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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Components of Pension Expense and Benefits Cost
The components of pension expense were as follows:
U.S. Plans
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Service cost
$
14

 
$
14

 
$
14

Interest cost
50

 
50

 
63

Expected return on plan assets
(83
)
 
(91
)
 
(100
)
Settlements

 
14

 
2

Amortization of actuarial loss
52

 
50

 
50

Amortization of prior service cost
1

 
1

 

Net periodic cost
$
34

 
$
38

 
$
29


 
Non-U.S. Plans
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Service cost
$
22

 
$
21

 
$
24

Interest cost
75

 
101

 
127

Expected return on plan assets
(146
)
 
(157
)
 
(172
)
Curtailments
(3
)
 

 

Amortization of actuarial loss
42

 
50

 
55

Amortization of prior service credit
(11
)
 
(12
)
 
(13
)
Net periodic benefit / (cost)
$
(21
)
 
$
3

 
$
21

The components of net postretirement benefits cost were as follows:
Other Postretirement Benefits
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Service cost
$

 
$

 
$
1

Interest cost
6

 
6

 
7

Amortization of prior service credit
(40
)
 
(41
)
 
(37
)
Amortization of actuarial loss
4

 
5

 
4

Net periodic benefit credit
$
(30
)
 
$
(30
)
 
$
(25
)
Schedule of Projected Benefit Obligations, Accumulated Benefit Obligations, Plan Assets and Funded Status
The projected benefit obligations, accumulated benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of the Company's U.S. and non-U.S. plans were as follows:
 
U.S. Plans
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
2017
 
2016
 
2017
 
2016
Projected Benefit Obligations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Benefit obligations at January 1
$
1,482

 
$
1,501

 
$
3,283

 
$
3,493

Service cost
14

 
14

 
22

 
21

Interest cost
50

 
50

 
75

 
101

Plan participants’ contributions

 

 
3

 
3

Amendments
4

 
3

 

 

Settlements

 
(39
)
 
(7
)
 

Actuarial loss
51

 
54

 
39

 
382

Benefits paid
(102
)
 
(101
)
 
(214
)
 
(172
)
Foreign currency translation

 

 
306

 
(545
)
Benefit obligations at December 31
$
1,499

 
$
1,482

 
$
3,507

 
$
3,283

Plan Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value of plan assets at January 1
$
1,156

 
$
1,190

 
$
3,152

 
$
3,169

Actual return on plan assets
162

 
65

 
134

 
611

Employer contributions
4

 
41

 
290

 
62

Plan participants’ contributions

 

 
3

 
3

Settlements

 
(39
)
 
(7
)
 

Benefits paid
(102
)
 
(101
)
 
(214
)
 
(172
)
Foreign currency translation

 

 
307

 
(521
)
Fair value of plan assets at December 31
$
1,220

 
$
1,156

 
$
3,665

 
$
3,152

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Funded Status
$
(279
)
 
$
(326
)
 
$
158

 
$
(131
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accumulated benefit obligations at December 31
$
1,445

 
$
1,446

 
$
3,418

 
$
3,191

Information for Pension Plans with Accumulated Benefit Obligations in Excess of Plan Assets
Information for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was as follows: 

U.S. Plans
2017
 
2016
Projected benefit obligations
$
1,499

 
$
1,482

Accumulated benefit obligations
1,445

 
1,446

Fair value of plan assets
1,220

 
1,156

Non-U.S. Plans
2017
 
2016
Projected benefit obligations
$
247

 
$
224

Accumulated benefit obligations
223

 
200

Fair value of plan assets
94

 
85

Schedule of Ranges for Asset Allocation and Summary of Defined Benefit Plan Assets and Accrued Income
The strategic ranges for asset allocation in the U.S. plan are as follows: 

U.S. equities
38
%
to
48
%
International equities
12
%
to
18
%
Fixed income
15
%
to
25
%
Balanced funds
12
%
to
18
%
Real estate
5
%
to
10
%
The strategic ranges for asset allocation in the U.K. plan are as follows:
 
Investment grade credit
30
%
to
90
%
Equities
0
%
to
30
%
Hedge funds
0
%
to
10
%
Real estate
0
%
to
5
%
Private equity
0
%
to
15
%
Alternative credit
0
%
to
20
%
Other
0
%
to
15
%
The levels assigned to the defined benefit plan assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 are summarized in the tables below: 
 
 
2017
 
 
U.S. plan
assets
 
Non-U.S. plan
assets
 
Total
Level 1
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
13

 
$
304

 
$
317

Global large cap equity
 

 
34

 
34

U.S. large cap equity
 
82

 
32

 
114

Global mid/small cap equity
 

 
10

 
10

U.S. mid/small cap equity
 
247

 
32

 
279

Mutual funds – global equity
 
175

 

 
175

Mutual funds – U.S. equity
 
225

 

 
225

Mutual funds – fixed income
 
93

 

 
93

 
 
835

 
412

 
1,247

Level 2
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government issued debt securities
 
50

 
556

 
606

Corporate debt securities
 
76

 
4

 
80

Asset backed securities
 
9

 

