maintain our advertising revenues depends on a number of factors, including the maintenance and enhancement of our brand, the scale, engagement and loyalty of our users and the market competition on advertising prices. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain existing advertisers or advertising agencies or attract new ones. If we fail to retain and enhance our relationships with third-party advertising agencies or advertisers themselves, our business, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.
We rely on third-party logistics services for our product delivery when performing our
e-commerce
business, and if such third-party logistics services fail to provide reliable logistics services, our
e-commerce
business and reputation may be materially and adversely affected.
We offer
ACG-related
merchandise on our platform, and generate revenues from sales of these products. Our
e-commence
business uses a number of third-party logistics companies to deliver our products to customers. Any interruption to or failure in logistics services could prevent the timely or proper delivery of our products. These interruptions may be due to events that are beyond our control or the control of these third-party logistics services, such as pandemic, inclement weather, natural disasters, transportation interruptions or labor unrest or shortage. We may not be able to find alternative logistics companies to provide logistics services in a timely and reliable manner, or at all, to replace such third-party logistics services to the extent necessary. If products sold on our platform are not delivered in proper condition or on a timely basis or at all, our
e-commerce
business and reputation would suffer.
We rely upon our partner to deliver our services through smart TV.
In smart TV video streaming market, only a small number of qualified license holders can provide internet audio and visual program service to the TV terminal users via smart TVs,
set-top
boxes and other electronic products. Most of those license holders are radio or TV stations. Private companies that wish to operate such business need to cooperate with those license holders to legally provide relevant services. We cooperate with a PRC licensed entity for the development of relevant programs and provision of audio-visual program services through private network and targeted communication channels, such as smart TVs. If we are not successful in maintaining existing or creating new relationships, or if we encounter technological, content licensing, regulatory or other impediments to delivering our streaming content to our members via these devices, our ability to grow our business may be adversely impacted.
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We may not be successful in developing relationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing services that operate effectively with these operating systems, networks, devices and standards.
We make our products and services available across a variety of operating systems, mainly on mobile devices and personal computers. As mobile usage accelerates, we expect to generate a large portion of our business and revenues from mobile. If we are unable to successfully capture and retain the growing number of users that access internet services through mobile devices, or if we are slower than our competitors in developing attractive products and services adaptable for mobile devices, we may fail to capture a significant share or an increasingly important portion of the market or may lose existing users. In addition, even if we are able to retain the increasing number of mobile users, we may not be able to continue to successfully commercialize mobile user traffic in the future.
We depend on the interoperability of our products and services with popular devices, desktop and mobile operating systems and web browsers that we do not control, such as Windows, Mac OS, Android, iOS, and others. Any changes in devices or their systems that degrade the functionality of our products and services or give preferential treatment to competitive products or services could adversely affect usage of our products and services. We may not be successful in developing relationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing services that operate effectively with these operating systems, networks, devices and standards. Further, if the number of systems, networks and devices for which we develop our products and services increases, it will result in an increase in our costs and expenses, and adversely affect our gross margin and results of operation.
We face risks associated with our investments.
We currently spend a portion of our capital in both short-term and long-term investments. Our short-term investments primarily include money market funds, financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets issued by commercial banks or other financial institutions and publicly traded companies with the intention to be sold within twelve months. Our long-term investments primarily consist of investment in companies whose businesses are complementary to ours, including game, anime production and content creation tool development companies.
These investments may earn yields substantially lower than anticipated, and the fair values of our investments may fluctuate significantly, which contribute to the uncertainties in valuation. Any failure to realize the benefits we expected from these investments may materially and adversely affect our business and financial results. For a detailed description of accounting treatment of our short-term investments and long-term investments and the performance of the investments, see “Item 5. Operating And Financial Review And Prospects—Critical Accounting Policies.”
Any change in securities prices and market conditions could lead to volatility in the fair values of our investments accounted for at fair value, which could further impact our financial condition and results of operations and may also impact our ability to dispose of these investments at favorable prices.
Difficulties in identifying, consummating and integrating acquisitions and strategic alliances and potential write-offs in connection with our investments or acquisitions may have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We have acquired, and may in the future acquire, companies that are complementary to our business. From time to time, we may also make alternative investments and enter into strategic partnerships or alliances as we see fit. For example, in September 2018, we increased the shareholding and acquired majority equity interests in Zenith Group Holdings Co., Limited (“Zenith”), the owner of a series of famous virtual singers, such as Luo Tianyi. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we acquired the remaining equity interests in Zenith. In December 2018, we entered into an agreement with certain affiliates of NetEase, Inc. to acquire NetEase Comics business, including copyrights of a large number of storylines from leading publishers and comic artists. In December 2018, we entered into an agreement to increase our shareholdings and to acquire majority equity interests in Maoer Inc., an audio platform offering audio drama. In July 2019, we entered into a series of agreements to acquire a controlling interest in Chaodian Inc. (“Chaodian”). In September 2020, we acquired the remaining interests in Chaodian through a series of transactions. Chaodian operates offline events, such as concerts and exhibitions
Bilibili Macro Link
and
Bilibili World
, and a talent agency that is currently managing many of our content creators. In April 2020, we entered into a business collaboration agreement with Sony Corporation to pursue collaboration opportunities within the area of entertainment business in the Chinese market, including anime and mobile games.
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However, past and future acquisitions, partnerships or alliances may expose us to potential risks, including risks associated with:

| • |  | the integration of new operations and the retention of customers and personnel;

| • |  | significant volatility in our operating profit (loss) due to changes in the fair value of our contingent purchase consideration payable;

| • |  | unforeseen or hidden liabilities, including those associated with different business practices;

| • |  | the diversion of management’s attention and resources from our existing business and technology by acquisition, transition and integration activities;

| • |  | failure to achieve synergies with our existing business and generate revenues as anticipated;

| • |  | failure of the newly acquired businesses, technologies, services and products to perform as anticipated;

| • |  | inability to generate sufficient revenues to offset additional costs and expenses;

| • |  | breach or termination of key agreements by the counterparties;

| • |  | the costs of acquisitions;

| • |  | international operations conducted by some of our subsidiaries;

| • |  | any different interpretations on contingent purchase consideration; or

| • |  | the potential loss of, or harm to, relationships with both our employees and customers resulting from our integration of new businesses.

Any of the potential risks listed above could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to manage our business and our results of operation. In addition, we cannot be assured the acquired businesses, technologies, services and products from our past acquisitions and any potential transaction will generate sufficient revenue to offset the associated costs or other potential unforeseen adverse effects on our business.
We may incur impairment charges for our intangible assets and goodwill.
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired entity as a result of our acquisitions of interests in our subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs. We recorded goodwill of RMB941.5 million, RMB1,012.0 million and RMB1,295.8 million (US$198.6 million) as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
We are required to test our goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they may be impaired. We may record impairment of goodwill acquired in connection with our acquisitions if the carrying value of our goodwill acquired in connection with our past or future acquisitions are determined to be impaired.
Our intangible assets consist primarily of licensed copyrights of content, license rights of mobile games, and intellectual property and others. Purchased intangible assets are initially recognized and measured at fair value. Intangible assets acquired through business acquisitions are recognized as assets separate from goodwill if they satisfy either the “contractual-legal” or “separability” criterion. Intangible assets are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Intangible assets should be tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable. We cannot guarantee that we will not record greater impairment losses of intangible assets in the future. Material impairment of intangible assets could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
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Any malfunction, capacity constraint or operation interruption for any extended period may have an adverse impact on our business.
Our ability to provide superior user experience on our platform depends on the continuous and reliable operation of our IT systems. We cannot assure you that we will be able to procure sufficient bandwidth in a timely manner or on acceptable terms or at all. Failure to do so may significantly impair user experience on our platform and decrease the overall effectiveness of our platform to users, content providers and advertisers. Our IT systems and proprietary content distribution network are vulnerable to damage or interruption as a result of fires, floods, earthquakes, power losses, telecommunications failures, undetected errors in software, computer viruses, hacking and other attempts to harm our IT systems. Disruptions, failures, unscheduled service interruptions or a decrease in connection speeds could damage our reputation and cause our users, content providers and advertisers to migrate to our competitors’ platforms. If we experience frequent or persistent service disruptions, whether caused by failures of our own IT systems or those of third-party service providers, our user experience may be negatively affected, which in turn may have a material and adverse effect on our reputation and business. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in minimizing the frequency or duration of service interruptions. As the number of our users increases and our users generate more content on our platform, we may be required to expand and adapt our technology and infrastructure to reliably store and process content. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve the performance of our platform, especially during peak usage times, as our services become more complex and our user traffic increases.
Any compromise of the cybersecurity of our platform could materially and adversely affect our business, operations and reputation.
Our products and services involve the storage and transmission of users’ and other customers’ information, and security breaches expose us to a risk of loss of this information, litigation and potential liability. We experience cyber-attacks of varying degrees from time to time, and we have been able to rectify attacks without significant impact to our operations in the past. Our security measures may also be breached due to employee error, malfeasance or otherwise. Additionally, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees, users or other customers to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or our users’ or other customers’ data or accounts, or may otherwise obtain access to such data or accounts. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. If an actual or perceived breach of our security occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed, we could lose users and other customers, and may be exposed to significant legal and financial risks, including legal claims and regulatory fines and penalties. Any of these actions could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.
Undetected programming errors or flaws or failure to maintain effective customer service could harm our reputation or decrease market acceptance of our products and services, which would materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
The video programs on our platform may contain programming errors that may only become apparent after their release. We generally have been able to resolve such flaws and errors. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to detect and resolve all these programming errors effectively. Undetected programming errors could adversely affect our user experience and market acceptance.
Our software has contained, and may now or in the future contain, errors, bugs or vulnerabilities. Any errors, bugs or vulnerabilities discovered in our code after release could result in damage to our reputation, loss of users, loss of content providers, loss of revenue or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.
Privacy concerns relating to our products and services and the use of user information could damage our reputation and deter current and potential users and customers from using our products.
We collect personal data from our users in order to better understand our users and their needs for the purpose of our content feeds recommendation and to help our advertisement customers target specific demographic groups. Concerns about the collection, use, disclosure or security of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded, could damage our reputation, cause us to lose users and other customers and adversely affect our results of operations.
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Many jurisdictions, including China and the U.S., continue to consider the need for greater regulation or reform to the existing regulatory framework. In the U.S., all 50 states have now passed laws to regulate the actions that a business must take in the event of a data breach, such as prompt disclosure and notification to affected users and regulatory authorities. In addition to the data breach notification laws, some states have also enacted statutes and rules requiring businesses to reasonably protect certain types of personal information they hold or to otherwise comply with certain specified data security requirements for personal information. The U.S. federal and state governments will likely continue to consider the need for greater regulation aimed at restricting certain uses of personal data for targeted advertising. California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which creates new individual privacy rights for consumers (as that word is broadly defined in the law) and places increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. The CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers, and provides such consumers new ways to
opt-out
of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Some observers have noted that the CCPA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the U.S., which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business.
In the European Union, or EU, the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which came into effect on May 25, 2018, could increase our burden of regulatory compliance. The GDPR implements more stringent operational requirements for processors and controllers of personal data, including, for example, requiring expanded disclosures about how personal information is to be used, limitations on retention of information, mandatory data breach notification requirements, and higher standards for data controllers to demonstrate that they have obtained either valid consent or have another legal basis in place to justify their data processing activities. The GDPR further provides that EU member states may make their own additional laws and regulations in relation to certain data processing activities, which could further limit our ability to use and share personal data and could require localized changes to our operating model. Under the GDPR, fines of up to €20 million or up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, may be assessed for noncompliance, which significantly increases our potential financial exposure for
non-compliance.
In China, the requirement of legal collection and usage of personal information was stated in several rules and regulations. In addition, internet service providers must promptly alert upon the discovery of publishing private information by minors via the internet and take necessary protective measures. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Games.” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation— Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.” On October 21, 2020, the Legislative Affairs Committee of the National People’s Congress of the PRC has publicly solicited opinions on the PRC Personal Information Protection Law (Draft), which sets forth detailed rules on handling personal information and legal responsibilities. As of the date of this annual report, the draft has not been formally adopted.
While we strive to comply with applicable data protection laws and regulations, as well as our privacy policies pursuant to our terms of use and other obligations we may have with respect to privacy and data protection, any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws, regulations or policies may result in inquiries and other proceedings or actions against us by government agencies or others, as well as negative publicity and damage to our reputation and brand, each of which could cause us to lose users and customers and have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.”
Any systems failure or compromise of our security that results in the unauthorized access to or release of our users’ or other customers’ data could significantly limit the adoption of our products and services, as well as harm our reputation and brand and, therefore, our business. We expect to expend significant resources to protect against security breaches. The risk that these types of events could seriously harm our business is likely to increase as we expand the number of services we offer and increase the size of our user base.
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Our practices may become inconsistent with new laws or regulations concerning data protection, or the interpretation and application of existing consumer and data protection laws or regulations, which is often uncertain and in flux. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, this could result in an order requiring that we change our practices, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Complying with new laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business. Failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations related to the collection, use, or sharing of personal information or other privacy-related and security matters could result in a loss of confidence in us by customers and users, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We utilize payment collection channels to collect proceeds from our paying users’ purchases. Any failure by those payment collection channels to process payments effectively and securely may materially and adversely affect our revenue realization and brand recognition.
We depend on the billing and payment systems of third parties such as online third-party payment processors to maintain accurate records of payments of sales proceeds by paying users and collect such payments. We receive periodic statements from these third parties which indicate the aggregate amount of fees that were charged to paying users of our products and services. Our business and results of operations could be adversely affected if these third parties fail to accurately account for or calculate the revenues generated from the sales of our products and services. If there are security breaches or failure or errors in the payment process of these third parties, user experience may be affected and our business results may be negatively impacted.
Failure to timely collect our receivables from third parties whose billing and payment systems we use and third-party payment processors may adversely affect our cash flows. Our third-party payment processors may from time to time experience cash flow difficulties. Consequently, they may delay their payments to us or fail to pay us at all. Any delay in payment or inability of current or potential third-party payment processors to pay us may significantly harm our cash flow and results of operations.
We also do not have control over the security measures of our third-party payment service providers, and security breaches of the online payment systems that we use could expose us to litigation and possible liability for failing to secure confidential customer information and could, among other things, damage our reputation and the perceived security of all of the online payment systems that we use. If a well-publicized internet security breach were to occur, users concerned about the security of their online payments may become reluctant to purchase our products through payment service providers even if the publicized breach did not involve payment systems or methods used by us. In addition, billing software errors could damage user confidence in these payment systems. If any of the above were to occur and damage our reputation or the perceived security of the payment systems we use, we may lose paying users as they may be discouraged from purchasing products or services on our platform, which may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Our success depends on the efforts of our key employees, including our senior management members and other technology personnel. If we fail to hire, retain and motivate our key employees, our business may suffer.
We depend on the continued contributions of our senior management and other key employees, many of whom are difficult to replace. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees could harm our business. Competition for qualified talent in China is intense, particularly in the internet and technology industries. Our future success depends on our ability to attract a large number of qualified employees and retain existing key employees. If we are unable to do so, our business and growth may be materially and adversely affected and the trading price of our listed securities could suffer. Our need to significantly increase the number of our qualified employees and retain key employees may cause us to materially increase compensation-related costs, including stock-based compensation.
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We have granted, and may continue to grant, options and other types of awards under our share incentive plan, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.
We adopted a global share incentive plan in 2014 and a share incentive plan in 2018, which we refer to as the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan, respectively, in this annual report, for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. We recognize expenses in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under each of the share incentive plans, we are authorized to grant options and other types of awards. As of January 31, 2021, awards to purchase an aggregate of 22,265,166 ordinary shares under both of the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan have been granted and outstanding, excluding awards that were forfeited or cancelled after the relevant grant dates. We recognize share-based compensation expenses in our consolidated financial statements in connection with these grants, and may continue to incur such expenses in the future. As of December 31, 2020, our unrecognized share-based compensation expenses relating to unvested awards amounted to RMB3,787.3 million (US$580.4 million), adjusted for estimated forfeitures.
If we cannot obtain sufficient cash when we need it, we may not be able to meet our payment obligations under our convertible notes.
In April 2019, we issued US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2026, which we refer to as 2026 Notes in this annual report. The 2026 Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.375% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2019, and will mature on April 1, 2026 (unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted). In June 2020, we issued US$800 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2027, which we refer to as 2027 Notes in this annual report. The 2027 Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.25% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2020, and will mature on June 15, 2027 (unless repurchased, redeemed or converted).
We derive most of our revenues from, and hold most of our assets through, our subsidiaries. As a result, we may rely in part upon distributions and advances from our subsidiaries in order to help us meet our payment obligations under the 2026 Notes, 2027 Notes and our other obligations. Our subsidiaries are distinct legal entities and do not have any obligation (legal or otherwise) to provide us with distributions or advances. We may face tax or other adverse consequences, or legal limitations, on our ability to obtain funds from these entities. In addition, our ability to obtain external financing in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including:

| • |  | our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows;

| • |  | general market conditions for financing activities by internet companies; and

| • |  | economic, political and other conditions in the PRC and elsewhere.

If we are unable to obtain funding in a timely manner or on commercially acceptable terms, we may not be able to meet our payment obligations under our convertible notes. If we fail to pay interest on the convertible notes, we will be in default under the indenture governing the convertible notes, which in turn may constitute a default under existing and future agreements governing our indebtedness.
If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls to remediate our material weakness over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.
In auditing our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, in accordance with the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the United States (PCAOB).
As defined in the standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness identified related to our lack of sufficient resources regarding financial reporting and accounting personnel with understanding of U.S. GAAP, in particular, to address complex U.S. GAAP technical accounting issues, related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and financial reporting requirements set forth by the SEC. The material weakness, if not timely remedied, may have led to significant misstatements in our consolidated financial statements in the future.
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Following the identification of the material weakness, we have taken measures to remedy the material weakness. Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019 after the remediation. For details on these initiatives, please see “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Internal Control Over Financial Reporting—Remediation of the Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Reported in 2018.”
The SEC, as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management on the effectiveness of such companies’ internal control over financial reporting in their respective annual reports. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm for a public company may be required to issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, as we have become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.
If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our listed securities. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.
We rely on certain key operating metrics to evaluate the performance of our business, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.
We rely on certain key operating metrics, such as MAU and average monthly paying users, to evaluate the performance of our business. Our operating metrics may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics used by other companies due to differences in methodology and assumptions. We calculate these operating metrics using internal company data that have not been independently verified. If we discover material inaccuracies in the operating metrics we use, or if they are perceived to be inaccurate, our reputation may be harmed and our evaluation methods and results may be impaired, which could negatively affect our business. If investors make investment decisions based on operating metrics we disclose that are inaccurate, we may also face potential lawsuits or disputes.
We do not have any business insurance coverage.
The insurance industry in China is still in an early stage of development, and insurance companies in China currently offer limited business-related insurance products. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain property insurance, product liability insurance or
key-man
insurance. We consider this practice to be reasonable in light of the nature of our business and the insurance products that are available in China and in line with the practices of other companies in the same industry of similar size in China. Any uninsured risks may result in substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
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A severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy, any financial or economic crisis, or perceived threat of such a crisis, could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
COVID-19
may continue to have a severe and prolonged negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy, including potential reductions in advertising and marketing customers’ budgets, which may affect our advertising revenues and financial performance generally. Even before the outbreak of
COVID-19,
the global macroeconomic environment faced numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has gradually slowed in recent years and the trend may continue. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies which have been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China, even before 2020. The global financial markets experienced significant disruptions in 2008 and the United States, European and other economies went into recession. The recovery from the lows of 2008 and 2009 was uneven and the global financial markets are facing new challenges, including the escalation of the European sovereign debt crisis since 2011, the hostilities in the Ukraine, the economic slowdown in the Eurozone in 2014. Unrest, terrorist threats and the potential for war in the Middle East and elsewhere may increase market volatility across the globe. It is unclear whether these challenges will be contained and what effects they each may have. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have negative economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy might lead to tighter credit markets, increased market volatility, sudden drops in business and dramatic changes in business, and may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, such as the
COVID-19
pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our operations.
Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of natural disasters, other health epidemics or other public safety concerns. In recent years, there have been other breakouts of epidemics in China and globally. Our operations could be disrupted if one of our employees is suspected of having
COVID-19,
H1N1 flu, avian flu or another epidemic, since it could require our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be disinfected. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that the outbreak harms the PRC economy in general and the mobile internet industry in particular.
The worldwide outbreak of
COVID-19
pandemic has resulted in significant disruptions in the global economy. To contain the spread of
COVID-19,
the Chinese government has taken certain emergency measures, including extension of the Lunar New Year holidays, implementation of travel bans, blockade of certain roads and closure of factories and businesses. These emergency measures have been significantly relaxed by the Chinese government as of the date of this annual report. However, there has been occasional outbreaks of
COVID-19
in various cities in China, and the Chinese government may again take measures to keep
COVID-19
in check. The
COVID-19
pandemic has caused delays in the delivery of the merchandise sold on our platform to the customers in the first quarter of 2020. Although the delivery has been gradually recovering since then, if the impact of
COVID-19
is prolonged or worsens further, it may still disrupt the delivery, which may in turn adversely affect our revenue and financial conditions. Our user acquisition and engagement may fluctuate depending on factors beyond our control, such as the
shelter-in-place
restrictions due to the
COVID-19
pandemic. We have experienced a significant increase in the size and engagement of our active user base during the first quarter of 2020. Although we have been able to maintain the momentum of user acquisition and engagement in the other quarters of 2020 as China gradually relaxed its
shelter-in-place
restrictions, we may not be able to maintain the growth of our active user base or user acquisition and the level of engagement in the long term. The
COVID-19
pandemic has caused delays in production and uncertainty in scheduling of content of our licensed content providers in countries such as Japan. In the event that this pandemic cannot be effectively and timely contained in the countries where our licensed content providers reside, our ability to consistently offer and introduce new content this year may be significantly disrupted, which in turn may harm our user acquisition and engagement growth, as well as our financial performance generally. We have taken measures to reduce the impact of this epidemic outbreak, including, upgrading our telecommuting system, monitoring our employees’ health on a daily basis and optimizing our technology system to support potential growth in user traffic. As a result of any of the above developments, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by
COVID-19
pandemic for this year and beyond. The extent to which
COVID-19
impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of
COVID-19,
the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact, the availability of vaccine and treatment for
COVID-19,
among others.
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We are also vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Although we have servers that are hosted in an offsite location, our backup system does not capture data on a real-time basis and we may be unable to recover certain data in the event of a server failure. We cannot assure you that any backup systems will be adequate to protect us from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures,
break-ins,
war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide services on our platform.
Any future outbreak of contagious diseases, extreme unexpected bad weather or natural disasters would adversely affect our offline events and delivery of the merchandise sold on our platform. If there is a recurrence of an outbreak of certain contagious diseases or natural disasters, the offline events operated by us may be cancelled or delayed and the delivery of the merchandise sold on our platform may be delayed. Government advices regarding, or restrictions on holding offline events and travels, in the event of an outbreak of any contagious disease or occurrence of natural disasters may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
Our ability to conduct business in international markets may be adversely affected by legal, regulatory and other risks.
International expansion of our online games is a part of our growth strategy and may subject us to additional risks and challenges, including but not limited to challenges in formulating effective local sales and marketing strategies targeting users from various jurisdictions and cultures, who have a diverse range of preferences and demands; challenges in identifying appropriate local business partners and establishing and maintaining good working relationships with them; exposure to different tax jurisdictions that may subject us to greater fluctuations in our effective tax rate and potentially adverse tax consequence; and risks of increased costs associated with doing business in foreign jurisdictions. If we fail to address any of these risks and challenges associated with our international expansion, our reputation, business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Any failure to comply with PRC property laws and relevant regulations regarding certain of our leased premises may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We have not registered our lease agreements with the relevant government authorities. Under the relevant PRC laws and regulations, we may be required to register and file with the relevant government authority executed leases. The failure to register the lease agreements for our leased properties will not affect the validity of these lease agreements, but the competent housing authorities may order us to register the lease agreements in a prescribed period of time and impose a fine ranging from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 for each
non-registered
lease if we fail to complete the registration within the prescribed timeframe.
Our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB and, as such, you are deprived of the benefits of such inspection. In addition, various legislative and regulatory developments related to U.S.-listed China-based companies due to lack of PCAOB inspection and other developments may have a material adverse impact on our listing and trading in the U.S. and the trading prices of our ADSs.
Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit reports included elsewhere in this annual report, is registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB. Pursuant to laws in the United States, the PCAOB has the authority to conduct regular inspections over independent registered public accounting firms registered with the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is also located in China, a jurisdiction which does not allow the PCAOB to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities. As a result, we understand that the auditor that prepared the audit report included in our annual report on Form
20-F
filed with the SEC is not currently inspected by the PCAOB.
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In May 2013, the PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, or the MOF, which established a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by the PCAOB, the CSRC or the MOF in the United States and the PRC, respectively. The PCAOB continued to discuss with the CSRC and the MOF on joint inspections in the PRC of PCAOB-registered audit firms that provide auditing services to Chinese companies that trade on U.S. stock exchanges. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting the continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. On April 21, 2020, the SEC and the PCAOB issued another joint statement reiterating the greater risks of insufficient disclosures from companies in many emerging markets, including China, compared to those from U.S. domestic companies. In discussing the specific issues related to these greater risks, the statement again highlighted the PCAOB’s inability to inspect audit work and practices of accounting firms in China with respect to U.S. reporting companies. On June 4, 2020, the then U.S. President issued a memorandum ordering the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, or the PWG, to submit a report to the President within 60 days of the memorandum that includes recommendations for actions that can be taken by the executive branch and by the SEC or the PCAOB on Chinese companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges and their audit firms. On August 6, 2020, the PWG released the report. In particular, with respect to jurisdictions that do not grant the PCAOB sufficient access to fulfill its statutory mandate, or NCJs, the PWG recommended that enhanced listing standards be applied to companies from NCJs for seeking initial listing and remaining listed on U.S. stock exchanges. Under the enhanced listing standards, if the PCAOB does not have access to work papers of the principal audit firm located in a NCJ for the audit of a U.S.-listed company as a result of governmental restrictions, the U.S.-listed company may satisfy this standard by providing a
co-audit
from an audit firm with comparable resources and experience where the PCAOB determines that it has sufficient access to the firm’s audit work papers and practices to inspect the
co-audit.
There is currently no legal framework under which such
co-audits
can be performed for China-based companies. The report recommended a transition period until January 1, 2022 before the new listing standards apply to companies already listed on U.S. stock exchanges. Under the PWG recommendations, if we fail to meet the enhanced listing standards before January 1, 2022, we could face
de-listing
from the Nasdaq Global Select Market, deregistration from the SEC and/or other risks, which may materially and adversely affect, or effectively terminate, our ADS trading in the United States. It is uncertain whether the PWG recommendations will be adopted, in whole or in part, and the impact of any new rule on us cannot be estimated at this time.
This lack of the PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of our independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and investors in our Class Z ordinary shares are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.
As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular China’s, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the Act, has been enacted. In essence, the Act requires the SEC to prohibit foreign companies from having its securities traded on U.S. securities exchanges or
“over-the-counter”
if a company retains a foreign accounting firm that cannot be inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, beginning in 2021. The enactment of Act and any additional rulemaking efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information in China could cause investor uncertainty for affected SEC registrants, including us, the market price of our ADSs could be materially adversely affected, and our ADSs could be delisted if we are unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement in time.
Proceedings instituted by the SEC against certain
PRC-based
accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in our financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.
In December 2012, the SEC instituted administrative proceedings against the Big Four
PRC-based
accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ audit work papers with respect to certain
PRC-based
companies that are publicly traded in the United States.
On January 22, 2014, the administrative law judge, or the ALJ, presiding over the matter rendered an initial decision that each of the firms had violated the SEC’s rules of practice by failing to produce audit papers and other documents to the SEC. The initial decision censured each of the firms and barred them from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months.
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On February 6, 2015, the four China-based accounting firms each agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC and audit U.S.-listed companies. The settlement required the firms to follow detailed procedures and to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four China-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement. The four-year mark occurred on February 6, 2019. While we cannot predict if the SEC will further challenge the four China-based accounting firms’ compliance with U.S. law in connection with U.S. regulatory requests for audit work papers or if the results of such a challenge would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions, if the accounting firms are subject to additional remedial measures, our ability to file our financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed financial statements in compliance with the SEC requirements could ultimately lead to the delisting of our Class Z ordinary shares from Nasdaq or the termination of the registration of our Class Z ordinary shares under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure
If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our businesses in China do not comply with PRC regulations on foreign investment in internet and other related businesses, or if these regulations or their interpretation change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.
PRC laws and regulations impose certain restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in internet and other related businesses, including the provision of internet content and online game operations. For example, the internet cultural business (except for music), the internet audio-visual program business, the radio and television program production and operation business, and the production of audio-visual products and/or electronic publications remain as prohibited areas for foreign investment. Specifically, foreign ownership of a commercial internet information services provider may not exceed 50%, and the major foreign investor is required to have a record of good performance and operating experience in managing value-added telecommunications business. We are a company registered in the Cayman Islands and our WFOE is considered a foreign-invested enterprise. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our business in China mainly through Shanghai Kuanyu and Hode Information Technology (our VIEs) and their respective subsidiaries, based on a series of contractual arrangements by and among Hode Shanghai (our WFOE), our VIEs, and their shareholders. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we exert control over our consolidated affiliated entities and consolidate their financial results in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Our consolidated affiliated entities hold the licenses, approvals and key assets that are essential for our operations.
In the opinion of our PRC counsel, based on its understanding of the relevant PRC laws and regulations, except as disclosed in this annual report, each of the contracts among Hode Shanghai, our VIEs and their shareholders is valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms. However, we have been further advised by our PRC counsel that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations. Thus, the PRC government may ultimately take a view contrary to the opinion of our PRC counsel. If we are found in violation of any PRC laws or regulations or if the contractual arrangements among Hode Shanghai, our VIEs and their shareholders are determined as illegal or invalid by the PRC court, arbitral tribunal or regulatory authorities, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation:

| • |  | revoking the business licenses and/or operating licenses of such entities;

| • |  | imposing fines on us;

| • |  | confiscating any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations;

| • |  | discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations;

| • |  | placing restrictions on our right to collect revenues;

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| • |  | shutting down our servers or blocking our app/websites;

| • |  | requiring us to restructure the operations in such a way as to compel us to establish a new enterprise, re-apply for the necessary licenses or relocate our businesses, staff and assets;

| • |  | imposing additional conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply; or

| • |  | taking other regulatory or enforcement actions against us that could be harmful to our business.

The imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business operations. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties causes us to lose the rights to direct the activities of our consolidated affiliated entities or the right to receive their economic benefits, we would no longer be able to consolidate their financial results.
We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders for our operations in China, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership.
Due to PRC restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of internet and other related businesses in China, we operate our business in China through our VIEs and their subsidiaries, in which we have no ownership interest. We rely on a series of contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders, including the powers of attorney, to control and operate business of our consolidated affiliated entities. These contractual arrangements are intended to provide us with effective control over our consolidated affiliated entities and allow us to obtain economic benefits from them. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure” for more details about these contractual arrangements. In particular, our ability to control the consolidated affiliated entities depends on the powers of attorney, pursuant to which Hode Shanghai can vote on all matters requiring shareholder approval in our VIEs. We believe these powers of attorney are legally enforceable but may not be as effective as direct equity ownership.
Although we have been advised by our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, that except as disclosed in this annual report, each of the contracts among Hode Shanghai, our VIEs and their shareholders is valid, binding and enforceable under existing PRC laws and regulations, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing control over our VIEs and their subsidiaries as direct ownership. If our VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may incur substantial costs and expend substantial resources to enforce our rights. These contractual arrangements are governed by and interpreted in accordance with PRC law, and disputes arising from these contractual arrangements will be resolved through arbitration in China. However, the legal system in China, particularly as it relates to arbitration proceedings, is not as developed as the legal system in many other jurisdictions, such as the United States. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.” There are very few precedents and little official guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of arbitration should legal action become necessary. These uncertainties could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. In addition, arbitration awards are final and can only be enforced in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which could cause additional expenses and delays. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements or we experience significant delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our VIEs and may lose control over the assets owned by our VIEs. As a result, we may be unable to consolidate the financial results of such entities in our consolidated financial statements, our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected, and our operations could be severely disrupted, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
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We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by our VIEs and their subsidiaries that are important to our business if our VIEs and their subsidiaries declare bankruptcy or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.
Our VIEs hold certain licenses that are important to our operations, including the ICP License, License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs, Online Culture Operating Permits and License for Production and Operation of Radio and Television Programs. Under our contractual arrangements, the shareholders of our VIEs may not voluntarily liquidate our VIEs or approve them to sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of their assets or legal or beneficial interests exceeding certain threshold in the business in any manner without our prior consent. However, in the event that the shareholders breach this obligation and voluntarily liquidate our VIEs, or our VIEs declare bankruptcy, or all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if our VIEs or their subsidiaries undergo a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, their shareholders or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets, hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Contractual arrangements we have entered into with our VIEs may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities. A finding that we owe additional taxes could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.
Pursuant to applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by PRC tax authorities. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our WFOE, our VIEs and their shareholders are not on an
arm’s-length
basis and therefore constitute favorable transfer pricing. As a result, the PRC tax authorities could require that our VIEs adjust their taxable income upward for PRC tax purposes. Such an adjustment could increase our VIEs’ tax expenses without reducing the tax expenses of our WFOE, subject our VIEs to late payment fees and other penalties for under-payment of taxes, and result in the loss of any preferential tax treatment our WFOE may have. As a result, our consolidated results of operations may be adversely affected.
If the chops of our PRC subsidiaries, our VIEs and their subsidiaries, are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised.
In China, a company chop or seal serves as the legal representation of the company towards third parties even when unaccompanied by a signature. Each legally registered company in China is required to maintain a company chop, which must be registered with the local Public Security Bureau. In addition to this mandatory company chop, companies may have several other chops which can be used for specific purposes. The chops of our PRC subsidiaries, our VIEs and their subsidiaries are generally held securely by personnel designated or approved by us in accordance with our internal control procedures. To the extent those chops are not kept safe, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised and those corporate entities may be bound to abide by the terms of any documents so chopped, even if they were chopped by an individual who lacked the requisite power and authority to do so.
The shareholders of our VIEs may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business.
The shareholders of our VIEs include Yi Xu, Rui Chen and Ni Li, who are also our shareholders, and, in some cases are our directors or officers. Conflicts of interest may arise between the roles of them as shareholders, directors or officers of our company and as shareholders of our VIEs. For individuals who are also our directors and officers, we rely on them to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands, which provide that directors and officers owe a fiduciary duty to our company to act in good faith and in the best interest of our company and not to use their positions for personal gain. The shareholders of our VIEs have executed powers of attorney to appoint Hode Shanghai or a person designated by Hode Shanghai to vote on their behalf and exercise voting rights as shareholders of our VIEs. We cannot assure you that when conflicts arise, these shareholders will act in the best interest of our company or that conflicts will be resolved in our favor. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations. There is also substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.
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We may rely on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and to pay dividends to our shareholders and ADS holders.
We are a holding company, and we may rely on dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to the holders of the ADSs and our ordinary shares and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.
Under PRC laws and regulations, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in China, such as Hode Shanghai, may pay dividends only out of its accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its
after-tax
profits each year, after making up previous years’ accumulated losses, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.
Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to how the Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and operations.
The National People’s Congress approved the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the 2019 FIL, on March 15, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, and the State Council approved the Regulation on Implementing the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementation Regulations, on December 26, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, which replaced the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Supreme People’s Court of China issued a judicial interpretation on the 2019 FIL, in December 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, to ensure fair and efficient implementation of the 2019 FIL. The judicial interpretation clarifies the issues regarding the validity of the investment contract violating the restrictive or prohibitive requirements in the negative list. According to the judicial interpretation, courts in China shall not, among other things, support contracted parties to claim foreign investment contracts in sectors not on the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (2020 Version), most recently jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC, or the MOFCOM and the National Development and Reform Commission of the PRC, or the NDRC, on June 23, 2020 and became effective on July 23, 2020, or the Negative List (2020), as void because the contracts have not been approved or registered by administrative authorities. However, since PRC judicial and administrative authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it is difficult to predict the outcome of a judicial or administrative proceeding, and such unpredictability towards our contractual rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations. The 2019 FIL and Implementation Regulations embody an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments.
The 2019 FIL removes all references to the terms of “de facto control” or “contractual control” as defined in the draft published in 2015 by MOFCOM. However, the 2019 FIL has a
catch-all
provision under the definition of “foreign investment” which includes investments made by foreign investors in China through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, the State Council may in the future promulgate laws and regulations that deem investments made by foreign investors through contractual arrangements as “foreign investment,” and our contractual arrangements may be subject to and be deemed to violate the market entry requirements in China. The “variable interest entity” structure, or VIE structure, has been adopted by many
PRC-based
companies, including us, to obtain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure” for more details about these contractual arrangements.
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In addition, the 2019 FIL further specifies that foreign investments shall be conducted in line with the “negative list” to be issued or approved to be issued by the State Council. The commercial internet information service, internet audio-visual program services, online cultural activities, the radio and television program production and operation business, and the production of audio-visual products and/or electronic publications that we conduct through our consolidated affiliated entities are subject to foreign investment restrictions set forth in the Negative List (2020). It is uncertain whether the industry of commercial internet information service, internet audio-visual program services, online culture activities, the radio and television program production and operation business, and the production of audio-visual products and/or electronic publications, in which our variable interest entities operate, will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions under the then updated “negative list” to be issued. If the then updated “negative list” requires companies with existing VIE structure like us to take further actions, we will face uncertainties as to whether any clearance from the relevant governmental authorities can be timely obtained, or at all.
Divestitures of businesses and assets may have a material and adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
We may engage partial or complete divestitures or other disposal transactions in connection with certain of our businesses and assets in the future, particularly ones that are not closely related to our core focus areas or might require excessive resources or financial capital, to help our company meet its objectives. These decisions are largely based on our management’s assessment of the business models and likelihood of success of these businesses. However, our judgment could be inaccurate, and we may not achieve the desired strategic and financial benefits from these transactions. Our financial results could be adversely affected by the impact from the loss of earnings and corporate overhead contribution/allocation associated with divested businesses.
Dispositions may also involve continued financial involvement in the divested business, such as through guarantees, indemnities or other financial obligations. Under these arrangements, performance by the divested businesses or other conditions outside of our control could affect our future financial results. We may also be exposed to negative publicity as a result of the potential misconception that the divested business is still part of our consolidated group. On the other hand, we cannot assure you that the divesting business would not pursue opportunities to provide services to our competitors or other opportunities that would conflict with our interests. If any conflicts of interest that may arise between the divesting business and us cannot be resolved in our favor, our business, financial condition, results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Furthermore, reducing or eliminating our ownership interests in these businesses might negatively affect our operations, prospects, or long-term value. We may lose access to resources or
know-how
that would have been useful in the development of our own business. Our ability to diversify or expand our existing businesses or to move into new areas of business may be reduced, and we may have to modify our business strategy to focus more exclusively on areas of business where we already possess the necessary expertise. We may sell our interests too early, and thus forego gains that we otherwise would have received had we not sold. Selecting businesses to dispose of or spin off, finding buyers for them (or the equity interests in them to be sold) and negotiating prices for what may be relatively illiquid ownership interests with no easily ascertainable fair market value will also require significant attention from our management and may divert resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business operations.
Risks Related to Doing Business in China
Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.
The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and court decisions have limited precedential value. The PRC legal system is evolving rapidly, and the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules may contain inconsistencies and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.
From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC judicial and administrative authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to predict the outcome of a judicial or administrative proceeding than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based, in part, on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published in a timely manner, or at all, but which may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not always be aware of any potential violation of these policies and rules. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.
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We face uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Internet Platform Economy Sector.
In February 2021, the Anti-Monopoly Commission of the State Council published the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Internet Platform Economy Sector that aims at specifying some of the circumstances under which an activity of internet platforms may be identified as monopolistic act as well as setting out merger controlling filing procedures involving variable interest entities. Due to the uncertainties associated with the evolving legislative activities and varied local implementation practices of anti-monopoly and competition laws and regulations in the PRC, it may be costly to adjust some of our business practice in order to comply with these laws, regulations, rules, guidelines and implementations, and any incompliance or associated inquiries, investigations and other governmental actions may divert significant management time and attention and our financial resources, bring negative publicity, subject us to liabilities or administrative penalties, and/or materially and adversely affect our financial conditions, operations and business prospects.
Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the mobile and internet in China may adversely affect our business and subject us to liability for content posted on our platform.
Internet companies in China are subject to a variety of existing and new rules, regulations, policies, and license and permit requirements on the distribution of information over the mobile and internet. Under these rules and regulations, content service providers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the mobile or internet content that, among others, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China or the public interest, is obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory, or may be deemed by relevant government authorities as “socially destabilizing” or leaking “state secrets” of China. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.” In connection with enforcing these rules, regulations, policies and requirements, relevant government authorities may suspend services by, or revoke licenses of, any internet or mobile content service provider that is deemed to provide illicit content online or on mobile devices, and such activities may be intensified in connection with any ongoing government campaigns to eliminate prohibited content online. For example, in recent years, the National Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publications, the CAC, the MIIT, the MCT, and the Ministry of Public Security jointly have been launching a series of “Clean Up the Internet” campaigns. These campaigns aim to eliminate pornographic information and content in the internet information services industry by, among other things, holding liable individuals and corporate entities that facilitate the distribution of pornographic information and content. During the campaigns, relevant government authorities have shut down websites, removed links and closed accounts. Certain major public internet companies voluntarily initiated self-investigations to filter and remove content from their websites and cloud servers. In January 2019, CNSA issued the Regulations on Administration of Network Short Video Platforms and Censoring Criteria for Network Short Video Content to tighten the censorship on short video content. The regulatory authorities carried out a series of law enforcement actions against violation of personal information protection from January to December 2019. On January 23, 2019, the CAC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, and the PRC State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, jointly issued the Notice on Special Governance of Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information via Apps, which restates the requirement of legal collection and use of personal information, encourages APP operators to conduct security certifications, and encourages search engines and APP stores to clearly mark and recommend those certified APPs. At the same time, they announced a
one-year
special crackdown on the illegal collection and misuse of personal information by apps. On July 22, 2020, the MIIT issued the Notice on Carrying out Special Rectification Actions in Depth against the Infringement on Users’ Rights and Interests by Apps to urge app service providers, among others, to strengthen the protection of users’ personal information in relation to the download and usage of apps. On December 1, 2020, the CAC issued the Scope of Necessary Personal Information for Common Types of Mobile Internet Applications (Apps) (Draft for Comments) to further provide guidance over personal information security and privacy protection. As a result, a number of mobile apps were condemned publicly for their
non-compliance
with personal information protection policies, including, among other
non-compliance
actions, the failure to publish rules on the collection and improper use of users’ personal information, the failure to provide channels for users to access and revise their information, the failure to provide functions for users to cancel accounts, the unauthorized collection of personal information, the unreasonable requests for access, and the unauthorized sharing of information with third parties. For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs.” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.”
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We endeavor to eliminate illicit content from our platform. We have made substantial investments in resources to monitor content that users post on our platform and the way in which our users engage with each other through our platform. In the past, we have terminated certain user accounts in order to eliminate spam, fictitious accounts and indecent content from our platform. We use a variety of methods to ensure our platform remains a healthy and positive experience for our users, including a designated content management team and our own data analytics software. Although we employ these methods to filter our users and content posted by our users, we cannot be sure that our internal content control efforts will be sufficient to remove all content that may be viewed as indecent or otherwise
non-compliant
with PRC law and regulations. Government standards and interpretations as to what constitutes illicit online content or behavior are subject to interpretation and may change.
We have paid fines in connection with content posted on our platform, and government standards and interpretations may change in a manner that could render our current monitoring efforts insufficient. The PRC government has wide discretion in regulating online activities and, irrespective of our efforts to control the content on our platform, government campaigns and other actions to reduce illicit content and activities could subject us to negative press or regulatory challenges and sanctions, including imposition of fines, suspension or revocation of our licenses to operate in China or a ban of our platform, including closure of one or more parts of or our entire business. Further, our senior management could be held criminally liable if we are deemed to be profiting from illicit content on our platform. Although our operations have not been materially adversely affected by government campaigns or any other regulatory actions in the past, we cannot assure you that our business and operations will be immune from government actions or sanctions in the future. If government actions or sanctions are brought against us, or if there are widespread rumors that government actions or sanctions have been brought against us, our reputation could be harmed, we may lose users and other customers, our revenues and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected and the value of our ADSs could be dramatically reduced.
In March 2018, the SAPPRFT issued the Notice on Further Regulating the Order of Online Audio-visual Programs to further regulate the transmission of internet audio-visual programs. Due to the lack of clarification and detailed implementation rules, it is unclear to us whether and how this notice would be applicable to the content posted on our platform by our users. In November 2019, the CAC, the NRTA and the MCT, jointly issued the Notice on Promulgation of the Administrative Provisions on Internet Audio-visual Information Services, which required the providers of internet audio-visual information services to have sufficient capacities to deal with cyber threats, prevent internet illegal and criminal activities, and defend the integrity, safety and availability of online data. We have conducted a review of the content that may be implicated on our platform and believe our current content monitoring measures in place are adequate. However, given the uncertainty in the interpretation and implementation of this notice, we may be required to subsequently implement further content monitoring measures, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For further information regarding this notice, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs.”
Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could have a material and adverse effect on overall economic growth in China, which could materially and adversely affect our business.
A substantial majority of our revenues is sourced from China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are influenced by economic, political and legal developments in China. Economic reforms begun in the late 1970s have resulted in significant economic growth. However, any economic reform policies or measures in China may from time to time be modified or revised. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past years, growth has been uneven across different regions and among different economic sectors.
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The PRC government exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through strategically allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Although the PRC economy has grown significantly in the past decade, that growth may not continue, as evidenced by the slowing of the growth of the PRC economy in the recent years. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the PRC government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position.
Currently there is no law or regulation specifically governing virtual asset property rights and therefore it is not clear what liabilities, if any, online game operators may have for virtual assets.
While playing online games or participating on platform activities, our users acquire and accumulate some virtual assets, such as special equipment and other accessories. Such virtual assets can be important to online game players. In practice, virtual assets can be lost for various reasons, often through unauthorized use of the game account of one user by other users and occasionally through data loss caused by a delay of network service, a network crash or hacking activities. On May 28, 2020, the PRC Civil Code was enacted, effective on January 1, 2021, pursuant to which, ownership of data and virtual assets are civil rights protected by laws. However, there is currently no further PRC law or regulation specifically governing virtual asset property rights. As a result, there is uncertainty as to who the legal owner of virtual assets is, whether and how the ownership of virtual assets is protected by law, and whether an operator of online games such as us would have any liability to game players or other interested parties (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for loss of such virtual assets. Based on several PRC court judgments, courts generally required the online game operators to provide well-developed security systems to protect virtual assets owned by players and some courts required game operators to return the virtual items or found game operators liable for the loss and damage incurred therefrom if the online game operators are found to be in default or violate players’ rights. In case of a loss of virtual assets, we may be sued by our game players or users and held liable for damages, which may negatively affect our reputation and business, financial condition and results of operations.
Restrictions on virtual currency may adversely affect our online game revenues.
Our revenues from mobile games are collected through the online sale of
in-game
items, which are considered to be the “virtual currency” as such term is defined in the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Virtual Currency of Online Games, which was jointly issued by the Ministry of Culture of the PRC, or the MOC, the predecessor of the MCT, and MOFCOM in 2009. PRC laws and regulations, including this notice, have provided various restrictions on virtual currency and imposed various requirements and obligations on online game operators with respect to the virtual currency used in their games, including that (i) any entity engaged in the services relating to the issuance or trading of virtual currencies for online games shall comply with the conditions relevant to the establishment of an internet culture entity for business purpose and file an application with the provincial administrative department of culture at its locality for preliminary examination and then with the MOC for approval; (ii) the total amount of virtual currency issued by online game operators and the amount purchased by individual users in China is subject to limits, and online game operators are required to report the total amount of their issued virtual currency on a quarterly basis and are prohibited from issuing disproportionate amounts of virtual currency in order to generate revenues; (iii) virtual currency may only be provided to users in exchange for payment in legal currency and may only be used to pay for virtual goods and services of the issuer of the currency, and online game operators are required to keep transaction data records for no less than 180 days; (iv) online game operators are prohibited from providing lucky draws or lotteries that are conducted on the condition that participants contribute cash or virtual currency in exchange for game props or virtual currencies; (v) online game operators are prohibited from providing virtual currency trading services to minors; and (vi) companies involved with virtual currency in China must be either issuers or trading platforms, and may not operate simultaneously both as issuers and as trading platforms. We must tailor our business model carefully, including designing and operating our databases to maintain user information for the minimum required period, in order to comply with the current PRC laws and regulations, including the foregoing notices, in a manner that in many cases can be expected to result in an adverse impact on our online game revenues.
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Advertisements shown on our platform may subject us to penalties and other administrative actions.
Under PRC advertising laws and regulations, we are obligated to monitor the advertising content shown on our platform to ensure that such content is true and accurate and in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, where a special government review is required for specific types of advertisements prior to internet posting, such as advertisements relating to pharmaceuticals, medical instruments, agrochemicals and veterinary pharmaceuticals, we are obligated to confirm that such review has been performed and approval has been obtained. Violation of these laws and regulations may subject us to penalties, including imposition of fines, confiscation of our advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an announcement correcting the misleading information. In circumstances involving serious violations by us, PRC governmental authorities may force us to terminate our advertising operations or revoke our licenses.
While we have made significant efforts to ensure that the advertisements shown on our platform are in full compliance with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that all the content contained in such advertisements is true and accurate as required by the advertising laws and regulations, especially given the uncertainty in the interpretation of these PRC laws and regulations. If we are found to be in violation of applicable PRC advertising laws and regulations, we may be subject to penalties and our reputation may be harmed, which may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our
non-PRC
shareholders or ADS holders.
Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a PRC resident enterprise. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, State Taxation Administration of the PRC, or the STA, issued the Circular Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies which was most recently amended in December 2017, or the Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a
PRC-controlled
enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. The STA issued Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises Income Tax Regulation, or the Bulletin 45, which took effect on September 1, 2011 and was most recently amended on June 15, 2018, to provide more guidance on the implementation of Circular 82 and clarify the reporting and filing obligations of Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated resident enterprises. Bulletin 45 also provides procedures and administrative details for the determination of resident status and administration of post-determination matters. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the STA’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operations function have their presence mainly in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial matters (such as loan, financing, financial risk management, etc.) and human resource matters (such as appointment, dismissal and remuneration, etc.) are made or are subject to determination or approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.
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We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we will be subject to the enterprise income tax on our global income at the rate of 25% and we will be required to comply with PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. In addition, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are
non-resident
enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. In addition,
non-resident
enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, dividends paid to our
non-PRC
individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of the ADSs or ordinary shares by such holders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of dividends, may be withheld at source by us), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise, but it is unclear whether our
non-PRC
shareholders would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the our Class Z ordinary shares and ADSs.
There are significant uncertainties under the EIT Law relating to the withholding tax liabilities of our PRC subsidiaries, and dividends payable by our PRC subsidiaries to our offshore subsidiaries may not qualify to enjoy certain treaty benefits.
Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, the profits of a foreign-invested enterprise generated through operations, which are distributed to its immediate holding company outside China, will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%. Pursuant to a special arrangement between Hong Kong and China, such rate may be reduced to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns more than 25% of the equity interest in the PRC company. Our current PRC subsidiaries are wholly owned by our Hong Kong subsidiaries, such as Hode HK. Accordingly, Hode HK may qualify for a 5% tax rate in respect of distributions from its PRC subsidiaries. Under the Notice of the State Taxation Administration on Issues regarding the Administration of the Dividend Provision in Tax Treaties promulgated in 2009, the taxpayer needs to satisfy certain conditions to enjoy the benefits under a tax treaty. These conditions include, but are not limited to: (i) the taxpayer must be the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends, and (ii) the corporate shareholder to receive dividends from the PRC subsidiaries must have met the direct ownership thresholds during the 12 consecutive months preceding the receipt of the dividends. Further, the STA promulgated the Announcement of the Certain Issues with Respect to the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties in 2018, which sets forth certain detailed factors in determining “beneficial owner” status, and specifically, if an applicant’s business activities do not constitute substantive business activities, the applicant will not qualify as a “beneficial owner.”
Entitlement to a lower tax rate on dividends according to tax treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions is subject to the Administrative Measures for
Non-Resident
Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties promulgated by the STA on October 14, 2019 and became effective from January 1, 2020, which provides that
non-resident
enterprises are not required to obtain
pre-approval
from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax. Instead,
non-resident
enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, collect and retain relevant materials for reference in accordance with these treaties and accept supervision and management from the tax authorities. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be entitled to any preferential withholding tax rate under tax treaties for dividends received from our PRC subsidiaries.
We face uncertainty with respect to the indirect transfer of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their
non-PRC
holding companies.
We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer and exchange of shares in our company by
non-resident
investors.
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In February 2015, the STA issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by
Non-PRC
Resident Enterprises, or STA Bulletin 7, as amended in 2017. Pursuant to this bulletin, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by
non-PRC
resident enterprises may be
re-characterized
and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to STA Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immovable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a
non-PRC
resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consist of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the shareholders, the business model and organizational structure of the offshore enterprise; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the offshore tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immovable properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a
non-resident
enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Where the payer fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor is required to declare and pay such tax to the tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. STA Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange.
There is uncertainty as to the application of STA Bulletin 7. We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions under STA Bulletin 7. For transfer of shares in our company by investors that are
non-PRC
resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under STA Bulletin 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Discontinuation of any of the preferential tax treatments available to us or imposition of any additional taxes could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The EIT Law and its implementation rules, effective 2008, unified the previously existing separate income tax laws for domestic enterprises and FIEs and adopted a unified 25% enterprise income tax, or the EIT, rate applicable to all resident enterprises in China, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, certain enterprises may enjoy a preferential EIT rate of 15% under the EIT Law if they qualify as High and New Technology Enterprise, or HNTE, subject to various qualification criteria. For example, in 2017, Hode Information Technology qualified as a HNTE and was eligible for a 15% preferential tax rate effective for three years starting from 2017 to 2019. Hode Information Technology has renewed this qualification which allows it to enjoy a 15% preferential EIT rate for another three years starting from 2020 to 2022. In addition, in 2018, Shanghai Bilibili Technology Co., Ltd. qualified as a HNTE which allows it to enjoy a three-year preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2018. If Hode Information Technology or Shanghai Bilibili Technology Co., Ltd. fails to maintain or renew their HNTE status, their applicable EIT rate may be increased to 25%, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
There are uncertainties with respect to value-added tax rates relating to the tax liabilities of our PRC subsidiaries.
The MOF, the STA and the General Administration of Customs promulgated the Notice On Relevant Policies for Deepening Value Added Tax Reform on March 20, 2019, which provides that the value-added tax rate of 16% in manufacturing and other industries is reduced to 13%, the value-added tax rate of 10% in transportation and other industries is reduced to 9%, and the value-added tax rate in value-added telecommunication service and other industries stays at 6% from April 1, 2019. We are subject to value-added tax for goods sold at a rate varying from 0% to 17% depending on their categories in different periods. Our advertising and marketing revenues are subject to culture business construction fee at a rate of 3% in 2018, which was reduced to 1.5% since July 1, 2019, valid until December 31, 2024. We are also subject to surcharges on value-added tax payments in accordance with PRC law. It is uncertain whether the value-added tax rate will be raised in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to sanctions including corrective orders, imposition of fines and confiscation of illegal gains.
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It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.
Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in the United States (including securities law class actions and fraud claims) generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator may directly conduct investigations or collect evidence and no entities or individuals may provide documents or materials in connection with securities activities without proper authorization as stipulated under Article 177. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability of an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigations or collect evidence within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. See also “—Our shareholders may face difficulties in protecting their interests, and the ability to protect their rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.” for risks associated with investing us as a Cayman Islands exempted company.
China’s M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of PRC companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.
The M&A Rules, and other recently adopted regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex. For example, the M&A Rules require that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any
change-of-control
transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. Moreover, the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the SCNPC effective in August 2008 and the Provisions of the State Council on the Thresholds for Declaring Concentration of Business Operators require that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds (meaning during the previous fiscal year, (i) the total global turnover of all operators participating in the transaction exceeds RMB10 billion and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China, or (ii) the total turnover within China of all the operators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB2 billion, and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China) must be cleared by MOFCOM before they can be completed. On December 14, 2020, the SAMR announced three cases of administrative penalties for the failures of acquirers to make proper concentration declarations to authorities about their past acquisitions. This is also the first time that the SAMR imposed administrative penalties for illegal concentration declarations on entities structured in a VIE arrangement.
In addition, in 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, also known as Circular 6, which officially established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Further, MOFCOM promulgated the Regulations on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, effective in September 2011, to implement Circular 6. Under Circular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns. Under the foregoing MOFCOM regulations, MOFCOM will focus on the substance and actual impact of the transaction when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review. If MOFCOM decides that a specific merger or acquisition is subject to a security review, it will submit it to the Inter-Ministerial Panel, an authority established under Circular 6 led by the NDRC, and MOFCOM under the leadership of the State Council, to carry out security review. The regulations prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review by structuring transactions through trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. There is no explicit provision or official interpretation stating that the merging or acquisition of a company engaged in the internet content or mobile games business requires security review, and there is no requirement that acquisitions completed prior to the promulgation of the Security Review Circular are subject to MOFCOM review. On December 19, 2020, the NDRC and the MOFCOM jointly promulgated the Measures on the Security Review of Foreign Investment, effective on January 18, 2021, setting forth provisions concerning the security review mechanism on foreign investment, including the types of investments subject to review, review scopes and procedures, among others. The Office of the Working Mechanism of the Security Review of Foreign Investment, or the Office of the Working Mechanism, will be established under the NDRC, who will lead the task together with the MOFCOM. Foreign investor or relevant parties in China must declare the security review to the Office of the Working Mechanism prior to the investments in, among other industries, important cultural products and services, important information technology and internet products and services, important financial services, key technologies and other important fields relating to national security, and obtain control in the target enterprise. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Foreign Investment in the PRC.”
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In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from MOFCOM or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. It is unclear whether our business would be deemed to be in an industry that raises “national defense and security” or “national security” concerns. However, MOFCOM or other government agencies may publish explanations in the future determining that our business is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in China, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited.
PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under PRC law.
The State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC, or the SAFE, promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or the SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released in February 2015 by SAFE, as amended in December 2019, or SAFE Circular 13, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 2015.
If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches or local banks, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.
Rui Chen, Yi Xu and Ni Li have completed initial SAFE registration prior to our initial public offering in 2018 and will update their registration filings with SAFE under SAFE Circular 37 when any changes should be registered under SAFE Circular 37. However, we may not at all times be fully aware or informed of the identities of all our shareholders or beneficial owners that are required to make or update such registrations, and we cannot compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.
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Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.
Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas
non-publicly
listed companies due to their position as director, senior management or employees of the PRC subsidiaries of the overseas companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. Our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents and who have been granted options may follow SAFE Circular 37 to apply for the foreign exchange registration before our company becomes an overseas listed company. In 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly Listed Companies. Under the notices and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly listed company or another qualified institution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding shares or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. Failure of our PRC stock option holders to complete their SAFE registrations may subject these PRC residents to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends to us, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business. The STA has issued certain circulars concerning equity incentive awards. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Each of our PRC subsidiaries has obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes for those employees. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities.
PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from using the proceeds of the offering of equity securities and notes to make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and our VIEs and their subsidiaries, or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries.
We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries, VIEs and their subsidiaries. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries, VIEs and their subsidiaries, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, or we may establish new PRC subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, or we may acquire offshore entities with business operations in China in an offshore transaction.
Most of these ways are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. For example, loans by us to our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE. If we decide to finance our wholly owned PRC subsidiaries by means of capital contributions, these capital contributions are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings in the Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System and registration with other governmental authorities in China. Due to the restrictions imposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any PRC domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to our consolidated affiliated entities, which are PRC domestic company. Further, we are not likely to finance the activities of our consolidated affiliated entities by means of capital contributions due to regulatory restrictions relating to foreign investment in PRC domestic enterprises engaged in internet information services, online games, online audio-visual program services and related businesses.
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SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, effective June 2015, in replacement of the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises. According to SAFE Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of banks loans that have been transferred to a third-party. Although SAFE Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within China, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. Thus, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in China in actual practice. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in SAFE Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to
non-associated
enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from our equity offering and notes offering and then to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in China. On October 23, 2019, SAFE issued Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or the Circular 28. Circular 28 allows
non-investment
foreign-invested enterprises to use their capital funds to make equity investments in China, provided that such investments do not violate the Negative List (2020) and the target investment projects are genuine and in compliance with PRC laws. Since Circular 28 was issued only recently, its interpretation and implementation in practice are still subject to substantial uncertainties. According to the Circular on Optimizing the Administration of Foreign Exchange to Support the Development of Foreign-related Business issued by the SAFE on April 10, 2020, eligible enterprises are allowed to make domestic payments using the income under their capital accounts generated from their capital, foreign debt and overseas listing, without providing materials evidencing the authenticity in advance, provided that the capital usage is authentic and compliant with the current capital account income usage management regulations. The concerned bank is required to conduct spot checks in accordance with the relevant requirements.
In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiary or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiary. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we received from our equity offering and notes offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.
Fluctuation in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.
The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.
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A substantial majority of our revenues and costs is denominated in RMB. Any significant depreciation of the RMB may materially adversely affect the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. For example, when we convert our U.S. dollars denominated funds into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Renminbi relative to U.S. dollars would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms regardless of any underlying change in our business or results of operations.
Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.
Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.
The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval or registration to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi.
In light of the flood of capital outflows of China in 2016 due to the weakening RMB, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement including overseas direct investment. More restrictions and substantial vetting process are put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. If any of our shareholders regulated by such policies fails to satisfy the applicable overseas direct investment filing or approval requirement timely or at all, it may be subject to penalties from the relevant PRC authorities. The PRC government may at its discretion further restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.
Risks Related to Our ADSs
The trading price of our listed securities has been and is likely to continue to be volatile, regardless of our operating performance, which could result in substantial losses to our investors.
The trading price of our listed securities has been and is likely to continue to be volatile and could fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. For example, the trading price of our ADSs ranged from US$19.25 to US$95.71 per ADS in 2020. The trading price of our listed securities is likely to remain volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our listed securities may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

| • |  | variations in our revenues, earnings, cash flow and data related to our user base or user engagement;

