Revenue

The majority of the Company’s revenues from metal packaging products are derived from multi-year requirement contracts with leading manufacturers and marketers of packaged consumer products for can sets, comprising a can and an end. As requirement contracts do not typically include fixed volumes, customers often purchase products pursuant to purchase orders or other communications which are short-term in nature. The can and the end are considered separate performance obligations because they are distinct and separately identifiable. Revenues from the Company's transit packaging segment are generally derived from individual purchase orders which may include multiple goods and services which are separate performance obligations because they are distinct and separately identifiable.

Revenues are recognized when control of the promised products is transferred to customers. The Company manufactures certain products that have no alternative use to the Company once they are printed or manufactured to customer specifications. If the Company has an enforceable right to payment for custom products at all times in the manufacturing process, revenue is recognized over time. In each of the Company’s geographic markets, revenue from beverage cans is primarily recognized over time using the units produced output method as beverage cans are generally printed for a specific customer in a continuous production process and, therefore, the customer obtains value as each unit is produced. The timing of revenue recognition for the Company’s other products, including beverage ends and three-piece products, which includes food cans and ends and aerosol cans and ends, may vary as these products may be printed or customized depending upon customer preferences which can vary by geographic market. Revenue that is recognized over time for the Company’s three-piece products and equipment business is generally recognized using the cost-to-cost input method as these products involve an intermediary step that results in customized work-in-process inventory. For products that follow a point in time model, revenue is generally recognized when title and risk of loss transfer.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Standalone selling prices for each performance obligation are generally stated in the contract. When the Company offers variable consideration in the form of volume rebates to customers, it estimates the most likely amount of revenue to which it is expected to be entitled and includes the estimate in the transaction price, limited to the amount which is probable will not result in reversal of cumulative revenue recognized when the variable consideration is resolved. When the Company offers customers options to purchase additional product at discounted prices, judgment is required to determine if the discounted prices represent material rights. If so, the transaction price allocated to the discount is based on its relative standalone price and is recognized upon purchase of the additional product. Customer payment terms are typically less than one year and as such, the Company has applied the practical expedient to exclude consideration of significant financing components from the determination of transaction price.

Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from net sales. Shipping and handling fees and costs from product sales are reported as cost of products sold and are accrued when the Company recognizes revenue over time before the shipping and handling activities occur. Costs to obtain a contract are generally immaterial but the Company has elected the practical expedient to expense these costs as incurred if the duration of the contract is one year or less.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized revenue of $5,765 over time and $5,386 at a point in time. See Note X for further disaggregation of the Company's revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 The Company has applied the practical expedient to exclude disclosure of remaining performance obligations as its binding orders typically have a term of one year or less.

Unbilled Receivables

Unbilled receivables are recorded for revenue recognized over time when the Company has determined that control has passed to the customer but the customer has not yet been invoiced because the Company does not have present right to payment. The Company generally has a present right to payment when title of product transfers. Unbilled receivables are reflected in receivables in the Consolidated Balance Sheet with a corresponding decrease to inventory.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

Contract assets are recorded for revenue recognized over time when the Company has determined that control for a performance obligation has passed to the customer, but the right to invoice the customer is contingent upon the completion of the performance obligations included in the contract. Contract assets are classified as current as they are expected to be invoiced within one year and may not exceed their net realizable value.

Contract liabilities are established if the Company must defer the recognition of a portion of consideration received because it has to satisfy a future obligation. Contract liabilities are classified as current or noncurrent based on when the Company expects to recognize revenue.

Contract assets are typically recognized for work in process related to the Company's three-piece printed products. The Company's equipment business may record contract assets or contract liabilities depending on the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations and receipt of consideration from the customer. These equipment contracts, including payment terms, are typically less than one year in duration.

Contract assets and liabilities are reported in a net position on a contract-by-contract basis. Net contract assets were as follows:



	December 31, 2018			January 1, 2018
Contract assets included in prepaid and other current assets	$	16		$	26
Contract liabilities included in accrued liabilities	(3		)	(1		)
Contract liabilities included in other non-current liabilities	(5		)	(7		)
Net contract asset	$	8		$	18

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company satisfied performance obligations related to contract assets recorded by the Company's equipment business at January 1, 2018. Additionally, the Company recognized revenue of less than $1 related to contract liabilities at January 1, 2018 for performance obligations satisfied during the period.