 
9

Structured debt
 

 
904

 
904

Insurance contracts
 

 
18

 
18

Derivatives
 

 
136

 
136

Investment funds – fixed income
 
3

 
482

 
485

Investment funds – global equity
 

 
132

 
132

 
 
138

 
2,232

 
2,370

Level 3
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment funds – real estate
 
94

 
64

 
158

Hedge funds
 

 
189

 
189

Private equity
 
15

 
132

 
147

Real estate – direct
 
18

 
6

 
24

 
 
127

 
391

 
518

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets in fair value hierarchy
 
1,100

 
3,035

 
4,135

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments measured at NAV Practical Expedient (a)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment funds – fixed income
 
76

 
123

 
199

Investment funds – global equity
 
19

 
183

 
202

Investment funds – emerging markets
 
24

 

 
24

Hedge funds
 

 
251

 
251

Investment funds – real estate
 

 
68

 
68

 

119

 
625

 
744

Total investments at fair value

$
1,219

 
$
3,660

 
$
4,879

 
 
 
2016
 
 
U.S. plan
assets
 
Non-U.S. plan
assets
 
Total
Level 1
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
15

 
$
83

 
$
98

Global large cap equity
 

 
14

 
14

U.S. large cap equity
 
60

 
6

 
66

Global mid/small cap equity
 

 
5

 
5

U.S. mid/small cap equity
 
238

 
24

 
262

Mutual funds – global equity
 
149

 
2

 
151

Mutual funds – U.S. equity
 
214

 

 
214

Mutual funds – fixed income
 
92

 

 
92

 
 
768

 
134

 
902

Level 2
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government issued debt securities
 
49

 
514

 
563

Corporate debt securities
 
75

 
61

 
136

Asset backed securities
 
11

 
2

 
13

Structured debt
 

 
695

 
695

Insurance contracts
 

 
16

 
16

Derivatives
 

 
98

 
98

Investment funds – fixed income
 
2

 
496

 
498

Investment funds – global equity
 

 
82

 
82

 
 
137

 
1,964

 
2,101

Level 3
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment funds – real estate
 
85

 
47

 
132

Hedge funds
 

 
207

 
207

Private equity
 
22

 
193

 
215

Real estate – direct
 
17

 
5

 
22

 
 
124

 
452

 
576

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets in fair value hierarchy
 
1,029

 
2,550

 
3,579

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments measured at NAV Practical Expedient (a)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment funds – fixed income
 
77

 
110

 
187

Investment funds – global equity
 
26

 
243

 
269

Investment funds – emerging markets
 
23

 

 
23

Hedge funds
 

 
186

 
186

Investment funds – real estate
 

 
57

 
57

 
 
126

 
596

 
722

Total investments at fair value
 
$
1,155

 
$
3,146

 
$
4,301


(a) In accordance with ASU No. 2015-07, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Accrued income excluded from the tables above was as follows:
 
2017
 
2016
U.S. plan assets
$
1

 
$
1

Non-U.S. plan assets
5

 
6

Reconciliation of Plan Assets Using Level 3
The following tables reconcile the beginning and ending balances of plan assets measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).
 
 
Hedge
funds
 
Private
equity
 
Real
estate
 
Total
Balance at January 1, 2016
 
$
225

 
$
281

 
$
136

 
$
642

Foreign currency translation
 
(37
)
 
(42
)
 
(4
)
 
(83
)
Asset returns – assets held at reporting date
 
24

 
2

 
10

 
36

Asset returns – assets sold during the period
 
1

 
36

 

 
37

Purchases, sales and settlements, net
 
(6
)
 
(62
)
 
12

 
(56
)
Balance at December 31, 2016
 
207

 
215

 
154

 
576

Foreign currency translation
 
20

 
19

 
5

 
44

Asset returns – assets held at reporting date
 
(38
)
 
(57
)
 
7

 
(88
)
Asset returns – assets sold during the period
 
32

 
53

 

 
85

Purchases, sales and settlements, net
 
(32
)
 
(83
)
 
16

 
(99
)
Balance at December 31, 2017
 
$
189

 
$
147

 
$
182

 
$
518

Additional Information About Pension Plan Assets Valued Using Net Asset Value
The following table presents additional information about the pension plan assets valued using net asset value as a practical expedient:
 
Fair Value
Redemption Frequency
Redemption Notice Period
Balance at December 31, 2017
 
 
 
Investment funds – fixed income
$
199

Daily
1 day
Investment funds – global equity
202

Monthly
1 - 30 days
Investment funds – emerging markets
24

Daily
30 days
Hedge funds
251

Monthly
3 - 45 days
Investment funds – real estate
68

Weekly
2 days
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2016
 
 
 
Investment funds – fixed income
$
187

Daily
1 - 15 days
Investment funds – global equity
269

Monthly
1 - 30 days
Investment funds – emerging markets
23

Daily
30 days
Hedge funds
186

Monthly
5 - 45 days
Investment funds – real estate
57

Weekly
2 days
Schedule of Pension Assets and Liabilities
Pension assets and liabilities included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets were: 
 