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| • |  | announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

| • |  | announcements of new product and service offerings, solutions and expansions by us or our competitors;

| • |  | changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

| • |  | detrimental adverse publicity about us, our products and services or our industry;

| • |  | additions or departures of key personnel;

| • |  | releases at any time, in some cases without notice, of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding ordinary shares, ADSs or other equity related securities;

| • |  | sales of additional ADSs or other equity-related securities in the public markets, or issuance of ADSs upon conversion of convertible senior notes issued by us, or the perception of these events; and

| • |  | actual or potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

We may need additional capital, and the sale of additional Class Z ordinary shares and/or ADSs or other equity securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders, and the incurrence of additional indebtedness could increase our debt obligations.
We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions, strategic acquisitions or other future developments. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit facilities. The sale of additional equity and equity-linked securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs (including upon conversion of the concurrently offered convertible senior notes) could dilute the interests of our shareholders and ADS holders and adversely impact the trading price of our listed securities. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
Conversion of our convertible senior notes may dilute the ownership interest of the existing shareholders, including holders who had previously converted their notes.
The conversion of some or all of the 2026 Notes or the 2027 Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders and existing holders of our ADSs. Any sales in the public market of the ADSs issuable upon such conversion may increase the opportunities to create short positions with respect to the ADSs, which could adversely affect prevailing trading prices of our ADSs. In addition, the existence of the 2026 Notes and the 2027 Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the 2026 Notes and the 2027 Notes could depress the price of our ADSs. The price of our ADSs could be affected by possible sales of our ADSs by investors who view the convertible senior notes as a more attractive means of equity participation in us and by hedging or arbitrage trading activity, which we expect to occur involving our ADSs.
Provisions of our convertible senior notes could discourage an acquisition of us by a third-party.
Certain provisions of the 2026 Notes and the 2027 Notes could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third-party to acquire us, or may even prevent a third-party from acquiring us. For example, upon the occurrence of certain transactions constituting a fundamental change, holders of the 2026 Notes and the 2027 Notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all of their notes or any portion of the principal amount of such notes. In the event of a fundamental change, we may also be required to increase the conversion rate for conversions in connection with such fundamental changes. By discouraging an acquisition of us by a third-party, these provisions could have the effect of depriving the holders of our Class Z ordinary shares and ADSs of an opportunity to sell their Class Z ordinary shares and ADSs, as applicable, at a premium over prevailing market prices.
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Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class Z ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.
We have a dual-class share structure such that our ordinary shares consist of Class Y ordinary shares and Class Z ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class Z ordinary shares will be entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class Y ordinary shares will be entitled to ten votes per share based on our proposed dual-class share structure. Our ADSs represent Class Z ordinary shares. Each Class Y ordinary share is convertible into one Class Z ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class Z ordinary shares are not convertible into Class Y ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale of Class Y ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person other than Rui Chen, Yi Xu and Ni Li or any entity which is not ultimately controlled by any of Rui Chen, Yi Xu or Ni Li, such Class Y ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the same number of Class Z ordinary shares.
As of the date of this annual report, three of our directors, Rui Chen, Yi Xu and Ni Li, beneficially own all of our issued Class Y ordinary shares. As of January 31, 2021, these Class Y ordinary shares constitute approximately 24% of our total issued and outstanding shares and approximately 76% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding shares. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class Y ordinary shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our listed securities. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class Z ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.
The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for the ADSs.
S&P Dow Jones and FTSE Russell have recently announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our ADSs representing Class Z ordinary shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our ADSs. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs.
Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of our ADSs.
Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third-party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.
Public companies listed in the United States that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions.
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It is not clear what effect such negative publicity could have on us. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business operations and stockholder’s equity, and any investment in our ADSs could be greatly reduced or rendered worthless.
Certain existing shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders.
We have adopted a dual-class voting structure such that our ordinary shares consist of Class Z ordinary shares and Class Y ordinary shares. Based on our dual-class voting structure, in respect of matters requiring a shareholders’ vote, holders of Class Z ordinary shares will be entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class Y ordinary shares will be entitled to ten votes per share. Due to the disparate voting powers attached to these two classes of ordinary shares, three of our directors, Rui Chen, Yi Xu and Ni Li, beneficially own all of our issued Class Y ordinary shares. As of January 31, 2021, these Class Y ordinary shares in aggregate constitute approximately 24% of our total issued and outstanding ordinary shares and approximately 76% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding ordinary shares. They may take actions that are not aligned with the interests of our shareholders, including our ADS holders. In addition, the significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our listed securities due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ADSs, the trading price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs, the trading price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the trading price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.
The sales or availability for sales of substantial amounts of our listed securities could adversely affect their trading price.
Sales of substantial amounts of our listed securities in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the trading price of our listed securities and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the trading price of our listed securities.
Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, investors must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on their investments.
We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, investors should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.
Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return to the holders of listed securities will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our listed securities. There is no guarantee that our listed securities will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which the investors purchased these securities. Investors may not realize a return on their investment in our listed securities and may even lose their entire investment.
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Our shareholders may be subject to PRC income tax on dividends from us or on any gain realized on the transfer of our Class Z ordinary shares and/or ADSs.
Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, subject to any applicable tax treaty or similar arrangement between China and the jurisdiction of residence of the holders of our securities that provides for a different income tax arrangement, PRC withholding tax at the rate of 10% is normally applicable to dividends from PRC sources payable to investors that are
non-PRC
resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in China, or which have such establishment or place of business if the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business. Any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such
non-PRC
resident enterprise investors is also subject to 10% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within China, unless a tax treaty or similar arrangement provides otherwise. Under the PRC Individual Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, dividends from sources within China paid to foreign individual investors who are not PRC residents are generally subject to a PRC withholding tax at a rate of 20% and gains from PRC sources realized by such investors on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares are generally subject to 20% PRC income tax, in each case, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties and similar arrangements and PRC laws. Although substantially all of our business operations are in China, it is unclear whether dividends we pay with respect to our Class Z ordinary shares or ADSs, or the gain realized from the transfer of our Class Z ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within China and as a result be subject to PRC income tax if we were considered a PRC resident enterprise, as described above. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our
non-PRC
shareholders or ADS holders.” If PRC income tax were imposed on gains realized through the transfer of our ADSs or on dividends paid to our
non-PRC
resident investors, the value of the investment in our Class Z ordinary shares and/or ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, the holders of our Class Z ordinary shares and/or ADSs whose jurisdictions of residence have tax treaties or similar arrangements with China may not qualify for benefits under such tax treaties or arrangements.
There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our Class Z ordinary shares or ADSs.
A
non-U.S.
corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income; or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, or the asset test. Although the law in this regard is unclear, we intend to treat our VIEs as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of these entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated financial statements.
Assuming that we are the owner of our VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and based on our current and expected income and assets we do not believe we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2020 and we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC is a fact-intensive inquiry made on an annual basis that depends, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets. Fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of our assets for the purpose of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs (which may be volatile). The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. In addition, if it were determined that we do not own the stock of our VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our risk of being a PFIC may substantially increase.
If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder may incur significantly increased U.S. federal income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under U.S. federal income tax rules and such holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds our ADSs.
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Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our Class Z ordinary shares and ADSs.
The sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in
change-of-control
transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our dual-class voting structure gives disproportionate voting power to the Class Y ordinary shares. In addition, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue Preferred Shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our Class Z ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred Shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue Preferred Shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class Z ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.
Our shareholders may face difficulties in protecting their interests, and the ability to protect their rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.
We are an exempted company limited by shares registered under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (2021 Revision) of the Cayman Islands (as revised from time to time), or the Companies Act, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.
Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.
Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.
As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.
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ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.
The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to arbitration, the federal or state courts in the City of New York have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine claims arising under the deposit agreement and in that regard, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.
If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable U.S. state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a
contractual pre-dispute
jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the U.S. federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, based on past court decisions, we believe that a contractual
pre-dispute
jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual
pre-dispute
jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before investing in the ADSs.
If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under U.S. federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.
Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not enforced, to the extent a court action proceeds, it would proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.
We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, a majority of our directors and senior management named in this annual report reside outside the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for our shareholders to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that such shareholders believe that their rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws, or otherwise. Even if such shareholders are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render such shareholders unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.
As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards, and these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than shareholders would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.
As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. We currently follow our home country practice that (i) does not require us to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of its fiscal year and (ii) does not require us to seek shareholder approval for amending our share incentive plans. As a result, our investors may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.
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We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.
Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of U.S. securities rules and regulations that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

| • |  | the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q;

| • |  | or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC;

| • |  | the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

| • |  | the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

| • |  | the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form
20-F
within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form
6-K.
However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, our ADS holders may not be afforded the same protections or information, which would be made available to our ADS holders, were they investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.
Holders of our ADSs may have fewer rights than holders of our Class Z ordinary shares and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights.
Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Class Z ordinary shares represented by the ADSs in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Holders of ADSs may not call a shareholders’ meeting, and do not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. Under our Articles of Association, the minimum notice period required to convene a general meeting is 10 days. Under the deposit agreement, ADS holders must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. If we ask for ADS holders’ instructions, then upon receipt of such voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying Class Z ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for ADS holders’ instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions given by ADS holders, but it is not required to do so. ADS holders will not be able to directly exercise their rights to vote with respect to the underlying Class Z ordinary shares represented by the ADSs unless they withdraw the Class Z ordinary shares and become the registered holders of such Class Z ordinary shares prior to the record date for the general meeting.
When a general meeting is convened, holders of ADSs may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit withdrawal of the underlying Class Z ordinary shares represented by their ADSs to allow them to cast their votes with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for ADS holders’ instructions, the depositary will notify ADS holders of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to the ADS holders. We have agreed to give the depositary at least 30 business days’ prior notice of our shareholder meetings. Nevertheless, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to holders of ADSs or carry out their voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to holders of ADSs in a timely manner, but we cannot assure that holders of ADSs will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the depositary to vote their ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of ADSs may not be able to exercise their right to vote and may lack recourse if the underlying Class Z ordinary shares represented by their ADSs are not voted as they requested.
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Our ADS holders may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.
In certain cases, our ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the relevant deposit agreement, or for any other reason.
We incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.
As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costlier. As we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. Operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers.
We may be involved in class action lawsuits in the United States in the future. Such lawsuits could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the lawsuits. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. | History and Development of the Company

Our website was first launched in June 2009 and was officially named “bilibili” in January 2010. We commenced our commercial operations in 2011 and established Shanghai Hode Information Technology Co., Ltd., which we refer to as Hode Information Technology in this annual report, to expand our operations in May 2013. Subsequently, we obtained control over Shanghai Kuanyu Digital Technology Co., Ltd., which we refer to as Shanghai Kuanyu in this annual report, in July 2014 to further expand our operations.
We incorporated Bilibili Inc. under the laws of the Cayman Islands as our offshore holding company in December 2013. In February 2014, we established Hode HK Limited, or Hode HK, a wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiary. In September 2014, Hode HK established a wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, Hode Shanghai Limited, which we refer to as Hode Shanghai or our WFOE in this annual report.
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Due to restrictions imposed by PRC laws and regulations on foreign ownership of companies that engage in internet and other related business, our WFOE later entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Hode Information Technology and Shanghai Kuanyu, which two entities we collectively refer to as our VIEs in this annual report, and their respective shareholders. As a result of our direct ownership in our WFOE and the variable interest entity contractual arrangements, we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of our VIEs. We treat them and their subsidiaries as our consolidated affiliated entities under U.S. GAAP, and have consolidated the financial results of these entities in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
On March 28, 2018, our ADSs commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “BILI.” We raised from our initial public offering approximately $443.3 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting commissions and the offering expenses payable by us.
In October 2018, we entered into a definitive agreement with Tencent, for Tencent to invest an aggregate amount of approximately US$317.6 million in our company, after deducting transaction expenses in an aggregate amount of approximately US$0.4 million, we received net proceeds of approximately US$317.2 million. On October 25, 2018, we entered into a strategic collaboration agreement with Tencent for sharing and operating existing and additional anime and games on our platform.
In December 2018, we and Taobao entered into a business collaboration agreement in content-driven
e-commerce
and commercialization of our intellectual property assets. Under the agreement, we and Taobao will collaborate to develop a dynamic ecosystem that will better connect content creators, merchandise and users on both platforms, among other things.
In April 2019, we issued the 2026 Notes. These notes bear interest at a rate of 1.375% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2019, and will mature on April 1, 2026. Concurrently with the issuance of 2026 Notes, we also completed a registered offering of ADSs, where we offered 14,173,813 ADSs and certain selling shareholders offered 6,526,187 ADSs, at US$18.00 per ADS.
In June 2020, we issued the 2027 Notes. These notes bear interest at a rate of 1.25% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2020, and will mature on June 15, 2027.
In 2020, we launched a series of branding campaign, including introduced trilogy videos Hou Lang, Ru Hai and Xi Xiang Feng and our brand proposition,
Bilibili-All
the Videos You Like. In April 2020, Sony Corporation invested in our Company, and we entered into strategic collaboration arrangements. In September 2020, we entered into a strategic partnership with Riot Games and secured a three-year exclusive license for live broadcasting the League of Legends
E-sports
global events in China.
Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at Building 3, Guozheng Center, No. 485 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 21 25099255. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Walkers Corporate Limited, 190 Elgin Avenue, George Town, Grand Cayman
KY1-9008,
Cayman Islands.
The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. We maintain our website at
http://ir.bilibili.com/
.

B. | Business Overview

We are an iconic brand and a leading video community for young generations in China. Video is an intuitive, vivid and informative way to connect people with the world and has become a dominant medium for communication, entertainment and information. We refer to the trend of video integrating into the scenarios of everyday life as “videolization,” which is creating a massive video-based industry in China. As a
go-to
video community for young generations in China, we believe we are well positioned to capture the attractive opportunities created by videolization.
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We are a full-spectrum video community that offers a wide array of content serving young generations’ diverse interests. We provide users with “All the Videos You Like” as our value proposition. We have built our community around aspiring users, high-quality content, talented content creators and the strong emotional bond among them. In our community, users and content creators discover and interact with diverse content encompassing different interests, from lifestyle, game, entertainment, anime, technology and knowledge to many more. We also enable broad video-based content consumption scenarios centered around professional user generated videos, or PUGV, supplemented with live broadcasting, occupationally generated videos, or OGV, and more. We have become the welcoming home of diverse cultures and interests and the destination to discover cultural trends and phenomena of young generations in China.
We adopt a user-centric commercialization model. We are a full-spectrum video community, and our ever-growing content ecosystem continues to satisfy our engaged and loyal users’ evolving needs, providing us with multiple lever for user-centric commercialization. We generate revenues primarily from mobile games, VAS, advertising, e-commerce and others. Our cost of revenues consists of revenue-sharing costs, content costs, server and bandwidth costs and e-commerce and other costs. For a detailed description, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Key Components of Results of Operations.”
Our Users
We have a young and culturally aspirational user base who are willing to invest in high-quality content and engaging user experience. Gen Z+ constitutes the core of our user base. Our user base is quickly broadening to include users across different age groups and locations, who take interest in a full spectrum of content. We encourage users to not only discover and view, but also share and create quality content on our platform. We are dedicated to providing a wide variety of high-quality content to retain our existing users and attract new users with diverse interests and backgrounds.
Our user base is growing rapidly. In the fourth quarter of 2020, we had an average of 202.0 million MAU, as compared to an average of 130.3 million MAU for the same period in 2019. Our users have demonstrated high level of engagement on our platform.
Our official members who have passed our
100-question
multiple-choice membership exam are even more engaged. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately 102.6 million official members, representing a 51.1% increase year-over-year. We offer certain major interactive features on our platform exclusively to official members, as we believe the users who take and pass our membership exam are tuned to our community culture and values, hence contributing to our sticky user community. Our official members actively engage in a variety of social and interactive features offered on our platform, such as sending bullet chats, commenting and messaging. In 2020, our users generated 5.1 billion average monthly interactions on our platform, as compared to 2.1 billion in 2019. For official members who visited our platform in each month since 2018, our
3rd-month,
6th-month,
9th-month
and 12th-month retention rate remained above 80%.
OUR CONTENT ECOSYSTEM
We have built an ever-growing content ecosystem that is centered on video-based content including PUGV, live broadcasting, OGV and more. Our full-spectrum content ecosystem enables us to become a
one-stop
platform for users to find a wide variety of content that matches their interests, and for content creators to fully showcase their talent. The more talented content creators gather on our platform, the more inspiring and high-quality content is created, leading to more users, more engagement, and more followers and feedback for our content creators, which in turn encourages more content creators to join.
Our Content
We offer a full spectrum of engaging content, including video services, mobile games and value-added services, or VAS. Our content offerings cover a wide variety of categories. We have become the welcoming home of diverse interests. In the fourth quarter of 2020, we had approximately 1.2 billion average daily video views, representing a 70.1% year-over-year growth.
We offer a comprehensive suite of video services, with PUGV as the cornerstone of our content ecosystem, and live broadcasting and OGV as major attractions of our platform.
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PUGV
PUGV are the cornerstone of our content ecosystem and the main engine that powers our growth. PUGV contributed to 91% of the total video views on our platform in the fourth quarter of 2020. With the development of affordable and
easy-to-use
hardware including digital camcorders and mobile devices with high-resolution video cameras, as well as 5G technologies, the barrier for producing quality video content is gradually vanishing. Video production is now done by a wide range of participants, from amateurs, to semi-professional individuals with certain levels of production and editing skills and to professional production studios or workshops, with the lines between each category of content creators becoming increasingly blurred.
We have a deep and diverse repository of PUGV on our platform. The PUGV on our platform typically showcase the content creators’ knowledge and expertise in the relevant field, providing viewers with a fulfilling experience and creating positive
word-of-mouth.
PUGV are popular among our users due to their originality and creativity as well as their interactive characteristics. Since our inception in 2011, our PUGV experienced strong growth in terms of not only the number of active content creators, but also the number and varieties of videos uploaded. In 2020, we received an average of approximately 5.6 million monthly videos submissions, as compared to 2.6 million in 2019. These videos were submitted by an average of approximately 1.8 million monthly active content creators in 2020, as compared to an average of approximately 0.9 million in 2019.
With a growing number of content creators and the effective incentive mechanisms we provide to the content creators, we receive increasingly diverse and innovative content submissions, which we believe contribute to our mass market appeal. Our most popular PUGV categories were lifestyle, game, entertainment, anime and technology and knowledge in terms of number of video views in 2020. While we enhance content offerings in our leading categories, we are actively expanding our content reach to new categories to cater to the evolving consumption needs of our users.
Live broadcasting
We view live broadcasting as a natural extension to the video services, which allows users to interact and engage in real time, integrated with various content categories and user interests. Content creators who have accumulated a considerable fan base through PUGV get to further solidify their relationship with their fans by hosting live broadcastings to interact on a real-time basis. Many live broadcasting hosts come from the PUGV content creators on our platform.
Games are the most popular category of the live broadcasting content on our platform. For example, in 2018, we started expanding our live broadcasting content to
e-sports
games to appeal to our users who are game enthusiasts, including
top-level
matches in League of Legends and the Overwatch League Championships. In September 2020, we entered into a strategic partnership with Riot Games, the developer of leading MOBA League of Legends, pursuant to which we were granted a three-year exclusive license for live broadcasting the League of Legends
E-sports
global events in China, including the world-renowned League of Legends World Championship,
Mid-Season
Invitational, and
All-Star
Event in China beginning in 2020 through the 2023
Mid-Season
Invitational. For the entire season of S10 2020 League of Legends Pro League, total live broadcasting page views related to the game increased by over 300% as compared with League of Legends Pro League S9 in 2019.
In addition to live broadcasting of games, we also provide entertainment live broadcasting consisting of audio-related live broadcasting, virtual host live broadcasting and other live broadcasting where hosts sing or chat with audiences on a variety of topics. We are continuously enriching our live broadcasting content and increasing user penetration. We are dedicated to attracting more talents and hosts to introduce more live broadcasting channels and provide diversified content. We believe the diverse live broadcasting content provides an interactive user experience and contributes to our user growth.
OGV
Our OGV offering consists of Bilibili-produced or jointly produced content and licensed content procured from third-party production companies. We leverage our rich OGV offering to accumulate IP assets, attract more users and convert them into paying users, inspire the creation of PUGV content creators and to expand content categories to supplement the PUGV content. Our investment in OGV has contributed to the growth in our user base and the amount of our paying users, and we expect the momentum to continue as we roll out more quality OGV content.
Our original content includes both Bilibili produced and
co-produced
content with quality domestic and international third-party partners. We produced and
co-produced
over 100 titles from 2018 to 2020. We typically leveraged our insights of users’ preferences and collaborated with professional production companies to produce OGVs. Our OGV cover Chinese and overseas anime, documentaries, variety shows, selected TV shows and movies.
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We have a large anime library. For example, in early 2020, we launched The Daily Life of Immortal King, a Bilibili-produced Chinese anime series. The series quickly gained over 100 million video views in less than 30 days, setting a new record for our OGV content. Subsequently, Carp Reborn, another Bilibili-produced Chinese anime, generated over 240 million views within three months since its launch. We announced our plan of releasing 33 Bilibili-produced Chinese anime titles on our 3
rd
annual Made By Bilibili press conference in November 2020, further enhancing our dominant role in the field. These OGVs are scheduled to be released in the next one or two years. As our net revenues continue to grow, we do not expect our total content costs as a percentage of total revenue to substantially increase.
Our OGV also cover documentaries, selected TV shows, movies and variety shows. We have provided over 3,000 documentaries on our platform in 2020, showcasing our large documentary repositories in China. We released a number of well-received documentary titles in 2019 and 2020 catering to various interests of our users, including Bilibili-produced And Yet The Books and Police Stories 2019-Guardians on the Move. In the variety show department, we produced Rap for Youth in 2020, which was highly recognized even beyond our community.
In addition, we have partnered with reputable content providers for licensed videos, including leading PRC and overseas television networks and studios. See “—Our Content Partners” for more information.
Mobile games
There is a large population of online games enthusiasts among our users. Game is the second most popular category of our PUGV and the most popular category of our live broadcasting content in 2020. We view mobile games as an adaptive form of video-based content that share many commonalities. Leveraging our deep understanding of users’ preference in online games and rich experience in games operation and distribution, we select mobile games compatible with our users’ interest, such as animation and comics themed mobile games where we hold advantages. We are also expanding our game offerings to other genres, such as console games and massively popular multiplayer online role- playing games. As of December 31, 2020, we operated 43 exclusively distributed mobile games, and hundreds of jointly operated mobile games.
We have obtained the exclusive distribution rights of various mobile games from leading global and domestic mobile game developers. The most popular exclusively distributed mobile games on our platform include Fate/Grand Order, Princess Connect! Re: Dive and Azur Lane. In April 2020, we launched the highly anticipated Japanese role playing game Princess Connect! Re: Dive after noticing the popularity of relevant derivative videos, an anime-based role-playing mobile game developed by Cygames. This exclusively licensed game was an immediate hit, attracting millions of players and topping China’s iOS download and grossing charts within a week after its release.
Similarly, noticing the popularity of the Fate series on our platform, we strategically localized and launched Fate/Grand Order, a Japanese role playing game developed by Aniplex Inc. on an exclusive basis in China in September 2016. We have identified Fate fans for Fate/Grand Order, and encouraged content creators to produce Fate/Grand Order related videos to promote the game. The game attracted 4.5 million players within the first 30 days after its launch. It ranked within top three multiple times each year from 2016 to 2020 on the China iOS app store under the top grossing games category. This legacy game just celebrated its fourth anniversary in 2020, showcasing the long lifecycle of ACG games.
In addition to exclusively licensed mobile games, we also jointly operate a large number of mobile games with well-known domestic developers. Popular jointly operated mobile games on our platform include Genshin Impact and Arknights.
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Maoer and Bilibili Comic
Leveraging our mass user base of ACG enthusiasts, we expanded our offering to
ACG-related
comic and audio content and efficiently converted a large number of our existing ACG enthusiast users to audiences of the new offerings. In December 2018, we entered into an agreement with affiliates of NetEase, Inc. to acquire NetEase Comics business, including copyrights of storylines from leading publishers and comic artists, to further enrich our offerings of anime and comics and to upgrade our suite of premium-licensed content, and we launched the Bilibili Comic, a mobile app offering anime and comic content thereafter. In December 2018, we increased our shareholding and acquired majority equity interests in Maoer Inc., an audio platform offering audio drama such as audio books and music mainly contributed by professional and amateur content creators that can be accessed through both its website and mobile app, to expand our content offerings. As a natural extension from our core ACG content offerings, we see great synergy effects between our main platform and each of the Bilibili Comic and Maoer platform and their significant growth potential.
Our Content Creators
The creation of PUGV by our content creators has been the primary source of user traffic and the key driver for the growth of our user base and communities. We have cultivated a nourishing environment to allow content creators to grow and flourish on our platform, empowering them to easily upload content, actively interact with users and effectively accumulate broader fan bases. We respect original creation and work to ensure that our content creators will stay and grow with our platform. In the fourth quarter of 2020, we had 1.9 million average monthly active content creators and received 5.9 million average monthly video submissions, compared to 1.0 million and 2.8 million, respectively, in the fourth quarter of 2019. Approximately 91% of the total video views are contributed by PUGV in the fourth quarter of 2020.
Retaining and expanding our network of content creators who upload and contribute quality content to our platform is essential to us. We have taken a number of initiatives to encourage and facilitate production of creative PUGV by content creators, including various incentive mechanisms to unlock their commercialization potential. In 2018, we launched a cash incentive program to grant content creators with over 100,000 views or 1,000 followers monetary rewards. As of December 31, 2020, approximately 340,000 content creators participated in the cash incentive program.
Content creators of different levels are encouraged and incentivized by various measures. For
top-level
content creators, we offer them customized premium services to maximize their influence and unlock their commercial value. Certain
top-level
content creators are recognized as Bilibili Top 100 Content Creators for their outstanding achievements. For middle-level content creators, we reward them mainly through our cash incentive program. For newly joined content creators and amateur content creators, we provide online and offline tutorials to improve their video quality, and video editing tools to make creation process easier and more accessible. For example, our UP Academy offers various tutorial videos prepared by seasoned content creators on various aspects of content creation and the tips of being a skillful content creator, including video shooting techniques, software, marketing and branding strategies, and many other subjects.
We also offer analytic tools to allow content creators to see a range of backstage data, such as demographics of followers and viewers, and data on user behavior, such as
following/un-following,
viewing, commenting and bullet chatting. Such information gives content creators insights into current trends and user preferences and help content creators improve and make their creative work more relevant. In addition, we hold seminars to share experience and techniques, and reward those content of high-quality, reputation and popularity. These programs help content creators improve their techniques, deepen their bond in this community, and incentivize them to create better content. In 2020, the average number of monthly active content creators was 1.8 million, as compared to 0.9 million in 2019. These creative minds open our platform up to expanded content categories and in turn, increase user traffic and expand user demographics.
All of our live broadcasting hosts and content creators are bound by our community regulations and standard terms of service, which set forth various policies of conduct, content, privacy and the intellectual property right ownership, also the revenue sharing arrangements between hosts and content creators and us. Most live broadcasting hosts and content creators are not professional or full time. We do identify certain talent and content creators that create popular content and represents our values and beliefs and execute customized contracts with them. We also cooperate with talent agencies which recruit, manage, train, support and promote hosts and content creators. Customized host contracts are negotiated on a
case-by-case
basis and generally contain revenue sharing arrangements and exclusivity clauses. Except as disclosed above, we do not have other material transactions, agreements or understanding with our content creators or live broadcasting hosts, other than in their capacity as our content creators or live broadcasting hosts.
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Our Community
The vitality and integrity of our communities are cornerstones of our business and a priority of our business development strategy. Our users are attracted to our platform because of our creative content and become attached to our diverse, inclusive and vibrant community. To preserve our culture and community values, we have employed the following features in operating our communities.
Membership exam. Users need to pass our multiple-choice membership exam consisting of 100 questions in order to become our “official members,” after which additional interactive and community features, such as bullet chatting and commenting, will become available to them. The membership exam includes questions on community etiquette regarding uploading videos and sending bullet chats, and a set of interest-based questions from a range of topics, such as anime, music, fashion and technology. Users need to answer a total of 60 questions correctly to pass the membership exam. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately 102.6 million official members who had passed our membership exam, representing a 51.1% increase year-over-year.
Signature community management.
We believe official members who have passed the membership exam tend to develop a strong sense of belonging and ownership to our platform. To protect the community values and contribute to a more harmonious community, our veteran users have voluntarily formed a community discipline committee to monitor and report any inappropriate content that has been posted on our platform, which has proven to be an effective means to regulate our users’ behavior in our communities. To support their efforts, we have worked with and provided them with technical means to help them carry out their activities more effectively and enforce their disciplinary decisions. If we confirm that a user has uploaded content that contains inappropriate content, such as pornography, violence, provocative or hate speech, invasion of personal privacy, personal attacks, and fraudulent or other offensive information, we may temporarily suspend or permanently terminate such user’s account, and display such user’s account information and reason for the disciplinary action under the “Dark Chamber” tab, which is open to all users on our platform. This measure also allows users to participate in the management of our communities and helps us educate users and foster a self-regulating environment to protect and strengthen the community values that we hold dear. See “—Content Management and Review.”
Community events.
Every year, we hold large festivals and community events for our users, including New Year’s Eve Gala, Chinese New Year Gala, Bilibili Macro Link and Bilibili World. We also invite content creators to participate in these events. Chinese New Year Gala is our signature community event that we started in 2010 where we invite all content creators to create and upload
ACG-inspired
videos and select the best among them to produce an extended program according to each year’s theme to celebrate Chinese New Year with our users. In January 2020, we hosted the Bilibili Top 100 Content Creators Award Ceremony to celebrate and award the outstanding achievements of leading content creators in various categories. We marked the end of the year with our second successful New Year’s Eve Gala, The Most Beautiful Night of 2020. The popularity index during the 2020 broadcasting night more than tripled its size in the 2019 broadcasting night, achieving 120 million playbacks within 48 hours.
OUR PLATFORM
Access to our platform
Our platform includes our “Bilibili” mobile apps, PC websites, Smart TV, Bilibili Comic, Maoer and a variety of related features, functionalities, tools and services that we provide to users and content creators. For mobile devices, users typically access our content through our dedicated “Bilibili” mobile apps, or a mobile website that is largely similar in terms of functionality and appearance to our mobile apps. Our mobile apps are available for user download from the Apple and Android app stores. We also provide a PC website at www.bilibili.com and offer quality content across on smart TV devices. The majority of our active users are on mobile, and our mobile products continue to grow faster than our PC products. In 2020, MAU from our mobile products accounted for over 90% of our MAU on average.
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We utilize our big data analytical capabilities in our feed system to categorize and recommend content based on user data captured on our platform and analytics produced by our deep learning algorithms. The basic features we offer on our platform include content uploading, viewing and commenting. Our platform also can categorize, rank, search for, curate and recommend content uploaded and viewed to simplify the content discovery process.
Our social and interactive features
Our communities are built on creative content as well as vibrant interactions among users. Users’ interactions on our platform revolve around content, and the social and interactive features of our platform allow users who share similar interests and hobbies to find, engage with and bond with each other to establish a common bond. We provide the following social and interactive features for our users.
Bullet chatting.
Bullet chatting is a commenting function that we pioneered, which enables content viewers to send comments that fly across the screen like bullets, and has become very popular among young internet users in China. Only official member who passed our membership exam can send bullet chats on our platform. Bullet chats are context-based and can be viewed by the audiences who watch the same content, and therefore can intrigue interactive commenting among content viewers. The bullet chatting feature has transformed the video-viewing experience from
one-way
content display to a brand new interactive experience by sharing with other enthusiasts who empathize with each other.
Liking and following.
Users can show appreciation in various ways to encourage content creators, such as liking, voting, adding to favorites and casting coin. Users can also opt to follow a content creator so they can see the content creator’s newly posted activities promptly on their own timeline. In addition, we invented a unique interaction feature, “one click triple-function combo.” Through one long pressing on the screen, users can complete liking, coin casting and adding to favourite library in a roll to show their special appreciation.
Interacting with fans.
Content creators can use moment, fans group, live broadcasting and interactive video to interact with their fans. Bilibili moment enables users to express and share their interests and stories in multimedia content such as text, pictures and video. Content creators can utilize this feature to notify their followers when they upload new content on our platform. In addition, users can join fans group to interact with content creators. In addition, live broadcasting allows content creators to set up channels to interact with fans on a real-time basis. Furthermore, we launched the interactive video function in July 2019, where users are involved in making choices for the characters in the videos and change the plot as the story develops.
Gifting and rewarding.
Users can send free or paid virtual items to live broadcasting hosts and content creators to show their support and appreciation.
Sharing and communicating.
Users can share and repost content uploaded by other users, add comments, send instant messages and view their history of interactions with other users.
OUR COMMERCIALIZATION MODEL
Capitalizing our engaged user base, expanding content ecosystem, and vibrant community, we are well positioned to capture users’ evolving demand and increase lifetime value of our users by satisfying such demand. As we develop deep insights into user interests and behavior, we curate the right content and service offerings compatible with user demand, achieving efficient user-centric commercialization. Our commercialization efforts are based on the integrated goals of offering quality content catering to user preference to attract users, building vibrant communities to retain users, and stimulating content consumption to achieve commercialization. We generate revenues primarily from mobile games, VAS, advertising,
e-commerce
and others. In the fourth quarter of 2020, our average number of monthly paying users was 17.9 million, as compared to 8.8 million in the same period of 2019.
Mobile games
Games is the second most popular genre category of our PUGV based on video views in 2020. A substantial portion of our users are game lovers. We started to publish mobile games on our platform for third-party developers in January 2014, and launched our first self-developed game in August 2017.
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Our significant growth in net revenues initially around 2016 was primarily attributable to our mobile games operations. As a key component of ACG culture, game related content remained one of the most popular genres on our platform based on video views since our inception. Recognizing the large population of game lovers among our users and a strong propensity to spend on mobile games of our typical users, we started to introduce animation and comics themed mobile games that resonate well with our communities and user preferences. Some of these games are sourced taking into consideration of the popularity of related video content on our platform. Mobile games have thus become a natural extension of our video content offerings through which we achieve efficient monetization. In addition, our sticky user community with strong preference for
ACG-related
content enables us to obtain exclusive distribution rights of various popular, high-quality mobile games in China from leading global and domestic game developers, particularly with regards to
ACG-themed
mobile games.
As our user base and user demand expand, we continue to launch new service offerings and diversify our monetization channels beyond mobile games. As a result, while our net revenues continued to grow substantially, mobile games revenues contribution as a percentage of total net revenues decreased over the past few years, with the rise of other revenue streams. We derived 71.1%, 53.1% and 40.0% of our revenues from mobile games in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The top 10 mobile games contributed to 67%, 46% and 33% of our revenues in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Our top 3 mobile games: Fate/Grand Order, Princess Connect! Re: Dive, and Azur Lane, in aggregate contributed 61%, 36% and 24% of our total net revenues in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

Name |  | Initial Launch Date |  | Region |  | Genre
Fate/Grand Order |  | September 2016 |  | China |  | ACG-related game
Azur Lane |  | May 2017 |  | China |  | ACG-related game
Princess Connect! Re: Dive |  | April 2020 |  | China |  | ACG-related game

