Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income as a result of the following items:



	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30						September 30
	2016			2015			2016			2015
U.S. statutory rate at 35%	$	89		$	73		$	225		$	178
Tax on foreign income	(30		)	(27		)	(71		)	(66		)
Tax contingencies	8			—			9			8
Valuation allowance	(27		)	2			(25		)	7
Other items, net	8			—			13			7
Income tax provision	$	48		$	48		$	151		$	134

In the third quarter of 2016, the Company recognized a benefit of $31 to release the valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets in Canada. The Company's operations in Canada recently returned to profitability in part due to benefits from recent restructuring actions and improved cost performance. Based on current projections, the Company believes it is more likely than not that it will realize the deferred tax assets. The Company's loss carryforwards in Canada expire at various dates beginning in 2026. If future changes impact the Company's profitability in Canada, it is possible that the Company may record an additional valuation allowance in the future.

In the third quarter of 2016, the Spanish tax authorities concluded their audits of Mivisa's Spanish operations for the years 2009 to 2014. In connection with the audits, the Company recognized a charge of $8 to settle certain tax contingencies.

In the third quarter of 2016, the Company recognized a charge of $5 to write off certain tax credit carryforwards that the Company will be unable to utilize as a result of an internal reorganization of the Company's operations in the U.K.