 
2017
 
2016
Non-current assets
 
$
313

 
$
14

Current liabilities
 
6

 
8

Non-current liabilities
 
434

 
469

Schedule of Changes in Net Loss and Prior Service Cost/(Credit)
Changes in the net loss and prior service credit for the Company’s postretirement benefit plans were: 
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
Net
loss
 
Prior
service
 
Net
loss
 
Prior
service
 
Net
loss
 
Prior
service
Balance at January 1
 
$
49

 
$
(182
)
 
$
47

 
$
(225
)
 
$
69

 
$
(211
)
Reclassification to net periodic benefit cost
 
(4
)
 
40

 
(5
)
 
41

 
(4
)
 
37

Current year loss
 
4

 

 
7

 

 
(18
)
 

Amendments
 

 

 

 

 

 
(51
)
Foreign currency translation
 

 

 

 
2

 

 

Balance at December 31
 
$
49

 
$
(142
)
 
$
49

 
$
(182
)
 
$
47

 
$
(225
)
Changes in the net loss and prior service credit for the Company’s pension plans were: 
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
Net loss
 
Prior
service
 
Net loss
 
Prior
service
 
Net
loss
 
Prior
service
Balance at January 1
 
$
2,032

 
$
(32
)
 
$
2,320

 
$
(54
)
 
$
2,423

 
$
(71
)
Reclassification to net periodic benefit cost
 
(95
)
 
14

 
(114
)
 
11

 
(105
)
 
13

Current year loss/(gain)
 
21

 

 
13

 

 
95

 

Amendments
 

 
4

 

 
3

 

 

Foreign currency translation
 
99

 
(2
)
 
(187
)
 
8

 
(93
)
 
4

Balance at December 31
 
$
2,057

 
$
(16
)
 
$
2,032

 
$
(32
)
 
$
2,320

 
$
(54
)
Schedule of Expected Future Benefit Payments
Expected future benefit payments are as follows:
 
Benefit Payments
2018
$
14

2019
14

2020
14

2021
13

2022
13

2023 - 2027
56

Expected future benefit payments as of December 31, 2017 are: 
 
U.S.
plans
 
Non-U.S.
plans
2018
$
102

 
$
161

2019
107

 
164

2020
107

 
167

2021
98

 
166

2022
100

 
168

2023 - 2027
491

 
846

Schedule of Benefit Obligations Weighted Average Actuarial Assumptions
The weighted average actuarial assumptions used to calculate pension expense for each year were: 
U.S. Plans
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Discount rate - service cost
 
4.7
%
 
4.9
%
 
4.0
%
Discount rate - interest cost
 
3.4
%
 
3.5
%
 
4.0
%
Compensation increase
 
4.6
%
 
4.6
%
 
4.6
%
Long-term rate of return
 
7.5
%
 
8.0
%
 
8.0
%
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Discount rate - service cost
 
2.8
%
 
3.9
%
 
3.4
%
Discount rate - interest cost
 
2.3
%
 
3.2
%
 
3.4
%
Compensation increase
 
3.3
%
 
2.9
%
 
2.7
%
Long-term rate of return
 
4.5
%
 
5.4
%
 
5.2
%
The weighted average actuarial assumptions used to calculate the benefit obligations at December 31 were: 
U.S. Plans
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Discount rate
 
3.7
%
 
4.2
%
 
4.4
%
Compensation increase
 
4.7
%
 
4.6
%
 
4.6
%

Non-U.S. Plans
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Discount rate
 
2.5
%
 
2.7
%
 
3.7
%
Compensation increase
 
3.2
%
 
3.3
%
 
2.9
%
Schedule of Changes in Benefit Obligations
Changes in the benefit obligations were:
 
 
2017
 
2016
Benefit obligations at January 1
 
$
167

 
$
171

Service cost
 

 

Interest cost
 
6

 
6

Actuarial loss
 
4

 
7

Benefits paid
 
(13
)
 
(15
)
Foreign currency translation
 
4

 
(2
)
Benefit obligations at December 31
 
$
168

 
$
167

Schedule of Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates
The assumed health care cost trend rates at December 31, 2017 were as follows: 
Health care cost trend rate assumed for 2018
4.6
%
Rate that the cost trend rate gradually declines to
3.8
%
Year that the rate reaches the rate it is assumed to remain
2035

Schedule of One-Percentage-Point Change in Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates
A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: 
 
 
One percentage point
 
 
Increase
 
Decrease
Effect on total service and interest cost
 
$
1

 
$
1

Effect on postretirement benefit obligation
 
$
7

 
$
6

Schedule of Weighted Average Discount Rates Used in Benefit Obligations Calculation
Weighted average discount rates used to calculate the benefit obligations at the end of each year and the cost for each year are presented below. 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Benefit obligations
3.8
%
 
4.0
%
 
3.9
%
Service cost
5.0
%
 
4.9
%
 
4.0
%
Interest cost
3.5
%
 
3.6
%
 
4.0
%