Substantially all mobile games on our platform are developed by third-party developers and we select and curate mobile games on our platform based on content, themes, cultural characteristics and features that appeal to our users. Our users access the mobile games on our platform, and log into and play with their Bilibili accounts. They purchase
in-game
virtual items that enhance their game-playing experience, which is the primary source of our revenue generated from mobile games. As of December 31, 2020, we operated 43 exclusively distributed mobile games and hundreds of jointly operated mobile games. For our exclusively distributed mobile games, we generally were granted royalty bearing license with the exclusive right to market and distribute mobile games in China and other countries and regions in Asia. We also entered into joint operating agreements with game developers and distributors pursuant to which we were granted
non-exclusive
licenses to promote and distribute games on our platform. We negotiate revenue sharing arrangements or licensing fees with mobile game developers on a case-by-case basis and such arrangements are generally consistent with industry norms. Our exclusively distributed mobile games contributed to 88%, 79% and 75% of our mobile games revenues during 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
We routinely customize our exclusively distributed mobile games and adapt them to our users’ preferences and provide operation and servicing support with our own servers to optimize the game experience for our users. For jointly operated mobile games, we generally provide distribution, payment solutions and market promotion services, while game developers are responsible for providing game products, hosting and maintenance of game servers and determining the pricing of
in-game
virtual items.
To further explore opportunities in this business sector, we entered into a strategic collaboration agreement with Tencent in October 2018, pursuant to which we would jointly operate more Tencent games on our platform. In 2020, we entered into business collaboration with Sony to bring more high-quality anime content and mobile games to our users.
VAS
We also achieve commercialization through the various types of VAS we offer, including our premium membership program, live broadcasting and other value-added services, including Bilibili Comic and Maoer audio program. We derived 42%, 44% and 43% of our VAS revenues from premium membership in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We derived 55%, 36% and 34% of our VAS revenues from live broadcasting in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We derived the rest of the VAS revenues from comics and other paid contents.
In January 2018, we launched a premium membership program allowing paying members to enjoy an exclusive or advance access to certain high-quality OGV. We charge our premium members membership fees monthly, quarterly or annually, based on the service package that they select. As of December 31, 2020, we had 14.5 million premium members. We plan to continue to roll out more high-quality OGV content and convert more paying users.
We extend diversified live broadcasting content covering a broad range of interests. We offer various virtual items for sale on our live broadcasting. Users can purchase
in-app
virtual items and send them as virtual gifts to their favorite hosts to show appreciation and provide them with monetary rewards. These virtual items can produce special effects on the screen, such as Bilibili Spaceship and fireworks. As we attract a growing number of hosts and talent agencies to hold live broadcasting on our platform, and encourage more content creators to become hosts, the revenue generated from sales of virtual items increases.
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We share revenues from the sales of virtual items generated on our live broadcasting with our hosts and talent agencies. We encourage our content creators to host live broadcasting on our platform to interact with their fans on a real time basis, enhance their popularity and in turn attract and retain users. We have entered into exclusive cooperation agreements with certain hosts with top popularity on our platform, pursuant to which we offer these hosts more attractive rewards in addition to the revenue-sharing arrangements. We plan to enter into cooperation agreements with more hosts in the future to secure popular hosts and further expand our live broadcasting. The top 10 content creators and live broadcasting hosts contributed to less than 1% of our total revenues during 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
In December 2018, we acquired NetEase Comics business, to further enrich our offerings of anime and comics and to upgrade our suite of premium-licensed content, and we launched the Bilibili Comic, a mobile app offering anime and comic content thereafter. In December 2018, we increased our shareholdings to acquire majority equity interests in Maoer Inc., an audio platform offering audio drama. We currently hold 80.5% equity interests of Maoer Inc.
Advertising
Our typical users, the Gen Z+ with high educational backgrounds and increasing disposable income who spend time on quality content, are well-chased by advertisers. Advertisers are also seeking out innovative platforms with abundant user traffic to enhance their visibility. We believe our rapidly growing community and increasing brand awareness makes Bilibili a preferred platform for advertisers.
We offer various advertising formats including brand advertising, performance-based advertising and native advertising. Brand advertisements primarily appear on the app opening page, the top banner, the website home page banner and the inline video feed alongside organic feeds. Brand advertisements can also be customized according to advertisers’ need and appeared in Bilibili-produced OGV or events. Performance-based advertisements primarily appear as inline video feeds alongside with organic feeds. This format allows us to push personalized feed advertisements to users throughout our platform. Native advertising are customized according to advertisers’ needs, produced by our content creators and embedded naturally in their video creations. As the native advertisements are usually cohesive with the content of our platform, assimilated into the design and consistent with the form of content presentation on our platform, our users tend to view them as regular video content.
In addition, we offer integrated marketing campaigns to provide a
one-stop
marketing solution for our advertisers. Advertisers can leverage our brand advertising to raise their brand awareness, use native advertisements to influence user’s purchase decision and convert sales through our performance-based advertisements. The
all-around
marketing campaigns were well-received by the users and brought satisfactory results for our advertisers. The price of our advertising service is determined on a
case-by-case
basis and depends upon various factors, including the format and duration of the advertisement, targeting scope, display location and so on. We provide various sales incentives to our advertising service customers, including cash incentives in the form of commissions to certain third-party advertising agencies and noncash incentives such as discounts and advertising services provided free of charge in certain bundled arrangements, which are negotiated on a contract by contract basis with customers. The incentives are based on revenue volume and incentive rate, which are negotiated on a contract by contract basis. We account for these incentives granted to customers as variable consideration in accordance with ASC 606 that is net of our revenues. The amount of variable consideration is measured based on the most likely amount of incentive to be provided to customers. We do not have other material transactions, agreements or understanding with our advertising customers, other than in their capacity as our advertising customers.
E-commerce
and others
Our
e-commerce
initiatives are focused around the IP value of
ACG-related
content. We offer
ACG-related
merchandise and generate revenue from sales of these products. For example, for users who are particularly interested in a certain anime, we recommend to them merchandise of the same theme and encourage them to place orders on our platform. We also generate revenue from certain offline activities we hold, including selling events tickets and peripheral products.
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OUR STRATEGIC PARTNERS
We collaborate with reputable industry players to enhance our content offerings and to strengthen our user-centric commercialization capabilities. We partner with domestic and overseas content partners to continually expand and deepen our content repository. We also work with talent agencies in expanding our content creator group as well as in diversifying our content offerings. We contract with talent agencies to recruit, manage, train and support our hosts and pay talent agencies a percentage of the total revenues from virtual gifting made to the hosts managed by such talent agencies. We work with advertisers in a variety of industries due to our rapidly growing community and increasing brand awareness. We enter into advertising service agreements with advertisers directly or through advertising agencies. The price of our advertising services depends upon various factors, including the duration and form of the advertisements and popularity of the content or event in which the advertisements will be placed. We cooperate with leading global and domestic mobile game developers to distribute their mobile games on our platform. Under our agreements for exclusively distributed mobile games, we are typically responsible for the launch of the games, hosting and maintenance of game servers, determination of when and how to operate
in-game
promotions and customer services and the pricing of
in-game
virtual items and making a localized version for overseas licensed games. Under our agreements for jointly operated mobile games, we are typically responsible for distributing games and providing payment solution and market promotion service. Proceeds earned from selling
in-game
virtual items are shared between us and the third-party game developers pursuant to the agreements. We believe our large and diverse user base presents a prime opportunity for our strategic partners to reach a growing number of audiences. We have also entered into revenue sharing arrangements with distribution channels including iOS and Android-based app stores to distribute our mobile games. To provide multiple payment methods for our users, we contracted with online payment channels and pay fees based on the amount of payment made through the payment channel.
In October 2018, Tencent, our principal shareholder, further invested in our company, and we entered into a strategic collaboration agreement with Tencent for sharing and operating existing and additional anime and games on Bilibili’s online platform, pursuant to which we and Tencent will participate in the exchange and purchase of existing anime copyright, and jointly procure, produce and invest in anime projects, as well as seek investment opportunities in the anime and comic industry. In addition, we would expand our cooperation with Tencent by jointly operating more Tencent games on our platform.
In December 2018, we and Alibaba Group commenced our business collaboration in the content creation and commercialization front. Under the agreement, content creators on Bilibili will promote merchandise by producing content in a creative and interactive format. Taobao will also work with us to promote and commercialize Bilibili’s IP assets, leveraging consumer insights on both platforms. In February 2019, Alibaba Group became our principal shareholder. Alibaba has also become one of our major brand advertisers. In 2019 and 2020, Tmall and Taobao of Alibaba placed advertisements on our platform for the 11.11 Global Shopping Festival. In December 2019, Juhuasuan of Alibaba acted as the title sponsor of our New Year’s Eve Gala “The Most Beautiful Night of 2019.”
In April 2020, we received a strategic investment from Sony and entered into a business collaboration agreement to pursue collaboration opportunities within the area of entertainment business in the Chinese market, including anime and mobile game. We would support Sony in deepening its understanding of and insight into the Chinese entertainment market. In October 2020, we deepened our partnership with Sony by entering into a strategic agreement with its subsidiary Aniplex Inc. to introduce more high-quality anime content and mobile games on our platform. Under the agreement, we will obtain certain exclusive distribution rights of Aniplex’s anime content and will pay Aniplex different fees per episode for different anime series. We also entered into revenues sharing arrangements for exclusive distribution of Aniplex’s mobile games.
BRANDING AND MARKETING
We have been retaining and expanding our user base by providing high-quality content since our inception, and we have cultivated a deep and diverse content pool well recognized among Generation Z+. In addition to viral marketing, word of mouth referrals and repeat user visits driven by superior user experience, quality content and product offerings, we implement various branding and marketing measures to promote our brand awareness among existing and potential users and advertisers. Our primary areas of focus are on continuously increasing brand awareness and acquisition of users through targeted channels.
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For example, in the second quarter of 2020, we launched a series of campaigns aimed at spreading the Bilibili brand name among a broader audience, in tandem with expanding our content appeal to a mass market. During our 11th anniversary, we introduced a new slogan,
Bilibili-All
the Videos You Like
, to help define our brand proposition and appeal to a wider base. With this vision in mind, we launched a branding campaign series, the Hou Lang, Ru Hai and Xi Xiang Feng
trilogy videos, all echoing strongly with our existing and potential users, to help bring an uptick in brand perception and increase brand awareness across different demographics. We marked the end of the year with our second successful New Year’s Eve Gala, The Most Beautiful Night of 2020. The popularity index during the 2020 broadcasting night more than tripled its size in the 2019 broadcasting night, achieving 120 million playbacks within 48 hours. In addition, we held various branding campaigns in 2020 to enrich users’ daily lives, including Bilibili Summertime Graduation Ceremony Concert, various off-line events on campus, anime exhibitions, ceremonies and other events. We have also placed advertisements in subway stations, elevators, app stores, video app channels and over-the-top channels, so as to increase the exposure of our brand and new slogan to a broader audience. These branding and marketing initiatives have allowed us to connect and resonate with more users and reach a more diverse audience.
These branding and marketing efforts contribute and foster our market leadership as a
go-to
video community for young generations in China. In addition, our average MAU increased significantly from 87.0 million in 2018, to 117.5 million in 2019 and further to 185.8 million in 2020. We design our sales and marketing efforts with careful consideration to raise brand awareness, attracted a broader user base and promote our services. Going forward, we expect to continuously evaluate and monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of our promotion campaigns and marketing spending in order to further enhance our brand awareness and attract a broader user base in a sustainable manner. We expect to effectively manage our sales and marketing expenses to bring more users and revenues to us and expand our operating leverage.
User Privacy and Safety
The vitality and integrity of our communities are cornerstones of our business. We dedicate significant resources to the goal of strengthening our communities through developing and implementing programs designed to protect user privacy, promote a safe environment, and ensure the security of user data. The user privacy policy on our platform describes our data use practices and how privacy works on our platform. Specifically, we provide users with adequate notice as to what data are being collected and undertake to manage and use the data collected in accordance with applicable laws and make reasonable efforts to prevent the unauthorized use, loss or leak of user data. Our user privacy policy,
Bilibili Privacy Policy
, has clearly specified the type of user
information that will be collected under
different scenarios. For example, a user will
need to provide the user name, and phone
number or email address when registering an
account on our platform. When a user opens our mobile app for the first time, registers an account via our mobile app or website, logs into his/her account, or any modification is made to the
Bilibili Privacy Policy
, a notice will pop-up on this user’s device requiring this user to read and consent to the
Bilibili Privacy Policy
. In addition, we use a variety of technologies to protect the data with which we are entrusted and have a team of privacy professionals dedicated to the ongoing review and monitoring of data security practices. For example, we store all user data in encrypted format and strictly limit the number of personnel who can access those servers that store user data. For our external interfaces, we also utilize firewalls to protect against potential attacks or unauthorized access.
Content Management and Review
We maintain two levels of content management and review procedures to monitor the content uploaded to our platform to help ensure that no content that may be deemed to be illegal or inappropriate under government rules and regulations is posted and to promptly remove any infringing content. The first level of review procedure is conducted through our proprietary artificial intelligence-based screening system. This system automatically flags and screens out newly uploaded videos that have piracy issues or contain illegal or inappropriate content by comparing them with copyrighted or objectionable videos stored in our own
in-house
“black list” databases and identifying those with similar codes. Once the content is processed by our technology screening system, our system then extracts fingerprint trails from the content and sends them to our content screening team for the second-level review. As of December 31, 2020, our content screening team consists of approximately 2,413 employees dedicated to screening and monitoring the content uploaded on our platform on a
24-hour,
seven-days-a-week
basis. They work around the clock to ensure that the flagged content identified by our screening system is reviewed and confirmed before it can be released. We provide initial training during the onboarding process for new hires. We also offer periodic training sessions to keep these employees apprised of any regulatory and policy changes, and supervise and monitor their work. All of the content needs to go through these two levels of review procedures before it is released on our platform.
All of the other content, primarily consisting of bullet chats posted by users, is also automatically filtered by our screening system, which utilizes an artificial intelligence-based screening system to conduct semantic analysis on bullet chats to analyze, identify and screen out inappropriate bullet chats. With respect to live broadcasting, we have a separate monitoring team to review and monitor the content and activities of hosts of our live broadcasting as well as the bullet chats posted by viewers. The monitoring team for live broadcasting consisted of over 200 members as of December 31, 2020 and we sometimes assign more team members from our general content screening team as necessary. The live broadcasting reviewing process is similar to the two-level review procedure described above. Further, in addition to responding to user complaints, our monitoring team frequently visit different live broadcasting rooms to ensure the appropriateness of the content.
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We utilize a real-name system to authenticate the identities of our content creators and live broadcasting hosts. In addition, before each upload, the user has agreed to the terms and conditions set forth in the user agreement of our platform. Pursuant to such user agreement, each user undertakes not to upload or distribute content that violates any PRC laws or regulations or infringes the intellectual property rights of any third party, and agrees to indemnify us for all damages arising from third-party claims against us caused by violating or infringing content uploaded or linked by the user. Cooperation agreements with our popular content creators also provide for standard clauses that restrict the content creators from uploading infringing content on our platform. We also remove users’ uploads when we are notified or made aware by copyright owners or from other sources authorized by copyright owners of copyright infringements, such as lists of inappropriate or infringing content that the regulatory authorities publish from time to time and market information on releases of movies and television serial drama.
Our abuse reporting infrastructure also allows any of our users to report inappropriate, offensive or dangerous content to us through “report” links easily found on our platform. We have enhanced this reporting system with our community discipline committee, which is comprised of our veteran users who volunteer to monitor and report any inappropriate content that has been posted on our platform. Users can also report through customer service staff or third-party organizations. In addition, if we confirm that user has uploaded content that contains provocative and hate speech, personal attacks, fraudulent information or other offensive information, we may temporarily suspend or permanently terminate such user’s account, and display such user’s account information and reason for the disciplinary action under the “Dark Chamber” tab, which is open to all users on our platform.
However, there can be no assurance that we can identify all the videos or other content that may violate relevant laws and regulations due to the large amount of content uploaded by our users every day. As advised by our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, if the content of audiovisual programs transmitted by the internet audio-visual program service provider on the internet violate the PRC laws and regulations such as the Administrative Regulations on Internet Audio-Visual Program Service, the internet audio-visual program service provider shall be subject to punishment by the competent authority which may include warning, an order to rectify and a fine up to RMB30,000, if such circumstances are severe judged by the competent authority, it shall be subject to punishment which may include order to cease, a fine of RMB10,000 to RMB50,000 and revocation of license, if such violations constitute crime, criminal investigations or penalties may be imposed; if such content violate the Provisional Measures on Administration of Internet Culture, operating internet culture entities shall subject to punishment which may include an order to rectify, confiscation of illegal proceeds and a fine of RMB10,000 to RMB30,000, if such circumstances are severe judged by the competent authority, it shall be subject to punishment which may include order to cease and revocation of license, if such violations constitute crime, criminal investigations or penalties may be imposed. The CAC conducted a nationwide inspection of major internet platforms providing short-video content, and we were notified by certain smartphone app stores in China that our mobile app had been temporarily removed from July 26, 2018 until August 25, 2018. We implemented the required measures promptly and reinstated the mobile app downloads from those app stores on August 26, 2018. We thereafter conducted a self-inspection by taking a comprehensive review of the content on our platform and have doubled the headcounts of content monitoring personnel. On December 3, 2020, in response to the reported vulgar content on our platform, the Shanghai Municipal Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publication, the Shanghai Municipal Internet Information Office and the Shanghai Municipal Culture and Tourism Bureau made inquiries with us and requested us to rectify within two weeks and strengthen the content review of videos, live broadcasting, anime, bullet chatting and other content on our platform. We have completed the required rectification. We have submitted the final rectification report to the Shanghai Municipal Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publication and the Shanghai Municipal Internet Information Office on December 22, 2020 and our rectification report has been accepted by the relevant competent authorities, which indicates that the rectification has passed the review of relevant competent authority. In addition, the Inspection Department of the Enforcement General Administration of Shanghai Culture Market imposed on us a fine of RMB20,000 in May 2018 and a fine of RMB10,000 in April 2019 primarily for having inappropriate content on our platform.
According to Notice 78, platforms providing online show live broadcasting or
e-commerce
live broadcasting services shall, among other things, register their information and business operations by November 30, 2020, ensure real-name registration for all live broadcasting hosts and virtual gifting users, prohibit users that are minors or without real-name registration from virtual gifting, and set a limit on the maximum amount of virtual gifting per time, per day, and per month. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We face uncertainties with respect to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of Notice 78,” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Online Live Broadcasting Services.”
We have consulted with our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, as to the applicability and interpretation of the requirements under Notice 78 to our business, and conducted an internal evaluation of our compliance measures and status of compliance with the requirements under Notice 78. We have employed the following measures to comply with Notice 78 and ensure the appropriateness of live broadcasting content:
(i) we have communicated with Shanghai Municipal Administration of Radio and Television, or the SHART and were informed that due to the adjustment of the system, entities holding a License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs need to wait for further notification from the competent authority before they can register in the National Internet Audio-visual Platforms Information Management System. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received the notification requesting such registration. We will continue communicating with the SHART and will submit the registration application immediately upon receipt of the notice from the SHART;
(ii) we have adopted policies to require real-name registration through identity card for all hosts from 2016, and require real-name registration through mobile number for all virtual gifting users from 2018;
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(iii) we have set up the youth mode from May 2019, under which users are prohibited from virtual gifting. Under the general mode, from early January 2021, the users who can be identified as minors are not allowed to make virtual gifts and if adult users can prove that the virtual gifts are paid by minors, they can claim for refund; our Youth Mode was established under the direction of the CAC, when an user launches our app for the first time every day, the user can switch to the Youth Mode according to the pop-up prompt, and the browsing content under the Youth Mode is presented in the form of whitelist by our content team, and parents can set up passcodes under the Youth Mode to manage the time spent by minors on our platform and to prevent minors from switching back to general mode. In addition to the Youth Mode which has been implemented on the platform, we have also launched the “Youth Firewall” program in April 2018 and co-established a “Minors’ Rights Protection Center” in May 2018 to adopt special content presentation policies and community permission settings for users who are not authenticated or whose identities are shown as minors, so as to strictly identify and filter undesirable information for minors. After consultation with our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, we confirm that the operation of content under the Youth Mode is compliant with PRC laws and regulations in all material aspects. In addition, the revenues generated from minors in connection with live broadcasting programs accounted for less than 5% of our revenues in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
(iv) with respect to the requirement of setting a cap on the amount of virtual gifting, as advised by our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, currently there has been no explicit provisions on the standard for the maximum amount of virtual gifting under Notice 78. Since we have not received any notice or implementation guidance on setting such cap on virtual gifting, we have not been able to set such cap or quantify the impact of such requirement on our business operations and financial performance as of the date of this annual report. We intend to continue communicating with the NRTA and its local branches with respect to the standard for the maximum amount of virtual gifting. Once the NRTA provides specific implementation guidelines on the maximum amount of virtual gifting, we will be able to take measures to comply with the requirement on a timely basis; and
(v) in relation to the other requirements under Notice 78, we believe that we have effective measures in place to ensure compliance with them in all material respects. However, given that Notice 78 was recently issued in November 2020, certain requirements under Notice 78 remain unclear. We will continue communicating with regulatory authorities to seek more detailed guidelines with respect to the implementation of Notice 78.
As advised by our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, Notice 78 does not stipulate any timelines for full compliance with the requirements therein, nor any penalties for any
non-compliance
under Notice 78. We have not received any notice of enforcement actions nor have we been subject to any administrative penalties in connection with any
non-compliance
under Notice 78 as of the date of this annual report.
Corporate Social Responsibility
We are committed to leveraging our technology and platform to create value for the society. We are dedicated to enriching the everyday life of young people, and potentially everyone in China and around the globe. We offer quality content for users to view and spend meaningful time with, which is most helpful during difficult times and for residents in less-developed areas. During the
COVID-19
outbreak in China in early 2020 when the Chinese New Year holiday was extended and residents were prohibited to travel freely, the size and engagement of our active user base increased significantly. We believe viewing content on our platform helped relieve our users’ stress during the
COVID-19
outbreak, and offered an interactive entertainment experience and an open platform of expression to our users who were not able to meet with friends to share their interests in person at the time. We also promoted content that provided users with update of the situation of the pandemic and public health knowledge to help our users better protect themselves against the epidemic. We offer our users access to our platform without geographic limitations. People in less-developed regions have access to quality and diversified content catered to their interest, including entertainment and other content in comprehensive categories.
In addition, we co-established “Minors’ Rights Protection Center” in May 2018. We used big data analytics and key words management to filter content containing harmful information to minors. We have set up a specific reporting channel (teenprotect@bilibili.com) for content containing harmful information to minors, and the content reported to this email address will be reviewed by the Minors’ Rights Protection Center. We have enhanced the level of punishment on content creators for uploading videos containing harmful information to minors. Such videos and the relevant content creators will be permanently banned by us, and we may report to competent authorities in serious cases. We have engaged legal experts to receive complaints and accept delegations, and Minors’ Rights Protection Center will provide special legal aid when finding minors that may be harmed or harassed on Bilibili platform. We have engaged juvenile counselors and expert social workers to provide consulting services for families whose minors having issues brought by use of internet, and psychological counseling when necessary.
Respect is the cornerstone of our community. Respect is the basic principle of our operation. We pay respect to our users and content creators, regardless of the gender, interest or sub-culture group. We advocate for the respect among users and content creators, and our unique community value is not only preserved by us but also by our users and content creators. The community rules on our platform forbid content that discriminates against any specific people or group based on gender, race, religion, age, nationality, physical disability or sexuality. We will issue warnings to or terminate accounts of any content creators for uploading personal attack content on our platform. Our abuse reporting infrastructure allows any of our users to report inappropriate, offensive or dangerous content to us through “report” links easily found on our platform. We have enhanced this reporting system with our community discipline committee, which is comprised of our veteran users who volunteer to monitor and report any inappropriate content that has been posted on our platform.
Our company is led by management who advocate for equality, including Ms. Ni Li, our chief operating officer and vice chairwoman of our board of directors. Ms. Li oversees the Company’s overall operations and leads the strategic functions including content ecosystem development, monetization initiatives, strategic planning, investments and brand marketing. We produced
Rap for Youth
in 2020, which was highly recognized even beyond our community. The song
She and She and She
, praising women for bravely chasing their dreams and firmly living their own lives, which was debuted in the show, became an immediate hit. Our company co-established two primary schools named “Bilibili Dream Primary School” and “Bilibili Beautiful Primary School” in rural China to facilitate the education equality in remote areas as well.
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Given that the majority of our operations are conducted online, we have a limited impact on the environment with a small carbon footprint. We are committed to carbon mitigation measures and will continue to explore ways to further improve energy efficiency. All our servers are compliant with industry energy efficiency standards in China, and we intentionally choose partners with a strong commitment to carbon emission reduction in our collaboration with third-party cloud servers. We ask our employees to be mindful of the environment when consuming office supplies. In addition, some of the content offered on our platform is about the environmental protection topic. Leveraging the various forms of support we offer to our content creators, environmentalists are encouraged to create and share content centered on environmental issues, which raises environmental awareness among the viewers.
We strive to provide employees with welfare benefits and a broad range of career development opportunities. We have established a sound talent cultivation mechanism and created an online-offline combined training platform. We also strive to help our employees balance their work and life. We have organized various recreational and sports activities to enrich the cultural life of employees.
Competition
We compete primarily with companies that operate in the video-based industry in China designed to engage users, especially the Gen Z+, and capture their time spent on mobile devices and online. We compete to attract, engage and retain users, attract and retain talented content creators to improve and expand our content library and unique offerings and to attract and retain advertisers. Our competitors may compete with us in a variety of ways, including by leveraging a large user base to promote content offerings in different consumption scenarios, obtaining exclusive online distribution rights for popular content, conducting brand promotions and other marketing activities, and making acquisitions. We have exclusive distribution rights only for certain content on our platform. Our content creators are generally free to post their content on our competitors’ platforms, which may divert user traffic from our platform.
We believe that we can compete effectively with our competitors on the basis of the following factors: (i) the strength and reputation of our brand, (ii) our ability to provide creative and quality PUGV, (iii) the demographic composition and engagement of our user base, (iv) the vibrant and inclusive community culture, (v) the performance and reliability of our platform and (vi) our ability to develop new products and services and enhancements to existing products and services to keep up with user preferences and demands.
Most of the players in the video-based industry are focused on one or two video content formats as their primary ways of engaging with users and deriving revenues. We do not view our value proposition to users, business model or our revenue streams as directly comparable with other market players, because we operate a unique business model of operating a full-spectrum video community that offers comprehensive content offerings across short and
mid-to-long
form videos, PUGV, live broadcasting, OGV, mobile games and others, all on one integrated platform. This commercialization model differentiates us from other vertical-focused video streaming companies, mobile game companies, live broadcasting companies or e-commerce companies.
As we introduce new products and services on our platform, as our existing products continue to evolve, or as other companies introduce new products and services, we may become subject to additional competition.
Insurance
We consider our insurance coverage to be adequate as we have in place all the mandatory insurance policies required by Chinese laws and regulations and in accordance with the commercial practices in our industry. Our employee-related insurance consists of pension insurance, maternity insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing funds, as required by Chinese laws and regulations. We also purchase supplemental commercial health insurance and accident insurance for our employees.
In line with general market practice, we do not maintain insurance policies covering damages to our network infrastructures or information technology systems. We also do not maintain business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain product liability insurance or
key-man
insurance.
Regulation
This section sets forth a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business activities in China or the rights of our shareholders to receive dividends and other distributions from us.
Regulations Related to Foreign Investment in the PRC
Foreign Investment Industrial Policy
Investments activities in China by foreign investors are principally governed by the Catalogue for the Encouragement of Foreign Investment Industries (2020 Edition), or the Catalogue, and the Negative List (2020), which were both promulgated by the MOFCOM and the NDRC and each became effective on January 27, 2021, and July 23, 2020. The Catalogue and the Negative List (2020) set forth the industries in which foreign investments are encouraged, restricted and prohibited. Industries that are not listed in any of these three categories are generally open to foreign investment unless otherwise specifically restricted by other PRC rules and regulations.
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According to the Negative List (2020), the foreign equity interest ownership of entities that engage in value-added telecommunications business (except for
e-commerce,
domestic multi-party communication, storage and forwarding and call center) must not exceed 50%. In addition, foreign investments in the internet cultural business (except for music), the internet audio-visual program business, the radio and television program production and operation business, the production of audiovisual products and/or electronic publications and film production and distribution business are prohibited. However, foreign investors are allowed to hold up to 100% of equity interests in an online data processing and transaction processing business (including
e-commerce
business operation) in China.
Foreign Investment Law and its Implementation Measures
On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress of the PRC, or the NPC, enacted the 2019 FIL, which came into effect on January 1, 2020. The 2019 FIL has replaced the previous major laws and regulations governing foreign investment in the PRC, including the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures Enterprises Law of the PRC, the Sino-foreign
Co-operative
Enterprises Law of the PRC and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law of the PRC. According to the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign-invested enterprises” refers to enterprises that are wholly or partly invested by foreign investors and registered under the PRC laws within China, and “foreign investment” refers to any foreign investor’s direct or indirect investment activities in China, including: (i) establishing foreign-invested enterprises in China either individually or jointly with other investors; (ii) obtaining stock shares, equity shares, shares in properties or other similar interests of Chinese domestic enterprises; (iii) investing in new projects in China either individually or jointly with other investors; and (iv) investing through other methods provided by laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council.
On December 26, 2019, the State Council issued Implementation Regulations for the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, or the Implementation Rules, which came into effect on January 1, 2020, and replaced the Implementing Rules of the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures Enterprises Law of the PRC, the Implementing Rules of the Sino-foreign
Co-operative
Enterprises Law of the PRC and the Implementing Rules of the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law of the PRC. According to the Implementation Rules, in the event of any discrepancy between the Foreign Investment Law, the Implementation Rules and the relevant provisions on foreign investment promulgated prior to January 1, 2020, the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Rules shall prevail. The Implementation Rules also set forth that foreign investors that invest in sectors on the Negative List (2020) in which foreign investment is restricted shall comply with special management measures with respect to, among others, shareholding and senior management personnel qualification in the Negative List (2020). Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Rules, the existing foreign-invested enterprises established prior to the effective date of the Foreign Investment Law are allowed to keep their corporate organization forms for five years from the effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Law before such existing foreign-invested enterprises change their organization forms and organization structures in accordance with the PRC Company Law, the Partnership Enterprise Law of the PRC and other applicable laws.
On December 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and the SAMR jointly promulgated the Measures on Reporting of Foreign Investment Information, which came into effect on January 1, 2020, and has replaced the Interim Measures for the Administration of Record-filling on the Establishment and Changes in Foreign-Invested Enterprises. Foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall submit investment information to the commerce administrative authorities through the Enterprise Registration System and the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System.
On December 19, 2020, the NDRC and the MOFCOM jointly promulgated the Measures on the Security Review of Foreign Investment, effective on January 18, 2021, setting forth provisions concerning the security review mechanism on foreign investment, including the types of investments subject to review, review scopes and procedures, among others. The Office of the Working Mechanism of the Security Review of Foreign Investment, or the Office of the Working Mechanism, will be established under the NDRC, who will lead the task together with the MOFCOM. Foreign investor or relevant parties in China must declare the security review to the Office of the Working Mechanism prior to (i) the investments in the military industry, military industrial supporting and other fields relating to the security of national defense, and investments in areas surrounding military facilities and military industry facilities; and (ii) investments in important agricultural products, important energy and resources, important equipment manufacturing, important infrastructure, important transport services, important cultural products and services, important information technology and Internet products and services, important financial services, key technologies and other important fields relating to national security, and obtain control in the target enterprise. Control exists when the foreign investor (i) holds over 50% equity interests in the target, (ii) has voting rights that can materially impact on the resolutions of the board of directors or shareholders meeting of the target even when it holds less than 50% equity interests in the target, or (iii) has material impact on target’s business decisions, human resources, accounting and technology.
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Regulations Related to Value-Added Telecommunications Services
In 2000, the State Council promulgated the Telecommunications Regulations of the PRC, or the Telecommunications Regulations, most recently amended in February 2016, which provide the regulatory framework for telecommunications service providers in China and require a telecommunications service provider to obtain an operating license prior to commencing its operations. The Telecommunications Regulations categorize all telecommunications services as either basic telecommunications services or value-added telecommunications services. Providers of value-added telecommunications services are required to obtain a license for value-added telecommunications services. Pursuant to the Catalog of Telecommunications Services, an attachment to the Telecommunications Regulations, which was most recently amended on June 6, 2019, information services provided via public telecommunication network or the internet fall within value-added telecommunications services.
The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the Internet Information Services Measures, which was promulgated by the State Council on September 25, 2000, and amended on January 8, 2011, set out guidelines on the provision of internet information services. According to the Internet Information Services Measures, the internet information services is classified into commercial internet information services and
non-commercial
internet information services; a commercial operator of internet content provision services must obtain an ICP License for the provision of internet information services from the appropriate telecommunications authorities. The Administrative Measures for Telecommunications Businesses Operating Permits, which was promulgated by the MIIT on July 3, 2017, and became effective on September 1, 2017, further regulates the telecommunications business permits. On January 8, 2021, the CAC promulgated the Internet Information Services Measures (Revised Draft for Comments), which sets forth detailed rules on the internet information service activities. As of the date of this annual report, the draft has not been formally adopted.
Regulations Related to Internet Cultural Activities
On February 17, 2011, the MOC promulgated the Provisional Measures on Administration of Internet Culture, or the Internet Culture Provisions, effective on April 1, 2011, and amended on December 15, 2017, to regulate entities that engage in activities related to internet cultural products. “Internet cultural products” are classified as cultural products developed, published and disseminated via internet which mainly include: (i) online cultural products particularly developed for publishing via internet, such as, among other things, online music and entertainment, online games and online shows and programs, online performance, online artwork and online anime and cartoons; and (ii) online cultural products converted from music and entertainment, games, shows and programs, performance, artwork, anime and cartoons using certain technical means to be disseminated via internet. Pursuant to these regulations, entities are required to obtain the Online Culture Operating Permits from the applicable provincial level counterpart of the MCT if they intend to commercially engage in any of the following types of activities: (i) production, duplication, import, release or broadcasting of online cultural products; (ii) publishing of online cultural products on the internet or transmission over information network, such as internet or mobile telecommunication network, to end user’s devices via computers, fixed-line or mobile phones, radios, television sets or online games consoles and internet cafes for the purpose of browsing, reading, reviewing, using or downloading such products by users; or (iii) exhibitions or contests related to online cultural products.
On August 12, 2013, the MOC issued the Administrative Measures for Content Self-Review by Internet Culture Business Entities, requiring the entities that engage in the internet cultural business to review the content of products and services to be provided before providing such content and services to the public. These entities shall establish content management system, set up departments for content management and employ proper personnel to ensure the legality of content. The content management system of an internet cultural business entity is required to specify the responsibilities, standards and processes for content review as well as accountability measures, and is required be filed with the provincial level counterpart of the MCT.
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Regulations Related to Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs
According to the Administrative Regulations on Internet Audio-Visual Program Service, or the Audio-Visual Regulations, promulgated by State Administration of Radio, Film and Television of the PRC, or the SARFT, and the Ministry of Information Industry of the PRC, or the MII, the predecessor of the MIIT, on December 20, 2007, and became effective on January 31, 2008, as amended on August 28, 2015, and became effective on the same day, internet audio-visual program service refers to the activities of making, editing and integrating audio-visual programs, providing them to the general public via internet, and providing such services to other people by uploading. An internet audio-visual program service provider shall obtain a License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs issued by the NRTA or complete certain record-filling procedures with the NRTA.
Pursuant to the Audio-Visual Regulations, providers of internet audio-visual program services are generally required to be either state-owned or state-controlled. According to the Official Answers to Press Questions Regarding the Internet Audio-Visual Program Regulations published on the SARFT’s website on February 3, 2008, the SARFT and MII clarified that the providers of internet audio-visual program services who had legally engaged in such services prior to the adoption of the Audio-visual Regulations shall be eligible to
re-register
their businesses and continue their operations of internet audio-visual program services so long as those providers have not been in violation of the laws and regulations. This exemption will not be granted to internet audio-visual program service providers established after the adoption of the Audio-Visual Regulations. These policies have later been reflected in the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Application and Approval of License for Online Transmission of Audio-visual Programs, issued by SARFT on April 8, 2008, and amended on August 28, 2015.
Under the Administrative Regulations on the Introduction and Broadcasting of Foreign Television Programs promulgated in 2004, the introduction or broadcasting of foreign television programs on the television in the PRC is subject to approval of the SAPPRFT or its authorized entities. On March 30, 2009, the SARFT promulgated the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of the Content of Internet Audio-Visual Programs, which reiterates the
pre-approval
from the broadcasting, film and television administrative departments requirements for the domestic and overseas films and television shows disseminating on the internet, including those on mobile networks (if applicable), and prohibits those internet audio-visual programs containing violence, pornography, gambling, terrorism, superstition or other prohibited elements. The SARFT issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Administration of Online Audio-Visual Content Including Internet Drama and Micro Films on July 6, 2012, pursuant to which, internet audio-visual programs service institutions shall report the information on self-examined and approved internet series, micro films, internet movies, film and television animation, documentaries and other internet audio-visual programs to the provincial authority of film and television administration for record-filing, such information includes but not limited to the program’s title, content summary and the information of the reviewer. The SAPPRFT further issued the Supplemental Notice on Improving the Administration of Online Audio-Visual Content Including Internet Drama and Micro Films on January 2, 2014. This notice stresses that any entity producing online audio-visual content, such as internet drama and micro films, must obtain a License for Production and Operation of Radio and Television Programs, and that online audio-visual content service providers shall not release any internet drama or micro films produced by any entity without such license. For internet drama or micro films produced and uploaded by individual users, the online audio-visual service providers transmitting such content will be deemed to take responsibility as the producer. Furthermore, under this notice, online audio-visual service providers can only transmit content uploaded by an individual whose identity has been verified and such content shall comply with the relevant content management rules. This notice also requires that self-examined and transmitted online audio-visual program, including internet drama and micro films, to be filed with the relevant authorities before release.
In January 2019, the CNSA issued the Regulations on Administration of Network Short Video Platforms, pursuant to which all content of a short video, including but not limited to its title, description, bullet chats and comments, may be required to be reviewed in advance before the content is broadcasted. Furthermore, the number of content reviewers a platform is required to keep must in principle be more than
one-thousandth
of the number of short videos newly broadcasted on the platform per day. In January 2019, CNSA issued the Censoring Criteria for Network Short Video Content, which sets forth in details of the content prohibited to be broadcasted, such as violence, pornography, gambling, terrorism, superstitious and illegal or immoral content.
According to the Administrative Provisions on Online Audio-visual Information Services, jointly promulgated by the CAC, the MCT and the NRTA on November 18, 2019, online audio-visual information service providers shall authenticate users’ real identity information based on organization code, identity card number and mobile phone number. Online audio-visual information service providers shall not allow users who fail to provide their real identity to publish information. Online audio-visual information service providers shall strengthen the management of the audio-visual information posted by users, and deploy and apply identification technologies for illegal and
non-real
audio and video. If any user is found to produce, post or disseminate content prohibited by laws or regulations, the transmission of such information shall be ceased, and disposal measures such as deletion shall be taken to prevent the information from spreading, and such service providers shall retain records, and report to the administrations of cyberspace, culture and tourism, radio and television.
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Regulations Related to Production of Radio and Television Programs
In July 2004, the SARFT promulgated the Regulations on the Administration of Production of Radio and Television Programs, or the Radio and TV Programs Regulations, as most recently amended on October 29, 2020. Under the Radio and TV Programs Regulations, any entities that engage in the production of radio and television programs are required to apply for a license from the NRTA or its provincial level counterparts. Entities shall conduct their business within the permitted scope as provided in their licenses. Entities with the License for Production and Operation of Radio and Television Programs shall conduct their operations strictly in compliance with the approved scope of production and operation. Other than radio and TV stations, entities shall not produce radio and TV programs about the current political news or similar subjects and columns.
Regulations Related to The Internet
Follow-Up
Comment Services
According to the Administrative Provisions on Internet
Follow-up
Comment Services, which was promulgated by the CAC on August 25, 2017, and became effective on October 1, 2017, an internet
follow-up
comment services provider shall strictly assume the primary responsibilities and the obligations, including but not limited to: (i) verify the real identity information of registered users; (ii) establish and improve a user information protection system; (iii) establish a system of reviewing at first and then publishing comments if they offer internet
follow-up
comment services to news information; (iv) furnish corresponding static information content on the same platform and page at the same time if they provide internet
follow-up
comment services by way of bullet chatting; (v) establish and improve an internet
follow-up
comment review and administration, real-time check, emergency response and other information security administration systems, timely identify and process illicit information and submit a report to the relevant competent authorities; (vi) develop internet
follow-up
comment information protection and administration technologies, innovate internet
follow-up
comment administration modes, research, develop and utilize an anti-spam administration system and improve the spam-handling capability; (vii) equip with content examination team corresponding with services; and (viii) coordinate with relevant supervising authorities for examination and provide necessary technology, information and data support.
Regulations Related to Online Games
Regulatory Authorities
Pursuant to the Notice on Issuing the Provisions on the Main Functions, Internal Bodies and Staffing of the General Administration of Press and Publication (National Copyright Administration) promulgated by the General Office of the State Council on July 11, 2008, the Notice of the State Commission Office for Public Sector Reform on Interpretation of the State Commission Office for Public Sector Reform on Several Provisions relating to Animation and Comics, Online Game and Comprehensive Law Enforcement in Culture Market in the Three Provisions jointly promulgated by the MOC, SARFT and the General Administration of Press and Publication, or the GAPP on September 7, 2009, the administration of anime and online game shall be conducted by the MOC, and the GAPP is responsible for the examination and approval process of online games prior to online publication. After the online games uploaded on the internet, online games will be administered by the MCT. Moreover, if an online game is launched on the internet without the prior approval of the GAPP, the MCT will be responsible for guiding the cultural market law enforcement team to conduct investigation and punishment. In March 2013, the SAPPRFT formed based on the Notice on the Institutional Reform issued by the State Council.
In March 2018, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Plan for Deepening the Institutional Reform of the Party and State and the NPC promulgated the Decision of the First Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on the State Council Institutional Reform Proposal (collectively, the “Institutional Reform Plans”). According to the Institutional Reform Plans, effective from March 21, 2018, the SAPPRFT was reformed and now known as the NRTA under the State Council, and the responsibility of the SAPPRFT for administration of news, publication and films, such as the approval of online game registrations and issuance of game publication numbers has been transferred to the NAPP under the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The NAPP at the national level suspended approval of game registration and issuance of publication numbers for online games since March 2018 and resumed to issue game publication numbers by batches periodically since December 2018, according to certain news reports. Beginning in December 2018, the NAPP at the national level started to approve new online games.
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On May 14, 2019, the MCT promulgated the Notice on Adjusting the Scope of Examination and Approval regarding the Internet Culture Operation License to Further Regulate the Approval Work, which quotes the Regulations on the Function Configuration, Internal Institutions and Staffing of the MCT, or the Function Configuration Regulations, effective from July 30, 2018, and further specifies that the MCT no longer assumes the responsibility for administering the industry of online games. On July 10, 2019, the MCT issued the Abolition Decisions on the Interim Administrative Measures for the Administration of Online Games and the Administrative Measures for Tourism Development Plan, or the Abolition Decision. The Abolition Decision also cites the Function Configuration Regulations and further abolishes the Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Games, or the Online Game Measures, which means that the MCT will no longer regulate the industry of online games. As of the date of this annual report, no laws, regulations or official guidelines have been promulgated regarding whether the responsibility of MCT for regulating online games will be undertaken by another governmental department.
Online Game Publication
According to the Internet Publishing Measures, before publishing an online game, an online publishing service provider shall file an application with the competent provincial-level publishing administrative department where it is located, and the application, if reviewed and approved, shall be submitted to the NAPP for approval. The Notice of the General Office of the General Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television on the Administration of Mobile Game Publishing Services, which was issued on May 24, 2016, and took effect on July 1, 2016, provides that game publishing services providers shall be responsible for examining the content of their games and applying for game publication numbers, and for the purpose of this notice, the online game publishing services providers refer to online publishing service entities that have obtained the Internet Publishing Service License with game publishing business included in their scope of business.
Online Game Operations
The Online Game Measures that was issued by the MOC on June 3, 2010, and last amended on December 15, 2017, comprehensively regulate the activities related to online game business, including the research and development and production of online games, the operation of online games, the standards for online games content, the issuance of virtual currencies used for online games and virtual currency trading services. The Online Game Measures provide that any entity engaging in online game operations must obtain an Online Culture Operating Permits, and the content of an imported online game must be examined and approved by the MCT prior to its launch. Domestically developed online games must be filed with the MCT within 30 days of its launch. The Notice of the MOC on the Implementation of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Games, which took effect on August 1, 2010, specifies the entities regulated by the Online Game Measures and procedures related to the MCT’s review of the content of online games, and emphasizes the protection of minors playing online games and requests online game operators to promote real-name registration by their game players.
On July 10, 2019, the MCT issued the Abolition Decision, which specifies that the Online Game Measures was abolished by the MCT on July 10, 2019. On August 19, 2019, the MCT issued the Announcement on Results of Regulatory Documents
Clean-up,
which specifies that the Notice of the MCT on the Online Games Measures was abolished.
Virtual Currency and Virtual Items
On February 15, 2007, the Notice on Further Strengthening Administration of Internet Cafes and Online Games, or the Online Games Notice, was jointly issued by the MOC, the People’s Bank of China and other governmental authorities with the goal of strengthening the administration of virtual currency in online games and to avoid any adverse impact on the PRC economy and financial system. The Online Games Notice imposes strict limits on the total amount of virtual currency issued by online game operators and the amount purchased by individual players and requires a clear division between virtual transactions and real transactions carried out by way of electronic commerce. The Online Games Notice further provides that virtual currency must only be used to purchase virtual items and prohibits any resale of virtual currency.
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On June 4, 2009, the MOC and the MOFCOM jointly issued the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Virtual Currency of Online Games, or the Virtual Currency Notice. According to the Virtual Currency Notice, it defines the meaning of the term “virtual currency” and places a set of restrictions on the trading and issuance of virtual currency. The Virtual Currency Notice also states that online game operators are also not allowed to give out virtual items or virtual currency through lottery-base activities, such as lucky draws, betting or random computer sampling, in exchange for players’ cash or virtual money.
According to the Notice on Regulating the Operations of Online Games and Strengthening Interim and Ex Post Regulation promulgated by the MOC on December 1, 2016, and effective as of May 1, 2017, the virtual items, purchased by users directly with legal currency, by using the virtual currencies of online games or by exchanging the virtual currencies of online games according to a certain percentage and enabling users to directly exchange for other virtual items or value-added service functions in online games, shall be regulated pursuant to the provisions on virtual currencies of online games. Online game operators shall not provide users with services to exchange virtual currencies into legal currency or physical items. Where it provides users with the option to exchange virtual currencies into physical items of minor value, the content and value of such physical items shall be in compliance with relevant laws and regulations of the State. However, this notice has been abolished by the MCT as of August 19, 2019.
Anti-addiction System and Protection of Minors
In March 2007, the GAPP and several other government agencies issued a circular requiring the implementation of an anti-fatigue system and a real-name registration system by all PRC online game operators to curb addictive online game playing by minors. To identify whether a game player is a minor and thus subject to the anti-fatigue system, a real-name registration system must be adopted to require online game players to register with their real identity information before playing online games. The online game operators are also required to submit the identity information of game players to the public security authority for verification.
In July 2011, the GAPP, together with several other government agencies, jointly issued the Notice on Initializing the Verification of Real-name Registration for the Anti-Fatigue System on Online Games, or the Real-name Registration Notice, in order to strengthen the implementation of the anti-fatigue and real-name registration system. This notice indicates that the National Citizen Identity Information Center of the Ministry of Public Security will verify identity information of game players submitted by online game operators. The Real-name Registration Notice also imposes stringent penalties on online game operators that do not implement the required anti-fatigue and real-name registration systems properly and effectively, including terminating their online game operations.
In 2011, the MOC, together with several other government agencies, jointly issued a Circular on Printing and Distributing Implementation Scheme regarding Parental Guardianship Project for Minors Playing Online Games to strengthen the administration of online games and protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors.
This circular indicates that online game operators must have person in charge, set up specific service webpages and publish specific hotlines to provide parents with necessary assistance to prevent or restrict minors’ improper game playing behavior.
On October 25, 2019, the NAPP issued the Notice on Preventing Minors from Indulging in Online Games which took effect on November 1, 2019. The Notice stipulates several requirements on the online game operation, including but not limited to: (i) all online game users shall register their game accounts with valid identity information; (ii) the time slot and duration for playing online games by minors shall be strictly controlled; (iii) the provision of paid services to minors shall be regulated; (iv) the regulation of the industry shall be enhanced and the requirements above shall be requisite for launching, publishing and operating online games; and (v) the development and implementation of an
age-appropriate
reminding system shall be explored. Online game companies shall analyze the cause of minors’ addiction to games, and alter the content and features of games or game rules resulting in such addiction.
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On October 17, 2020, the SCNPC revised and promulgated the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision), which will take effect on June 1, 2021. Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision) added a new section entitled “Online Protections” which stipulates a series of provisions to further protect minors’ interests on the internet, among others, (i) online product and service providers are prohibited from providing minors with products and services that would induce minors to indulge, (ii) online service providers for products and services such as online games, live broadcasting, audio-video, and social networking are required to establish special management systems of user duration, access authority and consumption for minors, (iii) online games service providers must request minors to register and log into online games with their valid identity information, (iv) online games service providers must categorize games according to relevant rules and standards, notify users about the appropriate ages for the players of the games, and take technical measures to keep minors from accessing inappropriate online games functions, and (v) online games service providers may not provide online games services to minors from 10:00 P.M. to 8:00 A.M. the next day. As of the date of this annual report, we have implemented a real-name registration system and a Bilibili game health system in our mobile game platform in accordance with the relevant supervision requirements. These two systems include, among others, following measures:
(i) the real-name registration system requires users to register with valid identity information and the users without real-name authentication will not be able to log into the game after 1 hour’s trial playing in visitor experience mode for 15 days;
(ii) the users are not allowed to top up or purchase game virtual items in visitor experience mode;
(iii) the accumulated time of minors playing game each day is monitored, calculated and limited to less than three hours per day on PRC statutory holidays and 1.5 hours per day during other times, and upon exceeding such time limit, a notification will pop up and the player will be forced to log out;
(iv) minors are not able to log into the game between 10:00 p.m. and 8:00 a.m.; and
(v) consumption limits for minors have been implemented as required by the relevant regulatory guidance.
Regulations Related to Online Live Broadcasting Services
On November 4, 2016, the CAC issued the Administrative Regulations on Online Live Broadcasting Services, or the Online Live Broadcasting Regulations, which came into effect on December 1, 2016. According to the Online Live Broadcasting Regulations, all online live broadcasting service providers shall take various measures during operation of live broadcasting services, including but not limited to: (i) establish platforms for reviewing live broadcasting content, conducting classification and grading management according to the online live broadcasting content categories, user scale and others, add tags to graphics, video, audio or broadcast tag information for platforms; (ii) conduct verification on online live broadcasting users with valid identification information (for example, authentic mobile phone numbers) and validate the registration of online live broadcasting publishers based on their identification documents (such as identity documents, business licenses and organization code certificates), etc.
On September 2, 2016, the SAPPRFT issued the Circular on Issues concerning Strengthening the Administration of Online Live Broadcasting of Audio-Visual Programs, or the Online Live Broadcasting Circular. According to the Online Live Broadcasting Circular, License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs is a prerequisite for online audio-visual live broadcasting of general cultural events, such as social communities, sports events, as well as important political, military, economic, social and cultural events. Relevant information about specific activities to be streamed shall be filled in advance with the provincial counterparts of the NRTA. Online audio-visual live broadcasting service providers shall censor and tape such programs and retain them for at least 60 days for future check by the administrative departments; and they shall have emergency plans in place to replace programs in violation of laws and regulations. Bullet chats are not allowed in the live broadcasting of major political, military, economic, social, cultural, sports and other activities and events. Special censorship shall be implemented over the bullet chats during the live broadcasting of cultural activities of general social groups, sports events and other organizational activities.
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According to the Measures for the Administration of Cyber Performance Business Operations, promulgated by the MOC on December 2, 2016, and effective as of January 1, 2017, business engaging in cyber performance operations shall apply to the cultural administrative department at the provincial level for an Online Culture Operating Permits in accordance with the Internet Culture Provisions, and the license shall specify the scope of the cyber performance.
According to the Guidelines on Strengthening Supervision of Online Live Broadcasting Marketing Activities promulgated by the SAMR on November 6, 2020, any network platform will assume the responsibility and obligation as an
e-commerce
platform operator according to the
E-Commerce
Law; provided that this platform provides operators, who sell goods or provide services via internet live broadcasting, with services such as internet operation place, transaction matchmaking and information publication in order for the transaction parties to independently complete their transaction activities.
According to the Notice on Strengthening the Management of Online Show Live Broadcasting and
E-commerce
Live Broadcasting promulgated by the NRTA on November 12, 2020, live broadcasting platforms for online shows are requested to strengthen positive value guidance and enable those tasteful, meaningful, interesting and warm live-broadcasting programs to have good traffic, and to prevent the spread of the trends of wealth flaunting, money worshiping and vulgarity. In addition, the number of content reviewers a platform is required to keep must in principle be no less than 1:50 of the number of live broadcasting rooms. Live broadcasting platforms for online shows need to manage the hosts and “virtual gifting” users based on the real-name registration system, and users who have not registered with real names or who are minors are prohibited from virtual gifting. The live broadcasting platforms are required to implement real-name registration system by real-name verification, face recognition, manual review and other measures to prevent minors from virtual gifting. The platform shall limit the maximum amount of virtual gifting each user may give per time, day and month. Live broadcasting platforms for
e-commerce
shall not illegally produce and broadcast, beyond their business scope of
e-commerce,
any commentary programs unrelated to sales of goods.
According to the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision), which will take effect on June 1, 2021, among others, live broadcasting service providers are not allowed to provide minors under age 16 with online live broadcasting publisher account registration service, and must obtain the consent from parents or guardians and verify the identity of the minors before allowing minors aged 16 or above to register live broadcasting publisher accounts.
Regulations Related to Advertising Business
The Advertisement Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on October 27, 1994, and last amended on October 26, 2018, requires advertisers to ensure that the content of the advertisements is true. The content of advertisements shall not contain prohibited information, including but not limited to: (i) information that harms the dignity or interests of the State or divulges the secrets of the State, (ii) information that contains wordings such as “national level,” “highest level” and “best” and (iii) information that contains ethnic, racial, religious or sexual discrimination. Advertisements posted or published through the internet shall not affect normal usage of network by users. Advertisements published in the form of
pop-up
window on the internet shall display the close button clearly to make sure that the viewers can close the advertisement by one click.
The Internet Advertisement Measures, which were promulgated by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the PRC, or the SAIC, currently known as the SAMR, on July 4, 2016, and became effective on September 1, 2016, regulate any advertisement published on the Internet, including but not limited to, those on websites, webpage and apps, those in the forms of word, picture, audio, video and others. According to the Internet Advertisement Measures, Internet information service providers must stop any person from using their information services to publish illegal advertisements if they are aware of, or should reasonably be aware of, such illegal advertisements even though the Internet information service provider merely provides information services and is not involved in the internet advertisement businesses.
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Regulations Related to
E-Commerce
The SAIC adopted the Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Commodities Trading and Relevant Services on May 31, 2010, and replaced by the Administrative Measures for Online Trading on January 26, 2014, which became effective on March 15, 2014. These measures impose more stringent requirements and obligations on online trading or service operators as well as marketplace platform providers. For example, marketplace platform providers are obligated to examine the legal status of each third-party merchant selling products or services on their platforms and display on a prominent location on a merchant’s web page the information stated in the merchant’s business license or a link to its business license. On December 24, 2014, the MOFCOM promulgated the Provisions on the Procedures for Formulating Transaction Rules of Third-Party Online Retail Platforms (Trial) to regulate the formulation, revision and enforcement of transaction rules for online retail marketplace platforms.
On August 31, 2018, the SCNPC promulgated the
E-Commerce
Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2019. The
E-commerce
Law imposes a series of requirements on
e-commerce
operators including
e-commerce
platform operators, merchants operating on the platform and the individuals and entities carrying out business online. According to the
E-commerce
Law,
e-commerce
operators who provide search results based on consumers’ characteristics, such as hobbies and consumption habits, shall also provide consumers with options that are not targeted at their personal characteristics at the same time, respect and fairly protect the legitimate interests of the consumers. In addition,
e-commerce
platform operators are not allowed to impose unreasonable restrictions over or add unjustified conditions to transactions concluded on their platforms by merchants, or charge merchants operating on its platform any unreasonable fees.
An
e-commerce
operator shall obtain a license for value-added telecommunications services with the specification of online data processing and transaction processing business from appropriate telecommunications authorities, pursuant to the Telecommunications Regulations and the Catalog of Telecommunications Services.
The Consumer Protection Law, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on October 31, 1993, and last amended on October 25, 2013, effective as of March 15, 2014, sets out the obligations of business operators and the rights and interests of consumers. Business operators must guarantee the quality, function, usage and term of validity of the goods or services they sell or provide, if these goods and services are consumed under normal standards. The consumers whose interests have been damaged due to their purchase of goods or acceptance of services on online platforms may claim damages from the sellers or service providers. Online platform operators may be subject to liabilities if the lawful rights and interests of consumers are infringed in connection with consumers’ purchase of goods or acceptance of services on online platforms if the platform operators fail to provide consumers with authentic contact information of the sellers or service providers. On January 6, 2017, the SAIC issued the Interim Measures for No Reason Return of Online Purchased Commodities within Seven Days, which came into effect on March 15, 2017, further clarifying the scope of consumers’ rights to make returns without a reason, including exceptions, return procedures and online marketplace platform providers’ responsibility to formulate
seven-day
no-reason
return rules and related consumer protection systems, and supervise the merchants for compliance with these rules. On December 29, 2020, the SAMR promulgated the Announcement on Strengthening the Recall and Supervision of Consumer Goods Sold Online to further protect the safety of consumers’ personal properties.
Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection
Internet content in China is also regulated and restricted from a state security point of view. The Decision Regarding the Safeguarding of Internet Security, enacted by the SCNPC on December 28, 2000, and amended with immediate effect on August 27, 2009, makes it unlawful to, including but not limited to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer information system of national affairs, national defense or cutting-edge science and technology; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. The Administrative Measures for the Security Protection of International Connections to Computer Information Network, issued by the Ministry of Public Security on December 30, 1997, and amended on January 8, 2011, prohibits the use of the internet in ways that, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or the distribution of socially destabilizing content.
On July 1, 2015, the SCNPC issued the National Security Law, which came into effect on the same day. The National Security Law provides that the state shall safeguard the sovereignty, national security and cyber security and development interests of the state, and that the state shall establish a national security review and supervision system to review, among other things, foreign investment, key technologies, internet and information technology products and services and other important activities that are likely to impact the national security of China.
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On June 28, 2016, the CAC promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services, which became effective on August 1, 2016, providing that mobile Internet application providers are prohibited from engaging in any activity that may endanger national security, disturb social order or infringe the legal rights of third parties, and may not produce, copy, release or disseminate through mobile Internet applications any content prohibited by laws and regulations.
On November 7, 2016, the SCNPC issued the Cyber Security Law, which came into effect on June 1, 2017. The Cyber Security Law provides that network operators must set up internal security management systems that meet the requirements of a classified protection system for cyber security, including appointing dedicated cyber security personnel, taking technical measures to prevent computer viruses, network attacks and intrusions, taking technical measures to monitor and record network operation status and cyber security incidents, and taking data security measures such as data classification, backups and encryption. The Cyber Security Law imposes a relatively vague but broad obligation to provide technical support and assistance to the public and state security authorities in connection with criminal investigations or for reasons of national security. The Cyber Security Law also requires network operators that provide network access or domain name registration services, landline or mobile phone network access, or that provide users with information publication or instant messaging services, to require users to provide a real identity when they sign up.
The Provisions on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, promulgated by the Ministry of Public Security on December 13, 2005, and became effective on March 1, 2006, require internet service providers to keep records of certain information about their users (including but not limited to user registration information,
log-in
and
log-out
times, IP addresses, content and time of posts by users) for at least 60 days. Under the Cyber Security Law, network operators must also record and report any instances of publication of prohibited information and take measures to prevent such information from dissemination. A network operator fails to comply with such requirements may be imposed fines, confiscated of illegal gains, revoked of its licenses, suspended of its business, shut down of its websites or, in severe cases, take criminal liabilities.
On June 22, 2007, the Administrative Measures for the Graded Protection of Information Security was issued by the Ministry of Public Security and several other governmental agencies, according to which, the State shall, by developing nationally effective good practice and technical standards for the graded protection of information security, and organize citizens, legal persons and other organizations to carry out graded security protection of information system. The destruction of a Grade III information system will cause material damage to social order and public interests or will cause damage to national security. Entities operating and using Grade III information system shall protect the information system in accordance with relevant good practice and technical standards of the State. The state departments in charge of the supervision and administration of information security shall supervise and administer the graded protection work on information security of the information system of such Grade.
On March 13, 2019, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, or the OCCAC, and the SAMR jointly issued the Notice on App Security Certification and the Implementation Rules on Security Certification of Mobile Internet Application, which encourages mobile application operators to voluntarily obtain app security certification, and search engines and app stores are encouraged to recommend certified applications to users.
PRC government authorities have enacted legislations on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure and prohibits an internet content provision operator from insulting or slandering a third party or infringing the lawful rights and interests of a third party. The Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, promulgated by the MIIT on December 29, 2011, and became effective on March 15, 2012, stipulate that internet content provision operators may not, without user’s consent, collect user’s personal information, which is defined as user information that can be used alone or in combination with other information to identify the user, and may not provide any such information to third parties without user’s prior consent, unless when required by laws or regulations. In addition, an internet content provision operator may only use such user’s personal information for the stated purposes under the internet content provision operator’s service scope. Internet content provision operators are also required to ensure the proper security of user’s personal information, and take immediate remedial measures if user’s personal information has been or may be divulged.
On July 16, 2013, the MIIT issued the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information. Most requirements under the order that are relevant to internet content provision operators are consistent with
pre-existing
requirements but the requirements under the order are often more stringent and have a wider scope. If an internet content provision operator wishes to collect or use personal information, it may do so only if such collection is necessary for the services it provides. Internet content provision operators are further prohibited from divulging, distorting or destroying any such personal information, or selling or providing such information unlawfully to other parties.
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On January 23, 2019, the OCCAC, the MIIT and the Ministry of Public Security, and the SAMR jointly issued the Notice on Special Governance of Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information via Apps, which restates the requirement of legal collection and use of personal information, encourages app operators to conduct security certifications and encourages search engines and app stores to clearly mark and recommend those certified apps. On August 22, 2019, the CAC issued the Regulation on Cyber Protection of Children’s Personal Information, effective on October 1, 2019. Network operators are required to establish special policies and user agreements to protect children’s personal information, and to appoint special personnel in charge of protecting children’s personal information. Network operators who collect, use, transfer or disclose personal information of children are required to, in a noticeable and clear way, notify and obtain consent from children’s guardians. On November 28, 2019, the CAC, MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and SAMR jointly issued the Measures to Identify Illegal Collection and Usage of Personal Information by Apps, which lists six types of illegal collection and usage of personal information, including “failure to publish rules on the collection and usage of personal information,” “failure to expressly state the purpose, manner and scope of the collection and usage of personal information,” “collecting and using personal information without obtaining consents from users,” “collecting personal information irrelevant to the services provided,” “providing personal information to other parties without obtaining consent” and “failure to provide the function of deleting or correcting personal information as required by law or failure to publish the methods for complaints and reports or other information.”
On October 21, 2020, the Legislative Affairs Committee of the NPC has publicly solicited opinions on the PRC Personal Information Protection Law (Draft) (“Draft Personal Information Protection Law”), which sets forth detailed rules on handling personal information and legal responsibilities, including but not limited to the scope of personal information and the ways of processing personal information, the establishment of rules for processing personal information, and the individual’s rights and the processor’s obligations in the processing of personal information. The Draft Personal Information Protection Law also strengthens the punishment for those who illegally process personal information. We have taken measures to ensure compliance of personal information collection and protection, and these measures can also meet the requirements of the Draft Personal Information Protection Law in all material aspects, for example, formulating the privacy policy on the platform to obtain users’ consent at the time of account registration and obtain their consent again when the privacy policy is modified, which inform the users of the identity and contact information of the processor of personal information, the purpose of the processing of personal information, the manner of processing, the type of personal information processed, the retention period, the manner and procedures for individuals to exercise their rights under this law and other information prescribed by the relevant laws. In addition, we have formulated and implemented the internal specification to manage the security vulnerability and arrange auditing, risk assessment and documentation as well as providing users with infringement complaint channels. Furthermore, if the final adopted PRC Personal Information Protection Law requires other new requirements, we will also promptly adjust or take relevant measures to ensure compliance with such requirements in accordance with the law. Therefore, based on above, our PRC counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, is of the view that we will be able to comply with the law in all material aspects if the draft form is adopted. As of the date of this annual report, the Draft Personal Information Protection Law has not been formally adopted.
According to the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision), which will take effect on June 1, 2021, information processors must follow the principles of legality, legitimacy and necessity when processing personal information of minors via internet, and must obtain consent from minors’ parents or other guardians when processing personal information of minors under age of 14. In addition, internet service providers must promptly alert upon the discovery of publishing private information by minors via the internet and take necessary protective measures.
On August 29, 2015, the SCNPC issued the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law, effective on November 1, 2015. Any internet service provider that fails to comply with obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon order shall be subject to criminal penalty for (i) any large-scale dissemination of illegal information; (ii) any severe consequences due to the leakage of the user information; (iii) any serious loss of criminal evidence; or (iv) other severe circumstances. Furthermore, any individual or entity that (i) sells or distributes personal information in a manner which violates relevant regulations, or (ii) steals or illegally obtains any personal information is subject to criminal penalty in severe circumstances.
Regulations Related to Intellectual Property Rights
Trademark
Trademarks are protected by the Trademark Law of the PRC which was promulgated by the SCNPC on August 23, 1982, last amended on April 23, 2019, and took effect on November 1, 2019, as well as the Implementation Regulation of the PRC Trademark Law, adopted by the State Council on August 3, 2002, and revised on April 29, 2014. In the PRC, registered trademarks include commodity trademarks, service trademarks, collective marks and certification marks. The Trademark Office of National Intellectual Property Administration handles trademark registrations and grants a term of 10 years to registered trademarks commencing from the date of registration and the registered trademarks can be renewable every 10 years where a registered trademark needs to be used after the expiration of its validity term.
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Patent
According to the Patent Law of the PRC, promulgated by the SCNPC on March 12, 1984, amended on December 27, 2008, effective as of October 1, 2009 and further amended on October 17, 2020 and will be effective on June 1, 2021, and the Implementing Rules of the Patent Law of the PRC, promulgated by the China Patent Bureau Council on January 19, 1985, last amended on January 9, 2010, and effective from February 1, 2010, there are three types of patents in the PRC: invention patents, utility model patents and design patents. Under the currently effective Patent Law, the protection period of a patent right for invention patents shall be 20 years and the protection period of a patent right for utility model patents and design patents shall be 10 years, both commencing from the filing date. According to the Patent Law of the PRC, any entity or individual that seeks to exploit a patent owned by another party shall enter into a patent license contract with the patent owner concerned and pay patent royalties to the patent owner. Pursuant to the Measures for the Filling of Patent Licensing Contracts, promulgated by the State Intellectual Property Office on June 27, 2011, and effective as of August 1, 2011, the State Intellectual Property Office shall be responsible for filing of patent licensing contracts nationwide and the parties concerned shall complete filing formalities within three months from the effective date of a patent licensing contract.
Copyright
The Copyright Law of the PRC, or the Copyright Law, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on September 7, 1990, last amended on February 26, 2010, became effective as of April 1, 2010, further amended on November 11, 2020, and will take effect on June 1, 2021. Under the currently effective Copyright Law, Chinese citizens, legal persons, or other organizations shall, whether published or not, enjoy copyright in their works, which include, among others, works of literature, art, natural science, social science, engineering technology and computer software. The purpose of the Copyright Law aims to encourage the creation and dissemination of works which is beneficial for the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and material civilization and promote the development and prosperity of Chinese culture.
Under the Regulation on Protection of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information that took effect on July 1, 2006, and was amended on January 30, 2013, it is further provided that an internet information service provider may be held liable under various situations, including if it knows or should reasonably have known a copyright infringement through the internet and the service provider fails to take measures to remove or block or disconnects links to the relevant content or, although not aware of the infringement, the internet information service provider fails to take such measures upon receipt of the copyright holder’s notice of infringement.
Measures on Administrative Protection of Internet Copyright, that were promulgated by the MIIT and National Copyright Administration, or the NCA, and took effect on May 30, 2005, provided that an internet information service provider shall take measures to remove the relevant content, record relevant information after receiving the notice from the copyright owner that some content communicated through internet infringes upon his/its copyright and preserve the copyright owner’s notice for six months. If an internet information service provider (i) has the knowledge of an internet content provider’s tortious act of infringing upon another’s copyright through internet, or (ii) fails to take measures to remove relevant content after the receipt of the copyright owner’s notice (regardless of the internet information service provider’s knowledge of the copyright infringement act), and if the relevant copyright infringement act harms public interests, then the infringer shall be ordered to stop the tortious act, and may be imposed of confiscation of the illegal proceeds and a fine of not more than three times the illegal business amount; and if the illegal business amount is difficult to be calculated, a fine of not more than RMB100,000 may be imposed.
The Notice on Regulating Copyright Order of Internet Reproduction, issued by the NCA in April 2015, includes the following four major points: (i) clarify certain important issues related to internet copyrights in existing laws and regulations, including the definition of news, clarify statutory licenses that are not applicable to internet copyrights and prohibit the distortion of title and work intent; (ii) guide the press and media to further improve the internal management of copyrights, especially requesting the press to clarify the copyright sources of their content; (iii) encourage the press and internet media to actively carry out copyright cooperation; and (iv) ask the copyright administrations at all levels to strictly implement copyright supervision.
The Computer Software Copyright Registration Measures, or the Software Copyright Measures, promulgated by the NCA on February 20, 2002, regulate registrations of software copyright, exclusive licensing contracts for software copyright and transfer contracts. The NCA shall be the competent authority for the nationwide administration of software copyright registration and the Copyright Protection Center of China, or the CPCC is designated as the software registration authority. The CPCC shall grant registration certificates to the Computer Software Copyrights applicants which conform to the provisions of both the Software Copyright Measures and the Computer Software Protection Regulations (Revised in 2013).
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Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Certain Issues Related to the Application of Law in the Trial of Civil Cases Involving Disputes over Infringement of the Right of Dissemination through Information Networks, promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court in December 2012 and further revised on December 29, 2020 and took effect on January 1, 2021, stipulate that internet users or internet service providers who provide works, performances or audio-video products, for which others have the right of dissemination through information networks or make these available on any information network without authorization shall be deemed to have infringed upon the right of dissemination through information networks.
Domain Names
The Administrative Measures on Internet Domain Names, which was promulgated by the MIIT on August 24, 2017, and became effective on November 1, 2017, regulates the “.CN” and the “zhongguo (in Chinese character)” shall be China’s national top level domains. Any party that engages in internet information services shall use its domain name in compliance with laws and regulations and in line with relevant provisions of the telecommunications authority, but shall not use its domain name to commit any illegal act.
Regulations Related to Anti-Unfair Competition
According to the Anti-Unfair Competition Law of the PRC, or the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, which was adopted by the SCNPC on September 2, 1993, became effective as of December 1, 1993, and last amended on April 23, 2019, unfair competition refers to that the operator disrupts the market competition order and damages the legitimate rights and interests of other operators or consumers in violation of the provisions of the Anti-unfair Competition Law in the production and operating activities. Pursuant to the Anti-unfair Competition Law, operators shall abide by the principle of voluntariness, equality, impartiality, integrity and adhere to laws and business ethics during market transactions. Operators in violation of the Anti-unfair Competition Law shall bear corresponding civil, administrative or criminal liabilities depending on the specific circumstances.
Regulations Related to Labor and Social Security
According to the Labor Law of PRC, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on July 5, 1994, came into effect on January 1, 1995, and was last amended on December 29, 2018, the Labor Contract Law of PRC, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on June 29, 2007, came into effect on January 1, 2008, and was amended on December 28, 2012, and came into effect on July 1, 2013, and the Implementation Regulations on Labor Contract Law of the PRC, which was promulgated and came into effect on September 18, 2008, by the State Council, labor contracts in written form shall be executed to establish labor relationships between employers and employees. In addition, wages cannot be lower than local minimum wage. The employers must establish a system for labor safety and sanitation, strictly abide by State rules and standards, provide education regarding labor safety and sanitation to its employees, provide employees with labor safety and sanitation conditions and necessary protection materials in compliance with State rules and carry out regular health examinations for employees engaged in work involving occupational hazards.
According to the Social Insurance Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the SCNPC on October 28, 2010, came into effect on July 1, 2011, and was amended on December 29, 2018, the Provisional Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Insurance Premium, which was promulgated by the State Council on January 22, 1999, and amended on March 24, 2019, and the Regulations on the Administration of Housing Provident Fund, which was promulgated by the State Council on April 3, 1999, came into effective on the same date and was last amended on March 24, 2019, employers are required to contribute, on behalf of their employees, to a number of social security funds, including funds for basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, basic medical insurance, occupational injury insurance, maternity insurance and to housing provident funds. Any employer who fails to contribute may be fined and ordered to make up for the deficit within a stipulated time limit.
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Regulations Related to Taxation
EIT
According to the EIT Law, which was promulgated on March 16, 2007, came into effect on January 1, 2008, and last amended on December 29, 2018, and the Implementation Regulations on the Enterprise Income Tax Law, which was promulgated by the State Council on December 6, 2007, came into effect on January 1, 2008, amended by the State Council on April 23, 2019, and came into effect on the same date, a uniform income tax rate of 25% will be applied to resident enterprises and
non-resident
enterprises that have established production and operation facilities in China. Besides enterprises established within the PRC, enterprises established in accordance with the laws of other judicial districts whose “de facto management bodies” are within the PRC are considered “resident enterprises” and subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate for their global income. A
non-resident
enterprise refers to an entity established under foreign law whose “de facto management bodies” are not within the PRC but which have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC but have income sourced within the PRC. An income tax rate of 10% will normally be applicable to dividends declared to or any other gains realized on the transfer of shares by
non-PRC
resident enterprise investors that do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or that have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC.
According to the Arrangement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion between Mainland of China and Hong Kong entered into between Mainland China and the HKSAR on August 21, 2006, if the
non-PRC
parent company of a PRC enterprise is a Hong Kong resident which directly owns 25% or more of the equity interest pf the PRC foreign-invested enterprise which pays the dividends and interests, the 10% withholding tax rate applicable under the EIT Law may be lowered to 5% for dividends and 7% for interest payments if a Hong Kong resident enterprise is determined by the competent PRC tax authority to have satisfied the relevant conditions and requirements under such Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement and other applicable laws. However, according to the Notice on the Certain Issues with Respect to the Enforcement of Dividend Provisions in Tax Treaties, which was promulgated by the STA on February 20, 2009, and came into effect on the same date, if the relevant PRC tax authorities determine, in their discretion, that a company benefits unjustifiably from such reduced income tax rate due to a transaction or arrangement that is primarily
tax-driven,
such PRC tax authorities may adjust the preferential tax treatment; and based on the Announcement of the Certain Issues with Respect to the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties, issued by the STA on February 3, 2018, and effective on April 1, 2018, if an applicant’s business activities do not constitute substantive business activities, it could result in the negative determination of the applicant’s status as a “beneficial owner,” and consequently, the applicant could be precluded from enjoying the above-mentioned reduced income tax rate of 5% under the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement.
VAT
The Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax, which was promulgated on December 13, 1993, came into effect on January 1, 1994, last amended on November 19, 2017, and the Detailed Implementing Rules of the Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax, which was promulgated on December 18, 2008, and amended on October 28, 2011, came into effect on November 1, 2011, set out that all taxpayers selling goods or providing processing, repairing or replacement labor services, sales of services, intangible assets and immovable assets and importing goods in China shall pay a value-added tax.
The State Council approved, and the STA and the MOF officially launched a pilot value-added tax reform program starting from January 1, 2012, or the Pilot Program, applicable to businesses in selected industries. Businesses in the Pilot Program would pay value-added tax instead of business tax. The Pilot Program was initiated in Shanghai, then further applied to 10 additional regions such as Beijing and Guangdong province. On November 19, 2017, the State Council promulgated the Decisions on Abolishing the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Business Tax and Amending the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Value-added Tax, according to which, all enterprises and individuals engaged in the sale of goods, the provision of processing, repairing and replacement labor services, sales of services, intangible assets, real property and the importation of goods within the territory of the PRC are the taxpayers of value-added tax. The value-added tax rates generally applicable are simplified as 17%, 11%, 6% and 0%, and the value-added tax rate applicable to the small-scale taxpayers is 3%. According to the Notice of the MOF and the STA on Adjusting Value added Tax Rates, issued on April 4, 2018, and became effective on May 1, 2018, the deduction rates of 17% and 11% applicable to the taxpayers who have value-added tax taxable sales activities or imported goods are adjusted to 16% and 10%, respectively. According to the Notice of the MOF, the STA and the General Administration of Customs on Relevant Policies for Deepening Value Added Tax Reform, issued on March 20, 2019, and became effective on April 1, 2019, the value added tax rate was reduced to 13% and 9%, respectively.
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Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange Control
The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Regulation on the Foreign Exchange Control of PRC, promulgated by the State Council on January 29, 1996, came into effect on April 1, 1996, and last amended on August 5, 2008, and the Regulations on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement, Sale and Payment, promulgated by the People’s Bank of China in June 1996 and came into effect on July 1, 1996, according to which, Renminbi for current account items is freely convertible, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for capital account items, such as direct investments, loans and investments in securities outside of the PRC, unless the prior approval or record-filing of the SAFE or its local counterpart is obtained.
The Circular on Reforming the Management Method regarding the Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or the Circular 19, promulgated on March 30, 2015, came into effective on June 1, 2015, and last amended on December 30, 2019, allows foreign-invested enterprises to make equity investments by using RMB fund converted from foreign exchange capital. Under the Circular 19, the foreign exchange capital in the capital account of foreign-invested enterprises upon the confirmation of rights and interests of monetary contribution by the local foreign exchange bureau (or the book-entry registration of monetary contribution by the banks) can be settled at the banks based on the actual operation needs of the enterprises. The proportion of willingness-based foreign exchange settlement of capital for foreign-invested enterprises is temporarily set at 100%. The SAFE can adjust such proportion in due time based on the circumstances of the international balance of payments. However, Circular 19 and the Circular on Reforming and Regulating the Management Policies on the Settlement of Capital Projects, promulgated on June 9, 2016, continues to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using RMB fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope, investing and financing directly or indirectly in securities and other investments except for bank’s principal-secured products, providing loans to
non-affiliated
enterprises or constructing or purchasing real estate not for
self-use.
On October 23, 2019, the SAFE released the Circular on Further Promoting Cross-border Trade and Investment Facilitation, or the Circular 28, according to which besides foreign-invested enterprises engaged in investment business,
non-investment
foreign-invested enterprises are also permitted to make domestic equity investments with their capital funds in foreign currency provided that such investments do not violate the Negative List (2020) and the target investment projects are genuine and in compliance with laws. According to the Circular on Optimizing Administration of Foreign Exchange to Support the Development of Foreign-related Business, issued by the SAFE on April 10, 2020, eligible enterprises are allowed to make domestic payments by using their capital funds, foreign credits and the income under capital accounts of overseas listing, without submitting the evidentiary materials concerning authenticity of such capital for banks in advance; provided that their capital use is authentic and in compliance with administrative regulations on the use of income under capital accounts. The bank in charge shall conduct post spot checking in accordance with the relevant requirements.
According to the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly Listed Companies, which was promulgated by SAFE in February 2012, PRC citizens or
non-PRC
citizens residing in China for a continuous period of not less than one year (except for foreign diplomatic personnel in China and representatives of international organizations in China) who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company shall, through the domestic company to which the said company is affiliated, collectively entrust a domestic agency (may be the Chinese affiliate of the overseas publicly listed company which participates in stock incentive plan, or other domestic institutions qualified for asset trust business lawfully designated by such company) to handle foreign exchange registration, and entrust an overseas institution to handle issues like exercise of options, purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or equity and transfer of corresponding funds. In addition, the domestic agency is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan.
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The SAFE Circular 37, promulgated by the SAFE on July 4, 2014, and came into effective on the same date, states that (i) a PRC resident, including a PRC resident natural person or a PRC legal person, shall register with the local branch of the SAFE before it contributes its assets or equity interest in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests into a special purpose vehicle for the purpose of investment and financing; and (ii) when the special purpose vehicle undergoes change of basic information, such as change in PRC resident natural person shareholder, name or operating period, or occurrence of a material event, such as change in share capital of a PRC resident natural person, performance of merger or split, the PRC resident shall register such change with the local branch of the SAFE in a timely manner. According to the SAFE Circular 13 which was promulgated by SAFE on February 13, 2015, came effective on June 1, 2015, and amended on December 30, 2019, banks are required to review and carry out foreign exchange registration under offshore direct investment directly. The SAFE and its branches shall implement indirect supervision over foreign exchange registration of direct investment via the banks.
Regulations Related to Dividend Distributions
The principal laws and regulations regulating the dividend distribution of dividends by foreign-invested enterprises in China include the PRC Company Law last amended in 2018 and the Foreign Investment Law. Under the current regulatory regime in the PRC, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profit, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. A PRC company, including foreign-invested enterprise, is required to set aside as general reserves at least 10% of its
after-tax
profit, until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital unless the provisions of laws regarding foreign investment otherwise provided, and shall not distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year.
Regulations Related to M&A and Overseas Listings
The M&A Rules was jointly promulgated by six PRC governmental authorities including the MOFCOM, the STA, the SAFE, the SAMR, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council and the CSRC on August 8, 2006, and amended on June 22, 2009. Foreign investors must comply with the M&A Rules when they purchase equity interests of a domestic company or subscribe the increased capital of a domestic company, and thus changing of the nature of the domestic company into a foreign-invested enterprise; or when the foreign investors establish a foreign-invested enterprise in China, purchase the assets of a domestic company and operate the asset; or when the foreign investors purchase the assets of a domestic company by agreement, establish a foreign-invested enterprise by injecting such assets, and operate the assets. According to Article 11 of the M&A Rules, where a domestic enterprise, or a domestic natural person, through an overseas company established or controlled by it/him/her, acquires a domestic enterprise which is related to or connected with it/him/her, approval from the MOFCOM is required. The M&A Rules, among other things, further purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle, formed for listing purposes and controlled directly or indirectly by PRC companies or individuals, shall obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle acquires shares of or equity interests in the PRC companies in exchange for the shares of offshore companies.
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C. | Organizational Structure

The following chart illustrates our company’s organizational structure, including our principal subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities as of the date of this annual report:
Notes:

(1) | Mr. Rui Chen holds 100% equity interests in Shanghai Kuanyu. He is also the chairman of our board of directors and our chief executive officer.

(2) | Shanghai Kuanyu has 4 subsidiaries.

(3) | Mr. Rui Chen, Mr. Yi Xu and Ms. Ni Li hold 52.3%, 44.3%, and 3.4% equity interests in Hode Information Technology, respectively, as of the date of this annual report. Mr. Chen is our controlling shareholder, the chairman of our board of directors and our chief executive officer. Mr. Xu is our founder, director and president. Ms. Li is the vice chairwoman of our board of directors and chief operating officer.

(4) | Hode Information Technology has 34 subsidiaries.

The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among our wholly-owned subsidiary, our WFOE (Hode Shanghai), our principal VIEs (Shanghai Kuanyu and Hode Information Technology) and their respective shareholders. These contractual arrangements enable us to (i) exercise effective control over our principal VIEs; (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of our principal VIEs; and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in and assets of them when and to the extent permitted by PRC law.
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Agreements that provide us effective control over our principal VIEs
Powers of Attorney
Mr. Rui Chen executed a power of attorney on December 23, 2020, pursuant to which Mr. Rui Chen irrevocably appoints Hode Shanghai or its designated person (including but not limited to directors and their successors and liquidators replacing the directors but excluding those
non-independent
or who may give rise to conflict of interests) as his
attorney-in-fact
to exercise such shareholder’s rights in Shanghai Kuanyu, including without limitation to, the rights to (i) convene and participate in shareholders’ meeting pursuant to the articles of Shanghai Kuanyu in the capacity of a proxy of Mr. Rui Chen; (ii) exercise the voting rights pursuant to the relevant PRC laws and regulations and the articles of Shanghai Kuanyu, on behalf of Mr. Rui Chen, and adopt resolutions, on matters to be discussed and resolved at shareholders’ meetings and the appointment and election of directors of Shanghai Kuanyu, and manage the company and exercise the rights of Mr. Rui Chen in the event of liquidation of Shanghai Kuanyu; (iii) sign or submit any required document to any company registry or other authorities in the capacity of a proxy of Mr. Rui Chen; and (iv) to nominate, elect, designate or appoint and remove the legal representative, directors, supervisors and other senior officers of Shanghai Kuanyu pursuant to the articles of association of Shanghai Kuanyu; (v) to raise lawsuits or other legal proceedings against the directors, supervisors and senior officers of Shanghai Kuanyu when their behaviors harm the interest of its shareholders; (vi) to sign and execute any related documents including but not limited to share transfer agreement, asset transfer agreement and board resolutions when Mr. Rui Chen exercises his right to transfer his equity in Shanghai Kuanyu in accordance with exclusive option agreement; and (vii) to instruct the directors and senior officers to act in accordance with our attention.
Mr. Rui Chen has undertaken that he will refrain from any action or omission that may cause any conflict of interest between himself and Hode Shanghai or its shareholders.
The power of attorney has an indefinite term commencing from December 23, 2020 and will be terminated in the event that (i) the power of attorney is unilaterally terminated by Hode Shanghai; or (ii) it is legally permissible for Hode Shanghai, our Company or any of our subsidiaries to hold equity interests directly or indirectly in Shanghai Kuanyu and Hode Shanghai or its designated person is registered to be the sole shareholder of Shanghai Kuanyu.
On December 23, 2020, each of the shareholders of Hode Information Technology executed a power of attorney, which contains terms substantially similar to the power of attorney executed by Mr. Rui Chen as described above.
Equity Pledge Agreements
Hode Shanghai, Shanghai Kuanyu and Mr. Rui Chen entered into an equity pledge agreement on December 23, 2020, pursuant to which Mr. Rui Chen agreed to pledge all of his equity interests in Shanghai Kuanyu to Hode Shanghai as a security interest to guarantee the performance of contractual obligations and the payment of outstanding debts under the Contractual Arrangements.
Under the equity pledge agreement, Shanghai Kuanyu and Mr. Rui Chen represent and warrant to Hode Shanghai that appropriate arrangements have been made to protect Hode Shanghai’s interests in the event of death, restricted capacity or incapacity, divorce of Mr. Rui Chen or any other event which causes his inability to exercise his rights as a shareholder of Shanghai Kuanyu to avoid any practical difficulties in enforcing the equity pledge agreement and shall procure or use its reasonable efforts to procure any successors of Mr. Rui Chen to comply with the same undertakings as if they were parties to the equity pledge agreement. If Shanghai Kuanyu declares any dividend during the term of the pledge, Hode Shanghai is entitled to receive all such dividends, bonus issue or other income arising from the pledged equity interests, if any. If Mr. Rui Chen or Shanghai Kuanyu breaches or fails to fulfill the obligations under any of the aforementioned agreements, Hode Shanghai, as the pledgee, will be entitled to escrow of the pledged equity interests, entirely or partially. In addition, pursuant to the equity pledge agreement, Mr. Rui Chen has undertaken to Hode Shanghai, among other things, not to transfer his equity interests in Shanghai Kuanyu and not to create or allow any pledge thereon that may affect the rights and interest of Hode Shanghai without its prior written consent.
The equity pledge under the equity pledge agreement takes effect upon the completion of registration with the relevant local branch of the SAMR and shall remain valid until (i) all the obligations under the Contractual Arrangements have been fulfilled; (ii) Mr. Rui Chen has transferred all of his equity interests in Shanghai Kuanyu in accordance with the exclusive option agreement and Hode Shanghai can legally conduct the businesses held by Shanghai Kuanyu; (iii) Shanghai Kuanyu has transferred all of its assets in accordance with the exclusive option agreement and Hode Shanghai can legally conduct the businesses held by Shanghai Kuanyu; (iv) the equity pledge agreement has been unilaterally terminated by Hode Shanghai; or (v) all of it is terminated as required by applicable PRC laws and regulations.
The registration of the equity pledge agreement as required by the relevant laws and regulations has been completed in accordance with the terms of the equity pledge agreement and PRC laws and regulations.
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On December 23, 2020, Hode Shanghai, Hode Information Technology and each of the shareholders of Hode Information Technology entered into an equity pledge agreement, which contains terms substantially similar to the equity pledge agreement described above.
Letter of Undertakings
Pursuant to the letter of undertakings, dated December 23, 2020, the spouse of Mr. Rui Chen, the sole shareholder of Shanghai Kuanyu, unconditionally and irrevocably agreed that (i) she will not claim any Mr. Rui Chen’ direct or indirect equity interests in Shanghai Kuanyu and thus the enforcement, revision or termination of the Contractual Arrangements shall not subject to her authorization or consent, (ii) she will sign all necessary documents and take all necessary acts to ensure the proper performance of the Contractual Arrangements, and (iii) in the event that she obtains any direct or indirect equity interests in Shanghai Kuanyu, she will be subject to and be abided by any obligations as the shareholders of Shanghai Kuanyu regarding the Contractual Arrangements, and at the request of Hode Shanghai, she will sign any documents in the form and substance consistent with agreements under the Contractual Arrangements.
On December 23, 2020, the respective spouse of Rui Chen and Yi Xu, each a shareholder of Hode Information Technology, executed a letter of undertakings, which contains terms substantially similar to the letter of undertakings described above.
Agreements that allow us to receive economic benefits from our principal VIEs
Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements
Shanghai Kuanyu and Hode Shanghai entered into an exclusive business cooperation agreement on December 23, 2020, pursuant to which Shanghai Kuanyu agreed to engage Hode Shanghai as its exclusive service provider of comprehensive business support, technical services and consultation services, including, but not limited to, the following services:

| • |  | research and development on relevant technologies required for Shanghai Kuanyu’s business;

| • |  | technical application and implementation in relation to Shanghai Kuanyu’s business operations;

| • |  | technical services including advertising design solutions, software design, page production, and management consulting advice in relation to Shanghai Kuanyu’s advertising business operations;

| • |  | daily maintenance, monitoring, debugging and troubleshooting of computer network equipment;

| • |  | consultancy services for the procurement of relevant equipment and software and hardware systems required by Shanghai Kuanyu to carry out its network operations;

| • |  | providing appropriate training and technical support and assistance to Shanghai Kuanyu’s employees;

| • |  | giving advice and solutions to technical questions raised by Shanghai Kuanyu; and

| • |  | other relevant services requested by Shanghai Kuanyu from time to time to the extent permitted under PRC laws and regulations.

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Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement, the service fee shall be equivalent to the total consolidated net profit of Shanghai Kuanyu of each financial year, after offsetting the prior-year loss (if any), costs, expenses, taxes and other statutory contributions incurred in the corresponding financial year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Hode Shanghai shall have the right to adjust the level of the service fee based on the (a) the complexity of the services provided; (b) the time required for providing the services; (c) the content and commercial value of the services provided; and (d) the market price of the same type of services. Shanghai Kuanyu has agreed to pay the service fee to the bank account designated by Hode Shanghai within five (5) business days after Hode Shanghai issues the payment notice, as amended by Hode Shanghai from time to time. In addition, pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement, without the prior written approval from Hode Shanghai, Shanghai Kuanyu shall not, and/or shall procure the other consolidated affiliated entities not to, enter into any transactions (save as those transactions entered into in the ordinary course of business) that may materially affect its assets, obligations, rights or operation, including but not limited to:

| 1. | the sale, transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose of any assets (except for those of value less than RMB 1 million in the ordinary course of business of the consolidated affiliated entities), business, management right or beneficial interest of income or create any security interest on any assets, including but not limited to any mortgage, pledge, share options or other guarantee arrangements;

| 2. | the provision of any guarantee or any fees to third parties or the occurrence of any indebtedness (except for those reasonable costs incurred in the ordinary course of business);

| 3. | the entering into of any material contracts (except for those where contract amount is less than RMB1 million and those which are entered into within the ordinary course of business of the consolidated affiliated entities between Shanghai Kuanyu and Hode Shanghai and its related parties);

| 4. | any merger, acquisition, restructuring or liquidation; and

| 5. | cause any conflict of interest between Shanghai Kuanyu and Hode Shanghai as well as its shareholders.

The exclusive business cooperation agreement also provides that Hode Shanghai has the exclusive proprietary rights in any and all intellectual property rights developed or created by the consolidated affiliated entities during the performance of the exclusive business cooperation agreement. The exclusive business cooperation agreement has an indefinite term commencing from December 23, 2020, being the date of the exclusive business cooperation agreement. The exclusive business cooperation agreement may be terminated by Hode Shanghai (i) by giving Shanghai Kuanyu a thirty (30) days’ prior written notice of termination; (ii) upon the transfer of the entire equity interests in or the transfer of all assets of Shanghai Kuanyu to Hode Shanghai or its designated person pursuant to the exclusive option agreement; (iii) when Shanghai Kuanyu ceases to operate any business, becomes insolvency, bankruptcy or subject to liquidation or dissolution procedures; (iv) when it is legally permissible for Hode Shanghai to hold equity interests directly in Shanghai Kuanyu and Hode Shanghai or its designated person is registered to be the shareholder of Shanghai Kuanyu; or (v) Shanghai Kuanyu breaches the exclusive business cooperation agreement. Shanghai Kuanyu is not contractually entitled to unilaterally terminate the exclusive business cooperation agreement with Hode Shanghai unless otherwise required by PRC laws and regulations.
On December 23, 2020, Hode Shanghai and Hode Information Technology entered into an exclusive business cooperation agreement, which contains terms substantially similar to the exclusive business cooperation agreement described above.
Agreements that provide us with the option to purchase the equity interests in our principal VIEs
Exclusive Option Agreements
Hode Shanghai, Shanghai Kuanyu and Mr. Rui Chen, the shareholder of Shanghai Kuanyu, entered into an exclusive option agreement on December 23, 2020, pursuant to which Mr. Rui Chen granted irrevocably to Hode Shanghai the rights to require Mr. Rui Chen to transfer any or all his equity interests and to require Shanghai Kuanyu to transfer any or all of its assets to Hode Shanghai and/or a third party designated by it, in whole or in part at any time and from time to time, at a minimum purchase price permitted under PRC laws and regulations. If not explicitly specified in PRC laws and regulations or required by the relevant government authority, the transfer price shall be free or the nominal price. Mr. Rui Chen has also undertaken that, subject to the relevant PRC laws and regulations, he will return to Hode Shanghai any consideration he receives in the event that Hode Shanghai exercises the options under the exclusive option agreement to acquire the equity interests and/or assets in Shanghai Kuanyu.
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Pursuant to the exclusive option agreement, Mr. Rui Chen and Shanghai Kuanyu have undertaken to perform certain acts or refrain from performing certain other acts unless they have obtained prior approval from Hode Shanghai, including but not limited to the following matters:

| 1. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall not in any manner supplement, change or alter its constitutional documents or increase or decrease its registered capital or change the structure of its registered capital in other manner;

| 2. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall prudently and effectively operate its business and transactions in accordance with the good financial and business standards;

| 3. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall not sell, transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose of any assets, business, legal or beneficial interest of its income or allow any guarantee or security to be created on its assets except for those of value less than RMB 1 million required for normal business operations;

| 4. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall not incur, inherit, guarantee or allow any indebtedness other than those having been disclosed to and consented by Hode Shanghai in writing or those made during the ordinary course of its business;

| 5. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall not enter into any material contracts with an amount more than RMB1 million without Hode Shanghai’s prior written consent, except the contracts executed in the ordinary course of business or contracts entered between Shanghai Kuanyu and our Company (or any of our subsidiaries);

| 6. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall operate its business in order to maintain its asset value or not allow any acts or omission which adversely affects its business or assets value;

| 7. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall immediately inform Hode Shanghai if its assets or business involved in any disputes, litigations, arbitrations or administrative proceedings;

| 8. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall not distribute any dividend to its shareholder without Hode Shanghai’s written consent. To the extent permitted under the relevant PRC laws and regulations, Mr. Rui Chen shall inform and transfer all distributable receivable by him to Hode Shanghai as soon as possible after receiving such interests;

| 9. | Shanghai Kuanyu and its affiliates shall provide its operation and financial information to Hode Shanghai or its designated person upon Hode Shanghai’s request;

| 10. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall not separate, or merge, or enter into joint operation agreements with other entities, or acquire or be acquired by other entities, or invest in any entities without Hode Shanghai’s written consent;

| 11. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall sign all necessary and appropriate documents, take all necessary and proper acts, bring up all necessary and proper requests, or raise necessary and proper defenses against claims to maintain Shanghai Kuanyu and its affiliates’ ownership for all the assets;

| 12. | if Mr. Rui Chen or Shanghai Kuanyu fails to perform the tax obligations under applicable laws and results in obstacles for Hode Shanghai to exercise its exclusive option right, Shanghai Kuanyu or Mr. Rui Chen shall pay the taxes or pay the same amount to Hode Shanghai so Hode Shanghai may pay the taxes instead; and

| 13. | Shanghai Kuanyu shall take all necessary and proper acts to ensure that all government permits, licenses, authorizations, and approvals required by Shanghai Kuanyu and its affiliates to conduct their businesses are valid and make all necessary changes as required by the relevant PRC laws and regulations.

The exclusive option agreement has an indefinite term commencing from December 23, 2020, being the date of the exclusive option agreement, until it is terminated (i) by Hode Shanghai through giving Shanghai Kuanyu and Mr. Rui Chen a prior written notice of termination; or (ii) upon the transfer of the entire equity interests held by the Mr. Rui Chen and/or the transfer of all the assets of Shanghai Kuanyu to Hode Shanghai or its designated person and the completion of registration with the relevant local branch of the SAMR. Neither Shanghai Kuanyu nor Mr. Rui Chen is contractually entitled to terminate the exclusive option agreement unless otherwise required by PRC laws and regulations.
On December 23, 2020, Hode Shanghai, Hode Information Technology and each of the shareholders of Hode Information Technology entered into an exclusive option agreement, which contains terms substantially similar to the exclusive option agreement described above.
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However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules. Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may in the future take a view that is contrary to or otherwise different from the above opinion of our PRC counsel. If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our online entertainment business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in our businesses, we could be subject to severe penalties including being prohibited from continuing operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders for our operations in China, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership.”; “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure— Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to how the Foreign Investment Law may impact the viability of our current corporate structure and operations.”; and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we fail to obtain and maintain the licenses and approvals required within the complex regulatory environment applicable to our businesses in China, or if we are required to take compliance actions that are time-consuming or costly, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.”

D. | Property, Plant and Equipment

Our headquarters is located at Wujiaochang commercial district in Shanghai, where we lease and occupy an office building with an aggregate floor area of approximately 94,413 square meters. A substantial majority of our employees are based at our headquarters in Shanghai. Our servers and network facilities for internal administrative functions are located at our headquarters. We have sales and marketing, and anime production personnel at our regional offices in Beijing and Tokyo. We lease and occupy approximately 10,375 square meters of office space in Beijing, approximately 3,839 square meters of office space in Wuhan and approximately 661 square meters of office space in Tokyo. These leases vary in duration from one to ten years.
Our company has established an entity in Shanghai, China together with Zhuhai Hengqin Wangfu Project Investment LLP (“Wangfu”), an independent third party, and two entities controlled by Mr. Rui Chen and Ms. Ni Li, respectively (the “Management Entities”), to acquire the land use rights for a parcel of land in Shanghai. Our company holds 30.01% of the shares of the entity, Wangfu holds 45%, and the Management Entities collectively hold the remaining 24.99% of the shares. The total investment for the acquisition of land use rights is estimated to be approximately RMB8.1 billion. Pursuant to the shareholders agreement among the shareholders of the entity, our company has committed to funding the acquisition of land use rights up to RMB1.2 billion, of which RMB975 million has been made as of the date of this annual report and the remaining is expected to be made before March 31, 2021.
As of the date of this annual report, some of our leased properties are subject to mortgage, and we have not registered any of our lease agreements with the relevant government authorities due to the lack of cooperation from our landlords in registering the relevant lease agreements. The failure to register the lease agreements for our leased properties will not affect the validity of these lease agreements, but the competent housing authorities may order us to register the lease agreements in a prescribed period of time and impose a fine ranging from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 for each
non-registered
lease agreement if we fail to complete the registration within the prescribed timeframe. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notification from any competent authority in the PRC in relation to the
non-registration
of lease agreements.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form
20-F.
This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report on
Form 20-F.
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A. | Operating Results

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
User growth and engagement
The success of our business depends on our ability to grow our user base, and maintain and increase user engagement. We have experienced rapid user growth and aim to continue to achieve healthy and high-quality user base expansion. In the fourth quarter of 2020, we had an average of 202.0 million MAU, an increase of 55.0% from the same period in 2019. Our user base has demonstrated strong engagement and loyalty to our communities. The average daily time spent per active user on our mobile app remained above 80 minutes in 2020.
The following table sets forth our average MAU for each of the quarters indicated:

|  | For the Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  |  | September 30, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | March 31, 2020 |  |  | June 30, 2020 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | (In millions) |
Average MAU (1) |  |  | 101.3 |  |  |  | 110.4 |  |  |  | 127.9 |  |  |  | 130.3 |  |  |  | 172.4 |  |  |  | 171.6 |  |  |  | 197.2 |  |  |  | 202.0 |

Note:

(1) | Our MAU include mobile apps MAU and PC MAU after eliminating duplicates.

Our active users generally view and consume a multitude of content offered on our platform, including videos, mobile games, live broadcasting and other content. The number of our users and the level of their engagement on our platform affect our revenues. We derive a substantial portion of revenue from our mobile game services. The mobile game user base growth and engagement are primarily driven by the launch of new games and the release of updates of our existing games. We witnessed strong growth in the revenues generated from VAS due to the increasing number of subscribers of our premium membership programs and active viewers of our live broadcasting. We also generate advertising revenues from advertisers driven by the size of our user base, the engagement of our users and our brand equity.
We will continue to implement our strategy to grow our user base and increase penetration in Generation Z+ and attract users from wider demographics. We will continue to support our PUGV content creators, enrich video content, strengthen our brand recognition and invest in user acquisition.
Our provision and commercialization of diversified product and service offerings
Our revenues and results of operations depend on our ability to convert more users to paying users and to increase their spending on our platform, which is driven by our provision of diversified product and service offerings appealing to our users. Paying users on our platform refer to users who make payments for various products and services on our platform, including purchases in mobile games offered on our platform and payments for VAS (excluding purchase on our
e-commerce
platform). A user who makes payments across different products and services offered on our platform using the same registered account is counted as one paying user.
The following table sets forth our average MAU, our average monthly paying users, and average monthly revenue per paying user for each of the quarters indicated:

|  | For the Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  |  | September 30, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | March 31, 2020 |  |  | June 30, 2020 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | (In millions) |
Average MAU |  |  | 101.3 |  |  |  | 110.4 |  |  |  | 127.9 |  |  |  | 130.3 |  |  |  | 172.4 |  |  |  | 171.6 |  |  |  | 197.2 |  |  |  | 202.0 |
Average monthly paying users |  |  | 5.7 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 7.9 |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  | 13.4 |  |  |  | 12.9 |  |  |  | 15.0 |  |  |  | 17.9 |
|  | (In RMB) |
Average monthly revenue per paying user |  |  | 67.6 |  |  |  | 66.4 |  |  |  | 58.1 |  |  |  | 54.5 |  |  |  | 48.3 |  |  |  | 53.8 |  |  |  | 50.1 |  |  |  | 44.2 |

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The number of average monthly paying users has generally been increasing primarily attributable to the popularity of our premium membership program driven by the high-quality content that we offered, the expansion of our mobile games operations and diversification of other value-added services offerings. The occasional decrease of our average monthly revenue per paying user was mainly due to the substantial increase in the number of paying users attributable to our premium membership program, who on average make lower payments than other paying users such as those for the mobile games. Paying users who subscribe to our premium membership program are likely to consume derivative products of their interested OGV on our platform. For example, while enjoying an anime in our content library, such paying users are also likely to pay for the games developed based on that anime offered on our platform, the same theme of comic books, audio dramas, and figure toys of the characters in the anime. We see large commercial potentials in the derivative content consumptions.
We are continuing to diversify our product and service offerings and refine our commercialization avenues without compromising user experience. We will continue our efforts to enrich our content library, including PUGV, live broadcasting, OGV and mobile games, to convert more users to paying users. We plan to launch more high-quality games to satisfy our users’ evolving needs. In addition, we expect to witness increased revenues from advertising, as advertisers across different industries are turning to Bilibili to tap into the coveted Generation Z+ in China. We will also continue to develop our live broadcasting and other VAS. Our revenue growth will be affected by our ability to effectively execute our commercialization strategies and expand our paying user base.
Our brand recognition and market leadership
Our brand recognition as a leading video community among the Generation Z+ in China is crucial for us to attract and retain users, content creators and our business partners, and increase our revenues. We will continue to promote our brand name among broader young generations and increase our appeal to mass market.
Our ability to manage our costs and expenses
Our results of operations depend on our ability to manage our costs and expenses. Our cost of revenues consists primarily of revenue-sharing costs, content costs, server and bandwidth service costs and
e-commerce
and other costs. We expect our revenue-sharing costs to increase in absolute amount due to our business expansion in mobile games, live broadcasting and advertising businesses. We expect our content costs to increase in absolute amount as we continue to produce and procure high-quality content for our users. In addition, we expect the absolute amount of our server and bandwidth costs and our
e-commerce
and other costs to increase as we grow our business. We will also continue the investment in our brand recognition and user base for our long-term success, therefore we expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute amount as well.
Investment in technology and talent
Our technology is critical for us to better understand our users, improve user experience maintain a vibrant community, and execute our commercialization strategy. Our current research and development efforts in technology are primarily focused on enhancing our artificial intelligence technology, big data analytics capabilities and cloud technology, which we believe are crucial for us to develop user insights so as to provide more relevant and engaging content to our users and to improve our operating efficiency. In addition, there is a strong demand in China’s internet industry for talented and experienced personnel. We must recruit, retain and motivate talented employees while controlling our personnel-related expenses, including share-based compensation expenses.
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IMPACT OF
COVID-19
ON OUR OPERATIONS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
A substantial majority of our revenues and workforce are concentrated in China. In early 2020, to contain the spread of
COVID-19,
the Chinese government had taken certain emergency measures, including extension of the Lunar New Year holidays, implementation of travel bans, blockade of certain roads and closure of factories and businesses. These emergency measures have been significantly relaxed by the Chinese government as of the date of this annual report. However, there has been occasional outbreaks of
COVID-19
in various cities in China, and the Chinese government may again take measures to keep
COVID-19
in check. The
COVID-19
pandemic has caused delays in the delivery of the merchandise sold on our platform to the customers in the first quarter of 2020. The delivery has been gradually recovering since the second quarter of 2020. We have experienced a significant increase in the size and engagement of our active user base during the first quarter of 2020 partly due to the
shelter-in-place
restrictions in China, and we have been able to maintain the momentum of user acquisition and engagement in the other quarters of 2020. Our MAU increased by 18% from the second quarter to the fourth quarter of 2020 as
COVID-19
subsided. However, there remain significant uncertainties surrounding
COVID-19
and its further development as a global pandemic. Hence, the extent of the business disruption and the related impact on our financial results and outlook cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. See also “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, such as the
COVID-19
pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our operations.”
As of December 31, 2020, our cash and cash equivalents, time deposits, as well as short-term investments were RMB12.8 billion (US$2.0 billion). Our principal sources of liquidity have been cash generated from operating activities, as well as the proceeds we received from our public offerings of ordinary shares and other financing activities. We believe this level of liquidity is sufficient to successfully navigate at least twelve months of uncertainty.
Key Components of Results of Operations
Net revenues
The following table sets forth the components of our net revenues by amounts and percentages of our total net revenues for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Net revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mobile games |  |  | 2,936,331 |  |  |  | 71.1 | % |  |  | 3,597,809 |  |  |  | 53.1 | % |  |  | 4,803,382 |  |  |  | 736,151 |  |  |  | 40.0 | %
Value-added services |  |  | 585,643 |  |  |  | 14.2 | % |  |  | 1,641,043 |  |  |  | 24.2 | % |  |  | 3,845,663 |  |  |  | 589,374 |  |  |  | 32.0 | %
Advertising |  |  | 463,490 |  |  |  | 11.2 | % |  |  | 817,016 |  |  |  | 12.1 | % |  |  | 1,842,772 |  |  |  | 282,417 |  |  |  | 15.4 | %
E-commerce and others |  |  | 143,467 |  |  |  | 3.5 | % |  |  | 722,054 |  |  |  | 10.6 | % |  |  | 1,507,159 |  |  |  | 230,982 |  |  |  | 12.6 | %
Total net revenues |  |  | 4,128,931 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 6,777,922 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 11,998,976 |  |  |  | 1,838,924 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Mobile games.
We primarily offer exclusively distributed mobile games and jointly operated mobile games developed by third-party game developers. For exclusively distributed mobile games, we are responsible for game launch, hosting and maintenance of game servers, game promotions and customer services. We also develop localized versions for games licensed from overseas developers. For jointly operated mobile game services, we provide our mobile game platform for mobile games developed by third-party developers. We earn game distribution service revenue within the applicable contract periods by providing payment solutions and game promotion services, while game developers are responsible for providing game products, hosting and maintaining game servers and determining the pricing of
in-game
virtual items. We derived 71.1%, 53.1% and 40.0% of our revenues from mobile games in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The top 10 mobile games contributed to 67%, 46% and 33% of our revenues in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We derive a significant portion of mobile game revenues from a limited number of games. One mobile game contributed more than 10% of our total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, we operated 43 exclusively distributed mobile games and hundreds of jointly operated mobile games. Our revenues from mobile games depend on the number of paying users, and ultimately are determined by our ability to select, procure and offer engaging games tailored to our platform and our user preferences. We expect revenues from mobile games to continue to grow in absolute amount. At the same time, we expect greater contribution by revenues from other streams of business as we take initiatives to grow our VAS, advertising and
E-commerce
businesses.
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VAS.
We primarily generate VAS revenues from (i) subscription fees of our premium membership program, which offers paying members benefits including exclusive or advanced access to certain OGV, and (ii) sales of
in-channel
virtual items for use in our live broadcasting so that users can send them to hosts to show their support, which comprise of either consumable items, such as gifts and items that create special visual effects, or time-based items, such as privileges and titles. Meanwhile, we also generate revenues from other VAS including sales of paid content and virtual items on our video, audio and comic platforms. We expect revenues from VAS to continue to grow driven by the increasing popularity of our premium membership programs and live broadcasting.
Advertising.
We generate advertising revenues primarily from brand advertising and performance-based feed advertisements. Brand advertisements primarily appear on the app opening page, the top banner, the website home page banner and the inline video feed alongside organic feeds. Brand advertisements can also be customized according to advertisers’ need and appeared in Bilibili-produced OGV or events. Performance-based advertisements primarily appear as inline video feeds alongside with organic feeds. Leveraging our deep user insight, we can push the advertisements to users who are most likely to be interested. We have also worked with our content creators and licensed content providers to offer advertisers customized native advertisements. We expect our advertising revenues to increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to introduce new advertising and marketing solutions and attract more advertisers.
E-commerce
and others.
Our
e-commerce
and others primarily consist of sales of products on our
e-commerce
platform and revenues from offline performance activities. We expect an increase in
e-commerce
and others in the foreseeable future considering the growing demand for
ACG-related
products from our users.
Cost of revenues
The following table sets forth the components of our cost of revenues by amounts and percentages of cost of revenues for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Cost of revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue-sharing costs |  |  | 1,630,881 |  |  |  | 49.8 | % |  |  | 2,494,416 |  |  |  | 44.6 | % |  |  | 4,366,490 |  |  |  | 669,194 |  |  |  | 47.7 | %
Content costs |  |  | 543,009 |  |  |  | 16.6 | % |  |  | 1,001,600 |  |  |  | 17.9 | % |  |  | 1,875,546 |  |  |  | 287,440 |  |  |  | 20.5 | %
Server and bandwidth costs |  |  | 618,737 |  |  |  | 18.9 | % |  |  | 919,753 |  |  |  | 16.5 | % |  |  | 1,141,257 |  |  |  | 174,905 |  |  |  | 12.5 | %
E-commerce and others |  |  | 480,866 |  |  |  | 14.7 | % |  |  | 1,171,904 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 1,775,507 |  |  |  | 272,109 |  |  |  | 19.3 | %
Total cost of revenues |  |  | 3,273,493 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 5,587,673 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 9,158,800 |  |  |  | 1,403,648 |  |  |  | 100 | %

Revenue-sharing costs consist of fees paid to game developers, distribution channels (app stores) and payment channels, and fees we share with hosts of our live broadcasting and content creators in accordance with our revenue-sharing arrangements. Content costs consist of amortized costs of purchased licensed content from copyright owners or content distributors and our production costs. Server and bandwidth costs are the fees we pay to telecommunication carriers and other service providers for telecommunication services, hosting our servers at their internet data centers, and providing content delivery network and application services.
E-commerce
and others consist of cost of goods sold associated with our
e-commerce
business, staff cost, depreciation and others.
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Operating expenses
The following table sets forth the components of our operating expenses by amounts and percentages of operating expenses for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing expenses |  |  | 585,758 |  |  |  | 37.0 | % |  |  | 1,198,516 |  |  |  | 44.6 | % |  |  | 3,492,091 |  |  |  | 535,186 |  |  |  | 58.4 | %
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 461,165 |  |  |  | 29.1 | % |  |  | 592,497 |  |  |  | 22.1 | % |  |  | 976,082 |  |  |  | 149,592 |  |  |  | 16.3 | %
Research and development expenses |  |  | 537,488 |  |  |  | 33.9 | % |  |  | 894,411 |  |  |  | 33.3 | % |  |  | 1,512,966 |  |  |  | 231,872 |  |  |  | 25.3 | %
Total operating expenses |  |  | 1,584,411 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 2,685,424 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 5,981,139 |  |  |  | 916,650 |  |  |  | 100 | %

Sales and marketing expenses
. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of general marketing and promotional expenses, as well as salaries and benefits, including share-based compensation expenses, for our sales and marketing personnel. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute amounts in the foreseeable future as we increase our investment in boasting our brand recognition, user base and market leadership and promoting our services. For a detailed description of the major promotional, advertising and marketing activities that we have invested in, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Branding and Marketing.”
The following table sets for the components of our sales and marketing expenses for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Sales and marketing expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing and promotional expenses |  |  | 436,487 |  |  |  | 74.5 | % |  |  | 934,701 |  |  |  | 78.0 | % |  |  | 3,005,965 |  |  |  | 460,684 |  |  |  | 86.1 | %
Staff costs |  |  | 131,183 |  |  |  | 22.4 | % |  |  | 204,770 |  |  |  | 17.1 | % |  |  | 400,910 |  |  |  | 61,442 |  |  |  | 11.5 | %
Others |  |  | 18,088 |  |  |  | 3.1 | % |  |  | 59,045 |  |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 85,216 |  |  |  | 13,060 |  |  |  | 2.4 | %
Total sales and marketing expenses |  |  | 585,758 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 1,198,516 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 3,492,091 |  |  |  | 535,186 |  |  |  | 100 | %

Our marketing and promotional expenses increased by 221.6% from RMB934.7 million in 2019 to RMB3,006.0 million (US$460.7 million) in 2020, primarily attributable to increased expenses associated with the promotion of our brand and other marketing activities. We launched a series of campaigns aimed at spreading the Bilibili brand name among a broader audience in the second quarter of 2020, in tandem with expanding our content appeal to a mass market. During our 11
th
anniversary, we introduced a new slogan,
Bilibili-All
the Videos You Like, to help define our brand proposition and appeal to a wider base. With this vision in mind, we launched a branding campaign series, the Hou Lang, Ru Hai and Xi Xiang Feng trilogy videos, all echoing strongly with our existing and potential users, to help bring an uptick in brand perception and increase brand awareness across different demographics. Our marketing and promotional efforts also include placing advertisements on various app stores, video app channels and
over-the-top
channels. As a result, sales and marketing expenses as percentage of total revenue increased from 17.7% in 2019 to 29.1% in 2020.
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General and administrative expenses
. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other compensation-related expenses, including share-based compensation expenses for our general and administrative personnel, professional fees, rental expenses and allowance for doubtful accounts. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute amounts in the foreseeable future due to the anticipated growth of our business as well as accounting, insurance, investor relations and other public company costs.
Research and development expenses
. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits, including share-based compensation expenses, for research and development personnel dedicated to the development and enhancement of our app/websites and development of online games. We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we expand our research and development team, to enhance our artificial intelligence technology, big data analytics capabilities and cloud technology and develop new features and functionalities on our platform.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods presented, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our revenues for the periods presented. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The results of operations in any period are not necessarily indicative of our future trends.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Net revenues |  |  | 4,128,931 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 6,777,922 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 11,998,976 |  |  |  | 1,838,924 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of revenues (1) |  |  | (3,273,493 | ) |  |  | (79.3 | )% |  |  | (5,587,673 | ) |  |  | (82.4 | )% |  |  | (9,158,800 | ) |  |  | (1,403,648 | ) |  |  | (76.3 | %)
Gross profit |  |  | 855,438 |  |  |  | 20.7 | % |  |  | 1,190,249 |  |  |  | 17.6 | % |  |  | 2,840,176 |  |  |  | 435,276 |  |  |  | 23.7 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing expenses (1) |  |  | (585,758 | ) |  |  | (14.2 | )% |  |  | (1,198,516 | ) |  |  | (17.7 | )% |  |  | (3,492,091 | ) |  |  | (535,186 | ) |  |  | (29.1 | )%
General and administrative expenses (1) |  |  | (461,165 | ) |  |  | (11.2 | )% |  |  | (592,497 | ) |  |  | (8.7 | )% |  |  | (976,082 | ) |  |  | (149,592 | ) |  |  | (8.1 | )%
Research and development expenses (1) |  |  | (537,488 | ) |  |  | (13.0 | )% |  |  | (894,411 | ) |  |  | (13.2 | )% |  |  | (1,512,966 | ) |  |  | (231,872 | ) |  |  | (12.6 | )%
Total operating expenses |  |  | (1,584,411 | ) |  |  | (38.4 | )% |  |  | (2,685,424 | ) |  |  | (39.6 | )% |  |  | (5,981,139 | ) |  |  | (916,650 | ) |  |  | (49.8 | )%
Loss from operations |  |  | (728,973 | ) |  |  | (17.7 | )% |  |  | (1,495,175 | ) |  |  | (22.0 | )% |  |  | (3,140,963 | ) |  |  | (481,374 | ) |  |  | (26.1 | )%
Other income/(expenses): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income, net (including impairments) |  |  | 96,440 |  |  |  | 2.3 | % |  |  | 96,610 |  |  |  | 1.4 | % |  |  | 28,203 |  |  |  | 4,322 |  |  |  | 0.2 | %
Interest income |  |  | 68,706 |  |  |  | 1.7 | % |  |  | 162,782 |  |  |  | 2.4 | % |  |  | 83,301 |  |  |  | 12,766 |  |  |  | 0.7 | %
Interest expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (46,543 | ) |  |  | (0.7 | )% |  |  | (108,547 | ) |  |  | (16,636 | ) |  |  | (0.9 | %)
Exchange (losses)/gains |  |  | (1,661 | ) |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | (11,789 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | )% |  |  | 41,717 |  |  |  | 6,393 |  |  |  | 0.3 | %
Others, net |  |  | 26,455 |  |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 26,412 |  |  |  | 0.4 | % |  |  | 95,641 |  |  |  | 14,660 |  |  |  | 0.8 | %
Loss before tax |  |  | (539,033 | ) |  |  | (13.1 | )% |  |  | (1,267,703 | ) |  |  | (18.7 | )% |  |  | (3,000,648 | ) |  |  | (459,869 | ) |  |  | (25.0 | %)
Income tax |  |  | (25,988 | ) |  |  | (0.6 | )% |  |  | (35,867 | ) |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  |  | (53,369 | ) |  |  | (8,180 | ) |  |  | (0.4 | %)
Net loss |  |  | (565,021 | ) |  |  | (13.7 | )% |  |  | (1,303,570 | ) |  |  | (19.2 | )% |  |  | (3,054,017 | ) |  |  | (468,049 | ) |  |  | (25.4 | %)

Note:

(1) | Share-based compensation expenses were allocated as follows:

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|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 28,173 |  |  |  | 23,281 |  |  |  | 37,087 |  |  |  | 5,684 |
Sales and marketing expenses |  |  | 11,499 |  |  |  | 14,269 |  |  |  | 40,808 |  |  |  | 6,254 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 102,544 |  |  |  | 68,497 |  |  |  | 181,753 |  |  |  | 27,855 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 38,977 |  |  |  | 66,503 |  |  |  | 126,250 |  |  |  | 19,349 |
Total |  |  | 181,193 |  |  |  | 172,550 |  |  |  | 385,898 |  |  |  | 59,142 |

Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019
Net revenues
Our net revenues increased by 77.0% from RMB6,777.9 million in 2019 to RMB11,999.0 million (US$1,838.9 million) in 2020. Across our platform, our average monthly paying users increased from 7.2 million in 2019 to 14.8 million in 2020. In addition, our paying ratio (average monthly paying user / MAU) increased from 6.1% in 2019 to 8.0% in 2020. We set forth below our key operating metrics.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (in millions, except as otherwise indicated) |
Average MAU |  |  | 87.0 |  |  |  | 117.5 |  |  |  | 185.8 |
Average monthly paying user |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 7.2 |  |  |  | 14.8 |
Paying ratio % (Average monthly paying user / MAU) |  |  | 3.9 | % |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  | 8.0 | %
Average monthly paying user for mobile games |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 1.8 |
Average monthly paying user for VAS (1) |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 6.0 |  |  |  | 13.0 |
Daily time spending per active user (minutes) |  |  | over 75 minutes |  |  |  | over 80 minutes |  |  |  | over 80 minutes |

Note:

(1) | Average monthly paying user for VAS excludes the duplicative average monthly paying user for mobile games.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Average monthly revenue per MAU (1) |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 5.4 |
Average monthly revenue per paying user (2) |  |  | 87.6 |  |  |  | 60.7 |  |  |  | 48.7 |
Average monthly revenue per paying user for mobile games |  |  | 284.5 |  |  |  | 254.6 |  |  |  | 223.6 |
Average monthly revenue per paying user for VAS |  |  | 19.6 |  |  |  | 22.7 |  |  |  | 24.6 |

Notes:

(1) | Numerator is the total net revenues.

(2) | Numerator includes only revenues from mobile games and VAS.

Mobile games
. Our net revenues from mobile games increased by 33.5% from RMB3,597.8 million in 2019 to RMB4,803.4 million (US$736.2 million) in 2020. The increase was primarily due to the popularity of our newly launched mobile games. As of December 31, 2020, we operated 43 exclusively distributed mobile games and hundreds of jointly operated mobile games. The average monthly paying user for mobile games increased from 1.2 million in 2019 to 1.8 million in 2020.
VAS
. Our net revenues from VAS increased by 134.4% from RMB1,641.0 million in 2019 to RMB3,845.7 million (US$589.4 million) in 2020, mainly attributable to our enhanced commercialization efforts, led by increases in the number of paying users for our premium membership program, live broadcasting services and other value-added services, attracted by the high quality and diversified content on our platform. The average monthly paying user for VAS increased from 6.0 million in 2019 to 13.0 million in 2020. The average monthly revenue per paying user for VAS increased from RMB22.7 in 2019 to RMB24.6 in 2020. Our average monthly revenue per MAU increased from RMB4.0 in 2018 to RMB4.8 in 2019, and further to RMB5.4 in 2020, due to the successful execution of our monetization strategies to diversify our revenue sources by expanding our VAS and advertising business. Specifically, for premium membership program, the average monthly paying user increased from 5.9 million in 2019 to 12.4 million in 2020, and the average monthly revenue per paying user increased from RMB10.2 in 2019 to RMB11.3 in 2020. For live broadcasting program, the average monthly paying user increased from 0.6 million in 2019 to 1.1 million in 2020, and the average monthly revenue per paying user increased from RMB89.0 in 2019 to RMB105.3 in 2020.
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Advertising
. Our net revenues from advertising increased by 125.6% from RMB817.0 million in 2019 to RMB1,842.8 million (US$282.4 million) in 2020. This increase was primarily attributable to further recognition of Bilibili’s brand name in China’s online advertising market. The increase in our user base also attracted more advertisers to promote their products and services on our platform, due to the greater exposure that the advertisements could enjoy on our platform. Our average MAU increased from 117.5 million in 2019 to 185.8 million in 2020.
E-commerce
and Others
. We had RMB722.1 million and RMB1,507.2 million (US$231.0 million) of
e-commerce
and other net revenues in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase in sales of products on our
e-commerce
platform and sub-licensing the licensed content related to S10 League of Legends E-sports global events in China, and recorded other net revenues of RMB330.2 million (US$50.6 million) in 2020. As our user base increased and more users became engaged in interest-based
sub-communities
such as ACG, the demand for ACG related merchandise as well as content offering grew, which drove the increase in our revenues from
e-commerce
and others.
Cost of revenues
Our cost of revenues increased by 63.9% from RMB5,587.7 million in 2019 to RMB9,158.8 million (US$1,403.6 million) in 2020 as all components of cost of revenues increased due to our business growth and the expansion of our user base.
Revenue-sharing costs, increased by 75.1% from RMB2,494.4 million in 2019 to RMB4,366.5 million (US$669.2 million) in 2020, primarily due to an increase in payments made to developers of exclusively distributed games as we rolled out more games, an increase in payments made to distribution channels as we expanded our mobile games and VAS offerings, and an increase in payments made to hosts of live broadcasting and content creators on our platform due to the increase in the numbers of our hosts and content creators.
Content costs increased by 87.3% from RMB1,001.6 million in 2019 to RMB1,875.5 million (US$287.4 million) in 2020 as we continued to expand and diversify our content offerings. We procured anime, documentaries, selected TV shows, movies and variety shows to enrich our content library. We have a large anime libraries. We provided over 3,000 documentaries on our platform in 2020, also showcasing our large documentary repositories. Our investment in content costs has contributed to the growth in our users base and the number of average monthly paying user for VAS.
Server and bandwidth costs increased by 24.1% from RMB919.8 million in 2019 to RMB1,141.3 million (US$174.9 million) in 2020, primarily due to an increase in server and bandwidth capacity to keep pace with the expansion of our user base and the increase in active users, so as to support a massive and continuously increasing volume of data generated and video views happened on our platform every day.
E-commerce
and other costs increased by 51.5% from RMB1,171.9 million in 2019 to RMB1,775.5 million (US$272.1 million) in 2020, primarily attributable to an increase in cost of goods sold associated with our
e-commerce
business and an increase in staff cost. As our user base increased and more users became engaged in interest-based
sub-communities
such as ACG, the demand for ACG related merchandise also grew, which drove the increase in our revenues from
e-commerce.
We endeavored to enlarge the types of goods and enrich the content available on our
e-commerce
platform.
Gross profit
As a result of the foregoing, we had gross profit of RMB2,840.2 million (US$435.3 million) in 2020, compared to gross profit of RMB1,190.2 million in 2019.
Operating expenses
Our total operating expenses increased by 122.7% from RMB2,685.4 million in 2019 to RMB5,981.1 million (US$916.7million) in 2020, as we executed our management strategy to invest in the expansion of our user base and the growth of our business, which led to the increases in sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, as well as research and development expenses.
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Sales and marketing expenses
. Our sales and marketing expenses increased by 191.4% from RMB1,198.5 million in 2019 to RMB3,492.1 million (US$535.2 million) in 2020, primarily attributable to increased channel and marketing expenses associated with our app and brand, as well as expenses associated with our mobile games’ promotion and an increase in headcount in sales and marketing personnel. Our marketing and promotional expenses increased by 221.6% from RMB934.7 million in 2019 to RMB3,006.0 million (US$460.7 million) in 2020, primarily attributable to increased expenses associated with the promotion of our brand and other marketing activities.
General and administrative expenses
. Our general and administrative expenses increased by 64.7% from RMB592.5 million in 2019 to RMB976.1 million (US$149.6 million) in 2020. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in headcount in general and administrative personnel, share-based compensation expenses, allowance for doubtful accounts, rental expenses and other general and administrative expenses.
Research and development expenses
. Our research and development expenses increased by 69.2% from RMB894.4 million in 2019 to RMB1,513.0 million (US$231.9 million) in 2020, primarily due to increases in headcount in research and development personnel, share-based compensation expenses and other research and development expenses.
Loss from operations
We incurred loss from operations of RMB3,141.0 million (US$481.4 million) in 2020, compared to loss from operations of RMB1,495.2 million in 2019, primarily due to the significant increase in sales and marketing expenses, as well as research and development expenses as a result of our management strategy to invest in the expansion of our user base and the growth of our business.
Other income
Investment income, net
. Net investment income primarily includes return earned on financial products issued by banks and other financial institutions, return from investments in money market funds, gain from disposal of long-term investments, and the fair value change of investments in publicly traded companies. We had net investment income of RMB28.2 million (US$4.3 million) in 2020, compared to RMB96.6 million in 2019.
Interest income
. Interest income represents interest earned on cash and cash equivalents and time deposits. We had interest income of RMB162.8 million and RMB83.3 million (US$12.8 million) in 2019 and 2020, respectively.
Interest expense.
Interest expense primarily represents interest payment and amortized issuance costs related to long-term debt. We had interest expense of RMB108.5 million (US$16.6 million) in 2020, primarily attributable to interest expense related to our 2027 Notes issued in June 2020 and our 2026 Notes issued in April 2019. We had interest expense of RMB46.5 million in 2019, primarily attributable to interest expense related to our 2026 Notes issued in April 2019.
Income tax
We recorded income tax of RMB53.4 million (US$8.2 million) in 2020, compared to RMB35.9 million in 2019.
Net loss
We incurred net loss of RMB3,054.0 million (US$468.0 million) in 2020, compared to net loss of RMB1,303.6 million in 2019, primarily due to the significant increase in sales and marketing expenses, as well as research and development expenses as a result of our management strategy to invest in the expansion of our user base and the growth of our business.
Year ended December 31, 2019 compared to year ended December 31, 2018
Net revenues
Our net revenues increased by 64.2% from RMB4,128.9 million in 2018 to RMB6,777.9 million in 2019. The increase was across all revenue streams, consisting of revenues from mobile games, VAS, advertising, and
e-commerce
and others. Across our platform, our average monthly paying users increased by 114.8% from approximately 3.4 million in 2018 to approximately 7.2 million in 2019. In addition, our paying ratio (average monthly paying user / MAU) increased from 3.9% in 2018 to 6.1% in 2019.
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Mobile games
. Our net revenues from mobile games increased by 22.5% from RMB2,936.3 million in 2018 to RMB3,597.8 million in 2019, primarily due to the launch of new mobile games, as well as the continuous popularity of our existing mobile games, particularly the success of
Fate/Grand Order
, which was launched in September 2016. The average monthly paying user for mobile games increased from 0.9 million in 2018 to 1.2 million in 2019.
VAS
. Our net revenues from VAS increased by 180.2% from RMB585.6 million in 2018 to RMB1,641.0 million in 2019, mainly attributable to the increase in the number of paying users for our premium membership program, live broadcasting and other VAS. The average monthly paying user for VAS increased from 2.5 million in 2018 to 6.0 million in 2019. The average monthly revenue per paying user for VAS increased from RMB19.6 in 2018 to RMB22.7 in 2019. Specifically, for premium membership program, the average monthly paying user increased from 2.5 million in 2018 to 5.9 million in 2019, and the average monthly revenue per paying user increased from RMB8.1 in 2018 to RMB10.2 in 2019. For live broadcasting program, the average monthly paying user increased from 0.4 million in 2018 to 0.6 million in 2019, and the average monthly revenue per paying user increased from RMB75.1 in 2018 to RMB89.0 in 2019.
Advertising
. Our net revenues from advertising increased by 76.3% from RMB463.5 million in 2018 to RMB817.0 million in 2019. This increase was driven by revenue from our brand advertising and performance-based advertising. The increase in our user base attracted more advertisers to promote their products and services on our platform, due to the greater exposure that the advertisements can enjoy on our platform. Our average MAU increased from 87.0 million in 2018 to 117.5 million in 2019.
E-commerce
and Others
. We had RMB143.5 million and RMB722.1 million of
e-commerce
and other net revenues in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase in sales of products as users made more purchases on our
e-commerce
platform. As our user base increased and more users became engaged in interest-based
sub-communities
such as ACG, the demand for ACG related merchandise also grew which drove the increase in our revenues from
e-commerce.
Cost of revenues
Our cost of revenues increased by 70.7% from RMB3,273.5 million in 2018 to RMB5,587.7 million in 2019 as all components of cost of revenues increased due to our business growth and the expansion of our user base.
Revenue-sharing costs, which primarily consisted of the portion of revenues shared with game developers, certain popular live broadcasting hosts and content creators, increased by 52.9% from RMB1,630.9 million in 2018 to RMB2,494.4 million in 2019, primarily due to an increase in payments made to developers of exclusively distributed games, in particular
Fate/Grand Order
and
Azur Lane
, an increase in payments made to distribution channels and an increase in payments made to hosts of live broadcasting and content creators on our platform.
Content costs increased by 84.5% from RMB543.0 million in 2018 to RMB1,001.6 million in 2019 as we continued to acquire licensed content to expand and diversify our content offerings. We procured anime, documentaries, selected TV shows, movies and variety shows to enrich our content library.
Server and bandwidth costs increased by 48.7% from RMB618.7 million in 2018 to RMB919.8 million in 2019, primarily due to an increase in server and bandwidth capacity to keep pace with the expansion of our user base and the increase in active users, so as to support a massive and continuously increasing volume of data generated and video views happened on our platform every day.
Gross profit
As a result of the foregoing, we had gross profit of RMB1.2 billion in 2019, compared to gross profit of RMB855.4 million in 2018.
Operating expenses
Our total operating expenses increased by 69.5% from RMB1,584.4 million in 2018 to RMB2,685.4 million in 2019, as sales and marketing expenses and research and development expenses increased due to our business growth and the expansion of our user base.
Sales and marketing expenses
. Our sales and marketing expenses increased by 104.6% from RMB585.8 million in 2018 to RMB1,198.5 million in 2019, primarily attributable to increased channel and marketing expenses associated with our app and brand, including promotional activities for offline events, promotional expenses for mobile games, and an increase in headcount in sales and marketing personnel. Our promotional expense increased by 114.1% from RMB436.5 million in 2018 to RMB934.7 million in 2019, primarily attributable to increased expenses associated with the promotion of our brand and other marketing activities.
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General and administrative expenses
. Our general and administrative expenses increased by 28.5% from RMB461.2 million in 2018 to RMB592.5 million in 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to increased general and administrative personnel-related expenses, increased amortization expense related to intangible assets acquired through business acquisitions and increased other miscellaneous expenses associated with our business expansion.
Research and development expenses
. Our research and development expenses increased by 66.4% from RMB537.5 million in 2018 to RMB894.4 million in 2019, primarily due to increased headcount in research and development personnel and increased share-based compensation expenses.
Loss from operations
As a result of the foregoing, we incurred loss from operations of RMB1,495.2 million in 2019, compared to loss from operations of RMB729.0 million in 2018.
Other income
Investment income, net
. Net investment income primarily includes return earned on financial products issued by banks and other financial institutions, return from investments in money market funds, gain from disposal of long-term investments, and the fair value change of investments in publicly traded companies. We had net investment income of RMB96.6 million in 2019, compared to RMB96.4 million in 2018.
Interest income
. Interest income represents interest earned on cash and cash equivalents and time deposits. We had interest income of RMB68.7 million and RMB162.8 million in 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Interest expense.
Interest expense primarily represents interest payment and amortized issuance costs related to long-term debt. We had interest expense of RMB46.5 million in 2019, primarily attributable to interest expense related to our 2026 Notes issued in April 2019, whereas we did not incur such interest expense in 2018.
Income tax
We recorded income tax of RMB35.9 million in 2019, compared to RMB26.0 million in 2018.
Net loss
As a result of the foregoing, we incurred net loss of RMB1,303.6 million in 2019, compared to net loss of RMB565.0 million in 2018.
Seasonality
Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations. For example, the growth of active users tends to accelerate during school holidays, such as summer and winter breaks, which typically fall in the middle of the third and first quarters of each year, and slow down at the beginning and during certain parts of the school year. We usually experience increase in video views and hence the number of active users following the release of phenomenally popular content. Seasonal fluctuations have not thus far posed material operational and financial challenges to us, as such periods tend to be brief and predictable, allowing us to
re-allocate
resources and improve efficiency ahead of time.
Taxation
Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty.
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There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. In addition, the Cayman Islands does not impose withholding tax on dividend payments. No stamp duty is payable in the Cayman Islands on transfers of shares of Cayman Islands companies except those which hold interests in land in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not a party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.
Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the ADSs or ordinary shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the ADSs or ordinary shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.
Hong Kong
Majority of our subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong, such as Hode HK and Bilibili HK Limited, are subject to 16.5% Hong Kong profit tax on their taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. Commencing from the year of assessment of 2018, the first HK$2 million of profits earned by our subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong will be taxed at half the current tax rate (i.e. 8.25%) while the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at the existing 16.5% tax rate. Under the Hong Kong tax laws, we are exempted from the Hong Kong income tax on our foreign-derived income. In addition, payments of dividends from our Hong Kong subsidiaries to us are not subject to any Hong Kong withholding tax.
PRC
Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to PRC EIT on their taxable income in accordance with the relevant PRC income tax laws. Effective from January 1, 2008, the statutory corporate income tax rate is 25%, except for certain entities eligible for preferential tax rates.
For example, in 2017, Hode Information Technology qualified as a HNTE and is eligible for a 15% preferential tax rate effective for three years starting from 2017 to 2019. Hode Information Technology has renewed this qualification which allows it to enjoy a 15% preferential EIT rate for three years starting from 2020 to 2022. In addition, in 2018, Shanghai Bilibili Technology Co., Ltd. qualified as a HNTE and is eligible for a 15% preferential tax rate effective for three years starting from 2018 to 2020.
Our other major PRC subsidiaries are subject to enterprise income tax on their taxable income in China at a statutory rate of 25%. The enterprise income tax is calculated based on the entity’s global income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards.
We are subject to value-added tax at a rate of 6% for our rendered services and value-added tax at a rate varying from 0% to 17% for goods sold depending on their categories in different periods. We are subject to surcharges on value-added tax payments in accordance with PRC law. Our advertising and marketing revenues are subject to culture business construction fee at a rate of 3% in 2018, which was reduced to 1.5% since July 1, 2019, valid until December 31, 2024.
Dividends paid by our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China to our intermediary holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%, unless the relevant Hong Kong entity satisfies all the requirements under the Arrangement between China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital and receives approval from the relevant tax authority. If our Hong Kong subsidiary satisfies all the requirements under the tax arrangement and receives approval from the relevant tax authority, then the dividends paid to the Hong Kong subsidiary would be subject to withholding tax at the standard rate of 5%. Effective from November 1, 2015, the above mentioned approval requirement has been abolished, but a Hong Kong entity is still required to file application package with the relevant tax authority, and settle the overdue taxes if the preferential 5% tax rate is denied based on the subsequent review of the application package by the relevant tax authority. On October 14, 2019, Measures for
Non-Resident
Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties (SAT Announcement (2019) No. 35) was issued to simplify the procedures for claiming China tax treaty benefits by
non-resident
taxpayers. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We may rely on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and to pay dividends to our shareholders and ADS holders.”
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If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside of China were deemed to be a “resident enterprise” under the PRC EIT Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our
non-PRC
shareholders or ADS holders.”
Critical Accounting Policies
We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from our expectations as a result of changes in our estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates.
The selection of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting application of those policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing our financial statements. We believe the following accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements. You should read the following description of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and other disclosures included in this annual report.
Principles of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of our company, its subsidiaries and VIEs for which our company is the primary beneficiary. Subsidiaries are those entities in which we, directly or indirectly, (i) control more than one half of the voting power, (ii) have the power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of the board of directors, or (iii) have the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the investee under a statute or agreement among the shareholders or equity holders.
A consolidated variable interest entity is an entity in which we, through contractual arrangements, have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, bear the risks of and enjoy the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and therefore we are the primary beneficiary of the entity.
All transactions and balances among us, our subsidiaries and VIEs have been eliminated upon consolidation.
Revenue recognition
On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. We identify our contracts with customers and all performance obligations within those contracts. We then determine the transaction price and allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations within our contracts with customers, recognizing revenue when, or as, we satisfy our performance obligations.
The adoption of ASC 606 did not significantly change (i) the timing and pattern of revenue recognition for all of our revenue streams, and (ii) the presentation of revenue as gross versus net. Therefore, the adoption of ASC 606 did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations, equity, cash flows or any adjustment on our consolidated financial statements as of the adoption date and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020.
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Our revenue recognition policies effective upon the adoption of ASC 606 are as follows:
Mobile game services

| • |  | Exclusively distributed mobile games

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, we primarily generate revenues from the sale of
in-game
virtual items to enhance the game-playing experience.
In accordance with ASC 606, we evaluate the contracts with our customers and determine that we have a single combined performance obligation which is to make the game and the ongoing game related services available to the paying players. The transaction price, which is the amount paid for
in-game
virtual items by the paying player, is allocated entirely to this single combined performance obligation. We recognize revenue from
in-game
virtual items over the estimated average playing period of paying players, starting from the
point-in-time
when related
in-game
virtual items are delivered to the paying players’ accounts.
We have estimated the average playing period of the paying players for each game, usually between three to eight months. We consider the average period that players typically play the games and other game player behavior patterns, as well as various other factors to arrive at the best estimates for the estimated playing period of the paying players. To compute the estimated average playing period for paying players, we consider the initial purchase date as the starting point of a player’s lifespan. We track populations of paying players who made their initial purchases during the interval period, or the Cohort, and track each Cohort to understand the subsequent churn rate of the paying players of each Cohort,
i.e.
the number of players from each Cohort who left subsequent to their initial purchases. To determine the ending point of a paying player’s lifespan beyond the date for which observable data are available, we extrapolate the actual observed churn rate to arrive at an estimated weighted average playing lifespan for paying players of the selected games. If a new game is launched and only a limited period of paying player data is available, then we consider other qualitative factors, such as the playing patterns for paying players for other games with similar characteristics with the new game including paying player type and purchasing frequency. While we believe our estimates to be reasonable based on available game player information, we may revise such estimates based on new information indicating a change in the game player behavior patterns and any adjustments are applied prospectively.
In accordance with ASC
606-10-55-39,
we assess whether we act as the principal or as an agent in the arrangement with each party respectively. We record revenue generated from exclusively distributed mobile games on a gross basis as we are acting as the principal to fulfill all obligations related to the mobile game operations. We are responsible for the launch of the games, hosting and maintenance of game servers, and determination of when and how to operate the
in-game
promotions and customer services. We are also determining the pricing of
in-game
virtual items and making a localized version for overseas licensed games.
Proceeds earned from selling
in-game
virtual items are shared between us and the third-party game developers, with the amount paid to the third-party game developers generally calculated based on amounts paid by paying players, after deducting the fees paid to the payment channels and the distribution channels. Fees paid to third-party game developers, distribution channels and payment channels are recorded as “cost of revenues” on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

| • |  | Jointly operated mobile game distribution services

We are also offering distribution services for mobile games developed by the third-party game developers. In accordance with ASC 606, we evaluate our contracts with the third-party game developers and identify the performance obligations as distributing games and providing payment solution and market promotion service to the third-party game developers. Accordingly, we earn service revenue by distributing them to the game players.
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In accordance with ASC
606-10-55-39,
we assess whether we act as the principal or as an agent in the arrangement with each party respectively. With respect to the jointly operated licensed arrangements between the third-party game developers and us, we considered we do not have the primary responsibility for fulfillment and acceptability of the game services. Our responsibilities are distributing games and, providing payment solution and market promotion service, and thus we view the third-party game developers to be our customers. Accordingly, we record the game distribution service revenue from these games, on a net basis based on the ratios
pre-determined
with the third-party game developers when the performance obligations are satisfied, which is generally when the paying players purchase virtual currencies issued by the third-party game developers.
VAS
We offer premium membership subscription, live broadcasting and other video, audio and comic content to the customers.
We offer premium membership subscription services which provide subscribing members access to streaming of premium content in exchange for a
non-refundable
upfront premium membership fee. When the receipt of premium membership fees is for services to be delivered over a period of time, generally from one month to twelve months, the receipt is initially recorded as “deferred revenue” and revenue is recognized ratably over the membership period as services are rendered.
We operate and maintain live broadcasting channel whereby users can enjoy live performances provided by the hosts and interact with the hosts. Most of the hosts host the performance on their own. We create and sell virtual items to users so that the users present them simultaneously to hosts to show their support. The virtual items sold by us comprise of either (i) consumable items or (ii) time-based items, such as privilege titles etc. Revenues derived from the sale of virtual items are recorded on a gross basis as we act as the principal to fulfill all obligations related to the sale of virtual items in accordance with ASC
606-10-55-39.
Accordingly, revenue is recognized at
point-in-time
when the virtual item is delivered and consumed if the virtual item is a consumable item or, in the case of time-based virtual item, recognized ratably over the period each virtual item is made available to the user, which generally does not exceed one year. Proceeds received from the sales of virtual items before these virtual items are consumed are recorded as “deferred revenue.”
Under our arrangements with the hosts, we share with them a portion of the revenues derived from the sales of virtual items. The portion paid to hosts is recognized as “Cost of revenues” on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Advertising services
We provide various advertising formats, mainly include but not limited to advertisements appearing on the app opening page, banner text-links, logos, buttons and rich media, performance-based advertising and native advertisements which are customized according to advertisers’ needs. We determine each format of advertisements is a distinct performance obligation. Consideration is allocated to each performance obligation based on its standalone selling price. We recognize revenue on a
pro-rata
basis for each performance obligation, commencing on the date the advertisements are displayed on our platform or upon the performance obligations are satisfied, generally when users click on links.

| • |  | Sales incentives to customers

We provide various sales incentives to our customers, including cash incentives in the form of commissions to certain third-party advertising agencies and noncash incentives such as discounts and advertising services provided free of charge in certain bundled arrangements, which are negotiated on a contract by contract basis with our customers. We account for these incentives granted to customers as variable consideration in accordance with ASC 606. The amount of variable consideration is measured based on the most likely amount of incentive to be provided to customers.
E-commerce
and others
E-commerce
and others are mainly from the sales of products through our
e-commerce
platform and also include revenues from holding certain offline performance activities.
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E-commerce
and other revenues are recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to the customers, which generally occurs upon the acceptance of the goods or services by the customers. Pursuant to ASC
606-10-55-39,
for arrangements where we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the goods or services, are subject to inventory risk, and have latitude in establishing prices and selecting suppliers, revenues are recorded on a gross basis. Otherwise, revenues are recorded on a net basis. Cash coupons, granted to the customers for free at our discretion, are recorded as reduction of the arrangement’s transaction price, thereby reducing the amount of revenue recognized as the payment is not for a distinct good or service received from the customer in accordance with ASC
606-10-32-25.
Net revenues presented on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss are net of sales discount and sales tax.
Other Estimates and Judgments
We estimate revenue of mobile game, VAS from the third-party payment processors in the current period when reasonable estimates of these amounts can be made. The processors provide reliable interim preliminary reporting within a reasonable time frame following the end of each month and we maintain records of sales data, both of which allow us to make reasonable estimates of revenue and therefore to recognize revenue during the reporting period. Determination of the appropriate amount of revenue recognized involves judgments and estimates that we believe are reasonable, but actual results may differ from our estimates. When we receive the final reports, to the extent not received within a reasonable time frame following the end of each month, we record any differences between estimated revenue and actual revenue in the reporting period when we determine the actual amounts. The revenue on the final revenue report have not differed significantly from the reported revenue for the periods presented.
Contract balances
Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Accounts receivable represent amounts we invoiced, and revenue recognized prior to invoicing when we have satisfied our performance obligations and have the unconditional right to consideration.
Deferred revenue relates to unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of each reporting period and consists of cash payment received in advance from game players in mobile games, from customers in advertising services, live broadcasting services and other VAS, and
e-commerce
platforms. Due to the generally short-term duration of the relevant contracts, the majority of the performance obligations are satisfied within one year.
Practical expedients
We have used the following practical expedients as allowed under ASC 606:
The transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, has not been disclosed, as substantially all of our contracts have an original expected duration of one year or less.
Short-term investments
Our short-term investments primarily include money market funds, financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets issued by commercial banks or other financial institutions and publicly traded companies with the intention to be sold within twelve months.
The following is a summary of short-term investments:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
|  | (in thousands) |
Financial products |  |  | 858,021 |  |  |  | 1,070,113 |  |  |  | 2,866,643 |
Investments in publicly traded companies |  |  | — |  |  |  | 80,918 |  |  |  | 434,609 |
Money market funds |  |  | 87,317 |  |  |  | 109,779 |  |  |  | 55,937 |
Total |  |  | 945,338 |  |  |  | 1,260,810 |  |  |  | 3,357,189 |

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In accordance with ASC 825,
Financial Instruments
, for financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets, we elect the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carry these investments at fair value. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as “investment income, net.” Fair value is estimated based on quoted prices of similar products provided by financial institutions at the end of each reporting period.
For the investments in publicly traded companies, we carry the investments at fair value at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as “investment income, net.”
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, we recorded investment income of RMB13.8 million, investment loss of RMB3.1 million, and investment income of RMB74.0 million (US$11.3 million) related to short-term investments on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, respectively.
Long-term investments, net
Our long-term investments primarily consist of equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative, equity investments accounted for using the equity method and other investments accounted for at fair value.
The following table sets forth a breakdown of our long-term investments by accounting treatment as of the dates indicated:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
|  | (in thousands) |
Equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative |  |  | 793,149 |  |  |  | 666,025 |  |  |  | 1,791,393 |
Equity investments accounted for using the equity method |  |  | — |  |  |  | 279,854 |  |  |  | 188,199 |
Investments accounted for at fair value |  |  | 186,838 |  |  |  | 305,250 |  |  |  | 253,346 |
Total |  |  | 979,987 |  |  |  | 1,251,129 |  |  |  | 2,232,938 |

| • |  | Equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative

For those investments over which we do not have significant influence and without readily determinable fair value, we elect to record these investments at cost, less impairment, and plus or minus subsequent adjustments for observable price changes, in accordance with ASU
2016-01,
Financial Instruments-Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
. Under this measurement alternative, changes in the carrying value of the equity investments are required to be made whenever there are observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer. RMB34.2 million of investment income was recognized in “Investment income, net”, as a result of
re-measurement
of equity investments using the measurement alternative, for the year ended December 31, 2018. There was no
re-measurement
gain or loss was recognized of equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2020.
We have made strategic investments for strengthening our content development, creating synergy with our businesses, and enhancing our overall value. In 2018, 2019 and 2020, our equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative included content provision companies, such as The Three-body Universe Co. Ltd., game development companies, Beijing Shi Zhi Sha Co. Ltd., anime production companies, YHKT Entertainment Cooperation Limited, and a number of other companies within our ecosystem.
We regularly evaluate the impairment of these investments based on performance and financial position of the investee as well as other evidence of market value. Such evaluation includes, but is not limited to, reviewing the investee’s cash position, recent financing, projected and historical financial performance, cash flow forecasts and financing needs. An impairment loss recognized equals to the excess of the investment cost over its fair value at the end of each reporting period for which the assessment is made. The fair value would then become the new cost basis of investment. We recorded impairment charges for long-term investments of RMB46.4 million, RMB5.9 million, and RMB8.0 million (US$1.2 million) as “investment income, net” for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively, as we determined the fair value of these investments was less than their carrying value.
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| • |  | Equity investments accounted for using the equity method

We apply the equity method of accounting to account for equity investments and limited partnership in a private equity fund, according to ASC 323
Investment—Equity Method and Joint Ventures
, over which we have significant influence but do not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control. Under the equity method, we initially record the investments at cost and the difference between the cost of the equity investee and the fair value of the underlying equity in the net assets of the equity investee is recognized as equity method goodwill, which is included in the equity method investments on our consolidated balance sheets. We subsequently adjust the carrying amount of the investments to recognize our proportionate share of each equity investee’s net income or loss into earnings and cash distributions from investees, after the date of investment. We evaluate the equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized in earnings when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary. We recorded equity share of losses of nil, RMB24.2 million, and RMB50.5 million (US$7.7 million) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

| • |  | Investments accounted for at fair value

In accordance with ASC 825,
Financial Instruments
, for financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets and with original maturities greater than one year, we elect the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carry these investments at fair value. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as “investment income, net.” Fair value is estimated based on quoted prices of similar products provided by financial institutions at the end of each reporting period. We classify the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2 of fair value measurements. We recorded fair value loss of RMB2.9 million, and fair value gain of RMB13.2 million, and RMB24.9 million (US$3.8 million) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
A list of recently issued accounting pronouncements that are relevant to us is included in “2 ee” of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Inflation
Inflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations in recent years. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for December 2019 and 2020 were increases of 4.5% and 0.2%, respectively. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in the past, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected by higher rates of inflation in China in the future.

B. | Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Selected Consolidated Cash Flows Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 737,286 |  |  |  | 194,551 |  |  |  | 753,103 |  |  |  | 115,418 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (3,196,394 | ) |  |  | (3,958,277 | ) |  |  | (8,906,821 | ) |  |  | (1,365,029 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 4,974,810 |  |  |  | 5,078,842 |  |  |  | 8,335,419 |  |  |  | 1,277,458 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents held in foreign currencies |  |  | 261,447 |  |  |  | 107,513 |  |  |  | (466,252 | ) |  |  | (71,456 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 2,777,149 |  |  |  | 1,422,629 |  |  |  | (284,551 | ) |  |  | (43,609 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year |  |  | 762,882 |  |  |  | 3,540,031 |  |  |  | 4,962,660 |  |  |  | 760,561 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year |  |  | 3,540,031 |  |  |  | 4,962,660 |  |  |  | 4,678,109 |  |  |  | 716,952 |

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Our principal sources of liquidity have been cash generated from operating activities, as well as the proceeds we received from our public offerings of ordinary shares and other financing activities. As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively, our cash and cash equivalents were RMB3,540.0 million, RMB4,962.7 million and RMB4,678.1 million (US$717.0 million). Our cash and cash equivalents mainly represent cash on hand, demand deposits placed with large reputable banks in the United States and China, and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and with original terms of three months or less. We entered into a
one-year
RMB500.0 million revolving loan facility provided by certain financial institution. As of December 31, 2020, such credit facility has not been utilized.
Our financing activities primarily consist of issuance and sale of our shares and convertible senior notes to investors. In March 2018, we raised from our initial public offering US$443.3 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting commissions and the offering expenses payable by us. In October 2018, we entered into a definitive agreement with Tencent, for Tencent to invest an aggregate amount of US$317.2 million in our company after deducting transaction expenses. In April 2019, we issued US$500 million in an aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2026. Concurrently with the issuance of 2026 Notes, we completed a registered offering of ADSs, where we offered 14,173,813 ADSs at a price of US$18.00 per ADS. We raised from the 2026 Notes and this concurrent registered offering US$733.9 million in net proceeds after deducting commissions and the offering expenses. In April 2020, we issued 17,310,696 Class Z ordinary shares to Sony Corporation of America for its investment of US$399.4 million (RMB2,817.5 million) in cash after deducting transaction expenses. In June 2020, we issued US$800 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2027. We raised from the 2027 Notes US$786.1 million (RMB5,594.8 million) after deducting commissions and offering expenses.
We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and our anticipated cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. However, we may enhance our liquidity position or increase our cash reserve for future investments through additional capital and finance funding. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
As of December 31, 2020, 45% of our cash and cash equivalents were held in China, and 6% were held by our VIEs and denominated in Renminbi. Although we consolidate the results of our VIEs and their subsidiaries, we only have access to the assets or earnings of our VIEs and their subsidiaries through our contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.” For restrictions and limitations on liquidity and capital resources as a result of our corporate structure, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.”
In utilizing the proceeds we received from our initial public offering and other financing activities, we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, establish new PRC subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, make loans to our PRC subsidiaries, or acquire offshore entities with operations in China in offshore transactions. However, most of these uses are subject to PRC regulations.
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We expect that a substantial majority of our future revenues will be denominated in Renminbi. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior SAFE approval as long as certain routine procedural requirements are fulfilled. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are allowed to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior SAFE approval by following certain routine procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with competent government authorities is required where the Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future.
Operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2020 was RMB753.1 million (US$115.4 million), as compared to net loss of RMB3,054.0 million (US$468.0 million) in the same period. The difference was primarily due to an increase of RMB734.8 million (US$112.6 million) in deferred revenue, an increase of RMB651.7 million (US$99.9 million) in accrued liabilities and other payables and an increase of RMB816.1 million (US$125.1 million) in accounts payable, partially offset by an increase of RMB417.2 million (US$63.9 million) in accounts receivable and an increase of RMB610.6 million (US$93.6 million) in prepayments and other assets. The changes in working capital were attributable to our business expansion, particularly, the expansion of our mobile games operations, diversification of other value-added services offerings and increased advertising revenues, and the increase in sales and marketing expenses. The principal
non-cash
items affecting the difference between our net loss and our net cash provided by operating activities in 2020 were RMB1,721.6 million (US$263.9 million) in depreciation and amortization of property and equipment, and intangible assets, and RMB385.9 million (US$59.1 million) in share-based compensation expenses.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2019 was RMB194.6 million, as compared to net loss of RMB1,303.6 million in the same period. The difference was primarily due to an increase of RMB586.9 million in accounts payable, an increase of RMB354.0 million in deferred revenue and an increase of RMB277.9 million in accrued liabilities and other payables, partially offset by an increase of RMB508.5 million in prepayments and other assets, and an increase of RMB399.0 million in accounts receivable. The changes in working capital were attributable to our business expansion, particularly, the expansion of our mobile games operations and value-added services offerings, and the increase in channel and marketing promotional expenses. The principal
non-cash
items affecting the difference between our net loss and our net cash provided by operating activities in 2019 were RMB1,097.4 million in depreciation and amortization, RMB172.6 million in share-based compensation expenses, and RMB148.8 million in disposal gain of long-term investments and subsidiaries. The intangible assets being amortized consist of licensed copyrights of content, licensed rights of mobile games, and domain names.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2018 was RMB737.3 million, as compared to net loss of RMB565.0 million in the same period. The difference was primarily due to an increase of RMB398.6 million in deferred revenue and an increase of RMB345.9 million in accounts payable, partially offset by an increase in prepayments and other assets of RMB540.6 million. The increases in deferred revenue, accounts payable and prepayments and other assets were attributable to our business expansion, particularly, the expansion of our mobile games operations and value-added services offerings. The principal
non-cash
items affecting the difference between our net loss and our net cash provided by operating activities in 2018 were RMB642.4 million in depreciation and amortization, RMB181.2 million in share-based compensation expenses, gains of RMB144.4 million in revaluation of previously held equity interests, RMB46.4 million in impairment charge of long-term investments, and losses of RMB2.1 million in fair value changes and
re-measurement
of long-term investments.
Investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities in 2020 was RMB8,906.8 million (US$1,365.0 million), primarily due to purchase of short-term investments, primarily including money market funds, financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets issued by commercial banks or other financial institutions and publicly traded companies of RMB26.7 billion (US$4.1 billion), placements of time deposits of RMB10.9 billion (US$1.7 billion), cash paid for long term investments including loans of RMB1.3 billion (US$193.3 million) and purchase of intangible assets of RMB1.6 billion (US$250.9 million), which primarily consist of licensed copyrights of video content, partially offset by proceeds from maturities of short-term investments of RMB24.9 billion (US$3.8 billion) and maturity of time deposits of RMB7.7 billion (US$1.2 billion).
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Net cash used in investing activities in 2019 was RMB4.0 billion, primarily due to purchase of short-term investments, including money market funds, financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets issued by commercial banks or other financial institutions and publicly traded companies of RMB10.0 billion, placement of time deposits of RMB4.9 billion, purchase of intangible assets of RMB1.3 billion, and cash paid for long-term investments including loans of RMB1.2 billion, partially offset by proceeds from maturities of short-term investments of RMB10.0 billion and maturity of time deposits of RMB3.9 billion.
Net cash used in investing activities in 2018 was RMB3.2 billion, primarily due to purchase of short-term investments, including money market funds and investments in financial instruments with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets, of RMB6.7 billion, purchase of time deposits of RMB750.5 million, purchase of intangible assets of RMB1.0 billion, purchase of property and equipment of RMB293.6 million, cash paid on long-term investments of RMB565.1 million and cash paid on acquisition of subsidiaries of RMB135.8 million, partially offset by proceeds from maturities of short-term investments of RMB6.3 billion.
Financing activities
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2020 was RMB8,335.4 million (US$1,277.5 million), primarily attributable to the proceeds we received from our offering of 2027 Notes of RMB5.6 billion (US$857.4 million) and the proceeds we received from our issuance of Class Z ordinary shares to Sony Corporation of America of RMB2.8 billion (US$431.8 million).
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2019 was RMB5.1 billion, primarily attributable to the proceeds we received from our offerings of 2026 Notes of RMB3.4 billion and the proceeds we received from our public offerings of ordinary shares of RMB1.6 billion.
Net cash provided by financing activities in 2018 was RMB5.0 billion, primarily attributable to net proceeds from our initial public offering in March 2018 and Tencent’s investment.
Capital expenditures
Our capital expenditures are primarily incurred for purchases of intangible assets and property and equipment. Our capital expenditures were RMB1.3 billion in 2018, RMB1.6 billion in 2019 and RMB2.2 billion (US$343.1 million) in 2020. Purchases of intangible assets, which primarily consist of licensed copyrights of video content, accounted for 78.0%, 81.1% and 73.1% of our total capital expenditures in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. We intend to fund our future capital expenditures with our existing cash balance and other financing alternatives. We will continue to make capital expenditures to support the growth of our business.
Holding Company Structure
Bilibili Inc. is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our PRC subsidiaries, our VIEs and their subsidiaries in China. As a result, Bilibili Inc.’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. If our existing PRC subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of our subsidiaries and our VIEs in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its
after-tax
profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of their registered capital. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China may allocate a portion of their
after-tax
profits based on PRC accounting standards to enterprise expansion funds and staff bonus and welfare funds at their discretion, and our VIEs may allocate a portion of its
after-tax
profits based on PRC accounting standards to a surplus fund at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Our PRC subsidiaries have not paid dividends and will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds.
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C. | Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.

Technology, Research and Development
Our technology platform has been designed for reliability, scalability and flexibility and is administered by our
in-house
technology department. We have access to a network of approximately 21,000 self-owned and more than 7,100 leased servers across China with power supply and power generator backup as of December 31, 2020. This structure, along with other features described below, contributes to the reliability, scalability and efficiency of our network.
AI and big data analytics.
Artificial intelligence, or AI, is particularly suitable for reviewing and screening content by recognizing and analyzing patterns and connections. As the varieties and quantity of content and user interactions continue to increase, AI capabilities are critical for us to control our operating costs and enhance user experience. We utilize big data analytics to create an interest profile for each user account based on user’s actions such as post, bullet chatting, comment, like and follow, and demographic data such as age, gender and geography. Empowered by our AI capabilities, our interest profile allows us to personalize user interface and push content to our users that they are more likely to find interesting and relevant.
We also leverage AI technology in content management and review procedures to monitor the content uploaded to our platform to detect inappropriate or illegal content and to promptly remove any infringing content. Our proprietary
AI-based
screening system automatically flags and screens out newly uploaded videos that have privacy issues or contain illegal or inappropriate content by comparing them with copyrighted or objectionable videos stored in our own
in-house
“black list” databases and identifying those with similar codes,
i.e.,
the key words in the video contents. Utilizing various technology models and samples gathered internally or based on regulatory requirements, we build, maintain and continuously update our databases to meet the changing regulatory requirements. Once the content is processed by this technology screening system, the system then extracts fingerprint trails (the technical features that identify and distinguish a video) from the content and sends them to our content screening team for the second-level review. All of the other content, primarily consisting of bullet chats posted by users, is also automatically filtered by our screening system, which utilizes an
AI-based
screening system to conduct semantic analysis on bullet chats to analyse, identify and screen out inappropriate bullet chats. Utilizing our proprietary technology, upon user’s instruction to block certain key words in the bullet chats, our platform can execute this instruction while still streaming the video on a real-time basis without
re-loading
the entire video. Given the limited space for bullet chats, we employ our proprietary technology to conduct semantic analysis of the favorites, blocks and comments previously made by the users, understand each user’s unique preference and customarily filter the bullet chats, so that each user’s bullet chatting viewing experience is customized.
We have developed a series of big data analytics technology and obtained a number of patents in relation to big data storage and computation, interactive query, real-time computation, and other infrastructure, so as to process and analyze a huge amount of data real time with accuracy and stability. For example, we invented a system and methodology to monitor real-time data stream in multi-link transmission which can accurately analyze big data real-time transmission, spot inconsistency in the system within minutes, and promptly react to and notify such issues. This technology is applied in data integration, an infrastructure in the big data analytics field, to ensure the completeness of data integration and to facilitate the accuracy of big data analytics, as big data storage, calculation, visualization, application and other upper modules are all computed based on the data generated from the data integration. We also invented a methodology and middleware to access data by combining centralized database, centralized memory cache, local memory cache and local documents cache, so as to improve the stability of the system upon centralized access to data and the efficiency of the system upon large amount of data access, while preventing data inconsistency.
Cloud.
Due to the nature of the products and services we offer, we have a high demand for storage and computing capacities to enhance the functionalities of our video player, including running algorithms to produce content recommendations. We have developed an advanced cloud system that meets the operational needs of our platform while reducing operating costs.
Content distribution network.
Our web server technology focuses on reducing bandwidth use while enhancing user experience through utilizing our content distribution network, or CDN, system. Our CDN components are strategically deployed in the cities where our users concentrate, enabling users to access a copy of the content closest to them so that content loading time is minimized. Our proprietary CDN system enhances network efficiency by managing and optimizing the workload of the servers through real-time optimization and distribution. This technology allows users to upload content without compression and enables viewing of content in higher definition.
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Real-time monitoring and support.
We have a network operation support team responsible for stability and security of our network on a
24-hour,
seven-days-a-week
basis. The primary responsibilities of the team members consist of monitoring system performance, troubleshooting, detecting system error, random sample testing on servers, maintaining equipment, and testing, evaluating and installing hardware and software.
We are passionate about developing new and innovative products and services that will create more exciting experience for our users, which also enhanced our technology-enabled commercialization capabilities. We incurred RMB537.5 million, RMB894.4 million and RMB1,513.0 million (US$231.9 million) research and development expenses in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The increase was primarily due to increased headcount in research and development personnel and increased share-based compensation expenses. As of December 31, 2020, our products and technology team consisted of 3,898 members, including software engineers, designers and product managers, compared to 1,470 and 2,043 members as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively. They are responsible for developing, operating and maintaining our products, including mobile games, live broadcasting and value-added services, and our communities.
Customers and Suppliers
We have a broad base of customers, and our five largest customers accounted for less than 6% of our total revenues for each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020.
Our five largest suppliers accounted for less than 30% of cost of revenues and operating expenses for each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. Our top suppliers primarily include our distribution channels, game and content licensors, marketing suppliers, cloud and data service providers and e-commerce merchandise suppliers.
Intellectual Property
We seek to protect our technology, including our proprietary technology infrastructure and core software system, through a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and confidentiality agreements. As of December 31, 2020, we have registered approximately 459 patents, 467 registered copyrights, 270 registered domain names, including www.bilibili.com, and 2,987 registered trademarks, including “ ”. In addition, we had submitted approximately 808 additional patent applications and 1,833 trademark applications.
We intend to protect our technology and proprietary rights vigorously, but there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. Even if our efforts are successful, we may incur significant costs in defending our rights. From time to time, third parties may initiate litigation against us alleging infringement of their proprietary rights or declaring their
non-infringement
of our intellectual property rights. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in material damage to our reputation and brand, payment of substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our platform or seeking license arrangements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We may not be able to prevent others from engaging in unauthorized use of our intellectual property, unfair competition, defamation or other violations of our rights, which could harm our business and competitive position.”

D. | Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events since January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

E. | Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us.
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F. | Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020:

|  | Payment due by December 31, |
|  | Total |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | After |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Operating lease commitments (1) |  |  | 496,433 |  |  |  | 156,869 |  |  |  | 171,923 |  |  |  | 106,253 |  |  |  | 43,575 |  |  |  | 17,813 |
Long-term debt obligations (2) |  |  | 9,151,355 |  |  |  | 110,108 |  |  |  | 110,108 |  |  |  | 110,108 |  |  |  | 110,108 |  |  |  | 8,710,923 |
Purchase obligation (3) |  |  | 622,500 |  |  |  | 377,500 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 45,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 10,270,288 |  |  |  | 644,477 |  |  |  | 482,031 |  |  |  | 261,361 |  |  |  | 153,683 |  |  |  | 8,728,736 |

Notes:

(1) | Operating lease commitments consist of the commitments under the lease agreements for our office premises.

(2) | Long-term debt obligations consist of the principal amount and cash interests in connection with the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes.

(3) | Purchase obligation consists of the commitment under the contract signed in September 2020 to purchase the three-year license for live broadcasting the League of Legends World Championship in China starting from 2020 at an aggregate purchase price of RMB800 million (US$122.6 million). The unpaid purchase price was RMB622.5 million (US$95.4 million) as of December 31, 2020.

Other than as shown above, we did not have any significant capital and other commitments, long-term obligations or guarantees as of December 31, 2020.

G. | Safe Harbor

This annual report on
Form 20-F
contains forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “will,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” “may,” “intend,” “is currently reviewing,” “it is possible,” “subject to” and similar statements. Among other things, the sections titled “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company,” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in this annual report on
Form 20-F,
as well as our strategic and operational plans, contain forward-looking statements. We may also make written or oral forward-looking statements in our filings with the SEC, in our annual report to shareholders, in press releases and other written materials and in oral statements made by our officers, directors or employees to third parties. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements and are subject to change, and such change may be material and may have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations for one or more prior periods. Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties. A number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained, either expressly or impliedly, in any of the forward-looking statements in this annual report on
Form 20-F.
All information provided in this annual report on
Form 20-F
and in the exhibits is as of the date of this annual report on Form
20-F,
and we do not undertake any obligation to update any such information, except as required under applicable law.
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ITEM | 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. | Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.

Directors and Executive Officers |  | Age |  | Position/Title
Rui Chen |  | 43 |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer
Yi Xu |  | 31 |  | Founder, Director and President
Ni Li |  | 35 |  | Vice Chairwoman of the Board of Directors and Chief Operating Officer
JP Gan |  | 49 |  | Independent Director
Eric He |  | 60 |  | Independent Director
Feng Li |  | 47 |  | Independent Director
Guoqi Ding |  | 51 |  | Independent Director
Xin Fan |  | 41 |  | Chief Financial Officer

Rui Chen
has served as our chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer since November 2014. He is a serial entrepreneur with more than 15 years of experience in the Internet and technology-related industries in China. Mr. Chen led our strategic development since our founding. With long-term thinking, he spearheaded a series of strategic initiatives which transformed our company to a full-spectrum video community covering a wide array of content categories and diverse video consumption scenarios. Mr. Chen formulated the strategy of “community first,” and continuously investing in high-quality content. Under his leadership, Bilibili built a healthy and prosperous content ecosystem, which was crucial for us to stay attractive to young generations. At the same time, Mr. Chen led the construction of our business model, and guided the rapid development in multiple business areas.
Prior to joining us, Mr. Chen
co-founded
Cheetah Mobile Inc., a mobile internet company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: CMCM). In 2009, Mr. Chen founded Beike Internet Security Co., Ltd. and served as its chief executive officer from 2009 to 2010. Prior to that, Mr. Chen served as general manager of Internet security research and development at Kingsoft Corporation Limited (SEHK:03888), a leading software and internet service company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, from 2001 to 2008. Mr. Chen was named by Fortune Magazine as one of China’s “40 Under 40,” a list of the most influential people in business under the age of 40 in China. Mr. Chen received his bachelor’s degree from Chengdu University of Information Technology in 2001.
Yi Xu
founded our website in 2009 (which culminated into the commencement of our commercial operations in 2011 and the founding of our company in 2013) and has served as our director and president since December 2013. Mr. Xu has guided the technological development of our company and played an instrumental role in developing various ground-breaking interactive features such as bullet chatting. Throughout the years, Mr. Xu has sought innovative ways to refine, and add new functions to, bullet chatting, which remains one of the most significant interactive features on our online platform. He has also contributed to constant design improvements of the user interface of the our online platform. Mr. Xu has also been an opinion leader in our online communities since our inception and led the prosperity of community culture among users, thereby strengthening a strong sense of belonging among users and fostering a vibrant “Bilibili” community. Mr. Xu received his associate degree from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 2010.
Ni Li
has served as our chief operating officer since November 2014 and vice chairwoman of our board of directors since January 2015. Ms. Li oversees our overall operations and leads the strategic functions including content ecosystem development, monetization initiatives, strategic planning ,investments and brand marketing. In the past two years, Ms. Li has built a strong business and operational team. Under her leadership, the team successfully produced blockbusters including New Year’s Eve Gala event and Hou Lang, significantly enhancing Bilibili’s brand awareness and driving the user and revenue growth. Ms Li has served as a
non-executive
director of Huanxi Media Group Limited (SEHK: 1003) since September 2020. Prior to joining us, Ms. Li was in charge of human resources operations at Cheetah Mobile (NYSE: CMCM) from 2013 to 2014. Previously, Ms. Li founded Goalcareer, a consulting firm serving Fortune 500 companies and startups with a focus in the semiconductor, telecommunication and internet sectors, and worked as its chief executive officer from 2008 to 2012. Ms. Li received her bachelor’s degree in law from Lingnan Normal University in 2008.
JP Gan
has served as our director since January 2015. Mr. Gan has been a founding partner of INCE Capital Limited since 2019. From 2006 to 2019, Mr. Gan was a managing partner of Qiming Venture Partners. From 2005 to 2006, Mr. Gan was the chief financial officer of KongZhong Corporation. Mr. Gan is also an independent director of Trip.com Group Ltd. (Nasdaq: TCOM). Mr. Gan received his bachelor’s degree in business administration from the University of Iowa in 1994 and his MBA degree from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business in 1999.
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Eric He
has served as our director since March 2018. He currently also serves as an independent director of 51job (Nasdaq: JOBS). Mr. He had served as chief financial officer of JOYY Inc. (previously known as YY Inc.) (Nasdaq: YY) from August 2011 to May 2017. Prior to that, Mr. He served as chief financial officer of Giant Interactive Group, Inc. from March 2007 to August 2011. He served as chief strategy officer of Ninetowns Internet Technology Group from 2004 to 2007. Mr. He received a bachelor’s degree in accounting from National Taipei University and an MBA degree from the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. He is a Chartered Financial Analyst in the United States and was certified as a member of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants in 1991. Mr. He has served as an independent director of Agora, Inc. (Nasdaq: API) since June 2020.
Feng Li
previously served as our director from November 2014 to May 2016, and started to serve as our director again in February 2019. Mr. Li is the founder and CEO of Shanghai Ziyou Investment Management Limited, also known as FreeS Fund, a venture capital firm that managing funds primarily invests in early and growth stage startups in China and overseas, and focuses on the industries of upgraded consuming, key sensors and ic, A.I. and biotech. Prior to founding FreeS Fund, Mr. Li worked as a partner in the venture capital department in IDG Capital, a global network of private equity and venture capital firms. Prior to that, Mr. Li served as deputy vice president of New Oriental School, a leading English teaching and learning school in China. Mr. Li currently serves as a board member of several private internet and technology companies based in China. Mr. Li received his bachelor’s degree in Chemistry from Peking University in 1996 and his master’s degree in Chemistry from the University of Rochester in 1998.
Guoqi Ding
has served as our director since May 2020. Since 2019, Mr. Guoqi Ding has served as chairman of the board of Zhiqin Management Consulting Ltd., a China-based consulting service provider, and an independent director on the board of Dian Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd., (SHE: 300244) a China-based medical diagnosis outsourcing service provider listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange since 2017. Between 2004 and 2017, Mr. Ding held various positions, including chief financial officer, at Fosun International Limited, one of the largest investment groups in China. Between 2012 and 2017, Mr. Ding also served as a board member of several companies based in China, including Shanghai Forte Land Company Limited, one of China’s largest real estate developers. Mr. Ding received his bachelor’s degree in Finance and Economics from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, and was recognized as an accountant by Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China in 1997.
Xin Fan
has served as our chief financial officer since September 2017. Prior to that, Mr. Fan served as our vice president of finance since April 2016. Before joining our Company, Mr. Fan served as a finance director at NetEase (Nasdaq: NTES; HKEX: 9999) from 2011 to 2016. Prior to 2011, Mr. Fan held various positions at KPMG Huazhen for an aggregate of eight years and served as a senior manager there from 2008 to 2011. Mr. Fan currently also serves as an independent director of UP Fintech Holding Limited (Nasdaq: TIGR) and GSX Techedu Inc. (NYSE: GSX). Mr. Fan received his bachelor’s degree in international accounting from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics in 2001. Mr. Fan is a regular member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and a certified public accountant in China. He also holds licenses as chartered global management accountant and chartered certified accountant in the United Kingdom.

B. | Compensation

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, we paid an aggregate of approximately RMB9.4 million (US$1.4 million) in cash to our executive officers, and approximately RMB1.8 million (US$0.3 million) in cash to our
non-executive
directors. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors.
Our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund.
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Share Incentive Plans
In November 2014, our board of directors approved a global share incentive plan, or the Global Share Plan, to attract and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. In February 2018, our shareholders and board of directors adopted the 2018 share incentive plan, or the 2018 Plan, to attract and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. We subsequently amended our 2018 Plan in March 2020 by unanimous written approval of our board of directors.
As of January 31, 2021, the maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the Global Share Plan is 19,880,315 ordinary shares, subject to amendment. The maximum aggregate number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2018 Plan, or the Award Pool, is initially 6,962,069, provided that, in the event that the aggregate number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all granted awards (including incentive share options) reaches 6,962,069, thereafter the Award Pool of the 2018 Plan shall be increased automatically if and whenever the unissued shares reserved accounts for less than 0.5% of the total number of shares of our Company issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year (excluding issued shares reserved for future option exercise and restricted share unit vesting), as a result of which increase the shares unissued and reserved in the Award Pool immediately after each such increase shall equal to 2.5% of the total number of shares of our Company issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year (excluding issued shares reserved for future option exercise and restricted share unit vesting).
The aggregate number of Class Z Ordinary Shares available for future grant under the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan was 6,095,351 as of January 31, 2021.
The following paragraphs describe the principal terms of the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan.
Types of Awards
. The Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan both permit the awards of options, restricted shares, restricted share units or any other type of awards approved by the plan administrator.
Plan Administration.
Our chairman of the board of directors or a committee of one or more members of the board of directors will administer the Global Share Plan. The chairman or the committee, as applicable, will determine the participants to receive awards, the type and number of awards to be granted to each participant, and the terms and conditions of each award under the Global Share Plan. The full board of directors will conduct the general administration of the Global Share Plan if required by applicable laws and with respect to awards granted to the chairman of the board of directors, the committee members (if applicable), independent directors and executive officers of our Company. Our board of directors or a committee of one or more members of the board of directors will administer the 2018 Plan. The committee or the full board of directors, as applicable, will determine the participants to receive awards, the type and number of awards to be granted to each participant, and the terms and conditions of each award under the 2018 Plan.
Award Agreement
. Awards granted under the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, conditions and limitations for each award, which may include the term of the award, the provisions applicable in the event that the grantee’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind the award.
Eligibility
. We may grant awards to our employees, directors and consultants of our Company under each of the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan. In addition, under the 2018 Plan, we may grant options that are intended to qualify as incentive share options only to our employees and employees of our parent companies and subsidiaries.
Vesting Schedule
. Under each of the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan, in general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement.
Exercise of Options
. Under each of the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan, the plan administrator determines the exercise price for each award, which is stated in the award agreement. The vested portion of option will expire if not exercised prior to the time as the plan administrator determines at the time of its grant. However, the maximum exercisable term is ten years from the date of a grant.
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Transfer Restrictions
. Under each of the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan, awards may not be transferred in any manner by the participant other than in accordance with the exceptions provided in the Global Share Plan or the relevant award agreement or otherwise determined by the plan administrator, such as transfers by will or the laws of descent and distribution.
Termination and Amendment
. Unless terminated earlier, each of the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan, has a term of ten years. The plan administrator has the authority to terminate, amend or modify the Global Share Plan. Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the 2018 Plan. Except with respect to amendments made by the plan administrator, no termination, amendment or modification may adversely affect in any material way any awards previously granted pursuant to each of the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan unless agreed by the participant.
The following table summarizes, as of January 31, 2021, the number of ordinary shares underlying outstanding options granted to several of our directors and executive officers and to other individuals as a group under the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan, excluding awards that were forfeited or cancelled after the relevant grant dates.

Name |  | Ordinary Shares Underlying Options Awarded |  | Exercise Price (US$/Share) |  | Date of Grant |  | Date of Expiration
Rui Chen |  | * * |  | From nominal to US$20.26 |  | March 2020 November 2020 |  | March 2027 November 2027
Yi Xu |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Ni Li |  | * |  | Nominal |  | November 2020 |  | November 2027
Xin Fan |  | * |  | From nominal to US$20.26 |  | Various dates from April 2016 to March 2020 |  | Various dates from April 2022 to March 2027
Other grantees |  | 14,240,166 |  | From nominal to US$20.26 |  | Various dates from July 2014 to December 2020 |  | Various dates from July 2020 to December 2027
Total |  | 22,265,166 |  |  |  |  |  |

Note:

* | Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.

Equity Incentive Trust
s
Bilibili Inc. Global Share Incentive Trust and Bilibili Inc. Special Share Incentive Trust, which we collectively refer to as the Equity Incentive Trusts, were established under their respective trust deeds, each dated November 28, 2017, between us and Ark Trust (Hong Kong) Limited, or Ark Trust, as trustee of each of the Equity Incentive Trusts. Through the Equity Incentive Trusts, our ordinary shares and other rights and interests under awards granted pursuant to our Global Share Plan may be provided to certain of recipients of equity awards. The participants in the Equity Incentive Trusts include our employees and certain of our executive officers.
Participants in the Equity Incentive Trusts transfer their equity awards to Ark Trust to be held for their benefit. Upon satisfaction of vesting conditions and request by grant recipients, Ark Trust will exercise the equity awards and transfer the relevant ordinary shares and other rights and interest under the equity awards to the relevant grant recipients with the consent of the trust administrator. Each of the trust deeds provides that Ark Trust shall not exercise the voting rights attached to such ordinary shares unless otherwise directed by the trust administrator, which is an authorized representative of our company.
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C. | Board Practices

Board of Directors
Our board of directors consists of seven directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company by way of qualification. Subject to the Nasdaq Stock Market rules, a director may vote with respect to any contract, proposed contract or arrangement in which he is materially interested provided (a) such director, if his interest in such contract or arrangement is material, has declared the nature of his interest at the earliest meeting of the board at which it is practicable for him to do so, either specifically or by way of a general notice and (b) if such contract or arrangement is a transaction with a related party, such transaction has been approved by the audit committee. The directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, mortgage its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any obligation of the company or of any third party. None of our
non-executive
directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of service.
Committees of the Board of Directors
We have established three committees under the board of directors: an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.
Audit Committee
. Our audit committee consists of Eric He, JP Gan and Feng Li. Eric He is the chairman of our audit committee. We have determined that Eric He, JP Gan and Feng Li each satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and meet the independence standards under
Rule 10A-3
under the Exchange Act, as amended. We have determined that Eric He qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

| • |  | appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;

| • |  | reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

| • |  | discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

| • |  | reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;

| • |  | reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;

| • |  | meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and

| • |  | monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

Compensation Committee
. Our compensation committee consists of JP Gan, Eric He and Feng Li. JP Gan is the chairman of our compensation committee. We have determined that JP Gan, Eric He and Feng Li each satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

| • |  | reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers;

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| • |  | reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors;

| • |  | reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements; and

| • |  | selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
. Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of JP Gan, Eric He and Feng Li. JP Gan is the chairman of our nominating and corporate governance committee. JP Gan, Eric He and Feng Li each satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

| • |  | selecting and recommending to the board nominees for election by the shareholders or appointment by the board;

| • |  | reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience and diversity;

| • |  | making recommendations on the frequency and structure of board meetings and monitoring the functioning of the committees of the board; and

| • |  | advising the board periodically with regards to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on any remedial action to be taken.

Duties of Directors
Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a duty to act honestly, in good faith and with a view to our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the care, diligence and skills that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association and the class rights vested thereunder in the holders of the shares. A shareholder may in certain circumstances have rights to damages if a duty owed by the directors is breached.
Our board of directors has all the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising, our business affairs. The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:

| • |  | convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings;

| • |  | declaring dividends and distributions;

| • |  | appointing officers and determining the term of office of the officers;

| • |  | exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and

| • |  | approving the transfer of shares in our company, including the registration of such shares in our share register.

Terms of Directors and Officers
Our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution of the shareholders or by the board. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; or (ii) is found by our company to be or becomes of unsound mind.
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D. | Employees

We had 3,033, 4,791 and 8,646 employees as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The following table sets forth the numbers of our employees categorized by function as of December 31, 2020 by function:

|  | As of December 31, 2020 |
Function: |  |  |  |
Platform operations |  |  | 641 |
Products and technology |  |  | 3,898 |
Content operations |  |  | 1,186 |
Content audit |  |  | 2,413 |
Management, sales, finance and administration |  |  | 508 |
Total |  |  | 8,646 |

As of December 31, 2020, we had 6,118 employees in Shanghai, 866 employees in Wuhan, 515 employees in Beijing and 1,147 employees in other locations.
As required under PRC regulations, we participate in housing funds and various employee social security plans that are organized by applicable local municipal and provincial governments, including housing funds, pension, maternity, medical, work-related injury and unemployment benefit plans, under which we make contributions at specified percentages of the salaries of our employees. We also purchase commercial health and accidental insurance for our employees. Bonuses are generally discretionary and based in part on employee performance and in part on the overall performance of our business. We have granted and plan to continue to grant share-based incentive awards to our employees in the future to incentivize their contributions to our growth and development.
We enter into standard confidentiality and employment agreements with our key employees. The contracts with our key personnel typically include a standard
non-compete
agreement that prohibits the employee from competing with us, directly or indirectly, during his or her employment and for at least one year after the termination of his or her employment.

E. | Share Ownership

Except as otherwise noted, the following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of January 31, 2021 by:

| • |  | each of our directors and executive officers; and

| • |  | each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our ordinary shares.

The calculations in the table below are based on 83,715,114 Class Y ordinary shares and 268,594,887 Class Z ordinary shares outstanding as of January 31, 2021 (excluding 3,302,327 Class Z ordinary shares issued and reserved for future issuance upon the exercising or vesting of awards granted under our share incentive plans).
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days after January 31, 2021, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.
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|  | Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned |
|  | Class Y Ordinary Shares |  |  | Class Z Ordinary Shares |  |  | Total Ordinary Shares |  |  | % of Beneficial Ownership |  |  | % of Aggregate Voting Power† |
Directors and Executive Officers**: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rui Chen (1) |  |  | 49,299,006 |  |  |  | 629,745 |  |  |  | 49,928,751 |  |  |  | 14.2 | % |  |  | 44.6 | %
Yi Xu (2) |  |  | 27,216,108 |  |  |  | 1,096,100 |  |  |  | 28,312,208 |  |  |  | 8.0 | % |  |  | 24.7 | %
Ni Li (3) |  |  | 7,200,000 |  |  |  | 908,300 |  |  |  | 8,108,300 |  |  |  | 2.3 | % |  |  | 6.6 | %
JP Gan (4) |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Eric He (5) |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Feng Li (6) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Guoqi Ding (7) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Xin Fan |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
All Directors and Executive Officers as a Group |  |  | 83,715,114 |  |  |  | 3,601,345 |  |  |  | 87,316,459 |  |  |  | 24.8 | % |  |  | 76.0 | %
Principal Shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Entities affiliated with Rui Chen (8) |  |  | 49,299,006 |  |  |  | 629,745 |  |  |  | 49,928,751 |  |  |  | 14.2 | % |  |  | 44.6 | %
Tencent entities (9) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43,749,518 |  |  |  | 43,749,518 |  |  |  | 12.4 | % |  |  | 4.0 | %
Entity affiliated with Yi Xu (10) |  |  | 27,216,108 |  |  |  | 1,051,100 |  |  |  | 28,267,208 |  |  |  | 8.0 | % |  |  | 24.7 | %
Taobao China Holding Limited (11) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,645,657 |  |  |  | 23,645,657 |  |  |  | 6.7 | % |  |  | 2.1 | %

Notes:

† | For each person and group included in this column, percentage of voting power is calculated by dividing the voting power beneficially owned by such person or group by the voting power of all of our Class Y and Class Z ordinary shares as a single class. Each holder of Class Z ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share and each holder of our Class Y ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share on all matters submitted to them for a vote. Our Class Y ordinary shares and Class Z ordinary shares vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, except as may otherwise be required by law. Our Class Y ordinary shares are convertible at any time by the holder thereof into Class Z ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis.

* | Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.

** | Except as otherwise indicated below, the business address of our directors and executive officers is c/o Shanghai Hode Information Technology Co., Ltd., Building 3, Guozheng Center, No. 485 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.

(1) | Represents (i) 49,299,006 Class Y ordinary shares and 495,800 Class Z ordinary shares directly held by Vanship Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in British Virgin Islands, and (ii) 133,945 Class Z ordinary shares directly held by Windforce Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in British Virgin Islands. Vanship Limited is controlled by The Le Petit Prince Trust, a trust established under the laws of Cayman Islands and managed by TMF (Cayman) Ltd. as the trustee. Mr. Chen is the settlor of The Le Petit Prince Trust, and Mr. Chen and his family members are the trust’s beneficiaries. Under the terms of this trust, Mr. Chen has the power to direct the trustee with respect to the retention or disposal of, and the exercise of any voting and other rights attached to, the shares held by Vanship Limited in our company, and, except for Mr. Chen, the other beneficiaries of the trust have no voting rights attached to such shares. There are certain limited circumstances in which the trustee would not be required to comply with such a direction (for example, where a direction may make the trustee subject to criminal sanction or civil liability or where a direction involves a transaction which might have an adverse impact on the reputation of the trustee). The above position would also not apply if Mr. Chen is incapacitated, has released his authority or nominated another person to have such authority in his place. Windforce Limited is controlled by Mr. Chen.

(2) | Represents (i) 27,216,108 Class Y ordinary shares, 151,100 Class Z ordinary shares and 900,000 Class Z ordinary shares in the form of ADSs directly held by Kami Sama Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in British Virgin Islands, and (ii) 45,000 Class Z ordinary shares in the form of ADSs held by Mr. Xu. Kami Sama Limited is controlled by The Homur Trust, a trust established under the laws of Cayman Islands and managed by TMF (Cayman) Ltd. as the trustee. Mr. Yi Xu is the settlor of The Homur Trust, and Mr. Xu and his family members are the trust’s beneficiaries. Under the terms of this trust, Mr. Xu has the power to direct the trustee with respect to the retention or disposal of, and the exercise of any voting and other rights attached to, the shares held by Kami Sama Limited in our company, and, except for Mr. Xu, the other beneficiaries of the trust have no voting rights attached to such shares. There are certain limited circumstances in which the trustee would not be required to comply with such a direction (for example, where a direction may make the trustee subject to criminal sanction or civil liability or where a direction involves a transaction which might have an adverse impact on the reputation of the trustee). The above position would also not apply if Mr. Xu is incapacitated, has released his authority or nominated another person to have such authority in his place.

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(3) | Represents 7,200,000 Class Y ordinary shares and 908,300 Class Z ordinary shares directly held by Saber Lily Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in British Virgin Islands. Saber Lily Limited is controlled by The Fortuna Trust, a trust established under the laws of Cayman Islands and managed by TMF (Cayman) Ltd. as the trustee. Ms. Li is the settlor of The Fortuna Trust, and Ms. Li and her family members are the trust’s beneficiaries. Under the terms of this trust, Ms. Li has the power to direct the trustee with respect to the retention or disposal of, and the exercise of any voting and other rights attached to, the shares held by Saber Lily Limited in our company, and, except for Ms. Li, the other beneficiaries of the trust have no voting rights attached to such shares. There are certain limited circumstances in which the trustee would not be required to comply with such a direction (for example, where a direction may make the trustee subject to criminal sanction or civil liability or where a direction involves a transaction which might have an adverse impact on the reputation of the trustee). The above position would also not apply if Ms. Li is incapacitated, has released her authority or nominated another person to have such authority in her place.

(4) | The business address of Mr. JP Gan is Suite 909, Bank of America Tower, 12 Harcourt Road, Central, Hong Kong.

(5) | The business address of Mr. Eric He is 2F-1, No. 495, Guangfu S. Road, Xinyi District, Taipei City 110007, Taiwan.

(6) | The business address of Mr. Feng Li is Room 701, Tower 1, Liangmaqiao Diplomatic Office Building, No 19 Dongfangdong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.

(7) | The business address of Mr. Guoqi Ding is 1500 Changyi Road, Building 1, Room 902, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.

(8) | Represents (i) 49,299,006 Class Y ordinary shares and 495,800 Class Z ordinary shares directly held by Vanship Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in British Virgin Islands, and (ii) 133,945 Class Z ordinary shares directly held by Windforce Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in British Virgin Islands. Vanship Limited is controlled by The Le Petit Prince Trust, a trust established under the laws of Cayman Islands and managed by TMF (Cayman) Ltd. as the trustee. Mr. Chen is the settlor of The Le Petit Prince Trust, and Mr. Chen and his family members are the trust’s beneficiaries. Under the terms of this trust, Mr. Chen has the power to direct the trustee with respect to the retention or disposal of, and the exercise of any voting and other rights attached to, the shares held by Vanship Limited in our company, and, except for Mr. Chen, the other beneficiaries of the trust have no voting rights attached to such shares. There are certain limited circumstances in which the trustee would not be required to comply with such a direction (for example, where a direction may make the trustee subject to criminal sanction or civil liability or where a direction involves a transaction which might have an adverse impact on the reputation of the trustee). The above position would also not apply if Mr. Chen is incapacitated, has released his authority or nominated another person to have such authority in his place. Windforce Limited is controlled by Mr. Chen.

(9) | Represents (i) 10,954,357 Class Z ordinary shares directly held by OPH B Limited, a company limited by shares incorporated in British Virgin Islands, and (ii) 32,795,161 Class Z ordinary shares directly held by Tencent Mobility Limited, a limited company incorporated in Hong Kong, based on the Schedule 13G/A filed on February 10, 2020. OPH B Limited and Tencent Mobility Limited are investing entities ultimately controlled by Tencent Holdings Limited, and are collectively referred to as Tencent entities. The registered address of OPH B Limited is P.O. Box 957, Offshore Incorporations Centre, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. The registered address of Tencent Mobility Limited is 27/F, Three Pacific Place, No.1 Queen’s Road East, Wanchai, Hong Kong.

(10) | Represents 27,216,108 Class Y ordinary shares, 151,100 Class Z ordinary shares and 900,000 Class Z ordinary shares in the form of ADSs directly held by Kami Sama Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in British Virgin Islands. The registered address of Kami Sama Limited is Start Chambers, Wickham’s Cay II., P.O. Box 2221, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

(11) | Represents 13,645,657 Class Z ordinary shares and 10,000,000 Class Z ordinary shares in the form of ADSs directly held by Taobao China Holding Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in Hong Kong, based on the Schedule 13G filed on February 14, 2019. Taobao China Holding Limited is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Taobao Holding Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in Cayman Islands, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alibaba Group Holding Limited, a business company limited by shares incorporated in Cayman Islands. The principal business address of Alibaba Group Holding Limited, Taobao Holding Limited and Taobao China Holding Limited is c/o Alibaba Group Services Limited, 26/F Tower One, Times Square, 1 Matheson Street, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong.

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To our knowledge, as of January 31, 2021, 198,863,443 of our Class Z ordinary shares were held by two record holders in the United States, representing approximately 55.9% of our total outstanding shares on an as converted basis (including the 3,302,327 Class Z ordinary shares issued and reserved for future issuance upon the exercising or vesting of awards granted under the Share Incentive Plans). One holder is Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADS program, which held 73.1% Class Z ordinary shares on record. The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States is likely to be much larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary shares in the United States.
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. | Major Shareholders

Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

B. | Related Party Transactions

Contractual Arrangements with Our VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”
Shareholders Agreement and Investor Rights Agreement
We entered into our shareholders agreement on April 1, 2017 with our shareholders, which consist of holders of ordinary shares and Preferred Shares. Pursuant to this shareholders agreement, we have granted certain registration rights to our shareholders. Set forth below is a description of the registration rights granted under the agreement.
Demand Registration Rights
. Holders holding at least 10% or more of the issued and outstanding registrable securities (on an as converted basis) held by the preferred shareholders, the
pre-IPO
Class D ordinary shareholders,
pre-IPO
Class C ordinary shareholders or
pre-IPO
Class B ordinary shareholders have the right to demand in writing that we file a registration statement covering the registration of at least 25% of their registrable securities. We have the right to defer filing of a registration statement for a period of not more than 90 days if our board of directors determines in good faith that filing of a registration statement in the near future will be materially detrimental to us or our shareholders, but we cannot exercise the deferral right more than once for more than once during any twelve-month period and cannot register any other securities during such period. We are not obligated to effect more than three demand registrations. Further, if the registrable securities are offered by means of an underwritten offering, and the managing underwriter advises us that marketing factors require a limitation of the number of securities to be underwritten, the underwriters may decide to exclude (i) all of the registrable securities in our initial public offering, or (ii) up to 75% of the registrable securities and the number of the registrable securities will be allocated among the holders on a pro rata basis according to the number of registrable securities then outstanding held by each holder requesting registration, provided that all other equity securities are first excluded.
Registration on Form
F-3
or Form
S-3
. Any holder may request us to file a registration statement on
Form F-3
or Form
S-3
if we qualify for registration on Form
F-3
or Form
S-3.
The holders are entitled to an unlimited number of registrations on Form
F-3
or Form
S-3
so long as such registration offerings are in excess of US$500,000. We, however, are not obligated to consummate a registration if we have consummated two registrations within any twelve month period. We have the right to defer filing of a registration statement for a period of not more than 90 days if our board of directors determines in good faith that filing of a registration statement in the near future will be materially detrimental to us or our shareholders, but we cannot exercise the deferral right more than once for more than once during any twelve-month period and cannot register any other securities during such period.
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Piggyback Registration Rights
. If we propose to register for a public offering or our securities other than relating to any share incentive plan or a corporate reorganization, we must offer holders of our registrable securities an opportunity to be included in such registration. If the underwriters advise in writing that market factors require a limitation of the number of registrable securities to be underwritten, the underwriters may decide to exclude (i) all of the registrable securities in our initial public offering, or (ii) up to 75% of the registrable securities and the number of the registrable securities will be allocated among the holders on a pro rata basis according to the number of registrable securities then outstanding held by each holder requesting registration, provided that all other equity securities are first excluded (except for securities sold for the account of our company).
Expenses of Registration
. We will bear all registration expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and selling commissions applicable to the sale of registrable securities, incurred in connection with registrations, filings or qualification pursuant to the shareholders agreement.
Termination of Obligations
. We have no obligation to effect any demand, piggyback or
Form F-3
or Form
S-3
registration upon the later of (i) the fifth anniversary from the date of closing of a QIPO as defined in the shareholders agreement, and (ii) with respect to any holder, the date following a QIPO on which such holder holds less than 1% of the equity securities of our company and all registrable securities may be sold under Rule 144 of the Securities Act in any
90-day
period.
Pursuant to the share purchase and investor rights agreement by and between us and Tencent Mobility Limited dated October 3, 2018, we have granted certain registration rights to Tencent Mobility Limited or its affiliates. Accordingly, Tencent Mobility Limited or its affiliates are entitled one registration on
Form F-3,
after the expiration of a
lock-up
period, covering such Class Z ordinary shares issued and sold to Tencent Mobility Limited pursuant to the aforesaid share purchase and investor rights agreement.
Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements
We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate employment for cause, at any time, without advance notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, such as conviction or plea of guilty to a felony or any crime involving moral turpitude, negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment, or misconduct or a failure to perform agreed duties. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment without cause upon three-month advance written notice. In such case of termination by us, we will provide severance payments to the executive officer as expressly required by applicable law of the jurisdiction where the executive officer is based. The executive officer may resign at any time with a three-month advance written notice.
Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the termination or expiry of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, any of our confidential information or trade secrets, any confidential information or trade secrets of our clients or prospective clients, or the confidential or proprietary information of any third party received by us and for which we have confidential obligations. The executive officers have also agreed to disclose in confidence to us all inventions, designs and trade secrets which they conceive, develop or reduce to practice during the executive officer’s employment with us and to assign all right, title and interest in them to us, and assist us in obtaining and enforcing patents, copyrights and other legal rights for these inventions, designs and trade secrets.
In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by
non-competition
and
non-solicitation
restrictions during the term of his or her employment and typically for one year following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) approach our suppliers, clients, customers or contacts or other persons or entities introduced to the executive officer in his or her capacity as a representative of us for the purpose of doing business with such persons or entities that will harm our business relationships with these persons or entities; (ii) assume employment with or provide services to any of our competitors, or engage, whether as principal, partner, licensor or otherwise, any of our competitors, without our express consent; or (iii) seek directly or indirectly, to solicit the services of any of our employees who is employed by us on or after the date of the executive officer’s termination, or in the year preceding such termination, without our express consent.
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We have also entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.
Share Incentive Plan
See “Management—Share Incentive Plans.”
Other Related Party Transactions
Investment transfers.
We transferred several long-term investments to an entity controlled by our major shareholders amounting to RMB3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. In June 2019, we transferred several equity investments to an investment fund, and one of our subsidiaries was its limited partner. The cost of the equity investments transfer was RMB465.8 million. The consideration was RMB539.6 million, which was determined based on the estimated fair value of the investments. The difference between the consideration and cost of the investments was recognized as investment income. In July 2020, we acquired certain equity interests of two investments from the investment fund with the consideration of RMB110.0 million, which was based on the estimated fair value of the investments. The balances due from the investment fund as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2020 were consideration receivables and dividend receivables related to the equity investments transfer in 2019, which was
non-trade
in nature.
Promotional and other services.
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, we purchased promotional and other services amounting to RMB163.0 million, RMB87.6 million and RMB35.1 million (US$5.4 million), respectively.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, we had a total amount of RMB50.3 million due to Chaodian Inc., which was trade in nature, and RMB195.3 million due from the investment fund and other related parties, respectively, which was
non-trade
in nature. As of December 31, 2020, we had RMB74.2 million due from the investment fund, which was
non-trade
in nature.
In July 2019, we entered into a series of agreements to acquire a controlling interest in Chaodian Inc. In September 2020, we acquired noncontrolling interest of Chaodian Group from certain related parties on which we have significant influence, with purchase consideration of RMB257.3 million. As of December 31, 2020, we had no unpaid consideration due to certain related parties.
Interest bearing loans.
The balances as of December 31, 2020 mainly represent interest-bearing loans and interest expenses of RMB105.6 million related to an equity investee, which was
non-trade
in nature, and partially offset by the trade payables to the equity investee. The annual interest rates of the loans were 2.8% and all the loans were within one year.

C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.
Legal Proceedings
We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We are currently involved in approximately 110 lawsuits based on allegations of infringement of third-party copyright due to the content posted on our platform, which are immaterial to our company on an individual basis or a collective basis. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention.
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Under the current PRC regulatory scheme, a number of regulatory agencies, including but not limited to the NRTA, the NAPP, the MCT, the MIIT, and the CAC, jointly regulate all major aspects of the internet industry, including the mobile internet and mobile games businesses. Operators must obtain various government approvals and licenses for relevant mobile business.
We have obtained ICP licenses for the provision of internet information services, License for Online Transmission of
Audio-Visual
Programs for the provision of internet audio-visual program services, Online Culture Operating Permits for operation of commercial internet culture activities, and License for Production and Operation of Radio and Television Programs for the radio, television and anime production and operation business. These licenses are essential to the operation of our business and are generally subject to regular government review or renewal.
Under regulations issued by the SAPPRFT, the publication of each online game requires approval from the SAPPRFT, and after the institutional restructuring of the SAPPRFT, we currently apply with the NAPP for the approvals for publishing our games. As of the date of this annual report, we have obtained approvals from the NAPP for all of the domestic and imported online games exclusively operated by us which are in operation in the PRC. For the online games we jointly operate with third parties, we also require them to obtain requisite approvals from the NAPP. In 2018, 2019 and 2020, substantially all of the revenues from our jointly operated mobile games in China were contributed by approximately 40 of our online jointly operated mobile games in the PRC, and all of them have obtained approvals from the NAPP.
The material regulations directly relevant to our business include but not limited to the Administrative Regulations on Internet Audio-Visual Program Service, the Administrative Provisions on Online Audio-visual Information Services, the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of the Content of Internet Audio-Visual Programs, the Administrative Regulations on Online Live Broadcasting Services, the Notice on Strengthening the Management of Online Show Live Broadcasting and
E-commerce
Live Broadcasting, the Notice on Strengthen the Management of Live Broadcasting Service, the Notice on Preventing Minors from Indulging in Online Games and the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision). See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation” for more information.
We are not currently a party to, nor are we aware of, any other legal proceeding, investigation or claim which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Dividend Policy
Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant.
We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future after our initial public offering. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.
We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Dividend Distributions.”
If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the Class Z ordinary shares underlying our ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class Z ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to our ADS holders in proportion to Class Z ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

B. | Significant Changes

We have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. | Offering and Listing Details

See “C. Markets” for our host market and trading symbol. We have a dual-class common share structure in which Class Y ordinary shares have different voting rights from Class Z ordinary shares. Class Y ordinary shares are each entitled to ten votes, whereas Class Z ordinary shares are each entitled to one vote. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs—Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class Z ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.”

B. | Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.
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C. | Markets

Our ADSs, each representing one Class Z ordinary shares, have been listed on Nasdaq Global Select Market since March 28, 2018. Our ADSs trade under the symbol “BILI.”

D. | Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. | Dilution

Not applicable.

F. | Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. | Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. | Memorandum and Articles of Association

The following are summaries of material provisions of our sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that we have adopted and of the Companies Act, insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.
Objects of Our Company
. Under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the objects of our company are unrestricted and we have the full power and authority to carry out any object not prohibited by the law of the Cayman Islands.
Ordinary Shares
. Our ordinary shares are divided into Class Y ordinary shares and Class Z ordinary shares. Holders of our Class Y ordinary shares and Class Z ordinary shares will have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Each Class Z Ordinary Share shall entitle the holder thereof to one (1) vote on all matters subject to vote at our general meetings, and each Class Y ordinary share shall entitle the holder thereof to ten (10) votes on all matters subject to vote at our general meetings. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members.
Conversion
. Each Class Y ordinary share is convertible into one Class Z ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class Z ordinary shares are not convertible into Class Y ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class Y ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person other than Rui Chen, Yi Xu and Ni Li or any entity which is not ultimately controlled by any of Rui Chen, Yi Xu or Ni Li, such Class Y ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the same number of Class Z ordinary shares.
Dividends
. The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors. Our amended and restated articles of association provide that dividends may be declared and paid out of our profits, realized or unrealized, or from any reserve set aside from profits which our board of directors determine is no longer needed. Dividends may also be declared and paid out of share premium account or any other fund or account which can be authorized for this purpose in accordance with the Companies Act. Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, our company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.
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Voting Rights
. Holders of our ordinary shares have the right to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at general meetings of our company. Each holder of Class Z ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share and each holder of our Class Y ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share on all matters submitted to them for a vote. Our Class Y ordinary shares and Class Z ordinary shares vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, except as may otherwise be required by law. At any general meeting a resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a show of hands, unless a poll is (before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands) demanded by the chairman or any shareholder present in person or by proxy.
A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of one or more shareholders holding in aggregate not less than
one-third
of all votes attaching to all shares of our company in issue and entitled to vote at such general meeting, present in person or by proxy or, if a corporation or other
non-natural
person, by its duly authorized representative. Advance notice of at least ten calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general meeting and other shareholders meetings.
An ordinary resolution to be passed at a meeting by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast at a meeting. A special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than
two-thirds
of the votes cast attaching to the issued and outstanding shares at a meeting. Both ordinary resolutions and special resolutions may also be passed by a unanimous written resolution signed by all the shareholders of our company, as permitted by the Companies Act and our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes that will affect the rights, preferences, privileges or powers of the preferred shareholders.
General Meetings of Shareholders
. As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Act to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our memorandum and articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) in each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting in which case we shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it, and the annual general meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be determined by our directors.
Shareholders’ general meetings may be convened by the chairman or a majority of our board of directors. Advance notice of at least ten (10) calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting (if any) and any other general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for any general meeting of shareholders consists of at least one shareholder present or by proxy, representing not less than
one-third
of all votes attaching to all of our shares in issue and entitled to vote.
The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our memorandum and articles of association provide that upon the requisition of shareholders representing in aggregate not less than
one-third
of the votes attaching to the issued and outstanding shares of our company entitled to vote at general meetings, our board will convene an extraordinary general meeting and put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. However, our memorandum and articles of association do not provide our shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders.
Transfer of Ordinary Shares
. Subject to the restrictions set out below, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in writing, and shall be executed by or on behalf of the transferor, and if the directors so requires, signed by the transferee.
Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless:

| • |  | the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;

| • |  | the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of ordinary shares;

| • |  | the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required;

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| • |  | in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the ordinary share is to be transferred does not exceed four; and

| • |  | a fee of such maximum sum as the Nasdaq Stock Market may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as our directors may from time to time require is paid to us in respect thereof.

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they shall, within three months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.
The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required of the Nasdaq Stock Market, be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 days in any year as our board may determine.
Liquidation
. On the winding up of our company, if the assets available for distribution amongst our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the share capital at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus shall be distributed amongst our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to our company for unpaid calls or otherwise. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the
paid-up
capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them.
Calls on Shares and Forfeiture of Shares
. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 days prior to the specified time of payment. The shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.
Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Shares
. We may issue shares on terms that such shares are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders of these shares, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined by our board of directors, or by the shareholders by special resolutions. Our Company may also repurchase any of our shares on such terms and in such manner as have been approved by our board of directors or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. Under the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our company’s profits or out of the proceeds of a new issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital (including share premium account and capital redemption reserve) if our company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Act no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (a) unless it is fully paid up, or (b) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shareholders of the company holding shares, or (c) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.
Variations of Rights of Shares
. If at any time, our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any class of shares (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class), whether or not our company is being
wound-up,
may only be materially adversely varied with the consent in writing of the holders of
two-thirds
of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of the class by the holders of
two-thirds
of the issued shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking
pari passu
with such existing class of shares or with enhanced or weighted voting rights or subsequent to such creation or issue, the redemption or repurchase of such shares.
Issuance of Additional Shares
. Our amended and restated memorandum of association authorizes our board of directors to issue additional ordinary shares from time to time as our board of directors shall determine, to the extent of available authorized but unissued shares.
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Our amended and restated memorandum of association also authorizes our board of directors to establish by ordinary resolutions from time to time one or more series of preference shares and to determine, with respect to any series of preference shares, the terms and rights of that series, including:

| • |  | the designation of the series;

| • |  | the number of shares of the series;

| • |  | the dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights; and

| • |  | the rights and terms of redemption and liquidation preferences.

Our board of directors may issue preference shares without action by our shareholders to the extent authorized but unissued. Issuance of these shares may dilute the voting power of holders of ordinary shares.
Inspection of Books and Records
. Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records. However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements.
Anti-Takeover Provisions
. Some provisions of our memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that:

| • |  | authorize our board of directors to issue preference shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preference shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders; and

| • |  | limit the ability of shareholders to requisition and convene general meetings of shareholders.

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our memorandum and articles of association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.
Exempted Company
. We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except that an exempted company:

| • |  | does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

| • |  | is not required to open its register of members for inspection;

| • |  | does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

| • |  | may issue shares with no par value;

| • |  | may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are usually given for 20 years in the first instance);

| • |  | may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

| • |  | may register as an exempted limited duration company; and

| • |  | may register as a segregated portfolio company.

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shares of the company.
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C. | Material Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company,” “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions,” in this “Item 10. Additional Information—C. Material Contracts” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form
20-F.

D. | Exchange Controls

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange Control and Administration.”

E. | Taxation

The following summary of the material Cayman Islands, PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this registration statement, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under U.S. state and local tax laws or under the tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands, China and the United States.
Cayman Islands Taxation
According to Walkers (Hong Kong), our Cayman counsel, the Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. In addition, the Cayman Islands does not impose withholding tax on dividend payments. No stamp duty is payable in the Cayman Islands on transfers of shares of Cayman Islands companies except those which hold interests in land in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.
Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the ADSs or ordinary shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the ADSs or ordinary shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.
Our company has been incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and, as such, has obtained an undertaking from the Government of the Cayman Islands as to tax concessions under the Tax Concessions Act (as amended). In accordance with the provision of Section 6 of The Tax Concessions Act (as amended), the Governor in Cabinet undertakes with our company:

| • |  | that no law which is hereafter enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations shall apply to our company or its operations; and

| • |  | in addition, that no tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations or which is in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall be payable:

| • |  | on or in respect of the shares, debentures or other obligations of our company; or

| • |  | by way of the withholding, in whole or part, of any relevant payment as defined in Section 6(3) of the Tax Concessions Act (as amended).

These concessions shall be for a period of 20 years from March 14, 2018.
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PRC Taxation
Under the PRC EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside China with “de facto management body” within China is considered a resident enterprise. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the STA issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a
PRC-controlled
enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. The STA issued Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises Income Tax Regulation, or the Bulletin 45, which took effect on September 1, 2011 and was most recently amended on June 15, 2018, to provide more guidance on the implementation of Circular 82 and to clarify the reporting and filing obligations of Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated resident enterprises. Bulletin 45 also provides procedures and administrative details for the determination of resident status and administration of post-determination matters. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the STA’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the
day-to-day
operational management is in China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China.
We believe that Bilibili Inc. is not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. Bilibili Inc. is not controlled by a PRC enterprise or PRC enterprise group and we do not believe that Bilibili Inc. meets all of the conditions above. Bilibili Inc. is a company incorporated outside China. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, and its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside China. In addition, we are not aware of any offshore holding companies with a similar corporate structure as ours ever having been deemed a PRC “resident enterprise” by the PRC tax authorities. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.”
If the PRC tax authorities determine that Bilibili Inc. is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are
non-resident
enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. In addition,
non-resident
enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within China. It is unclear whether our
non-PRC
individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gains obtained by such
non-PRC
individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were to apply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is also unclear whether
non-PRC
shareholders of Bilibili Inc. would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and China in the event that Bilibili Inc. is treated as a PRC resident enterprise. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a PRC resident enterprise, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.”
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U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that holds our ADSs as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. This discussion is based upon existing U.S. federal tax law, which is subject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. There can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion does not discuss all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual investment circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules (including for example, financial institutions, insurance companies, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, broker-dealers, traders in securities that elect
mark-to-market
treatment,
tax-exempt
organizations (including private foundations), holders who are not U.S. Holders, holders who own (directly, indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of our stock (by vote or value), holders who acquire their ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to any employee share option or otherwise as compensation, investors that will hold their ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale or other integrated transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, investors required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement or investors that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those discussed below). This discussion, moreover, does not address the U.S. federal estate and gift tax or alternative minimum tax consequences of the ownership or disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares or the Medicare tax on net investment income. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, state, local and
non-U.S.
income and other tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares.
General
For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the law of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is includible in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and which has one or more U.S. persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) that has otherwise validly elected to be treated as a U.S. person under the Code.
If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our ADSs or ordinary shares and their partners are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Holder of ADSs will generally be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs. The remainder of this discussion assumes that a U.S. Holder of the ADSs will be treated in this manner. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of Class Z ordinary shares for ADSs will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations
A
non-U.S.
corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash and assets readily convertible into cash are categorized as a passive asset and the company’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles are taken into account. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.
Although the law in this regard is not entirely clear, we treat our VIEs as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes, because we control their management decisions and we are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with these entities, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. If it were determined, however, that we do not own the stock of our VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be treated as a PFIC for the current taxable year and any subsequent taxable year.
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Assuming that we are the owner of our VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we do not believe we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2020 and we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. While we do not expect to be or become a PFIC in the current or future taxable years, no assurance can be given that we are not or will not become classified as a PFIC because the determination of PFIC status is a fact-intensive inquiry made on an annual basis and will depend, in part, upon the composition of our assets and income, and the continued existence of our goodwill at that time. Fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of assets for the purpose of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market value of our ADSs from time to time (which may be volatile). In addition, the composition of our income and our assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our liquid assets. Under circumstances where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC may substantially increase.
If we are classified as a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares.
The discussion below under “Dividends” and “Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares” is written on the basis that we will not be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The U.S. federal income tax rules that apply if we are treated as a PFIC are generally discussed below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”
Dividends
Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” any cash distributions (including the amount of any tax withheld) paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. Holder. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, any distribution we pay will generally be treated as a “dividend” for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
A
non-corporate
U.S. Holder will generally be subject to tax on dividend income from a “qualified foreign corporation” at a lower applicable capital gains rate rather than the marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income provided that certain holding period requirements are met. A
non-U.S.
corporation (other than a corporation that is classified as a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) will generally be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (i) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and which includes an exchange of information program, or (ii) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock (or ADSs in respect of such stock) which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Our ADSs are considered to be readily tradable on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, which is an established securities market in the United States. Since we do not expect that our ordinary shares will be listed on an established securities market, we do not believe that dividends that we pay on our ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs will meet the conditions required for the reduced tax rate. There can be no assurance that our ADSs will continue to be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years.
In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC EIT Law, we may be eligible for the benefits of the
U.S.-PRC
income tax treaty (which the U.S. Treasury Department has determined is satisfactory for this purpose) and in that case we would be treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on our ordinary shares, or ADSs. Each
non-corporate
U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income for any dividends we pay with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares. Dividends received on our ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations.
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Dividends will generally be treated as income from foreign sources for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes and will generally constitute passive category income. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC EIT Law, a U.S. Holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid on our ADSs or ordinary shares. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—PRC Taxation.” In that case, depending on the U.S. Holder’s individual facts and circumstances, a U.S. Holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit not in excess of any applicable treaty rate in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on our ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld may instead claim a deduction, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholding, but only for a year in which such holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex and their outcome depends in large part on the U.S. Holder’s individual facts and circumstances. Accordingly, U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.
Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares
Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” a U.S. Holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term if the ADSs or ordinary shares have been held for more than one year and will generally be U.S. source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Long-term capital gain of
non-corporate
U.S. Holders is generally eligible for a reduced rate of taxation. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. In the event that we are treated as a PRC “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law and gain from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares is subject to tax in the PRC, a U.S. Holder that is eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC may elect to treat the gain as PRC source income. If you are not eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty or you fail to make the election to treat any gain as foreign source, then you may not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any PRC tax imposed on the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against U.S. federal income tax due on other income derived from foreign sources in the same income category (generally, the passive category). U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances and the election to treat any gain as PRC source.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, and unless the U.S. Holder makes a
mark-to-market
election (as described below), the U.S. Holder will generally be subject to special tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whether we remain a PFIC, on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125 percent of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including a pledge, of ADSs or ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules:

| • |  | the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares;

| • |  | the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are classified as a PFIC (each, a “pre-PFIC year”), will be taxable as ordinary income;

| • |  | the amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that year; and

| • |  | the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the tax attributable to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.
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As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may make a
mark-to-market
election with respect to such stock. The
mark-to-market
election is available only for stock that is regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, or on a foreign exchange or market that the IRS determines is a qualified exchange that has rules sufficient to ensure that the market price represents a legitimate and sound fair market value. Our ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, which is an established securities market in the United States. Consequently, if our ADSs continue to be listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and are regularly traded, we expect that the
mark-to-market
election would be available to a U.S. Holder that holds our ADSs were we to be or become a PFIC. Our ADSs are expected to qualify as being regularly traded, but no assurances may be given in this regard. If a U.S. Holder makes this election, the holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but such deduction will only be allowed to the extent of the amount previously included in income as a result of the
mark-to-market
election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the
mark-to-market
election. If a U.S. Holder makes a
mark-to-market
election in respect of a corporation classified as a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be classified as a PFIC, the holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not classified as a PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes a
mark-to-market
election, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs in a year when we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but such loss will only be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the
mark-to-market
election. If a U.S. Holder makes a
mark-to-market
election it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the ADSs are no longer treated as marketable stock or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. It should also be noted that it is intended that only the ADSs and not the ordinary shares will be listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Consequently, if a U.S. Holder holds ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs, such holder will generally not be eligible to make a
mark-to-market
election if we are or were to become a PFIC.
Because a
mark-to-market
election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.
If a U.S. Holder owns our ADSs or ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, the holder must generally file an annual IRS Form 8621. Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of purchasing, holding and disposing ADSs or ordinary shares if we are or become treated as a PFIC, including the possibility of making a
mark-to-market
election.

F. | Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. | Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. | Documents on Display

We previously filed with the SEC our registration statement on
Form F-1
(Registration
No. 333-223405),
as amended, including the prospectus contained therein, to register the issuance and sale of our ordinary shares represented by ADSs in relation to our initial public offering. We have also filed with the SEC our registration statement on
Form F-6
(Registration
No. 333-223711)
to register our ADSs.
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We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a
Form 20-F
no later than four months after the close of each fiscal year, which is December 31. All information filed with the SEC can be obtained over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of documents, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.
We will furnish Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADSs, with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us.

I. | Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Foreign exchange risk
Substantially all of our revenues and expenses are denominated in Renminbi. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. Although our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited in general, the value of the investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between U.S. dollar and Renminbi because the value of our business is effectively denominated in RMB, while our ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars.
To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would reduce the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs, servicing our outstanding debt, or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would reduce the U.S. dollar amounts available to us.
As of December 31, 2020, we had U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents and time deposits of US$ 1,303.3 million. If the U.S. dollar had appreciated or depreciated by 10% against the Renminbi, we would have had an increase or decrease of RMB850.4 million of cash and cash equivalents and time deposits.
Interest rate risk
Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to the interest income generated by excess cash, which is mostly held in interest-bearing bank deposits. Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. We have not been exposed to material risks due to changes in interest rates, and we have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest risk exposure. However, our future interest income may fall short of expectations due to changes in market interest rates.
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. | Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. | Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.
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C. | Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. | American Depositary Shares

Fees and Expenses
As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following service fees to the depositary bank and certain taxes and governmental charges (in addition to any applicable fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges payable on the deposited securities represented by any of your ADSs):

Service |  | Fees
To any person to which ADSs are issued or to any person to which a distribution is made in respect of ADS distributions pursuant to stock dividends or other free distributions of stock, bonus distributions, stock splits or other distributions (except where converted to cash) |  | Up to US$0.05 per ADS issued
Cancellation of ADSs, including the case of termination of the deposit agreement |  | Up to US$0.05 per ADS cancelled
Distribution of cash dividends |  | Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of cash entitlements (other than cash dividends) and/or cash proceeds from the sale of rights, securities and other entitlements |  | Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of ADSs pursuant to exercise of rights |  | Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs |  | Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
Depositary services |  | Up to US$0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary bank

As an ADS holder, you will also be responsible to pay certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary bank and certain taxes and governmental charges (in addition to any applicable fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges payable on the deposited securities represented by any of your ADSs) such as:

| • |  | Fees for the transfer and registration of Class Z ordinary shares charged by the registrar and transfer agent for the Class Z ordinary shares in the Cayman Islands (i.e., upon deposit and withdrawal of Class Z ordinary shares).

| • |  | Expenses incurred for converting foreign currency into U.S. dollars.

| • |  | Expenses for cable, telex and fax transmissions and for delivery of securities.

| • |  | Taxes and duties upon the transfer of securities, including any applicable stamp duties, any stock transfer charges or withholding taxes (i.e., when Class Z ordinary shares are deposited or withdrawn from deposit).

| • |  | Fees and expenses incurred in connection with the delivery or servicing of Class Z ordinary shares on deposit.

| • |  | Fees and expenses incurred in connection with complying with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to Class Z ordinary shares, deposited securities, ADSs and ADRs.

| • |  | Any applicable fees and penalties thereon.

The depositary fees payable upon the issuance and cancellation of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary bank by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary bank and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary bank for cancellation. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary bank to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date.
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The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., share dividends, rights), the depositary bank charges the applicable fee to the ADS record date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), the depositary bank sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via DTC), the depositary bank generally collects its fees through the systems provided by DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary banks.
In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary bank may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder.
The depositary may make payments to us or reimburse us for certain costs and expenses, by making available a portion of the ADS fees collected in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary bank agree from time to time.
PART II.
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
None.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders
See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Ordinary Shares” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.
Use of Proceeds
The following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to the registration statement on
Form F-1,
as amended (File Number
333-223405
) (the
“F-1
Registration Statement”) in relation to our initial public offering of 42,000,000 ADSs representing 42,000,000 Class Z ordinary shares, at an initial offering price of US$11.50 per ADS. Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC were the representatives of the underwriters for our IPO.
The
F-1
Registration Statement became effective on March 27, 2018. For the period from the effective date of the
F-1
Registration Statement to December 31, 2018, the total expenses incurred for our company’s account in connection with our IPO was approximately US$39.7 million, which included US$33.8 million in underwriting discounts and commissions for the IPO and approximately US$5.9 million in other costs and expenses for our IPO. We received net proceeds of approximately US$443.3 million from our initial public offering. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. None of the net proceeds from the initial public offering were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates.
For the period from March 27, 2018, the date that the
Form F-1
was declared effective by the SEC, to December 31, 2020, we used approximately US$170.2 million of the net proceeds from our initial public offering for research and development, sales and marketing, general corporate purposes and working capital, including strategic investments and acquisitions.
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We still intend to use the remainder of the proceeds from our initial public offering, as disclosed in our registration statements on
Form F-1.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, which is defined in
Rules 13a-15(e)
of the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2020. Based upon that evaluation, our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has concluded that, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act was accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in
Rules 13a-15
(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.
Remediation of the Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Reported in 2018
As of December 31, 2020, based on an assessment performed by our management on the performance of certain remediation measures (specified below), we determined that the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting previously identified by us and our independent registered public accounting firm in connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 had been remediated.
The material weakness identified related to our lack of sufficient resources regarding financial reporting and accounting personnel with understanding of U.S. GAAP, in particular, to address complex U.S. GAAP technical accounting issues, related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and financial reporting requirements set forth by the SEC.
We have implemented a number of measures to address the material weakness that was identified. We hired additional qualified financial and accounting staff with working experience of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements. We have also established clear roles and responsibilities for accounting and financial reporting staff to address accounting and financial reporting issues. Furthermore, we have formalized the procedures and controls regarding the financial reporting process and have established an ongoing program to provide sufficient and appropriate training for financial reporting and accounting personnel.
Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 as stated in its report, which appears on
page F-2
of this annual report on Form
20-F.
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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than as described above, there were no other changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report on
Form 20-F
that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Our board of directors has determined that Eric He, a member of our audit committee and independent director (under the standards set forth in Rule 5605(c)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and
Rule 10A-3
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), is an audit committee financial expert.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Our board of directors adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees in February 2018. We have posted a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics on our website at
http://ir.bilibili.com/
.
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, our principal external auditors, for the periods indicated.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (RMB in thousands) |
Audit fees (1) |  |  | 7,450 |  |  |  | 9,128 |  |  |  | 9,128 |
Audit-related fees (2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,650 |  |  |  | 1,500 |
Tax fees (3) |  |  | 1,090 |  |  |  | 1,050 |  |  |  | 385 |
Other fees (4) |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 150 |

(1) | “Audit fees” means the aggregate fees incurred for each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit or review of our annual financial statements or quarterly financial information and review of documents filed with the SEC. In 2018, the audit refers to financial statement audit and assurance services rendered in connection with our IPO in 2018. In 2019 and 2020, the audit refers to financial statement audit and audit pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

(2) | “Audit-related fees” means the aggregate fees incurred for the issuance of comfort letters in connection with the offering of the 2026 Notes and concurrent offering of additional ADSs in April 2019, and permissible services to review and comment on the design of internal control over financial reporting rendered by our principal auditors in 2019. In 2020, the audit-related fees refer to the aggregate fees incurred for the issuance of comfort letters in connection with the offering of the 2027 Notes in May 2020.

(3) | “Tax fees” means the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed for the professional tax services rendered by our principal auditors.

(4) | “Other fees” means the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed for services rendered by our principal auditors other than services reported under “Audit fees,” “Audit-related fees” and “Tax fees.”

The policy of our audit committee is to
pre-approve
all audit and
non-audit
services provided by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP as described above.
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
None.
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ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
None.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Not applicable.
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Rule 5635(c) of the Nasdaq Rules requires a Nasdaq-listed company to obtain its shareholders’ approval of all equity compensation plans, including stock plans, and any material amendments to such plans. Rule 5615 of the Nasdaq Rules permits a foreign private issuer like our company to follow home country practice in certain corporate governance matters. We currently follow our home country practice that (i) does not require us to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of its fiscal year and (ii) does not require us to seek shareholder approval for amending share incentive plans. Therefore, our shareholders are afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the Nasdaq Global Market corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs—As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.” In the future, we may rely on other exemptions provided by Nasdaq.
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
PART III.
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The consolidated financial statements of Bilibili Inc. are included at the end of this annual report.
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Document
1.1 |  | Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant of the Registrant, effective April 2, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on March 2, 2018 (File No.333-223405))
2.1 |  | Registrant’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 4.3) (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on March 2, 2018 (File No.333-223405))
2.2 |  | Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Class Z Ordinary Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on March 2, 2018 (File No.333-223405))
2.3 |  | Deposit Agreement, among the Registrant, the depositary and the holders and beneficial owners of the American Depositary Receipts (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Form S-8, as amended, initially filed on July 18, 2018 (File No.333- 226216))

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Exhibit Number |  | Description of Document
2.4 |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Shareholders’ Agreement between the Registrant and other parties thereto dated April 1, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on March 2, 2018 (File No.333-223405))
2.5 |  | Indenture, dated April 5, 2019 constituting US$500 million 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2026 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to the Form 20-F, as amended, initially filed on March 27, 2020 (File No. 001-38429))
2.6* |  | Indenture, dated June 2, 2020 constituting US$800 million 1.25% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2027
2.7* |  | Description of Securities
4.1 |  | Global Share Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on March 2, 2018 (File No.333-223405))
4.2 |  | Amended and Restated 2018 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Form 20-F, as amended, initially filed on March 27, 2020 (File No. 001-38429))
4.3 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on March 2, 2018 (File No.333-223405))
4.4 |  | Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and its executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on March 2, 2018 (File No.333-223405))
4.5* |  | English translation of Power of Attorney granted by Mr. Rui Chen, the sole shareholder of Shanghai Kuanyu, dated December 23, 2020
4.6* |  | English translation of the Equity Pledge Agreement among Hode Shanghai, Shanghai Kuanyu and Mr. Rui Chen, the sole shareholder of Shanghai Kuanyu, dated December 23, 2020
4.7* |  | English translation of the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Hode Shanghai and Shanghai Kuanyu, dated December 23, 2020
4.8* |  | English translation of the Exclusive Option Agreement among Hode Shanghai, Shanghai Kuanyu and Mr. Rui Chen, the sole shareholder of Shanghai Kuanyu, dated December 23, 2020
4.9* |  | English translation of the Letter of Undertakings granted by Qitao Yang, dated December 23, 2020
4.10* |  | English translation of Power of Attorney granted by the shareholders of Hode Information Technology, dated December 23, 2020
4.11* |  | English translation of the Equity Pledge Agreement among Hode Shanghai, Hode Information Technology and the shareholders of Hode Information Technology, dated December 23, 2020
4.12* |  | English translation of the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Hode Shanghai and Hode Information Technology, dated December 23, 2020
4.13* |  | English translation of the Exclusive Option Agreement among Hode Shanghai, Hode Information Technology and the shareholders of Hode Information Technology, dated December 23, 2020
4.14* |  | English translation of the Letters of Undertakings granted by Qitao Yang and Wenyan Hu, dated December 23, 2020
4.15 |  | Share Purchase Agreement between the Registrant and other parties thereto, dated April 1, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on March 2, 2018 (File No.333-223405))

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Exhibit Number |  | Description of Document
4.16 |  | Share Purchase and Investor Rights Agreement entered between Bilibili Inc. and Tencent Mobility Limited dated as of October 3, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to the Form 20-F, as amended, initially filed on March 29, 2019 (File No. 001-38429))
8.1* |  | Major subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities of the Registrant
11.1 |  | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Form F-1, as amended, initially filed on March 2, 2018 (File No.333-223405))
12.1* |  | CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2* |  | CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1** |  | CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2** |  | CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1* |  | Consent of Walkers (Hong Kong)
15.2* |  | Consent of Tian Yuan Law Firm
15.3* |  | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm
101.INS** |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document—this instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are not embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Scheme Document
101.CAL** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* | Filed with this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

** | Furnished with this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

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SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on
Form 20-F
and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

Bilibili Inc.
By: |  | /s/ Rui Chen
Name: |  | Rui Chen
Title: |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 5, 2021
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INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of independent registered public accounting firm |  |  | F-2 |
Consolidated balance sheets as at December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 |  |  | F-4 |
Consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 |  |  | F-6 |
Consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 |  |  | F-7 |
Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 |  |  | F-10 |
Notes to the consolidated financial statements |  |  | F-12 |

F-1

Table of Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Bilibili Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Bilibili Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of changes in shareholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Revenue recognition for in-game virtual items
As described in Note 2(v) to the consolidated financial statements, revenues from mobile game services were RMB4,803 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company recognized revenue from the sale of in-game virtual items in exclusively distributed mobile games over the estimated average playing period of paying players, starting from the point-in-time when related in-game virtual items are delivered to the paying players’ accounts. The Company has estimated the average playing period of paying players for each game, usually between three to eight months. Management estimated the average playing period of paying players for each game, which involved the use of assumptions, including the churn rates and the similarities between newly-launched games and existing games, such as paying player type and purchasing frequency, when a new game is launched and only a limited period of paying player data is available.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition for in-game virtual items is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management in estimating the average playing period of paying players. This in turn led to significant auditor judgment and effort in performing procedures and in evaluating management’s assumptions used in developing these estimates, including the churn rates and the similarities between newly-launched games and existing games.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls over the revenue recognition process, which included estimating the average playing period of paying players for each game. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process to estimate the average playing period of paying players by (i) testing the completeness and accuracy of data used; (ii) testing the mathematic accuracy of the calculation; and (iii) evaluating the reasonableness of the churn rates with reference to historical operating data, and the reasonableness of the underlying assumption of the similarities between newly-launched games and existing games based on the characteristics of mobile games and playing patterns of paying players, including paying player type and purchasing frequency.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP
Beijing, the People’s Republic of China
March 5, 2021
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.
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BILIBILI INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(All amounts in thousands, except for share data)

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Note 2(e) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 3,540,031 |  |  |  | 4,962,660 |  |  |  | 4,678,109 |  |  |  | 716,952 |
Time deposits |  |  | 749,385 |  |  |  | 1,844,558 |  |  |  | 4,720,089 |  |  |  | 723,385 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 324,392 |  |  |  | 744,845 |  |  |  | 1,053,641 |  |  |  | 161,478 |
Amount due from related parties |  |  | — |  |  |  | 195,290 |  |  |  | 164,732 |  |  |  | 25,246 |
Prepayments and other current assets |  |  | 990,851 |  |  |  | 1,315,901 |  |  |  | 1,765,787 |  |  |  | 270,619 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 945,338 |  |  |  | 1,260,810 |  |  |  | 3,357,189 |  |  |  | 514,511 |
Total current assets |  |  | 6,549,997 |  |  |  | 10,324,064 |  |  |  | 15,739,547 |  |  |  | 2,412,191 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 394,898 |  |  |  | 516,087 |  |  |  | 761,941 |  |  |  | 116,773 |
Production cost, net |  |  | 204,231 |  |  |  | 443,533 |  |  |  | 667,876 |  |  |  | 102,356 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 1,419,435 |  |  |  | 1,657,333 |  |  |  | 2,356,959 |  |  |  | 361,220 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,479 |  |  |  | 20,918 |  |  |  | 3,206 |
Goodwill |  |  | 941,488 |  |  |  | 1,012,026 |  |  |  | 1,295,786 |  |  |  | 198,588 |
Long-term investments, net |  |  | 979,987 |  |  |  | 1,251,129 |  |  |  | 2,232,938 |  |  |  | 342,213 |
Other long-term assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 301,916 |  |  |  | 789,643 |  |  |  | 121,019 |
Total non-current assets |  |  | 3,940,039 |  |  |  | 5,192,503 |  |  |  | 8,126,061 |  |  |  | 1,245,375 |
Total assets |  |  | 10,490,036 |  |  |  | 15,516,567 |  |  |  | 23,865,608 |  |  |  | 3,657,566 |
Liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to the primary beneficiary of RMB4,073.2 million, RMB5,747.1 million and RMB8,819.5 million as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  | 1,307,598 |  |  |  | 1,904,042 |  |  |  | 3,074,298 |  |  |  | 471,157 |
Salary and welfare payable |  |  | 246,815 |  |  |  | 355,936 |  |  |  | 734,376 |  |  |  | 112,548 |
Taxes payable |  |  | 38,505 |  |  |  | 67,856 |  |  |  | 127,192 |  |  |  | 19,493 |
Short-term loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 15,326 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 985,143 |  |  |  | 1,369,000 |  |  |  | 2,118,006 |  |  |  | 324,599 |
Accrued liabilities and other payables |  |  | 670,442 |  |  |  | 575,763 |  |  |  | 1,237,676 |  |  |  | 189,682 |
Amount due to related parties |  |  | 50,331 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 3,298,834 |  |  |  | 4,272,597 |  |  |  | 7,391,548 |  |  |  | 1,132,805 |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,414,628 |  |  |  | 8,340,922 |  |  |  | 1,278,302 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 192,882 |  |  |  | 350,934 |  |  |  | 53,784 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,607,510 |  |  |  | 8,691,856 |  |  |  | 1,332,086 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 3,298,834 |  |  |  | 7,880,107 |  |  |  | 16,083,404 |  |  |  | 2,464,891 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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BILIBILI INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)
(All amounts in thousands, except for share data)

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Note 2(e) |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class Y Ordinary Shares (US$0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, 85,364,814 shares issued and outstanding, as of December 31, 2018 and 2019; US$0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, 83,715,114 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020) |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 8 |
Class Z Ordinary Shares (US$0.0001 par value; 9,800,000,000 shares authorized, 229,056,421 shares issued and 226,323,075 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2018; 9,800,000,000 shares authorized, 247,230,234 shares issued, 242,751,341 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2019; 9,800,000,000 shares authorized, 271,507,165 shares issued, 268,204,838 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2020) |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 26 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 9,459,546 |  |  |  | 10,718,190 |  |  |  | 14,616,302 |  |  |  | 2,240,046 |
Statutory reserves |  |  | 7,666 |  |  |  | 13,463 |  |  |  | 17,884 |  |  |  | 2,741 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 326,077 |  |  |  | 466,229 |  |  |  | 141,129 |  |  |  | 21,629 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (2,842,690 | ) |  |  | (4,145,606 | ) |  |  | (7,175,339 | ) |  |  | (1,099,668 | )
Total Bilibili Inc.’s shareholders’ equity |  |  | 6,950,796 |  |  |  | 7,052,484 |  |  |  | 7,600,200 |  |  |  | 1,164,782 |
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | 240,406 |  |  |  | 583,976 |  |  |  | 182,004 |  |  |  | 27,893 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 7,191,202 |  |  |  | 7,636,460 |  |  |  | 7,782,204 |  |  |  | 1,192,675 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  | 10,490,036 |  |  |  | 15,516,567 |  |  |  | 23,865,608 |  |  |  | 3,657,566 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BILIBILI INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2020 |
| RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ Note 2(e) |
Net revenues |  |  | 4,128,931 |  |  |  | 6,777,922 |  |  |  | 11,998,976 |  |  |  | 1,838,924 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | (3,273,493 | ) |  |  | (5,587,673 | ) |  |  | (9,158,800 | ) |  |  | (1,403,648 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 855,438 |  |  |  | 1,190,249 |  |  |  | 2,840,176 |  |  |  | 435,276 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing expenses |  |  | (585,758 | ) |  |  | (1,198,516 | ) |  |  | (3,492,091 | ) |  |  | (535,186 | )
General and administrative expenses |  |  | (461,165 | ) |  |  | (592,497 | ) |  |  | (976,082 | ) |  |  | (149,592 | )
Research and development expenses |  |  | (537,488 | ) |  |  | (894,411 | ) |  |  | (1,512,966 | ) |  |  | (231,872 | )
Total operating expenses |  |  | (1,584,411 | ) |  |  | (2,685,424 | ) |  |  | (5,981,139 | ) |  |  | (916,650 | )
Loss from operations |  |  | (728,973 | ) |  |  | (1,495,175 | ) |  |  | (3,140,963 | ) |  |  | (481,374 | )
Other income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income, net (including impairments) |  |  | 96,440 |  |  |  | 96,610 |  |  |  | 28,203 |  |  |  | 4,322 |
Interest income |  |  | 68,706 |  |  |  | 162,782 |  |  |  | 83,301 |  |  |  | 12,766 |
Interest expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | (46,543 | ) |  |  | (108,547 | ) |  |  | (16,636 | )
Exchange (losses)/gains |  |  | (1,661 | ) |  |  | (11,789 | ) |  |  | 41,717 |  |  |  | 6,393 |
Others, net |  |  | 26,455 |  |  |  | 26,412 |  |  |  | 95,641 |  |  |  | 14,660 |
Total other income, net |  |  | 189,940 |  |  |  | 227,472 |  |  |  | 140,315 |  |  |  | 21,505 |
Loss before tax |  |  | (539,033 | ) |  |  | (1,267,703 | ) |  |  | (3,000,648 | ) |  |  | (459,869 | )
Income tax |  |  | (25,988 | ) |  |  | (35,867 | ) |  |  | (53,369 | ) |  |  | (8,180 | )
Net loss |  |  | (565,021 | ) |  |  | (1,303,570 | ) |  |  | (3,054,017 | ) |  |  | (468,049 | )
Accretion to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,292 | ) |  |  | (658 | )
Accretion to Pre-IPO Preferred Shares redemption value |  |  | (64,605 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 13,301 |  |  |  | 14,597 |  |  |  | 46,605 |  |  |  | 7,143 |
Net loss attributable to the Bilibili Inc.’s shareholders |  |  | (616,325 | ) |  |  | (1,288,973 | ) |  |  | (3,011,704 | ) |  |  | (461,564 | )
Net loss |  |  | (565,021 | ) |  |  | (1,303,570 | ) |  |  | (3,054,017 | ) |  |  | (468,049 | )
Other comprehensive income/(loss): Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 296,030 |  |  |  | 140,152 |  |  |  | (325,100 | ) |  |  | (49,823 | )
Total other comprehensive income/(loss) |  |  | 296,030 |  |  |  | 140,152 |  |  |  | (325,100 | ) |  |  | (49,823 | )
Total comprehensive loss |  |  | (268,991 | ) |  |  | (1,163,418 | ) |  |  | (3,379,117 | ) |  |  | (517,872 | )
Accretion to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,292 | ) |  |  | (658 | )
Accretion to Pre-IPO Preferred Shares redemption value |  |  | (64,605 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 13,301 |  |  |  | 14,597 |  |  |  | 46,605 |  |  |  | 7,143 |
Comprehensive loss attributable to the Bilibili Inc.’s shareholders |  |  | (320,295 | ) |  |  | (1,148,821 | ) |  |  | (3,336,804 | ) |  |  | (511,387 | )
Net loss per share, basic |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | ) |  |  | (1.33 | )
Net loss per share, diluted |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | ) |  |  | (1.33 | )
Net loss per ADS, basic |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | ) |  |  | (1.33 | )
Net loss per ADS, diluted |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | ) |  |  | (1.33 | )
Weighted average number of ordinary shares, basic |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares, diluted |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |
Weighted average number of ADS, basic |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |
Weighted average number of ADS, diluted |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |
Share-based compensation expenses included in : Cost of revenues |  |  | 28,173 |  |  |  | 23,281 |  |  |  | 37,087 |  |  |  | 5,684 |
Sales and marketing expenses |  |  | 11,499 |  |  |  | 14,269 |  |  |  | 40,808 |  |  |  | 6,254 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 102,544 |  |  |  | 68,497 |  |  |  | 181,753 |  |  |  | 27,855 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 38,977 |  |  |  | 66,503 |  |  |  | 126,250 |  |  |  | 19,349 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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BILIBILI INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(All amounts in thousands, except for share data)

|  | Ordinary shares |  |  | Other permanent equities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Class Y Ordinary Shares |  |  | Class Z Ordinary Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Class A Ordinary Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Class B Ordinary Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Class C Ordinary Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Class D Ordinary Shares |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Statutory reserves |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | Accumulated deficit |  |  | Noncontrolling interests |  |  | Total shareholders’ (deficit)/equity |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |
|  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 69,336,926 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 13,600,000 |  |  |  | 16,356 |  |  |  | 8,500,000 |  |  |  | 16,944 |  |  |  | 2,132,353 |  |  |  | 6,911 |  |  |  | 208,884 |  |  |  | 4,075 |  |  |  | 30,047 |  |  |  | (2,222,774 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,939,512 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (551,720 | ) |  |  | (13,301 | ) |  |  | (565,021 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 178,343 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,850 |  |  |  | 181,193 |
Share issuance upon initial public offering and follow-on offering, net of issuance costs of US$6,333 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 67,063,451 |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,952,563 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,952,606 |
Redesignation of Pre-IPO Ordinary Shares into Class Y and Class Z Ordinary Shares upon initial public offering |  |  | 84,260,279 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 9,309,000 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (69,336,926 | ) |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | (13,600,000 | ) |  |  | (16,356 | ) |  |  | (8,500,000 | ) |  |  | (16,944 | ) |  |  | (2,132,353 | ) |  |  | (6,911 | ) |  |  | 40,198 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Redesignation of Pre-IPO Preferred Shares into Class Y and Class Z Ordinary Shares upon initial public offering |  |  | 1,104,535 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 141,808,970 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,079,558 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,079,648 |
Pre-IPO Preferred Shares redemption value accretion |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (64,605 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (64,605 | )
Capital injection in subsidiaries by noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,198 |  |  |  | 22,198 |
Acquisitions of subsidiaries |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 228,659 |  |  |  | 228,659 |
Share issuance from exercise of share options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,141,654 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |
Appropriation to statutory reserves |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,591 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,591 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 296,030 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 296,030 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 85,364,814 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 226,323,075 |  |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,459,546 |  |  |  | 7,666 |  |  |  | 326,077 |  |  |  | (2,842,690 | ) |  |  | 240,406 |  |  |  | 7,191,202 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-
7

Table of Contents
BILIBILI INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)
(All amounts in thousands, except for share data)

|  | Ordinary shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Class Y Ordinary Shares |  |  | Class Z Ordinary Shares |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Statutory reserves |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | Accumulated deficit |  |  | Noncontrolling interests |  |  | Total shareholders’ equity |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 85,364,814 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 226,323,075 |  |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 9,459,546 |  |  |  | 7,666 |  |  |  | 326,077 |  |  |  | (2,842,690 | ) |  |  | 240,406 |  |  |  | 7,191,202 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,288,973 | ) |  |  | (14,597 | ) |  |  | (1,303,570 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 172,550 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 172,550 |
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs of US$9,376 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,173,813 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 1,647,701 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,647,711 |
Acquisition of a subsidiary |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Consolidation of an entity under common control (Note 24) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (488,463 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,146 | ) |  |  | 426,448 |  |  |  | (70,161 | )
Purchase of noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (73,144 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (102,480 | ) |  |  | (175,624 | )
Share issuance from exercise of share options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,254,453 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Deconsolidation of a subsidiary |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,199 |  |  |  | 4,199 |
Appropriation to statutory reserves |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,797 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,797 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 140,152 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 140,152 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 85,364,814 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 242,751,341 |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 10,718,190 |  |  |  | 13,463 |  |  |  | 466,229 |  |  |  | (4,145,606 | ) |  |  | 583,976 |  |  |  | 7,636,460 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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8

Table of Contents
BILIBILI INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)
(All amounts in thousands, except for share data)

|  | Ordinary shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Class Y Ordinary Shares |  |  | Class Z Ordinary Shares |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Statutory reserves |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | Accumulated deficit |  |  | Noncontrolling interests |  |  | Total shareholders’ equity |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 85,364,814 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 242,751,341 |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 10,718,190 |  |  |  | 13,463 |  |  |  | 466,229 |  |  |  | (4,145,606 | ) |  |  | 583,976 |  |  |  | 7,636,460 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,007,412 | ) |  |  | (46,605 | ) |  |  | (3,054,017 | )
Impact of adoption of credit loss guidance |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,900 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,900 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 385,898 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 385,898 |
Share issuance from exercise of share options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,491,566 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |
Issuance ordinary shares related to long-term investment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 277,467 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 277,467 |
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs of US$563 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,310,696 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 2,817,446 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,817,458 |
Shares redesignation |  |  | (1,649,700 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1,649,700 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Accretion to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,292 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,672 | ) |  |  | (5,964 | )
Capital injection in subsidiaries by noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,463 |  |  |  | 21,463 |
Acquisition of subsidiaries |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 270,435 |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | 120,865 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41,627 |  |  |  | 162,492 |
Purchase of noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,731,100 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 300,728 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (416,785 | ) |  |  | (116,056 | )
Appropriation to statutory reserves |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,421 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,421 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (325,100 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (325,100 | )
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 83,715,114 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 268,204,838 |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 14,616,302 |  |  |  | 17,884 |  |  |  | 141,129 |  |  |  | (7,175,339 | ) |  |  | 182,004 |  |  |  | 7,782,204 |

* | Less than 1.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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9

Table of Contents
BILIBILI INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(All amounts in thousands)

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ Note 2(e) |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  |  | (565,021 | ) |  |  | (1,303,570 | ) |  |  | (3,054,017 | ) |  |  | (468,049 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation of property and equipment |  |  | 99,714 |  |  |  | 191,784 |  |  |  | 326,512 |  |  |  | 50,040 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 542,731 |  |  |  | 905,613 |  |  |  | 1,395,129 |  |  |  | 213,813 |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 70,712 |  |  |  | 96,235 |  |  |  | 14,749 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,117 |  |  |  | 19,291 |  |  |  | 2,956 |
Share-based compensation expenses |  |  | 181,193 |  |  |  | 172,550 |  |  |  | 385,898 |  |  |  | 59,142 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | 10,904 |  |  |  | 9,396 |  |  |  | 99,165 |  |  |  | 15,198 |
Inventory provision |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,987 |  |  |  | 6,218 |  |  |  | 953 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,479 | ) |  |  | (13,466 | ) |  |  | (2,064 | )
Unrealized exchange losses /(gains) |  |  | 497 |  |  |  | 2,636 |  |  |  | (3,018 | ) |  |  | (463 | )
Unrealized fair value changes of short-term investments |  |  | (1,799 | ) |  |  | 17,939 |  |  |  | (39,470 | ) |  |  | (6,049 | )
Fair value changes of long-term investments |  |  | 2,072 |  |  |  | 18,444 |  |  |  | (11,171 | ) |  |  | (1,712 | )
Gain on disposal of long-term investments and subsidiaries |  |  | — |  |  |  | (148,776 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Loss from equity method investments |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,173 |  |  |  | 50,531 |  |  |  | 7,744 |
Revaluation of previously held equity interests |  |  | (144,434 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Impairments of long-term investments |  |  | 46,375 |  |  |  | 5,900 |  |  |  | 8,000 |  |  |  | 1,226 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 65,612 |  |  |  | (398,968 | ) |  |  | (417,237 | ) |  |  | (63,944 | )
Amount due from related parties |  |  | 35,118 |  |  |  | 7,382 |  |  |  | 17,015 |  |  |  | 2,608 |
Prepayments and other assets |  |  | (540,647 | ) |  |  | (508,515 | ) |  |  | (610,592 | ) |  |  | (93,577 | )
Other long-term assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | (360,497 | ) |  |  | (245,224 | ) |  |  | (37,582 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | 345,917 |  |  |  | 586,864 |  |  |  | 816,103 |  |  |  | 125,073 |
Salary and welfare payable |  |  | 95,452 |  |  |  | 101,788 |  |  |  | 374,442 |  |  |  | 57,386 |
Taxes payable |  |  | 13,708 |  |  |  | 23,114 |  |  |  | 54,381 |  |  |  | 8,334 |
Amount due to related parties |  |  | 44,607 |  |  |  | (50,331 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 398,623 |  |  |  | 353,997 |  |  |  | 734,786 |  |  |  | 112,611 |
Accrued liabilities and other payables |  |  | 106,664 |  |  |  | 277,875 |  |  |  | 651,651 |  |  |  | 99,869 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 190,416 |  |  |  | 111,941 |  |  |  | 17,156 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 737,286 |  |  |  | 194,551 |  |  |  | 753,103 |  |  |  | 115,418 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property and equipment |  |  | (293,566 | ) |  |  | (296,044 | ) |  |  | (602,122 | ) |  |  | (92,279 | )
Purchase of intangible assets |  |  | (1,040,125 | ) |  |  | (1,268,830 | ) |  |  | (1,636,877 | ) |  |  | (250,862 | )
Purchase of short-term investments |  |  | (6,666,731 | ) |  |  | (9,973,879 | ) |  |  | (26,731,176 | ) |  |  | (4,096,732 | )
Maturities of short-term investments |  |  | 6,252,151 |  |  |  | 9,993,525 |  |  |  | 24,921,538 |  |  |  | 3,819,393 |
Cash consideration paid for purchase of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired |  |  | (135,822 | ) |  |  | (719,909 | ) |  |  | (498,854 | ) |  |  | (76,453 | )
Cash paid for long-term investments including loans |  |  | (565,137 | ) |  |  | (1,226,794 | ) |  |  | (1,261,161 | ) |  |  | (193,281 | )
Repayment of loans from investees |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,000 |  |  |  | 3,500 |  |  |  | 536 |
Cash received from disposal of long-term investments |  |  | 1,250 |  |  |  | 566,554 |  |  |  | 135,254 |  |  |  | 20,729 |
Impact to cash resulting from deconsolidation of a subsidiary |  |  | — |  |  |  | (959 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Placements of time deposits |  |  | (750,473 | ) |  |  | (4,920,099 | ) |  |  | (10,907,296 | ) |  |  | (1,671,616 | )
Maturities of time deposits |  |  | 2,059 |  |  |  | 3,877,158 |  |  |  | 7,670,373 |  |  |  | 1,175,536 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (3,196,394 | ) |  |  | (3,958,277 | ) |  |  | (8,906,821 | ) |  |  | (1,365,029 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds of short-term loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | 141,857 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 30,651 |
Repayment of short-term loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,000 | ) |  |  | (100,000 | ) |  |  | (15,326 | )
P urchase of noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | (121,325 | ) |  |  | (280,271 | ) |  |  | (42,952 | )
Capital injections from noncontrolling interests |  |  | 22,198 |  |  |  | 154,492 |  |  |  | 103,450 |  |  |  | 15,854 |
Proceeds from exercise of employees’ share options |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | * |
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs of US$6,333, US$9,376 and US$563, respectively |  |  | 4,952,606 |  |  |  | 1,647,711 |  |  |  | 2,817,458 |  |  |  | 431,794 |
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs of US$11,805 and US$13,857, respectively |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,356,106 |  |  |  | 5,594,779 |  |  |  | 857,437 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 4,974,810 |  |  |  | 5,078,842 |  |  |  | 8,335,419 |  |  |  | 1,277,458 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents held in foreign currencies |  |  | 261,447 |  |  |  | 107,513 |  |  |  | (466,252 | ) |  |  | (71,456 | )
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 2,777,149 |  |  |  | 1,422,629 |  |  |  | (284,551 | ) |  |  | (43,609 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year |  |  | 762,882 |  |  |  | 3,540,031 |  |  |  | 4,962,660 |  |  |  | 760,561 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year |  |  | 3,540,031 |  |  |  | 4,962,660 |  |  |  | 4,678,109 |  |  |  | 716,952 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flows information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of tax refund |  |  | 15,765 |  |  |  | 33,734 |  |  |  | 54,022 |  |  |  | 8,279 |
Cash paid for interest expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,203 |  |  |  | 86,167 |  |  |  | 13,206 |
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Accretion to Pre-IPO Preferred Shares redemption value |  |  | 64,605 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Accretion to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,964 |  |  |  | 914 |
Fixed assets purchases financed by accounts payable |  |  | 40,277 |  |  |  | 55,759 |  |  |  | 25,797 |  |  |  | 3,954 |
Acquisitions and investments financed by accrued liabilities and other payables |  |  | 502,279 |  |  |  | 79,059 |  |  |  | 125,363 |  |  |  | 19,213 |
Intangible assets purchases financed by accounts payable |  |  | 415,780 |  |  |  | 365,187 |  |  |  | 746,404 |  |  |  | 114,391 |
Issuance of ordinary shares in the business combination, purchase of noncontrolling interests and investment addition |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 889,957 |  |  |  | 136,392 |

* Less than 1.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. | Operations and Reorganization

Bilibili Inc. (the “Company” or “Bilibili”) is an online entertainment platform for young generations. The Company, through its consolidated subsidiaries, variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and subsidiaries of the VIEs (collectively referred to as the “Group”), is primarily engaged in the operation of providing online entertainment services to users in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC” or “China”).
As of December 31, 2020, the Company’s major subsidiaries, VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs are as follows:

Major Subsidiaries |  | Place and Year of Incorporation |  | Percentage of Direct or Indirect Economic Ownership |  | Principal Activities
Bilibili HK Limited |  | Hong Kong Y2014 |  | 100 |  | Investment holding
Hode HK Limited |  | Hong Kong Y2014 |  | 100 |  | Investment holding
Bilibili Co., Ltd. |  | Japan Y2014 |  | 100 |  | Business development
Hode Shanghai Limited (“Hode Shanghai”) |  | PRC Y2014 |  | 100 |  | Technology development
Shanghai Bilibili Technology Co., Ltd. |  | PRC Y2016 |  | 100 |  | Technology development

Major VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries |  | Place and Year of Incorporation Acquisition |  | Percentage of Direct or Indirect Economic Ownership |  | Principal Activities
Shanghai Hode Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Hode Information Technology”) |  | PRC Y2013 |  | 100 |  | Mobile game operation
Shanghai Kuanyu Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Kuanyu”) |  | PRC Y2014 |  | 100 |  | Video distribution and game distribution
Sharejoy Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Sharejoy Network”) |  | PRC Y2014 |  | 100 |  | Game distribution
Shanghai Hehehe Culture Communication Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Hehehe”) |  | PRC Y2014 |  | 100 |  | Comics distribution
Shanghai Anime Tamashi Cultural Media Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Anime Tamashi”) |  | PRC Y2015 |  | 100 |  | E-commerce

History of the Group

| • |  | Reorganization

The Group commenced operations in 2011 and established Hode Information Technology to expand the principal businesses in 2013. Hode Information Technology was founded by several PRC citizens. The Company was incorporated as a limited liability company in the Cayman Islands in December 2013. Through a series of contemplated transactions in October and December 2014, Hode Shanghai was established to control Hode Information Technology through contractual arrangements (the “Reorganization”). Through these Reorganization transactions, the Group’s business continued to be carried out by Hode Information Technology without changes in control. There was no change in financial statements preparation basis resulted from these Reorganization transactions. Further, the Group obtained control over Shanghai Kuanyu in November 2014 through contractual agreements. Hode Information Technology and Shanghai Kuanyu became the VIEs of the Group. Sharejoy Network, Shanghai Hehehe and Shanghai Anime Tamashi are the wholly-owned subsidiaries of Hode Information Technology.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. | Operations and Reorganization (Continued)

| • |  | Initial public offering (“IPO”) and follow-on offerings

In April 2018, the Company completed its IPO on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. In the offering, 42,000,000 American depositary shares (“ADSs”), representing 42,000,000 Class Z Ordinary Shares, were issued and sold to the public at a price of US$11.50 per ADS. The net proceeds to the Company from the IPO, after deducting commissions and offering expenses, were US$443.3 million (RMB2,781.8 million).
In October 2018, 25,063,451 ADSs, representing 25,063,451 Class Z Ordinary Shares, were issued and sold to Tencent Holdings Limited (“Tencent”). The net proceeds to the Company from the offering, after deducting offering expenses, were US$317.2 million (RMB2,170.8 million).
In April 2019, the Company completed an offering of convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) in an aggregate principal amount of US$500.0 million, and a public offering of 14,173,813 ADSs, or the Primary Offering, each ADS representing one Class Z Ordinary Share of the Company at a price of US$18.00 per ADS. The total net proceeds to the Company from the 2026 Notes and the Primary Offering, after deducting commissions and offering expenses, were US$733.9 million (RMB5,003.8 million).
In April 2020, 17,310,696 ADSs, representing 17,310,696 Class Z Ordinary Shares, were issued and sold to Sony Corporation of America (“SCA”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation (“Sony”). The net proceeds to the Company from the offering, after deducting offering expenses, were US$399.4 million (RMB2,817.5 million).
In June 2020, the Company completed an offering of convertible senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”) in an aggregate principal amount of US$800.0 million. The total net proceeds to the Company from the 2027 Notes after deducting commissions and offering expenses, were US$786.1 million (RMB5,594.8 million).
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. | Operations and Reorganization (Continued)

Contractual agreements with major VIEs
In order to comply with the PRC laws and regulations which prohibit or restrict foreign control of companies involved in provision of internet content services, the Group operates its restricted businesses in the PRC through its VIEs, whose equity interests are held by certain founders of the Group. The Company obtained control over these VIEs by entering into a series of contractual arrangements with the legal shareholders who are also referred to as nominee shareholders. These nominee shareholders are the legal owners of the VIEs. However, the rights of those nominee shareholders have been transferred to the Company through the contractual arrangements.
The contractual arrangements that are used to control the VIEs include powers of attorney, exclusive technology consulting and services agreements or exclusive business cooperation agreements, equity pledge agreements and exclusive option agreements. Management concluded that the Company, through the contractual arrangements, has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs’ economic performance, bears the risks of and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the VIEs, and therefore the Company is the ultimate primary beneficiary of these VIEs. As such, the Company consolidates the financial statements of these VIEs. Consequently, the financial results of the VIEs were included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with the presentation as stated in Note 2(a).
The following is a summary of the contractual agreements entered into by and among the Company’s relevant subsidiaries, the VIEs, and respective nominee shareholders of the VIEs.
Exclusive Technology Consulting and Services Agreements.
Under the exclusive technology consulting and services agreements between the Company’s relevant subsidiaries and the VIEs, the Company’s relevant subsidiaries have the exclusive right to provide the VIEs consulting and services related to, among other things, research and development, system operation, advertising, internal training and technical support. The Company’s relevant subsidiaries have the exclusive ownership of intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of these agreements. These VIEs shall pay the Company’s relevant subsidiaries an annual service fee, which are subject to the adjustment by the Company’s relevant subsidiaries at its sole discretion. These agreements will remain effective for a 10
year’s
term and then be automatically renewed, unless the Company’s relevant subsidiaries give the VIEs a termination notice 90 days before the term ends. On December 23, 2020, the above agreements were replaced by the exclusive business cooperation agreements, which contain terms substantially similar to the exclusive business cooperation agreements described above, the exclusive business cooperation agreements have an infinite period commencing from December 23, 2020, unless the Company’s relevant subsidiaries give the VIEs a termination notice 30 days before the term ends.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. | Operations and Reorganization (Continued)

Contractual agreements with major VIEs (Continued)
Exclusive Option Agreements.
Pursuant to the exclusive purchase option agreement, among the Company’s relevant subsidiaries, the VIEs and its nominee shareholders, each of the nominee shareholders of the VIEs irrevocably granted the Company’s relevant subsidiaries an exclusive option to purchase, or have its designated person to purchase, at its discretion, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of their equity interests in the VIEs, and the purchase price shall be the lowest price permitted by applicable PRC law. In addition, the VIEs irrevocably granted the Company’s relevant subsidiaries an exclusive option to purchase, or have its designated person to purchase, at its discretion, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of the VIEs’ assets at the book value of such assets, or at the lowest price permitted by applicable PRC law, whichever is higher. The nominee shareholders of the VIEs undertake that, without the prior written consent of the Company’s relevant subsidiaries, they shall not increase or decrease the registered capital, dispose of its assets, incur any debts or guarantee liabilities, enter into any material purchase agreements, conduct any merger, acquisition or investments, amend its articles of association or provide any loans to third parties. The exclusive option agreements will remain effective until all equity interests in the VIEs held by their nominee shareholders and all assets of the VIEs are transferred or assigned to the Company’s relevant subsidiaries or its designated representatives
.
Powers of Attorney
. Pursuant to the powers of attorney, each of the nominee shareholders of the VIEs, executed a power of attorney to irrevocably appoint the Company’s relevant subsidiaries or its designated person as nominee shareholder’s
attorney-in-fact
to exercise all of the rights as a shareholder of the VIEs, including, but not limited to, the right to convene and attend shareholders’ meeting, vote on any resolution that requires a shareholder vote, such as the appointment or removal of directors and executive officers, other voting rights pursuant to the then-effective articles of association of the VIEs and transfer of VIE’s assets. The powers of attorney will remain in force for so long as the nominee shareholders remain shareholders of the VIEs. The powers of attorney were amended on December 23, 2020, which were extended the life to an indefinite terms commencing from December 23, 2020 and will be terminated in the event that (i) the power of attorney is unilaterally terminated by the Company’s relevant subsidiaries; or (ii)it is legally permissible for the Company or any of the subsidiaries to hold equity interests directly or indirectly in VIEs or their designated person is registered to be the sole shareholder of VIEs.
Equity Pledge Agreements.
Pursuant to the equity pledge agreements, among the Company’s relevant subsidiaries, the VIEs and its nominee shareholders, the nominee shareholders of the VIEs pledged all of their equity interests in the VIEs to guarantee their and the VIEs’ performance of their obligations under the contractual arrangements. In the event of a breach by the VIEs or the VIEs’ shareholders of contractual obligations under these agreements, the Company’s relevant subsidiaries, as pledgee, will be entitled the right to dispose of the pledged equity interests in the VIEs. The nominee shareholders of the VIEs also undertake that, during the term of the equity pledge agreements, they shall not dispose of the pledged equity interests or create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests. During the term of the equity pledge agreements, the Company’s relevant subsidiaries has the right to receive all of the dividends and profits distributed on the pledged equity interests. The pledge will remain binding until the VIEs and their nominee shareholders discharge all their obligations under the contractual arrangements.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. | Operations and Reorganization (Continued)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure
A significant part of the Group’s business is conducted through the VIEs of the Group, of which the Company is the ultimate primary beneficiary. In the opinion of management, the contractual arrangements with the VIEs and the nominee shareholders are in compliance with PRC laws and regulations and are legally binding and enforceable. The nominee shareholders are also shareholders of the Group and have indicated they will not act contrary to the contractual arrangements. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations including those that govern the contractual arrangements, which could limit the Group’s ability to enforce these contractual arrangements and if the nominee shareholders of the VIE were to reduce their interests in the Group, their interest may diverge from that of the Group and that may potentially increase the risk that they would seek to act contrary to the contractual arrangements.
On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, effective on January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law has a catch-all provision under the definition of “foreign investment” which includes investments made by foreign investors in China through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. In the event that the State Council in the future promulgates laws and regulations that deem investments made by foreign investors through contractual arrangements as “foreign investment,” the Group’s ability to use the contractual arrangements with its VIEs and the Group’s ability to conduct business through the VIEs could be severely limited.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. | Operations and Reorganization (Continued)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure (Continued)
The Company’s ability to control the VIEs also depends on the powers of attorney the founders have to vote on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the VIEs. As noted above, the Company believes these powers of attorney are legally enforceable but may not be as effective as direct equity ownership.
In addition, if the Group’s corporate structure or the contractual arrangements with the VIEs were found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws and regulations, the PRC regulatory authorities could, within their respective jurisdictions:

| • |  | revoke the Group’s business and/or operating licenses;

| • |  | impose fines on the Group;

| • |  | confiscate any of the Group’s income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations;

| • |  | discontinue or place restrictions or onerous conditions on the Group’s operations

| • |  | restrict the Group’s right to collect revenues;

| • |  | shut down the Group’s servers or block the Group’s app/websites;

| • |  | require the Group to restructure the operations, re-apply for the necessary licenses or relocate the Group’s businesses, staff and assets;

| • |  | impose additional conditions or requirements with which the Group may not be able to comply; or

| • |  | take other regulatory or enforcement actions against the Group that could be harmful to the Group’s business.

The imposition of any of these restrictions or actions could result in a material adverse effect on the Group’s ability to conduct its business. In such case, the Group may not be able to operate or control the VIEs, which may result in deconsolidation of the VIEs in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the likelihood for the Group to lose such ability is remote based on current facts and circumstances. The Group believes that the contractual arrangements among each of the VIEs, their respective shareholders and relevant wholly foreign-owned enterprises are in compliance with PRC law and are legally enforceable. The Group’s operations depend on the VIEs to honor their contractual arrangements with the Group. These contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and disputes arising out of these agreements are expected to be decided by arbitration in the PRC. Management believes that each of the contractual arrangements constitutes valid and legally binding obligations of each party to such contractual arrangements under PRC laws. However, the interpretation and implementation of the laws and regulations in the PRC and their application on the legality, binding effect and enforceability of contracts are subject to the discretion of competent PRC authorities, and therefore there is no assurance that relevant PRC authorities will take the same position as the Group herein in respect of the legality, binding effect and enforceability of each of the contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, since the PRC legal system continues to evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to the Group to enforce the contractual arrangements should the VIEs or the nominee shareholders of the VIEs fail to perform their obligations under those arrangements.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. | Operations and Reorganization (Continued)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure (Continued)
The following combined financial information of the Group’s VIEs as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Group was as follows:

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 152,295 |  |  |  | 201,310 |  |  |  | 349,190 |
Time deposits |  |  | 10,265 |  |  |  | 7,674 |  |  |  | 22,161 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 130,823 |  |  |  | 223,438 |  |  |  | 343,099 |
Amount due from the Company and its subsidiaries |  |  | 165,559 |  |  |  | 127,944 |  |  |  | 173,596 |
Amount due from related parties |  |  | — |  |  |  | 170,535 |  |  |  | 59,117 |
Prepayments and other current assets |  |  | 841,018 |  |  |  | 999,780 |  |  |  | 1,383,648 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 252,943 |  |  |  | 672,787 |  |  |  | 1,175,309 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term investments, net |  |  | 843,149 |  |  |  | 794,549 |  |  |  | 1,223,943 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 943,373 |  |  |  | 1,483,983 |  |  |  | 2,183,411 |
Total assets |  |  | 3,339,425 |  |  |  | 4,682,000 |  |  |  | 6,913,474 |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  | 1,078,070 |  |  |  | 1,454,924 |  |  |  | 2,332,372 |
Salary and welfare payable |  |  | 94,699 |  |  |  | 128,343 |  |  |  | 288,686 |
Taxes payable |  |  | 27,152 |  |  |  | 33,611 |  |  |  | 106,492 |
Short-term loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 100,000 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 937,086 |  |  |  | 1,234,508 |  |  |  | 1,769,992 |
Amount due to the Company and its subsidiaries |  |  | 1,594,527 |  |  |  | 2,650,499 |  |  |  | 3,752,973 |
Accrued liabilities and other payables |  |  | 318,568 |  |  |  | 222,078 |  |  |  | 449,370 |
Amount due to related parties |  |  | 23,054 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,108 |  |  |  | 19,640 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 4,073,156 |  |  |  | 5,747,071 |  |  |  | 8,819,525 |

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Net revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from third parties |  |  | 3,691,219 |  |  |  | 6,056,332 |  |  |  | 9,651,207 |
Revenue from the Company and its subsidiaries |  |  | 443,405 |  |  |  | 531,830 |  |  |  | 667,765 |
Net revenues |  |  | 4,134,624 |  |  |  | 6,588,162 |  |  |  | 10,318,972 |
Net loss |  |  | (587,932 | ) |  |  | (448,114 | ) |  |  | (853,970 | )

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 636,972 |  |  |  | 271,299 |  |  |  | 1,476,494 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (674,483 | ) |  |  | (1,518,931 | ) |  |  | (2,421,163 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 130,592 |  |  |  | 1,300,740 |  |  |  | 1,090,287 |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

1. | Operations and Reorganization (Continued)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure (Continued)
In accordance with various contractual agreements, the Company has the power to direct the activities of the VIEs and can have assets transferred out of the VIEs. Therefore, the Company considers that there are no assets in the respective VIEs that can be used only to settle obligations of the respective VIEs, except for the registered capital of the VIEs amounting to RMB12.2 million, RMB94.8 million and RMB92.1 million, as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, as well as certain
non-distributable
statutory reserves amounting to RMB7.7 million, RMB12.5 million and RMB17.9 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. As the respective VIEs are incorporated as limited liability companies under the PRC Company Law, creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for the liabilities of the respective VIEs. There is currently no contractual arrangement that would require the Company to provide additional financial support to the VIEs. As the Group is conducting certain businesses in the PRC through the VIEs, the Group may provide additional financial support on a discretionary basis in the future, which could expose the Group to a loss.
There is no VIE in the Group where the Company or any subsidiary has a variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary.
Liquidity
The Group incurred net losses of RMB565.0 million, RMB1,303.6 million and RMB3,054.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB737.3 million, RMB194.6 million and RMB753.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Accumulated deficit was RMB2,842.7 million, RMB4,145.6 million and RMB7,175.3 million as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The Group assesses its liquidity by its ability to generate cash from operating activities and attract investors’ investments. Historically, the Group has relied principally on both operational sources of cash and
non-operational
sources of financing from investors to fund its operations and business development. The Group’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on management’s ability to successfully execute its business plan, which includes increasing revenues while controlling operating expenses, as well as, generating operational cash flows and continuing to gain support from outside sources of financing. In the past, the Group has been continuously receiving financing support from outside investors through the issuance of preferred shares and public offerings of ordinary shares. In 2018, the Company completed its IPO, raising US$443.3 million (RMB2,781.8 million), and issued 25,063,451 Class Z Ordinary Shares to Tencent with net proceed of US$317.2 million (RMB2,170.8 million). In 2019, the Company completed its offering of the 2026 Notes and the Primary Offering, raising US$733.9 million (RMB5,003.8 million), after deducting commissions and offering expenses. In 2020, the Company completed an offering of convertible senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”) raising US$786.1 million (RMB5,594.8 million), after deducting commissions and offering expenses, and the Company issued 17,310,696 Class Z Ordinary Shares to Sony, raising US$399.4 million (RMB2,817.5 million), after deducting offering expenses. Moreover, the Group can adjust the pace of its operation expansion and control the operating expenses. Based on the above considerations, the Group believes the cash and cash equivalents and the operating cash flows are sufficient to meet the cash requirements to fund planned operations and other commitments for at least the next twelve months from the date of the issuance of the consolidated financial statements. The Group’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies

a) | Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
Significant accounting policies followed by the Group in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are summarized below.

b) | Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries and VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary.
Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power, has the power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of the board of directors, or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the investee under a statute or agreement among the shareholders or equity holders.
A consolidated VIE is an entity in which the Company’s subsidiary, through contractual arrangements, has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, bears the risks of and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and therefore the Company’s subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity.
All transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries and VIEs have been eliminated upon consolidation.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

c) | Use of estimates

The preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with the U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities at the balance sheet date and reported revenues and expenses during the reported periods in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant accounting estimates include, but are not limited to, determination of the average playing period for paying players, and assessment for the impairment of long-term investments accounted for using the measurement alternative.

d) | Functional currency and foreign currency translation

The Group uses Renminbi (“RMB”) as its reporting currency. The functional currency of the Company and its overseas subsidiaries incorporated in the Cayman Islands and Hong Kong is United States dollars (“US$”). The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Japan is Japanese yen. The functional currency of the Group’s PRC entities is RMB.
In the consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Company and other entities located outside of the PRC have been translated into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates on the balance sheet date, equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as foreign currency translation adjustments, and are shown as a component of other comprehensive income/(loss) on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet dates. Net gains and losses resulting from foreign exchange transactions are included in exchange gains/(losses) on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

e) | Convenience Translation

Translations of balances on the consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and consolidated statements of cash flows from RMB into US$ as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020 are solely for the convenience of the reader and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00 = RMB 6.5250, representing the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on December 31, 2020. No representation is made that the RMB amounts represent or could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2020, or at any other rate.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

f) | Fair value measurements

Financial instruments
Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.
Accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Accounting guidance establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

| a. | Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

| b. | Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical asset or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

| c. | Level 3 applies to asset or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The Group’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, time deposits, accounts receivable, amount due from/to related parties, short-term investments, and accounts payable of which the carrying values approximate their fair values. Please see Note 22 for additional information.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

g) | Cash and cash equivalents and time deposits

Cash and cash equivalents mainly represent cash on hand, demand deposits placed with large reputable banks in the United States of America and China, and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and with original maturities from the date of purchase with terms of three months or less. As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, there were cash on hand and demand deposits with terms of and less than three months denominated in U.S. dollars amounting to approximately US$481.6 million, US$670.1 million and US$582.2 million, respectively (equivalent to approximately RMB3,305.3 million, RMB4,674.6 million and RMB 3,798.5 million, respectively). As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Group had cash held in accounts managed by online payment platforms such as Alipay and Paypal in connection with the collection of online service fees for a total amount of RMB10.8 million, RMB26.8 million and RMB42.0 million, respectively, which have been classified as cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets.
As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Group had approximately RMB 377.8 million, RMB1,596.0 million and RMB2,144.5 million cash and cash equivalents held by its PRC subsidiaries and VIEs, representing 11%, 32% and 46% of total cash and cash equivalents of the Group, respectively.
Time deposits represent deposits placed with banks with original maturities more than three months but less than one year. As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, there were time deposits denominated in U.S. dollars amounting to approximately US$109.2 million, US$264.4 million and US$721.1 million, respectively (equivalent to approximately RMB749.4 million, RMB1,844.6 million and RMB 4,705.1million, respectively).
The Group had no other lien arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Group had no restricted cash balance.

h) | Receivables, net

Prior to January 1, 2020, the Group monitors the collection of its receivables and records allowance for specifically identified
non-recoverable
amounts. If the economic situation and the financial condition of a customer deteriorate resulting in an impairment of the customer’s ability to make payments, additional allowances might be required. Receivable balances are written off when they are determined to be uncollectible.
Starting from January 1, 2020, the Group adopted
ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial
Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASC Topic 326”), which amends previously issued guidance regarding the impairment of financial instruments by creating an impairment model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. The Group used a modified retrospective approach with a cumulative-effect increase of approximately RMB17.9 million recorded in accumulated deficit.
The Group’s accounts receivable and other receivables recorded in prepayments and other current assets are within the scope of ASC Topic 326. Accounts receivable consist primarily of receivables from advertising customers, and receivables from distribution channels.
To estimate expected credit losses, the Group has identified the relevant risk characteristics of its customers and the related receivables and other receivables which include size, type of the services or the products the Group provides, or a combination of these characteristics. Receivables with similar risk characteristics have been grouped into pools. For each pool, the Group considers the past collection experience, current economic conditions, future economic conditions (external data and macroeconomic factors) and changes in the Group’s customer collection trends. This is assessed at each quarter based on the Group’s specific facts and circumstances. No significant impact of changes in the assumptions since adoption.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

h) | Receivables, net (Continued)

The Group recorded a provision for current expected credit loss. The following table sets out movements of the allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  |  |  |  | RMB in thousands |  |  |  |
Beginning balance prior to ASC 326 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,696 |
Impact of adoption to ASC 326 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,900 |
Beginning balance |  |  | 4,516 |  |  |  | 14,420 |  |  |  | 35,596 |
Provisions |  |  | 10,904 |  |  |  | 9,396 |  |  |  | 99,165 |
Write-offs |  |  | (1,000 | ) |  |  | (6,120 | ) |  |  | (13,758 | )
Ending balance |  |  | 14,420 |  |  |  | 17,696 |  |  |  | 121,003 |

i) | Inventories, net

Inventories, mainly represent products for the Group’s
e-commerce
business, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value on the consolidated balance sheets. Cost of inventories is determined using the weighted average cost method. Adjustments are recorded to write down the cost of inventories to the estimated net realizable value due to slow-moving merchandise and damaged goods, which is dependent upon factors such as historical and forecasted consumer demand, and promotional environment. The Group takes ownership, risks and rewards of the products purchased. Write downs are recorded in cost of revenues on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Certain costs attributable to buying and receiving products, such as purchase freights, are included in cost of inventories.

j) | Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the remaining lease term. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. The gain or loss on the disposal of property and equipment is the difference between the net sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the relevant assets and is recognized on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

k) | Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets acquired through business acquisitions are recognized as assets separate from goodwill if they satisfy either the “contractual-legal” or “separability” criterion. Purchased intangible assets are initially recognized and measured at fair value. Major identifiable intangible assets that have determinable lives continue to be amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method as follows:

Licensed copyrights of content |  | shorter of the licensed period or projected useful life of the content, mainly vary from 1 to 8 years
License rights of mobile games |  | shorter of the licensed period or projected useful life of mobile games, mainly vary from 1 to 3 years
Intellectual property and others |  | 1 - 10 years, based on the underlying intangible assets expected to contribute to the future cash flows

If expectations of the usefulness of the content are revised downward, the unamortized cost is written down to the estimated net realizable value. A write-down from unamortized cost to a lower estimated net realizable value establishes a new cost basis.

l) | Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired entity as a result of the Company’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs. Goodwill is not depreciated or amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis, and between annual tests when an event or circumstances change occurs that indicate the asset might be impaired. Under ASC
350-20-35,
the Group has the option to choose whether it will apply the qualitative assessment first and then the quantitative assessment, if necessary, or to apply the quantitative assessment directly.
The Group applies the quantitative impairment test, which consists of a
two-step
quantitative impairment test. The first step was comparing the carrying amount of the reporting unit to the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill was not impaired and the Group was not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Group must perform the second step of the
two-step
quantitative goodwill impairment test to measure the amount of impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill.
On January 1, 2020, the Group adopted
ASU No. 2017-04,
Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
to simplify the test for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2, which was issued by the FASB in January 2017. The Group, therefore, performs the goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. This adoption did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
Application of a goodwill impairment test requires significant management judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets and liabilities to reporting units, assigning goodwill to reporting units, and determining the fair value of each reporting unit. The estimated fair value of reporting unit is determined using either an income approach or a market approach, when appropriate. The judgment in estimating the fair value of reporting units includes estimating future cash flows, determining appropriate discount rates and making other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit. The Group as a whole is determined to be one reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing. The Group applied the quantitative assessment and performed the goodwill impairment test by quantitatively comparing the fair values of the reporting unit to its carrying amounts
.
The Group determines the fair value of the reporting unit based on its quoted stock price
, and no impairment charge was recognized for any of the periods presented.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

m) | Impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill

Long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be fully recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than the Group had originally estimated. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the impairment for the long-lived assets by comparing the carrying value of the assets to an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets.

n) | Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses mainly consist of payroll-related expenses incurred for the innovation of video function, development and enhancement to the Group’s websites and platforms of applications and development of online games.
For internal use software, the Group expenses all costs incurred for the preliminary project stage and post implementation-operation stage of development, and costs associated with repair or maintenance of the existing platforms. Costs incurred in the application development stage are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life. Since the amount of the Group’s research and development expenses qualifying for capitalization has been immaterial, as a result, all development costs incurred for development of internal used software have been expensed as incurred.
For external use software, costs incurred for development of external use software have not been capitalized since the inception of the Group, because the period after the date technical feasibility is reached and the time when the software is marketed is short historically, and the amount of costs qualifying for capitalization has been immaterial.

o) | Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of marketing and promotional expenses, salaries and other compensation-related expenses to the Group’s sales and marketing personnel. Marketing and promotional expenses consist primarily of costs for the promotion of corporate image and product marketing. The Group expenses all marketing and promotion costs as incurred and classifies these costs under sales and marketing expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the marketing and promotional expenses were RMB436.5 million, RMB934.7 million and RMB3,006.0 million, respectively.

p) | General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other compensation-related expenses to the Group’s general and administrative personnel, professional fees, rental expenses and allowance for doubtful accounts.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

q) | Leases

Prior to 2019, the Group accounted for leases under ASC 840, Leases. Leases where substantially all the rewards and risks of ownership of assets remain with the lessor are accounted for as operating leases. Rental expense is recognized from the date of initial possession of the leased property on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Certain lease agreements contain rent holidays, which are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease renewal periods are considered on a
lease-by-lease
basis and are generally not included in the initial lease terms.
On January 1, 2019, the Group adopted ASU
No. 2016-02,
Leases (Topic 842)
, as amended, which supersedes the lease accounting guidance under ASC 840, and generally requires lessees to recognize operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding
right-of-use
assets on the balance sheet and to provide enhanced disclosures surrounding the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leasing arrangements.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

q) | Leases (Continued)

The Group elected to apply practical expedients permitted under the transition method that allow the Group to use the beginning of the period of adoption as the date of initial application, to not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less, to not separate
non-lease
components from lease components, and to not reassess lease classification, treatment of initial direct costs, or whether an existing or expired contract contains a lease. The Group used modified retrospective method and did not adjust the prior comparative periods. Under the new lease standard, the Group determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception.
Right-of-use
assets and liabilities are recognized at lease commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease terms. The Group considers only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of lease commencement.
As a result of the adoption, the Group recognized approximately RMB235.7 million of
right-of-use
assets recorded in “Other long-term assets,” and corresponding short-term leasing liabilities recorded in “Accrued liabilities and other payables” and long-term leasing liabilities recorded in “Other long-term liabilities” respectively on the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The adoption had no material impact on the Group’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019 or the opening balance of accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2019.
The Group leases office space and staff quarters under
non-cancelable
operating lease agreements, which expire at various dates through 2025. As of December 31, 2019, and December 31, 2020, the Group’s operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 3.2 years and 3.1 years and a weighted average discount rate of 4.75% and 4.75%, respectively. Future lease payments under operating leases as of December 31, 2020 were as follows:

|  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
2021 |  |  | 156,869 |
2022 |  |  | 171,923 |
2023 |  |  | 106,253 |
2024 |  |  | 43,575 |
2025 and thereafter |  |  | 17,813 |
Total future lease payments |  |  | 496,433 |
Impact of discounting remaining lease payments |  |  | (42,642 | )
Total lease liabilities |  |  | 453,791 |

Rent expense under operating leases was RMB55.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Operating lease cost for the year
s
ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 was RMB79.4 million and RMB107.2 million, respectively, which excluded cost of short-term contracts. Short-term lease cost for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 was immaterial. Supplemental cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Cash payments for operating leases |  |  | 67,535 |  |  |  | 107,772 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities |  |  | 96,692 |  |  |  | 260,867 |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

q) | Leases (Continued)

Future lease payments under leases as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:

|  | Operating Leases* |
|  | RMB in thousands |
2019 |  |  | 65,400 |
2020 |  |  | 72,230 |
2021 |  |  | 73,054 |
2022 |  |  | 69,681 |
Beyond 2022 |  |  | 19,544 |

* | Amounts are based on ASC 840, Leases that were superseded upon the Company’s adoption of ASC 842 , Leases on January 1, 2019.

r) | Share-based compensation

Share based compensation expenses arise from share-based awards, including share options for the purchase of the Company’s ordinary shares. The Group accounts for share-based awards granted to employees in accordance with ASC 718
Compensation -
Stock Compensation
and share-based awards granted to nonemployees in accordance with ASC 505. On January 1, 2019, the Group adopted ASU
2018-07,
Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvement to Nonemployee Share-based Payment Accounting
to amend the accounting for share-based payment awards issued to nonemployees. Under ASU
2018-07,
the accounting for awards to
non-employees
are similar to the model for employee awards.
For share options for the purchase of ordinary shares granted to employees determined to be equity classified awards, the related share-based compensation expenses are recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on their grant date fair values which are calculated using the binomial option pricing model. The determination of the fair value is affected by the share price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends.
For share options granted with service conditions only, share-based compensation expenses are recorded net of estimated forfeitures using straight-line method during the requisite service period, such that expenses are recorded only for those share-based awards that are expected to ultimately vest.
For share options granted with service condition and the occurrence of an IPO as performance condition, share-based compensation expenses are recorded net of estimated forfeitures using graded-vesting method during the requisite service period. Cumulative share-based compensation expenses for the options that have satisfied the service condition, amounting to RMB28.9 million, were recorded upon the completion of the IPO in 2018.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

s) | Employee benefits

PRC Contribution Plan
Full time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government mandated defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to the employees. Chinese labor regulations require that the PRC subsidiaries and VIEs of the Group make contributions to the government for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government. The Group has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions made.

t) | Investments

Short-term investments
Short-term investments primarily include money market funds, financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets issued by commercial banks or other financial institutions and publicly traded companies with the intention to be sold within twelve months.
In accordance with ASC 825,
Financial Instruments
, for financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets, the Group elected the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carries these investments at fair value. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as “Investment income, net”. Fair value is estimated based on quoted prices of similar products provided by financial institutions at the end of each reporting period.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

t) | Investments (Continued)

For the investments in publicly traded companies, the Group carries the investments at fair value at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as “Investment income, net”.
Long-term investments, net
The Group’s long-term investments primarily consist of equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative, equity investments accounted for using the equity method and other investments accounted for at fair value.
Equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative
For those investments over which the Group does not have significant influence and without readily determinable fair value, the Group records them at cost, less impairment, and plus or minus subsequent adjustments for observable price changes, in accordance with
ASU 2016-01,
Financial Instruments-Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
which was adopted on January 1, 2018.
The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.
Under this measurement alternative, changes in the carrying value of the equity investments are required to be made whenever there are observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer.
Management regularly evaluates the impairment of these investments based on performance and financial position of the investee as well as other evidence of market value. Such evaluation includes, but is not limited to, reviewing the investee’s cash position, recent financing, projected and historical financial performance, cash flow forecasts and financing needs. An impairment loss recognized equals to the excess of the investment cost over its fair value at the end of each reporting period for which the assessment is made. The fair value would then become the new cost basis of investment.
Equity investments accounted for using the equity method
The Group applies the equity method of accounting to account for equity investments and limited partnership in a private equity fund, according to ASC 323
Investment—Equity Method and Joint Ventures
, over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control. Under the equity method, the Group initially records the investments at cost and the difference between the cost of the equity investee and the fair value of the underlying equity in the net assets of the equity investee is recognized as equity method goodwill, which is included in the equity method investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Group subsequently adjusts the carrying amount of the investments to recognize its proportionate share of each equity investee’s net income or loss into earnings and cash distributions from investees, after the date of investment. The Group evaluates the equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized as “Investment income, net” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.
Investments accounted for at fair value
In accordance with ASC 825,
Financial Instruments
, for financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets and with original maturities greater than one year, the Group elected the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carries these investments at fair value. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as “Investment income, net”. Fair value is estimated based on quoted prices of similar products provided by financial institutions at the end of each reporting period. The Group classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2 of fair value measurements. Please see Note 22 for additional information.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

u) | Taxation

Income taxes
Current income taxes are provided on the basis of income/(loss) for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. Deferred income taxes are provided using the assets and liabilities method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The tax base of an asset or liability is the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax purposes. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the period of change. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets if it is considered
more-likely-than-not
that some portion of, or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Uncertain tax positions
In order to assess uncertain tax positions, the Group applies a
more-likely-than-not
threshold and a
two-step
approach for the tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. Under the
two-step
approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is
more-likely-than-not
that the position will be sustained, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. The Group recognizes interest and penalties, if any, under accrued expenses and other current liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets and under income tax expenses in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Group did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. The Group also did not expect any significant increase or decrease in unrecognized tax liability within 12 months following the reporting date.

v) | Revenue recognition

On January 1, 2018, the Group adopted ASC 606,
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption.
Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Group identifies its contracts with customers and all performance obligations within those contracts. The Group then determines the transaction price and allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations within the Group’s contracts with customers, recognizing revenue when, or as, the Group satisfies its performance obligations.
The adoption of ASC 606 did not significantly change (1) the timing and pattern of revenue recognition for all of the Group’s revenue streams, and (2) the presentation of revenue as gross versus net. Therefore, the adoption of ASC 606 did not have a significant impact on the Group’s financial position, results of operations, equity, cash flows or any adjustment on the Group’s consolidated financial statements as of the adoption date and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020.
The Group’s revenue recognition policies effective upon the adoption of ASC 606 are as follows:
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

v) | Revenue recognition (continued)

Mobile game services
Exclusively distributed mobile games
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Group primarily generates revenues from the sale of
in-game
virtual items to enhance the game-playing experience
.
In accordance with ASC 606, the Group evaluates the contracts with its customers and determines that the Group has a single combined performance obligation which is to make the game and the ongoing game related services available to the paying players. The transaction price, which is the amount paid for
in-game
virtual items by the paying player, is allocated entirely to this single combined performance obligation. The Group recognizes revenue from
in-game
virtual items over the estimated average playing period of paying players, starting from the
point-in-time
when related
in-game
virtual items are delivered to the paying players’ accounts.
The Group has estimated the average playing period of the paying players for each game, usually between three to eight months. The Group considers the average period that players typically play the games and other game player behavior patterns, as well as various other factors to arrive at the best estimates for the estimated playing period of the paying players. To compute the estimated average playing period for paying players, the Group considers the initial purchase date as the starting point of a paying player’s lifespan. The Group tracks populations of paying players who made their initial purchases during the interval period (the “Cohort”) and tracks each Cohort to understand the subsequent churn rate of the paying players of each Cohort, i.e. the number of paying players from each Cohort who left subsequent to their initial purchases. To determine the ending point of a paying player’s lifespan beyond the date for which observable data are available, the Group extrapolates the actual observed churn rate to arrive at an estimated weighted average playing lifespan for paying players of the selected games. If a new game is launched and only a limited period of paying player data is available, then the Group considers other qualitative factors, such as the playing patterns for paying players for other games with similar characteristics with the new game, including paying player type and purchasing frequency. While the Group believes its estimates to be reasonable based on available game player information, the Group may revise such estimates based on new information indicating a change in the game player behavior patterns and any adjustments are applied prospectively.
In accordance with ASC
606-10-55-39,
the Group assesses whether it acts as the principal or as an agent in the arrangement with each party respectively. The Group records revenue generated from exclusively distributed mobile games on a gross basis as the Group is acting as the principal to fulfill all obligations related to the mobile game operations. The Group is responsible for the launch of the games, hosting and maintenance of game servers, and determination of when and how to operate the
in-game
promotions and customer services. The Group is also determining the pricing of
in-game
virtual items and making a localized version for overseas licensed games.
Proceeds earned from selling
in-game
virtual items are shared between the Group and the third-party game developers, with the amount paid to the third-party game developers generally calculated based on amounts paid by paying players, after deducting the fees paid to the payment channels and the distribution channels. Fees paid to third-party game developers, distribution channels and payment channels are recorded as “Cost of revenues” on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

v) | Revenue recognition (continued)

Mobile game services (continued)
Jointly operated mobile game distribution services
The Group is also offering distribution services for mobile games developed by the third-party game developers. In accordance with ASC 606, the Group evaluates the contracts with the third-party game developers and identifies the performance obligations as distributing games and providing payment solution and market promotion service to the game developers. Accordingly, the Group earns service revenue by distributing them to the game players.
In accordance with ASC
606-10-55-39,
the Group assesses whether it acts as the principal or as an agent in the arrangement with each party respectively. With respect to the jointly operated licensed arrangements between the Group and the third-party game developers, the Group considered it does not have the primary responsibility for fulfillment and acceptability of the game services. The Group’s responsibilities are distributing games, providing payment solution and market promotion service, and thus the Group views the third-party game developers to be its customers. Accordingly, the Group records the game distribution service revenue from these games, on a net basis based on the ratios
pre-determined
with the third-party game developers when the performance obligations are satisfied, which is generally when the paying players purchase virtual currencies issued by the third-party game developers.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

v) | Revenue recognition (continued)

Valued added services (“VAS”)
The Group offers premium membership subscription, live broadcasting and other video, audio and comic content to the customers.
The Group offers premium membership
sub
scription
services which provide subscribing members access to streaming of premium content in exchange for a
non-refundable
upfront premium membership fee. When the receipt of premium membership fees is for services to be delivered over a period of time, generally from one month to twelve months, the receipt is initially recorded as “Deferred revenue” and revenue is recognized ratably over the membership period as services are rendered.
The Group operates and maintains live broadcasting channel whereby users can enjoy live performances provided by the hosts and interact with the hosts. Most of the hosts host the performance on their own. The Group creates and sells virtual items to users so that the users present them simultaneously to hosts to show their support. The virtual items sold by the Group comprise of either (i) consumable items or (ii) time-based items, such as privilege titles etc. Revenues derived from the sale of virtual items are recorded on a gross basis as the Group acts as the principal to fulfill all obligations related to the sale of virtual items in accordance with ASC
606-10-55-39.
Accordingly, revenue is recognized at
point-in-time
when the virtual item is delivered and consumed if the virtual item is a consumable item or, in the case of time-based virtual item, recognized ratably over the period each virtual item is made available to the user, which generally does not exceed one year. Proceeds received from the sales of virtual items before they consumed are recorded as “Deferred revenue”.
Under the arrangements with the hosts, the Group shares with them a portion of the revenues derived from the sales of virtual items. The portion paid to hosts is recognized as “Cost of revenues” on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Advertising services
The Group provides various advertising formats, mainly include but not limited to advertisements appearing on the app opening page, banner text-links, logos, buttons and rich media, performance-based advertising and native advertisements which are customized according to advertisers’ needs. The Group determines each format of advertisements which is a distinct performance obligation. Consideration is allocated to each performance obligation based on its standalone selling price. The Group recognizes revenue on a
pro-rata
basis for each performance obligation, commencing on the date the advertisements are displayed on the Group’s platform or upon the performance obligations are satisfied, generally when users click on links.
Sales incentives to customers
The Group provides various sales incentives to its customers, including cash incentives in the form of commissions to certain third-party advertising agencies and noncash incentives such as discounts and advertising services provided free of charge in certain bundled arrangements, which are negotiated on a contract by contract basis with customers. The Group accounts for these incentives granted to customers as variable consideration in accordance with ASC 606. The amount of variable consideration is measured based on the most likely amount of incentive to be provided to customers.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

v) | Revenue recognition (continued)

E-commerce
and other revenues
E-commerce
and other revenues are mainly from the sales of products through the Group’s
e-commerce
platform, as well as revenues from holding certain offline performance activities.
E-commerce
and other revenues are recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to the customers, which generally occurs upon the acceptance of the goods or services by the customers. Pursuant to ASC
606-10-55-39,
for arrangements where the Group is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the goods or services, are subject to inventory risk, and have latitude in establishing prices and selecting suppliers, revenues are recorded on a gross basis. Otherwise, revenues are recorded on a net basis. Cash coupons, granted to the customers for free at the Group’s discretion, are recorded as a reduction of the arrangement’s transaction price thereby reducing the amount of revenue recognized as the payment is not for a distinct good or service received from the customer in accordance with ASC
606-10-32-25.
Net revenues presented on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss are net of sales discount and sales tax.
Other Estimates and Judgment
s
The Group estimates revenue of mobile game, VAS from the third-party payment processors in the current period when reasonable estimates of these amounts can be made. The processors provide reliable interim preliminary reporting within a reasonable time frame following the end of each month and the Group maintains records of sales data, both of which allow the Group to make reasonable estimates of revenue and therefore to recognize revenue during the reporting period. Determination of the appropriate amount of revenue recognized involves judgments and estimates that the Group believes are reasonable, but actual results may differ from the Group’s estimates. When the Group receives the final reports, to the extent not received within a reasonable time frame following the end of each month, the Group records any differences between estimated revenue and actual revenue in the reporting period when the Group determines the actual amounts. The revenue on the final revenue report have not differed significantly from the reported revenue for the periods presented.
Contract balances
Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Accounts receivable represent amounts invoiced, and revenue recognized prior to invoicing when the Group has satisfied its performance obligations and has the unconditional right to consideration.
Deferred revenue relates to unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of each reporting period and consists of cash payment received in advance from game players in mobile games, from customers in advertising services, live broadcasting services and other VAS, and e-commerce platforms. Due to the generally short-term duration of the relevant contracts, the majority of the performance obligations are satisfied within one year. The amount of revenue recognized that was included in the receipts in advance balance at the beginning of the year was RMB571.4 million, RMB943.4 million, and RMB1,238.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

v) | Revenue recognition (continued)

Practical expedients
The Group has used the following practical expedients as allowed under ASC 606:
The transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, has not been disclosed, as substantially all of the contracts have an original expected duration of one year or less.
The following table presents the Group’s net revenues disaggregated by revenue sources:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Mobile games |  |  | 2,936,331 |  |  |  | 3,597,809 |  |  |  | 4,803,382 |
Value-added services (formerly known as Live broadcasting and VAS) |  |  | 585,643 |  |  |  | 1,641,043 |  |  |  | 3,845,663 |
Advertising |  |  | 463,490 |  |  |  | 817,016 |  |  |  | 1,842,772 |
E-commerce and others |  |  | 143,467 |  |  |  | 722,054 |  |  |  | 1,507,159 |
Total net revenues |  |  | 4,128,931 |  |  |  | 6,777,922 |  |  |  | 11,998,976 |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

3. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

w) | Cost of revenues

Costs of revenues consist primarily of revenue sharing costs to mobile games developers and distribution channels and payment channels, revenue sharing with the hosts and content creators, staff costs, content costs, server and bandwidth service costs, depreciation expenses and other direct costs of providing these services as well as cost of merchandise sold. These costs are charged to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as incurred.

x) | Related parties

Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or significant influence, such as a family member or relative, shareholder, or a related corporation.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

y) | Net loss per share

Loss per share is computed in accordance with ASC 260,
Earnings per Share
. The
two-class
method is used for computing earnings per share in the event the Group has net income available for distribution. Under the
two-class
method, net income is allocated between ordinary shares and participating securities based on dividends declared (or accumulated) and participating rights in undistributed earnings as if all the earnings for the reporting period had been distributed. The Company’s
Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares and other permanent equities are participating securities because they are entitled to receive dividends or distributions on an
as-converted
basis. Prior to the IPO, the computation of basic loss per share using the
two-class
method is not applicable as the Group is in a net loss position and net loss is not allocated to other participating securities because in accordance with their contractual terms they are not obligated to share in the losses.
Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and potential ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Potential ordinary shares include ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the
Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares and other permanent equities, using the
if-converted
method, for periods prior to the completion of the IPO, ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding share options using the treasury stock method and ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes using the
if-converted
method. The computation of diluted net loss per share does not assume conversion, exercise, or contingent issuance of securities that would have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e. an increase in earnings per share amounts or a decrease in loss per share amounts) on net loss per share. After the completion of the IPO, net loss per ordinary share is computed on Class Y Ordinary Shares and Class Z Ordinary Shares combined basis, because both classes have the same dividend rights in the Company’s undistributed net income.

z) | Statutory reserves

In accordance with China’s Company Laws, the Company’s VIEs in PRC must make appropriations from their
after-tax
profit, as determined under the accounting principles generally acceptable in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC GAAP”), to
non-distributable
reserve funds including (i) statutory surplus fund and (ii) discretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be at least 10% of the
after-tax
profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the statutory surplus fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the respective company. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund is made at the discretion of the respective company.
Pursuant to the laws applicable to China’s FIEs, the Company’s subsidiaries that are FIEs in China have to make appropriations from their
after-tax
profit (as determined under PRC GAAP) to reserve funds including (i) general reserve fund, (ii) enterprise expansion fund and (iii) staff bonus and welfare fund. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the
after-tax
profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the general reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the respective company. Appropriations to the other two reserve funds are at the respective companies’ discretion.
The following table presents the Group’s appropriations to general reserve funds and statutory surplus funds for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Appropriations to general reserve funds and statutory surplus funds |  |  | 3,591 |  |  |  | 5,797 |  |  |  | 4,421 |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

aa) | Noncontrolling interests

For the Company’s majority-owned subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs, noncontrolling interests are recognized to reflect the portion of the equity which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company as the controlling shareholder. Noncontrolling interests acquired through a business combination are recognized at fair value at the acquisition date, which is estimated with reference to the purchase price per share as of the acquisition date.
The noncontrolling interests will continue to be attributed with its share of losses even if that attribution results in a deficit noncontrolling interest balance.

bb) | Comprehensive loss

Comprehensive loss is defined to include all changes in equity of the Group during a period arising from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments by shareholders and distributions to shareholders. Accumulated other comprehensive income, as presented on the consolidated balance sheets, consists of accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments.

cc) | Segment reporting

Based on the criteria established by ASC 280,
Segment Reporting
, the Group’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO, who reviews consolidated results of the Group when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. The Group has internal reporting of revenue, cost and expenses by nature as a whole. Hence, the Group has only one operating segment. The Company is domiciled in the Cayman Islands while the Group mainly operates its businesses in the PRC and earns majority of the revenues from external customers attributed to the PRC.

dd) | Business combinations

The Group accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805,
Business Combinations
. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the acquisition date fair values of the assets transferred and liabilities incurred by the Group to the sellers and equity instruments issued. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets and liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair values as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any noncontrolling interests. The excess of (i) the total costs of acquisition, fair value of the noncontrolling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Group may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
In a business combination achieved in stages, the Group
re-measures
the previously held equity interests in the acquiree when obtaining control at its acquisition date fair value and the
re-measurement
gain or loss, if any, is recognized on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2. | Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

dd) | Business combinations (Continued)

For the Company’s majority-owned subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs, noncontrolling interests are recognized to reflect the portion of their equity which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company.
If a business combination is under common control, the acquired assets and liabilities are recognized at their historical book value. The consolidated financial statements include the results of the acquired entities from the earliest date presented or, if more recent, from the date when the entities first came under common control, regardless of the date of the combination. Consolidated financial statements for prior years would also be retrospectively adjusted for periods during which the entities were under common control.

ee) | Recently issued accounting pronouncements

Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU
2019-12,
Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes
, which removes specific exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and to simplifies accounting for income taxes. The guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and for interim periods within those fiscal years. The Group does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic
815): Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic
815
. In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU
2020-01,
“Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic
815): Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic
815,”
which clarifies the interaction of the accounting for equity investments under Topic 321 and investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting in Topic 323 and the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options accounted for under Topic 815. The guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and for interim periods within those fiscal years. The Group does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

3. | Concentrations and Risks

a) | Telecommunications service provider

The Group relied on telecommunications service providers and their affiliates for servers and bandwidth services to support its operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
Total number of telecommunications service providers |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 116 |
Number of service providers providing 10% or more of the Group’s servers and bandwidth expenditure |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3 |
Total percentage of the Group’s servers and bandwidth expenditure provided by 10% or greater service providers |  |  | 48 | % |  |  | 45 | % |  |  | 55 | %

b) | Foreign currency exchange rate risk

The functional currency and the reporting currency of the Company are U.S. dollars and RMB, respectively. The Group’s exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk primarily relates to cash and cash equivalents, time deposits, short-term and long-term investments, long-term debt and accounts payable denominated in the U.S. dollars. Most of the Group’s revenues, costs and expenses are denominated in RMB, while the long-term debt and a portion of cash and cash equivalents, time deposits, short-term and long-term investments, and accounts payable are denominated in U.S. dollars. Any significant fluctuation of RMB against U.S. dollars may materially and adversely affect the Company’s cash flows, revenues, earnings and financial positions.

c) | Credit risk

The Group’s financial instruments potentially subject to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, time deposits, accounts receivable, and money market funds and financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets issued by commercial banks and other financial institutions. As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, substantially all of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents and time deposits were held in major financial institutions located in the United States of America and China, which management consider being of high credit quality. Accounts receivable is typically unsecured and is primarily derived from revenue earned from mobile game services (mainly relates to remittances due from payment channels and distribution channels) and advertising services. There was no individual payment channel that had receivable balance exceeding 10% of the Group’s accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020. One distribution channel had receivable balance exceeding 10% of the Group’s accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively, as follows:

RMB in thousands |  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Distribution channel A |  |  | 63,762 |  |  |  | 118,860 |  |  |  | 146,907 |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

3. | Concentrations and Risks (Continued)

d) | Major customers and supplying channels

No single customer represented 10% or more of the Group’s net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020.
The Group relied on a distribution channel to publish and generate the iOS version of its mobile games. Mobile game revenues generated through this distribution channel accounted for approximately 29%, 17% and 11% of the Group’s total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

e) | Mobile games

Mobile game revenues accounted for 71%, 53% and 40% of the Group’s total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
One mobile game individually contributing more than 10% of the Group’s total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
Mobile game 1 |  |  | 53 | % |  |  | 31 | % |  |  | 11 | %

4. | Prepayments and Other Current Assets

The following is a summary of prepayments and other current assets:

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Prepayments for revenue sharing cost* |  |  | 462,883 |  |  |  | 542,971 |  |  |  | 782,518 |
Prepayments for content cost |  |  | 130,619 |  |  |  | 226,500 |  |  |  | 195,175 |
Prepayments for sales tax |  |  | 80,487 |  |  |  | 157,244 |  |  |  | 202,025 |
Interest income receivable |  |  | 26,812 |  |  |  | 93,688 |  |  |  | 6,396 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 55,032 |  |  |  | 69,914 |  |  |  | 160,006 |
Loans to investees or ongoing investments |  |  | 84,075 |  |  |  | 64,463 |  |  |  | 187,672 |
Prepayments of marketing and other operational expenses |  |  | 33,198 |  |  |  | 53,246 |  |  |  | 64,068 |
Prepayments /receivables relating to jointly invested content |  |  | 44,951 |  |  |  | 43,838 |  |  |  | 28,664 |
Deposits |  |  | 20,447 |  |  |  | 26,301 |  |  |  | 51,661 |
Prepayments to inventory suppliers |  |  | 12,901 |  |  |  | 9,058 |  |  |  | 19,970 |
Others |  |  | 39,446 |  |  |  | 28,678 |  |  |  | 67,632 |
Total |  |  | 990,851 |  |  |  | 1,315,901 |  |  |  | 1,765,787 |

* | App stores retain commissions on each purchase made by the users through the App stores. The Group is also obligated to pay ongoing licensing fees in form of royalties to the third-party game developers. Licensing fees consist of fees that the Group pays to content owners for the use of licensed content, including trademarks and copyrights, in the development of games. Licensing fees are either paid in advance and recorded on the balance sheets as prepayments or accrued as incurred and subsequently paid. Additionally, the Group defers the revenue from licensed mobile games over the estimated average playing period of paying players given that there is an implied obligation to provide on-going services to end-users. The related direct and incremental platform commissions as well as game developers’ licensing fees are deferred and reported in “Prepayments and Other Current Assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

5. | Short-term Investments

The following is a summary of short-term investments:

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Financial products |  |  | 858,021 |  |  |  | 1,070,113 |  |  |  | 2,866,643 |
Investments in publicly traded companies |  |  | — |  |  |  | 80,918 |  |  |  | 434,609 |
Money market funds |  |  | 87,317 |  |  |  | 109,779 |  |  |  | 55,937 |
Total |  |  | 945,338 |  |  |  | 1,260,810 |  |  |  | 3,357,189 |

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Group recorded investment income of RMB13.8 million, investment loss of RMB3.1 million and investment income of RMB74.0 million related to short-term investments on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, respectively.

6. | Property and Equipment, Net

The following is a summary of property and equipment, net:

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 51,186 |  |  |  | 76,772 |  |  |  | 118,581 |
Servers and computers |  |  | 481,695 |  |  |  | 765,110 |  |  |  | 1,286,310 |
Others |  |  | 19,127 |  |  |  | 23,211 |  |  |  | 30,750 |
Total |  |  | 552,008 |  |  |  | 865,093 |  |  |  | 1,435,641 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (157,110 | ) |  |  | (349,006 | ) |  |  | (673,700 | )
Net book value |  |  | 394,898 |  |  |  | 516,087 |  |  |  | 761,941 |

Depreciation expenses were RMB99.7 million, RMB191.8 million and RMB326.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
The Group had performed the impairment assessment of property and equipment and considered the relevant events and circumstances that might indicate potential impairment and concluded that there was no impairment indicator. No impairment
charge
was recognized for any of periods presented.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

7. | Intangible Assets, Net

The following is a summary of intangible assets, net:

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | Gross carrying value |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Net carrying value |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Licensed copyrights of content |  |  | 1,997,175 |  |  |  | (921,565 | ) |  |  | 1,075,610 |
License rights of mobile games |  |  | 18,098 |  |  |  | (15,163 | ) |  |  | 2,935 |
Intellectual property and others |  |  | 412,202 |  |  |  | (71,312 | ) |  |  | 340,890 |
Total |  |  | 2,427,475 |  |  |  | (1,008,040 | ) |  |  | 1,419,435 |

|  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  | Gross carrying value |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Net carrying value |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Licensed copyrights of content |  |  | 3,072,959 |  |  |  | (1,736,608 | ) |  |  | 1,336,351 |
License rights of mobile games |  |  | 71,703 |  |  |  | (35,863 | ) |  |  | 35,840 |
Intellectual property and others |  |  | 434,089 |  |  |  | (148,947 | ) |  |  | 285,142 |
Total |  |  | 3,578,751 |  |  |  | (1,921,418 | ) |  |  | 1,657,333 |

|  | As of December 31, 2020 |
|  | Gross carrying value |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Net carrying value |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Licensed copyrights of content |  |  | 4,556,683 |  |  |  | (2,891,742 | ) |  |  | 1,664,941 |
License rights of mobile games |  |  | 299,786 |  |  |  | (119,493 | ) |  |  | 180,293 |
Intellectual property and others |  |  | 753,282 |  |  |  | (241,557 | ) |  |  | 511,725 |
Total |  |  | 5,609,751 |  |  |  | (3,252,792 | ) |  |  | 2,356,959 |

Amortization expenses were RMB542.7 million, RMB905.6 million, and RMB1,395.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
The Group had performed impairment assessment of intangible assets and considered the relevant events and circumstances that might indicate potential impairment and concluded that there was no impairment indicator
.
No impairment charge was recognized for any of the periods presented.
As of December 31, 2020, the licensed copyrights of content have weighted-average useful lives of 3.7 years. The intangible assets amortization expense for future years is expected to be as follows:

|  | Intangible assets amortization expense |
|  | RMB in thousands |
2021 |  |  | 843,542 |
2022 |  |  | 575,491 |
2023 |  |  | 340,301 |
2024 |  |  | 205,238 |
2025 |  |  | 134,128 |
Thereafter |  |  | 258,259 |
Total expected amortization expense |  |  | 2,356,959 |

8. | Goodwill

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Beginning balance |  |  | 50,967 |  |  |  | 941,488 |  |  |  | 1,012,026 |
Additions (Note 24) |  |  | 890,521 |  |  |  | 70,538 |  |  |  | 283,760 |
Ending balance |  |  | 941,488 |  |  |  | 1,012,026 |  |  |  | 1,295,786 |

No impairment charge was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

9. | Long-term Investments, Net

The Group’s long-term investments primarily consist of equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative, equity investments accounted for using the equity method and other investments accounted for at fair value.

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative |  |  | 793,149 |  |  |  | 666,025 |  |  |  | 1,791,393 |
Equity investments accounted for using the equity method |  |  | — |  |  |  | 279,854 |  |  |  | 188,199 |
Investments accounted for at fair value |  |  | 186,838 |  |  |  | 305,250 |  |  |  | 253,346 |
Total |  |  | 979,987 |  |  |  | 1,251,129 |  |  |  | 2,232,938 |

Equity investments using the measurement alternative
The Group did not disclose the fair value of alternative measure method investments if it is not practicable to estimate the fair value of its alternative measure method investments for which a quoted market price is not available due to both excessive cost as well as lack of available information on fair value of such investments. Specifically, many of the investees are
start-up
companies in China and operate in emerging industries for which the Group has not been able to estimate their fair values. For those equity investments having observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investments of the same issuers, the Group would disclose the fair value of the alternative measure method investments. RMB34.2 million of investment income was recognized in “Investment income, net”, as a result of
re-measurement
of equity investments using the measurement alternative, for the year ended December 31, 2018. There was no re-measurement gain or loss was recognized of equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative for the year
s
ended December 31, 2019 and 2020.
As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the carrying value of equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative was RMB793.1 million, RMB666.0 million and RMB1,791.4 million, respectively.
The Group recorded impairment charges for long-term investments of RMB46.4 million, RMB5.9 million and RMB8.0 million as “Investment income, net” for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively, as the Group determined the fair value of these investments was less than their carrying value.
Equity investments accounted for using the equity method
Nil, RMB24.2 million and RMB50.5 million of the Group’s proportionate share of equity investee’s net loss was recognized in “Investment income, net” for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
Investments accounted for at fair value
Investments accounted for at fair value primarily include financial products with variable interest rates referenced to performance of underlying assets and with original maturities great than one year. A loss of RMB2.9 million, a gain of RMB13.2 million and a gain of RMB24.9 million resulted from the change in fair value was recognized in “Investment income, net” for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

10. | Taxation

Composition of income tax
The following table presents the composition of income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Current income tax expenses |  |  | 14,909 |  |  |  | 29,452 |  |  |  | 48,081 |
Withholding income tax expenses |  |  | 11,079 |  |  |  | 16,894 |  |  |  | 18,754 |
Deferred tax benefits |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,479 | ) |  |  | (13,466 | )
Total |  |  | 25,988 |  |  |  | 35,867 |  |  |  | 53,369 |

a) | Income taxes

Cayman Islands
Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company and its intermediate holding companies in the Cayman Islands are not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, upon payments of dividends by the Company or its subsidiaries in the Cayman Islands to their shareholders, no withholding tax will be imposed.
British Virgin Islands (“BVI”)
Subsidiaries in the BVI are exempted from income tax on their foreign-derived income in the BVI. There are no withholding taxes in the BVI.
Hong Kong
Subsidiaries in Hong Kong are subject to 16.5% income tax on their taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. The payments of dividends by these companies to their shareholders are not subject to any withholding tax in Hong Kong. Commencing from the year of assessment of 2018, 2019 and 2020, the first HK$2 million of profits earned by the Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong will be taxed at half the current tax rate (i.e. 8.25%) while the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at the existing 16.5% tax rate.
China
On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress of the PRC enacted the Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) Law, under which FIEs and domestic companies would be subject to EIT at a uniform rate of 25%. Preferential tax treatments will continue to be granted to FIEs or domestic companies which conduct businesses in certain encouraged sectors and to entities otherwise classified as “Software Enterprises”, “Key Software Enterprises”, “Encouraged Enterprises” and/or “High and New Technology Enterprises” (“HNTEs”). The EIT Law became effective on January 1, 2008.
The aforementioned preferential tax rates are subject to annual review by the relevant tax authorities in China. Certain subsidiaries were qualified as HNTEs or Encouraged Enterprises and enjoyed a preferential income tax rate at 15% for the corresponding years from the year they are qualified, respectively, provided that they continue to qualify as HNTEs or Encouraged Enterprises during such periods.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

10. | Taxation (Continued)

a) | Income taxes (Continued)

The following table presents a reconciliation of the differences between the statutory income tax rate and the Group’s effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | % |  |  | % |  |  | % |
Statutory income tax rate |  |  | 25.00 |  |  |  | 25.00 |  |  |  | 25.00 |
Permanent differences |  |  | (3.76 | ) |  |  | (0.83 | ) |  |  | 0.60 |
Tax rate difference from statutory rate in other jurisdictions* |  |  | (0.92 | ) |  |  | (0.39 | ) |  |  | (3.90 | )
Tax effect of preferential tax treatments |  |  | (3.15 | ) |  |  | (8.48 | ) |  |  | (8.29 | )
Withholding tax |  |  | (2.05 | ) |  |  | (1.33 | ) |  |  | (0.63 | )
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | (19.94 | ) |  |  | (16.80 | ) |  |  | (14.56 | )
Effective income tax rate |  |  | (4.82 | ) |  |  | (2.83 | ) |  |  | (1.78 | )

* | It is primarily due to the tax effect of the Company as a tax-exempt entity incorporated in the Cayman Islands.

As of December 31, 2020, certain entities of the Group had net operating tax loss carry forwards as follows:

|  | RMB in thousands |
Loss expiring in 2021 |  |  | 43,751 |
Loss expiring in 2022 |  |  | 44,711 |
Loss expiring in 2023 |  |  | 83,876 |
Loss expiring in 2024 |  |  | 208,366 |
Loss expiring in 2025 and thereafter |  |  | 3,201,799 |
Total |  |  | 3,582,503 |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

10. | Taxation (Continued)

b) | Sales tax

The Group’s subsidiaries and VIEs incorporated in China are subject to value added tax (“VAT”) for services rendered at a rate of 6% and for goods sold at a rate varying from 0% to 17% depending on their categories in different periods. All Entities in China are also subject to surcharges on value-added tax payments in accordance with PRC law. In addition, the Group’s advertising and marketing revenues are also subject to culture business construction fee at a rate of 3% in 2018, which was reduced to 1.5% since July 1, 2019, valid until December 31, 2024.

c) | Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The following table presents the tax impact of significant temporary differences that give rise to the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 90,311 |  |  |  | 95,806 |  |  |  | 163,620 |
Accrued expenses and other payables |  |  | 25,984 |  |  |  | 82,351 |  |  |  | 128,886 |
Advertising expenses in excess of deduction limit |  |  | 312 |  |  |  | 7,507 |  |  |  | 65,674 |
Net operating tax loss carry forwards |  |  | 176,439 |  |  |  | 360,975 |  |  |  | 621,035 |
Others |  |  | 909 |  |  |  | 1,199 |  |  |  | 19,036 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 293,955 |  |  |  | 547,838 |  |  |  | 998,251 |
Less: valuation allowance |  |  | (293,955 | ) |  |  | (537,359 | ) |  |  | (977,333 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,479 |  |  |  | 20,918 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquired intangible assets (Note 24) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (46,112 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (46,112 | )

Realization of the net deferred tax assets is dependent on factors including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and adequate future taxable income, exclusive of reversing deductible temporary differences and tax loss or credit carry forwards. The Group evaluates the potential realization of deferred tax assets on an
entity-by-entity
basis. As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, valuation allowances were provided against deferred tax assets in entities where it was determined it was
more-likely-than-not
that the benefits of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The following table sets forth the movement of the aggregate valuation allowances for deferred tax assets for the periods presented:

|  | Balance at January 1 |  |  | Re-measurement due to applicable preferential tax rate |  |  | Addition |  |  | Expiration of loss carry forward and impact of disposal of subsidiaries |  |  | Balance at December 31 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
2018 |  |  | (157,264 | ) |  |  | 22,502 |  |  |  | (159,690 | ) |  |  | 497 |  |  |  | (293,955 | )
2019 |  |  | (293,955 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (248,896 | ) |  |  | 5,492 |  |  |  | (537,359 | )
2020 |  |  | (537,359 | ) |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | (484,445 | ) |  |  | 44,366 |  |  |  | (977,333 | )

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

10. | Taxation (Continued)

d) | Withholding income tax on dividends

The EIT Law also imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a FIE to its immediate holding company outside of China, if such immediate holding company is considered as a
non-resident
enterprise without any establishment or place within China or if the received dividends have no connection with the establishment or place of such immediate holding company within China, unless such immediate holding company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The Cayman Islands, where the Company was incorporated, does not have such tax treaty with China. According to the arrangement between mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion in August 2006, dividends paid by a FIE in China to its immediate holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate that may be lowered to 5% (if the foreign investor owns directly at least 25% of the shares of the FIE). The State Administration of Taxation further promulgated Circular 601 on October 27, 2009, which provides that tax treaty benefits will be denied to “conduit” or shell companies without business substance and that a beneficial ownership analysis will be used based on a “substance-over-form” principle to determine whether or not to grant the tax treaty benefits.
To the extent that subsidiaries and VIEs of the Group have undistributed earnings, the Group will accrue appropriate expected withholding tax associated with repatriation of such undistributed earnings. As of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Group did not record any withholding tax on the retained earnings of its subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC as they were still in accumulated deficit position.

11. | Taxes Payable

The following is a summary of taxes payable as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
| RMB in thousands |
VAT payable |  |  | 13,920 |  |  |  | 16,519 |  |  |  | 50,881 |
EIT payable |  |  | 6,913 |  |  |  | 20,599 |  |  |  | 31,181 |
Withholding individual income taxes for employees |  |  | 7,844 |  |  |  | 12,941 |  |  |  | 20,465 |
Withholding income tax payable |  |  | 5,510 |  |  |  | 12,302 |  |  |  | 18,300 |
Others |  |  | 4,318 |  |  |  | 5,495 |  |  |  | 6,365 |
Total |  |  | 38,505 |  |  |  | 67,856 |  |  |  | 127,192 |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

12. | Accrued Liabilities and Other Payable s

The following is a summary of accrued liabilities and other payables as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Accrued marketing expenses |  |  | 71,217 |  |  |  | 229,457 |  |  |  | 783,455 |
Leasing liabilities - current portion |  |  | — |  |  |  | 95,901 |  |  |  | 150,402 |
Consideration payable for acquisitions and investments |  |  | 502,279 |  |  |  | 79,059 |  |  |  | 125,363 |
Payables to producers and licensors |  |  | 9,357 |  |  |  | 25,898 |  |  |  | 63,307 |
Professional fees |  |  | 13,492 |  |  |  | 22,562 |  |  |  | 38,573 |
Other staff related cost |  |  | 18,685 |  |  |  | 13,791 |  |  |  | 13,872 |
Interest payable |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,990 |  |  |  | 14,041 |
Advances from/payables to third parties |  |  | 21,966 |  |  |  | 76,893 |  |  |  | 5,869 |
Others |  |  | 33,446 |  |  |  | 20,212 |  |  |  | 42,794 |
Total |  |  | 670,442 |  |  |  | 575,763 |  |  |  | 1,237,676 |

13. | Long-term Debt

2026 Notes
In April 2019, the Group issued US$500.0 million of 2026 Notes with an interest rate of 1.375% per annum. The net proceeds to the Company from the issuance of the 2026 Notes were US$488.2 million (RMB3,356.1 million), net of issuance costs of US$11.8 million (RMB81.1 million). The 2026 Notes may be converted, at an initial conversion rate of 40.4040 ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount (which represents an initial conversion price of US$24.75 per ADS) at each holder’s option at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the maturity date of April 1, 2026.
Holders of the 2026 Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or part of their 2026 Notes in cash on April 1, 2024 or in the event of certain fundamental changes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The issuance costs of the 2026 Notes were amortized to interest expense over the contractual life to the maturity date (i.e., April 1, 2026). For the year
s
ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, the 2026 Notes related interest expense was US$6.4 million (RMB44.9 million) and US$8.5 million (RMB58.6 million), respectively.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

13. | Long-term Debt (Continued)

2027 Notes
In June 2020, the Group issued US$800.0 million of 2027 Notes with an interest rate of 1.25% per annum. The net proceeds to the Company from the issuance of the 2027 Notes were US$786.1 million (RMB5,594.8 million), net of issuance costs of US$13.9 million (RMB98.6 million). The 2027 Notes may be converted, at an initial conversion rate of 24.5516 ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount (which represents an initial conversion price of US$40.73 per ADS) at each holder’s option at any time prior to the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the maturity date of June 15, 2027.
Holders of the 2027 Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or part of their 2027 Notes in cash on June 15, 2023 and June 15, 2025, or in the event of certain fundamental changes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The issuance costs of the 2027 Notes were amortized to interest expense over the contractual life to the maturity date (i.e., June 15, 2027). For the year
s
ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, the 2027 Notes related interest expense was nil and US$6.9 million (RMB46.8 million), respectively.
The Group assessed the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes under ASC 815 and concluded that:
Since the conversion option is considered indexed to the Company’s own stock and classified in stockholders’ equity, bifurcation of conversion option from the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes is not required as the scope exception prescribed in ASC
815-10-15-74
is met;
- The repurchase option is considered clearly and closely related to its debt host and does not meet the requirement for bifurcation;
- There was no beneficial conversion feature attributed to the 2026 Notes or 2027 Notes as the conversion prices for the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes were greater than the fair value of the Company’s ordinary share price at date of issuance;
Therefore, the Group accounted for the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes as single instruments as “Long-term debt” on the consolidated balance sheets. The issuance costs were recorded as an adjustment to the long-term debt and are amortized as interest expense using the effective interest method.
As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the principal amount of 2026 Notes was RMB3,488.1 million and RMB3,262.5 million, respectively. The unamortized debt issuance costs were RMB73.5 million and RMB58.1 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2020, the principal amount of 2027 Notes was RMB5,219.9 million. The unamortized debt issuance costs were RMB83.3 million as of December 31, 2020.
The following table provides a summary of the Company’s unsecured senior notes as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2020:

|  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | Effective interest rate |
|  | Amounts |  |  | Amounts |
|  | RMB in thousands |  |  |  |
US$500,000 1.375% notes due 2026 |  |  | 3,414,628 |  |  |  | 3,204,309 |  |  |  | 1.74 | %
US$800,000 1.25% notes due 2027 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,136,613 |  |  |  | 1.52 | %
Carrying value |  |  | 3,414,628 |  |  |  | 8,340,922 |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs |  |  | 73,472 |  |  |  | 141,448 |  |  |  |  |
Total principal amounts of unsecured senior notes |  |  | 3,488,100 |  |  |  | 8,482,370 |  |  |  |  |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

14. | Ordinary Shares

Since the inception, the Company issued Pre-IPO Class A, Pre-IPO Class B, Pre-IPO Class C, and Pre-IPO Class D Ordinary Shares, or collectively referred to as “Pre-IPO Ordinary Shares”. Holders of Pre-IPO Class B, Pre-IPO Class C and Pre-IPO Class D Ordinary Shares have rights to convert their shares into Pre-IPO Class A Ordinary Shares on 1:1 ratio at any time after the date of issuance.
According to the revised memorandum of association of the Company dated April 1, 2017, all the Pre-IPO Ordinary Shares held by the founders shall have the right to ten votes for each outstanding Pre-IPO ordinary share they held. Each of the Pre-IPO Ordinary Shares held by a person other than the founders and all Pre-IPO Preferred Shares shall have the right to one vote for each outstanding Pre-IPO Ordinary Share or Pre-IPO Preferred Share they held (on an as-converted basis).
Immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, the Company adopted a dual-class share structure, consisting of Class Y Ordinary Shares and Class Z Ordinary Shares, par value US$0.0001 per share. As set forth in the Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company effective immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, holders of Class Y Ordinary Shares and Class Z Ordinary Shares have the same rights except that the holders of Class Z Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote per share in respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, while holders of Class Y Ordinary Shares are entitled to ten votes per share. Each Class Y Ordinary Share is convertible into one Class Z Ordinary Share at any time by the holder thereof. Class Z Ordinary Shares are not convertible into Class Y Ordinary Shares under any circumstances. The Group concluded that the adoption of dual-class share structure did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Other permanent equities
The Pre-IPO Class B, Pre-IPO Class C and Pre-IPO Class D Ordinary Shares are preferred shares in nature as they have liquidation preference compared to Pre-IPO Class A Ordinary Shares. The Group classified Pre-IPO Class B Ordinary Shares as permanent equity as they are not redeemable. Pre-IPO Class C and Pre-IPO Class D Ordinary Shares are redeemable upon certain liquidation events, including a change in control, which is deemed to be a liquidation event. However, as stipulated in the article of association of the Company, change in control will trigger the legal liquidation and termination of the Company, unless both majority of preferred shareholders and majority of ordinary shareholders otherwise agree on the exemption. Therefore, upon occurrence of the change in control, the Company will be liquidated and terminated, all the holders of equity shares of the Company are entitled to redeem, and form of consideration (cash or share) should be the same. Accordingly, such liquidation feature meets the exception in ASC 480-10-S99-3A(f) and therefore Pre-IPO Class C and Pre-IPO Class D Ordinary Shares were classified as permanent equity on the consolidated balance sheets. In April 2018, the Company completed its IPO on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. In the offering, 42,000,000 ADSs, representing 42,000,000 Class Z Ordinary Shares, were issued and sold to the public at a price of US$11.50 per ADS. The net proceeds to the Company from the IPO, after deducting commissions and offering expenses, were US$443.3 million (RMB2,781.8 million).
Upon the completion of the IPO, the Company completed the redesignation on a
one
-for-one
basis of: (i) 60,027,926 shares of
Pre-IPO
Class A Ordinary Shares, 13,600,000 shares of
Pre-IPO
Class B Ordinary Shares, 8,500,000 shares of
Pre-IPO
Class C Ordinary Shares, and 2,132,353 shares of
Pre-IPO
Class D Ordinary Shares into Class Y Ordinary Shares; and 9,309,000 shares of
Pre-IPO
Class A Ordinary Shares into Class Z Ordinary Shares; (ii) 1,104,535 shares of
Pre-IPO
Series C1 Preferred Shares into Class Y Ordinary Shares, 7,078,502 shares of
Pre-IPO
Series A Preferred Shares, 14,643,281 shares of
Pre-IPO
Series A+ Preferred Shares, 22,794,876 shares of
Pre-IPO
Series B Preferred Shares, 27,996,184 shares of
Pre-IPO
Series C Preferred Shares, 41,480,769 shares of
Pre-IPO
Series C1 Preferred Shares, 954,605 shares of
Pre-IPO
Series C2 Preferred Shares, 13,101,189 shares of
Pre-IPO
Series D1 Preferred Shares and 13,759,564 shares of
Pre-IPO
Series D2 Preferred Shares into Class Z Ordinary Shares.
In October 2018, 25,063,451 ADSs, representing 25,063,451 Class Z Ordinary Shares, were issued and sold to Tencent. The net proceeds to the Company from the offering, after deducting offering expenses, were US$317.2 million (RMB2,170.8 million).
In April 2019, the Company completed the Primary Offering. The total net proceeds to the Company, after deducting commissions and offering expenses, were US$245.7 million (RMB1,647.7 million).
In April 2020, 17,310,696 ADSs, representing 17,310,696 Class Z Ordinary Shares, were issued and sold to Sony Corporation of America (“SCA”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation (“Sony”). The net proceeds to the Company from the offering, after deducting offering expenses, were US$399.4 million (RMB2,817.5 million).

15. | Pre-IPO Preferred Shares

The
Pre-IPO
Series A, A+, B, C, C1/C2 and D1/D2 Preferred Shares are collectively referred to as the
“Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares”. The Group classified the
Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares as mezzanine equity on the consolidated balance sheets, as they were contingently redeemable at the options of the holders, and recorded accretion on the
Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares to the redemption value from the issuance dates to the earliest redemption dates. Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO, all of the issued and outstanding
Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares were redesignated into Class Y Ordinary Shares and Class Z Ordinary Shares, respectively. See Note 14 for additional information.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

15. | Pre-IPO Preferred Shares (Continued)

The Group’s
Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 are summarized below:

|  | Pre-IPO Series A Preferred Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Series A+ Preferred Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Series B Preferred Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Series C Preferred Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Series C1 Preferred Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Series C2 Preferred Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Series D1 Preferred Shares |  |  | Pre-IPO Series D2 Preferred Shares |  |  | Total Mezzanine Equity |
|  | Number of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Number of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Number of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Number of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Number of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Number of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Number of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Number of shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Number of shares |  |  | Amount |
|  | RMB in thousands, except for share data |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 7,078,502 |  |  |  | 16,625 |  |  |  | 14,643,281 |  |  |  | 85,681 |  |  |  | 22,794,876 |  |  |  | 325,559 |  |  |  | 27,996,184 |  |  |  | 797,355 |  |  |  | 42,585,304 |  |  |  | 1,442,351 |  |  |  | 954,605 |  |  |  | 36,763 |  |  |  | 13,101,189 |  |  |  | 586,385 |  |  |  | 13,759,564 |  |  |  | 724,324 |  |  |  | 142,913,505 |  |  |  | 4,015,043 |
Accretion to Pre-IPO Preferred Shares redemption value |  |  | — |  |  |  | 242 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,448 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,328 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,633 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,024 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,124 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,228 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64,605 |
Redesignation of Pre-IPO Preferred Shares into Class Y Ordinary Shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,104,535 | ) |  |  | (38,007 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,104,535 | ) |  |  | (38,007 | )
Redesignation of Pre-IPO Preferred Shares into Class Z Ordinary Shares |  |  | (7,078,502 | ) |  |  | (16,867 | ) |  |  | (14,643,281 | ) |  |  | (87,129 | ) |  |  | (22,794,876 | ) |  |  | (330,887 | ) |  |  | (27,996,184 | ) |  |  | (810,988 | ) |  |  | (41,480,769 | ) |  |  | (1,427,368 | ) |  |  | (954,605 | ) |  |  | (37,341 | ) |  |  | (13,101,189 | ) |  |  | (595,509 | ) |  |  | (13,759,564 | ) |  |  | (735,552 | ) |  |  | (141,808,970 | ) |  |  | (4,041,641 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2018 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

16. | Employee Benefits

The Company’s subsidiaries and VIEs incorporated in China participate in a government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan under which certain retirement, medical, housing and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries and VIEs to pay to the local labor bureau a monthly contribution at a stated contribution rate based on the monthly basic compensation of qualified employees. The relevant local labor bureau is responsible for meeting all retirement benefit obligations; hence, the Group has no further commitments beyond its monthly contribution. The following table presents the Group’s employee welfare benefits expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Contributions to medical and pension schemes |  |  | 158,113 |  |  |  | 215,553 |  |  |  | 195,655 |
Other employee benefits |  |  | 23,958 |  |  |  | 24,180 |  |  |  | 40,216 |
Total |  |  | 182,071 |  |  |  | 239,733 |  |  |  | 235,871 |

17. | Share-based Compensation

a) | Description of share option plans

In July 2014, the Group adopted its Global Share Incentive Plan (the “Global Share Plan”), which permits the grant of options, restricted shares and restricted share units of the Company to relevant directors, officers, other employees and consultants of the Group. The maximum aggregate number of Class Z Ordinary Shares, which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the Global Share Plan, is 19,880,315 shares.
In February 2018, the Group adopted its 2018 Share Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) to provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. The maximum aggregate number of Class Z Ordinary Shares, which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2018 Plan as at December 31, 2020, is 23,367,875 shares.
Option awards are granted with an exercise price determined by the Board of Directors. Those option awards generally vest over a period of two to six years and expire in six to seven years.
As of December 31, 2020, total unrecognized compensation expenses related to unvested awards granted under the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, was RMB 3,787.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 4.5 years and may be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures.

b) | Valuation assumptions

The Group uses binomial option pricing model to determine the fair value of share options. The estimated fair value of each share option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the binomial option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 47.8%-48.4% |  |  |  | 49.6%-52.1% |  |  |  | 50.1%-55.0% |
Weighted average volatility |  |  | 48.3% |  |  |  | 50.8% |  |  |  | 51.9% |
Expected dividends |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Risk-free rate |  |  | 2.6%-2.8% |  |  |  | 1.4%-2.4% |  |  |  | 0.4%-0.7% |
Contractual term (in years) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6-7 |

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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

17. | Share-based Compensation (Continued)

(b) | Valuation assumptions (continued)

The expected volatility at each grant date was estimated based on the annualized standard deviation of the daily return embedded in historical share prices of comparable peer companies with a time horizon close to the expected expiry of the term of the share options. The weighted average volatility is the expected volatility at the grant date weighted by the number of the share options. The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its capital stock, and the Company does not anticipate any dividend payments in the foreseeable future. Contractual term is the remaining contract life of the share options. The Group estimated the risk-free interest rate based on the yield to maturity of U.S. treasury bonds denominated in US dollars at the share option grant date.

(c) | Share options activities

The following table presents a summary of the Group’s share options activities for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | Employees |  |  | Senior Management |  |  | Consultants |  |  | Total |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
|  | (In thousands) |  |  | (In thousands) |  |  | (In thousands) |  |  | (In thousands) |  |  | US$ |  |  | (In years) |  |  | (RMB in thousands) |
Outstanding at January 1, 2018 |  |  | 8,124 |  |  |  | 10,595 |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 19,419 |  |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  | 4.80 |  |  |  | 880,197 |
Granted |  |  | 2,587 |  |  |  | 620 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,207 |  |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (2,387 | ) |  |  | (5,543 | ) |  |  | (212 | ) |  |  | (8,142 | ) |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (683 | ) |  |  | (1,437 | ) |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | (2,170 | ) |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 7,641 |  |  |  | 4,235 |  |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 12,314 |  |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  | 4.46 |  |  |  | 1,233,028 |
Outstanding at January 1, 2019 |  |  | 7,641 |  |  |  | 4,235 |  |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 12,314 |  |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  | 4.46 |  |  |  | 1,233,028 |
Granted |  |  | 2,464 |  |  |  | 730 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,194 |  |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (1,352 | ) |  |  | (710 | ) |  |  | (193 | ) |  |  | (2,255 | ) |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (479 | ) |  |  | (600 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,079 | ) |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 8,274 |  |  |  | 3,655 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 12,174 |  |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  | 4.13 |  |  |  | 1,581,408 |
Outstanding at January 1, 2020 |  |  | 8,274 |  |  |  | 3,655 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 12,174 |  |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  | 4.13 |  |  |  | 1,581,408 |
Granted |  |  | 6,966 |  |  |  | 8,700 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 15,716 |  |  |  | 2.9007 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (2,784 | ) |  |  | (1,643 | ) |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | (4,492 | ) |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (1,101 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,101 | ) |  |  | 0.4234 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 11,355 |  |  |  | 10,712 |  |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | 22,297 |  |  |  | 2.0236 |  |  |  | 5.41 |  |  |  | 12,177,047 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 1,115 |  |  |  | 0.0001 |  |  |  | 2.97 |  |  |  | 623,376 |

The weighted average grant date fair value of share options granted for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020 was RMB76.2 (US$11.7), RMB104.4 (US$15.0) and RMB262.0 (US$38.8) per share, respectively.
It is the Group’s policy to issue new shares upon exercise of share options. The aggregate number of Class Z Ordinary Shares available for future grant under the Global Share Plan and the 2018 Plan was 6,062,751 as of December 31, 2020.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

18. | Net Loss per Share

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Company had potential ordinary shares, including share options granted,
Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares and other permanent equities, and ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes, where applicable. As the Group incurred losses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, these potential ordinary shares were anti-dilutive and excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share. Considering that the holders of
Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares and other permanent equities have no contractual obligations to participate in the Group’s losses, any losses from the Group was not be allocated to them.
Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO in April 2018, all of the outstanding
Pre-IPO
Preferred Shares and other permanent equities were converted into 25,336,888 shares of Class Y Ordinary Shares and 141,808,970 shares of Class Z Ordinary Shares. The number of share options, which was anti-dilutive and excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2018, was 15,594,490 shares.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, the numbers of share options and the number of ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the 2026 Notes, which were anti-dilutive and excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share, were 9,328,721 shares and 20,202,000 shares, respectively.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the numbers of share options and the number of ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes, which were anti-dilutive and excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share, were 8,927,697 shares, 20,202,000 shares and 19,641,280 shares, respectively.
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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

18. | Net Loss per Share (Continued)

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands, except for share and per share data |
Numerator: |  |  |  |
Net loss |  |  | (565,021 | ) |  |  | (1,303,570 | ) |  |  | (3,054,017 | )
Accretion to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,292 | )
Accretion to Pre-IPO Preferred Shares redemption value |  |  | (64,605 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 13,301 |  |  |  | 14,597 |  |  |  | 46,605 |
Net loss attributable to Bilibili Inc.’s shareholders for basic/dilutive net loss per share calculation |  |  | (616,325 | ) |  |  | (1,288,973 | ) |  |  | (3,011,704 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, basic |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, diluted |  |  | 233,047,703 |  |  |  | 323,161,680 |  |  |  | 345,816,023 |
Net loss per share, basic |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | )
Net loss per share, diluted |  |  | (2.64 | ) |  |  | (3.99 | ) |  |  | (8.71 | )

19. | Commitments and Contingencies

(a) | Commitments

Purchase obligations
In September 2020, the Group signed a contract to purchase the three-year license for live broadcasting the League of Legends World Championship starting from 2020 at an aggregate purchase price of RMB800.0 million (US$122.6 million). The unpaid purchase price was RMB622.5 million (US$95.4 million) as of December 31, 2020.
Long-term debt obligations
The Group’s long-term debt obligations are to repay the principal amount and cash interests in connection with the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes. The expected repayment schedules of the 2026 Notes and 2027 Notes has been disclosed in Note 13.

(b) | Litigation

From time to time, the Group is involved in claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Based on currently available information, management does not believe that the ultimate outcome of any unresolved matters, individually and in the aggregate, is reasonably possible to have a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and the Group’s view of these matters may change in the future. The Group records a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Group reviews the need for any such liability on a regular basis. The Group has not recorded material liabilities in this regard as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

20. | Related Party Transactions and Balances

The Group entered into the following significant related party transactions for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Purchases of goods and services |  |  | 162,992 |  |  |  | 87,597 |  |  |  | 35,131 |
Transfer of/ (acquire of) long-term investments* |  |  | 3,250 |  |  |  | 539,646 |  |  |  | (110,039 | )
Purchase of noncontrolling interests of Chaodian Inc. (“Chaodian”) (See note 24) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 257,288 |
Investment income* |  |  | — |  |  |  | 73,884 |  |  |  | — |

The Group had the following significant related party balances as of December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively:

|  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Amount due from related parties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due from an investment fund* |  |  | — |  |  |  | 170,535 |  |  |  | 74,235 |
Due from an equity investee** |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,755 |  |  |  | 90,497 |
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | 195,290 |  |  |  | 164,732 |
Amount due to related parties |  |  | 50,331 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

* | The transactions in 2018 referred to the investments transferred to an entity controlled by the Group’s major shareholders. In June 2019, to focus the Company’s efforts and resources on its core businesses, the Company transferred several equity investments of the Group to an investment fund. The Group contributed a total of RMB220.0 million cash into this fund as a limited partner, which is accounted for as an equity method investment. The cost of the equity investments transferred was RMB465.8 million. The consideration was RMB539.6 million, which was based on the estimated fair value of the investments. The difference between the consideration and cost of the investments was recognized as investment income. In July 2020, the Company acquired certain equity interests of two investments from the investment fund. The consideration was RMB110.0 million. The balances due from an investment fund as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2020 were consideration receivables related to the equity investments transferred in 2019 and dividend receivables , which is non-trade in nature.

** | The balances as of December 31, 2020 mainly represent interest-bearing loans and interest expenses of RMB105.6 million related to an equity investee , which is non-trade in nature and partially offset by the trade payables to the equity investee. The annual interest rates of the loans were 2.8% and all the loans were within one year.
| Amount due to related parties as of December 31, 2018 was trade in nature.

21. | Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Group’s CODM is Mr. Rui Chen, the Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO.
The Group’s organizational structure is based on a number of factors that the CODM uses to evaluate, view and run its business operations which include, but not limited to, customer base, homogeneity of products and technology. The Group’s operating segments are based on such organizational structure and information reviewed by the Group’s CODM to evaluate the operating segment results. The Group has internal reporting of revenue, cost and expenses by nature as a whole. Hence, the Group has only one operating segment.
Substantially the majority of the Group’s revenues are derived from China based on the geographical locations where services are provided to customers. In addition, the Group’s long-lived assets are substantially all located in and derived from China, and the amount of long-lived assets attributable to any individual other country is not material. Therefore, no geographical segments are presented.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

22. | Fair Value Measurement

When available, the Group uses quoted market prices to determine the fair value of an asset or liability. If quoted market prices are not available, the Group will measure fair value using valuation techniques that use, when possible, current market-based or independently sourced market parameters, such as interest rates and currency rates. The Group measures investments in money market funds, financial products and equity investments in publicly traded companies at fair value
.
Money market funds and equity investments in publicly traded companies
. The Group values its money market funds and equity investments in publicly traded companies using observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for securities with identical characteristics, and accordingly, the Group classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 1.
Financial products
. The Group values its financial products investments held in certain banks or other financial institutions using quoted prices for securities with similar characteristics and other observable inputs, and accordingly, the Group classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2.
Accounts receivable, amount due from/to related parties and other current assets are financial assets with carrying values that approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and other payables are financial liabilities with carrying values that approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.
The Group measures equity investments accounted for using the equity method at fair value on a
non-recurring
basis only if an impairment charge were to be recognized. Equity investments accounted for using the measurement alternative are generally not categorized in the fair value hierarchy. However, if equity investments without readily determinable fair values were re-measured during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, they were classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because the Group estimated the value of the instruments based on valuation methods using the observable transaction price at the transaction date and other unobse
r
vable inputs.

23. | Restricted Net Assets

Relevant PRC laws and regulations permit the PRC companies to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries and VIEs can only distribute dividends upon approval of the shareholders after they have met the PRC requirements for appropriation to the generically reserve fund and the statutory surplus fund respectively. The general reserve fund and the statutory surplus fund require that annual appropriations of 10% of net
after-tax
income should be set aside prior to payment of any dividends. As a result of these and other restrictions under the PRC laws and regulations, the PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are restricted in their abilities to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company either in the form of dividends, loans or advances, which restricted portion amounted to approximately RMB1.2 billion or 16.1% of the Company’s total consolidated net assets as of December 31, 2020. Even though the Company currently does not require any such dividends, loans or advances from the PRC subsidiaries and VIEs for working capital and other funding purposes, the Company may in the future require additional cash resources from its PRC subsidiaries and VIEs due to changes in business conditions, to fund future acquisitions and developments, or merely declare and pay dividends to or distributions to the Company’s shareholders.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

24. | Acquisitions

Transaction with Zenith Group Holdings Co., Limited (“Zenith”)
In September 2018, the Group entered into an agreement to increase its shareholding to acquire the majority of equity interests in Zenith, the owner of a series of famous virtual singers, such as Luo Tianyi. Prior to this transaction, the Group owned 7.4% of equity interest in Zenith, which was accounted for as long-term investments using alternative measure method. The total consideration was RMB296.8 million in cash. Following the completion of this transaction in September 2018, the Group held approximately 71.9% of equity interests in Zenith and Zenith became a consolidated subsidiary of the Group.
The Group made estimates and judgments in determining the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the assistance from an independent valuation firm. The purchase price allocation as the date of the acquisition is as follows:

|  | Amount |  |  | Amortization Period |
|  | RMB in thousands |  |  |  |
Net assets acquired |  |  | 30,252 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—Tradename |  |  | 54,974 |  |  |  | 8 years |
—Non-compete clause |  |  | 2,230 |  |  |  | 3 years |
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | (121,154 | ) |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | 360,039 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | 326,341 |  |  |  |  |

Total purchase price comprised of:

|  | Amount |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Cash consideration |  |  | 296,796 |
Fair value of previously held equity interests |  |  | 29,545 |
Total |  |  | 326,341 |

A gain of RMB
5.8
million in relation to the revaluation of the previously held equity interests in Zenith was recorded in“Investment income, net”on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December
31
,
2018
. The fair value of the previously held equity interests was estimated based on the purchase price per share as of the acquisition date.
Goodwill arising from this acquisition was attributable to the synergies between virtual idols and the Group’s multiple business streams, including live broadcasting, advertising, games, virtual idol related derivative products and offline performance events. The goodwill recognized was not expected to be deductible for income tax purpose.
In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Group acquired the remaining 28.1% of equity interests in Zenith from noncontrolling shareholders with a total consideration of US$22.4 million (RMB156.5 million), which was accounted for as an equity transaction pursuant to ASC
810-10-45-23.
The difference between the fair value of the consideration and the carrying value of the noncontrolling interests was accounted for as deemed dividend to the noncontrolling shareholders and was recorded against additional
paid-in
capital. No gain or loss was recorded by the Group.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

24. | Acquisitions (Continued)

Transactions with Chaodian
In July 2019, the Group entered into a series of agreements to acquire 72.0% of equity interests in Chaodian, which was subsequently diluted to 63.6% with capital injections from certain other noncontrolling interests. The total consideration of this acquisition consisted of RMB288.6 million paid to the existing third party shareholders and a direct capital injection amounting to RMB909.6 million. Chaodian runs various offline events such as flagship concerts and exhibitions, and operates an industry-related talent agency. The Company and Chaodian were under the same control of the Controlling Shareholder since July 2019. Therefore, this transaction was accounted for as a business combination under common control and the Company’s consolidated financial statements included the acquired assets and liabilities of Chaodian, at their historical carrying amounts of RMB986.4 million. The consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019 reflected the results of the Company and Chaodian as if they had been combined since July 1, 2019. The excess of the consideration over the historical carrying amount of the acquired assets and liabilities, as well as noncontrolling interests, was accounted for deemed dividend to the other shareholders of Chaodian.
The allocation of the consideration of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their historical carrying amounts was as follows:

|  | Amount |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Consideration |  |  | 1,198,198 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 1,199,117 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 95,147 |
Goodwill |  |  | 36,120 |
Other asset acquired |  |  | 68,214 |
Total assets acquired |  |  | 1,398,598 |
Accrued liabilities and other payables |  |  | (323,025 | )
Other liabilities assumed |  |  | (89,217 | )
Total liability assumed |  |  | (412,242 | )
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | (276,621 | )
Deemed dividend |  |  | 488,463 |
Total |  |  | 1,198,198 |

In September 2020, the Company acquired the rest of noncontrolling interests of Chaodian, with the total consideration of RMB744.6 million including with a cash consideration of RMB250.5 million and 1,731,100 Class Z ordinary shares. The consideration was determined by referenced to a third-party valuer’s valuation. The difference between the total consideration and the carrying value of the noncontrolling interest of Chaodian was recognized as additional
paid-in
capital, amounting to RMB193.3 million. Following the completion of this transaction, the Company held 100% of equity interest in Chaodian.
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BILIBILI INC.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

24. | Acquisitions (Continued)

Other acquisitions
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, the Group completed several other acquisitions, to complement its existing businesses and achieve synergies. The acquired entities individually and in aggregate were insignificant. The Group’s other acquisitions are summarized in the following table:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |  |  | Amortization Period |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | Amount |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Net assets acquired |  |  | 62,800 |  |  |  | 65,582 |  |  |  | 18,495 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—Tradename |  |  | 104,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 to 10 years |
—User base |  |  | 21,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 3 to 5 years |
—Copyrights |  |  | 23,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 49,000 |  |  |  | 9 months to 10 years |
—Technology |  |  | 9,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 to 8 months |
—Vendor relationship |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 86,000 |  |  |  | 10 years |
—On-going projects |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 69,000 |  |  |  | 4.5 years |
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | (107,505 | ) |  |  | (30,000 | ) |  |  | (44,064 | ) |  |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (49,140 | ) |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | 530,482 |  |  |  | 34,418 |  |  |  | 283,760 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | 643,777 |  |  |  | 70,000 |  |  |  | 413,751 |  |  |  |  |

Total purchase price comprised of:

|  | Amount |  |  |
|  | RMB in thousands |
Cash consideration |  |  | 391,071 |  |  |  | 70,000 |  |  |  | 295,323 |
Share consideration |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 118,428 |
Fair value of previously held equity interests |  |  | 252,706 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 643,777 |  |  |  | 70,000 |  |  |  | 413,751 |

In relation to the revaluation of previously held equity interests, the Group recognized a gain of RMB
138.6
million in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December
31
,
2018
, for the other acquisitions that constitute business combinations.
Pro forma results of operations for all the acquisitions have not been presented because they were not material to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, either individually or in aggregate.

25. | Subsequent Events

The Group has established an entity in Shanghai, China with Zhuhai Hengqin Wangfu Project Investment LLP (“Wangfu”), and two entities controlled by Mr. Rui Chen and Ms. Ni Li, respectively (the “Management Entities”), to acquire the land use rights for a parcel of land in Shanghai. The Group holds 30.01% of the shares of the entity, Wangfu holds 45%, and the Management Entities collectively hold the remaining 24.99% of the shares. The total investment for the acquisition of land use rights is estimated to be approximately RMB8.1 billion. Pursuant to the shareholders agreement among the shareholders of the entity, the Group has committed to funding the acquisition of land use rights up to RMB1.2 billion, of which RMB975 million
has been made as of the date of this annual report and the remaining is expected to be made before March 31, 2021.
F-6
3