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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Components of Pension Expense and Benefits Cost
The components of net postretirement benefits cost were as follows:
Other Postretirement Benefits
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Service cost
$
4

 
$

 
$

Interest cost
6

 
6

 
6

Amortization of prior service credit
(37
)
 
(40
)
 
(41
)
Amortization of actuarial loss
4

 
4

 
5

Net periodic benefit credit
$
(23
)
 
$
(30
)
 
$
(30
)
The components of pension expense were as follows:
U.S. Plans
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Service cost
$
17

 
$
14

 
$
14

Interest cost
47

 
50

 
50

Expected return on plan assets
(85
)
 
(83
)
 
(91
)
Settlements

 

 
14

Amortization of actuarial loss
51

 
52

 
50

Amortization of prior service cost
1

 
1

 
1

Net periodic cost
$
31

 
$
34

 
$
38


 
Non-U.S. Plans
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Service cost
$
26

 
$
22

 
$
21

Interest cost
75

 
75

 
101

Expected return on plan assets
(159
)
 
(146
)
 
(157
)
Settlements
38

 

 

Curtailments

 
(3
)
 

Amortization of actuarial loss
45

 
42

 
50

Amortization of prior service credit
(11
)
 
(11
)
 
(12
)
Net periodic cost / (benefit)
$
14

 
$
(21
)
 
$
3

Schedule of Projected Benefit Obligations, Accumulated Benefit Obligations, Plan Assets and Funded Status
The projected benefit obligations, accumulated benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of the Company's U.S. and non-U.S. plans were as follows:
 
U.S. Plans
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Projected Benefit Obligations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Benefit obligations at January 1
$
1,499

 
$
1,482

 
$
3,507

 
$
3,283

Service cost
17

 
14

 
26

 
22

Interest cost
47

 
50

 
75

 
75

Plan participants’ contributions

 

 
4

 
3

Amendments

 
4

 

 

Settlements

 

 
(121
)
 
(7
)
Actuarial loss
(83
)
 
51

 
(199
)
 
39

Acquisitions

 

 
148

 

Benefits paid
(109
)
 
(102
)
 
(150
)
 
(214
)
Foreign currency translation

 

 
(188
)
 
306

Benefit obligations at December 31
$
1,371

 
$
1,499

 
$
3,102

 
$
3,507

Plan Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value of plan assets at January 1
$
1,220

 
$
1,156

 
$
3,665

 
$
3,152

Actual return on plan assets
(102
)
 
162

 
(39
)
 
134

Employer contributions
3

 
4

 
16

 
290

Plan participants’ contributions

 

 
4

 
3

Settlements

 

 
(121
)
 
(7
)
Acquisitions

 

 
90

 

Benefits paid
(109
)
 
(102
)
 
(150
)
 
(214
)
Foreign currency translation

 

 
(201
)
 
307

Fair value of plan assets at December 31
$
1,012

 
$
1,220

 
$
3,264

 
$
3,665

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Funded status
$
(359
)
 
$
(279
)
 
$
162

 
$
158

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accumulated benefit obligations at December 31
$
1,327

 
$
1,445

 
$
3,009

 
$
3,418

Information for Pension Plans with Accumulated Benefit Obligations in Excess of Plan Assets
Information for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was as follows: 

U.S. Plans
2018
 
2017
Projected benefit obligations
$
1,371

 
$
1,499

Accumulated benefit obligations
1,327

 
1,445

Fair value of plan assets
1,012

 
1,220

Non-U.S. Plans
2018
 
2017
Projected benefit obligations
$
363

 
$
247

Accumulated benefit obligations
329

 
223

Fair value of plan assets
167

 
94

Schedule of Ranges for Asset Allocation and Summary of Defined Benefit Plan Assets and Accrued Income
The strategic ranges for asset allocation in the U.S. plan are as follows: 

U.S. equities
38
%
to
48
%
International equities
12
%
to
18
%
Fixed income
15
%
to
25
%
Balanced funds
12
%
to
18
%
Real estate
5
%
to
10
%
The levels assigned to the defined benefit plan assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are summarized in the tables below: 
 
 
2018
 
 
U.S. plan
assets
 
Non-U.S. plan
assets
 
Total
Level 1
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
34

 
$
225

 
$
259

Global large cap equity
 

 
27

 
27

U.S. large cap equity
 
66

 
3

 
69

U.S. mid/small cap equity
 
182

 
16

 
198

Mutual funds – global equity
 
133

 

 
133

Mutual funds – U.S. equity
 
188

 

 
188

Mutual funds – fixed income
 
104

 

 
104

 
 
707

 
271

 
978

Level 2
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government issued debt securities
 

 
341

 
341

Corporate debt securities
 
49

 
212

 
261

Asset backed securities
 

 
2

 
2

Structured debt
 

 
699

 
699

Insurance contracts
 

 
105

 
105

Derivatives
 

 
103

 
103

Investment funds – fixed income
 

 
411

 
411

Investment funds – global equity
 

 
268

 
268

 
 
49

 
2,141

 
2,190

Level 3
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment funds – real estate
 
94

 
196

 
290

Hedge funds
 

 
113

 
113

Private equity
 
9

 
94

 
103

Real estate – direct
 
20

 
7

 
27

 
 
123

 
410

 
533

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets in fair value hierarchy
 
879

 
2,822

 
3,701

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments measured at NAV Practical Expedient (a)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment funds – fixed income
 
98

 
112

 
210

Investment funds – global equity
 
14

 
43

 
57

Investment funds – emerging markets
 
20

 

 
20

Hedge funds
 

 
282

 
282

 

132

 
437

 
569

Total investments at fair value

$
1,011

 
$
3,259

 
$
4,270

 
 
 
2017
 
 
U.S. plan
assets
 
Non-U.S. plan
assets
 
Total
Level 1
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
13

 
$
304

 
$
317

Global large cap equity
 

 
34

 
34

U.S. large cap equity
 
82

 
32

 
114

Global mid/small cap equity
 

 
10

 
10

U.S. mid/small cap equity
 
247

 
32

 
279

Mutual funds – global equity
 
175

 

 
175

Mutual funds – U.S. equity
 
225

 

 
225

Mutual funds – fixed income
 
93

 

 
93

 
 
835

 
412

 
1,247

Level 2
 
 
 
 
 
 
Government issued debt securities
 
50

 
556

 
606

Corporate debt securities
 
76

 
4

 
80

Asset backed securities
 
9

 

 
9

Structured debt
 

 
904

 
904

Insurance contracts
 

 
18

 
18

Derivatives
 

 
136

 
136

Investment funds – fixed income
 
3

 
482

 
485

Investment funds – global equity
 

 
132

 
132

 
 
138

 
2,232

 
2,370

Level 3
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment funds – real estate
 
94

 
64

 
158

Hedge funds
 

 
189

 
189

Private equity
 
15

 
132

 
147

Real estate – direct
 
18

 
6

 
24

 
 
127

 
391

 
518

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets in fair value hierarchy
 
1,100

 
3,035

 
4,135

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investments measured at NAV Practical Expedient (a)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment funds – fixed income
 
76

 
123

 
199

Investment funds – global equity
 
19

 
183

 
202

Investment funds – emerging markets
 
24

 

 
24

Hedge funds
 

 
251

 
251

Investment funds – real estate
 

 
68

 
68

 
 
119

 
625

 
744

Total investments at fair value
 
$
1,219

 
$
3,660

 
$
4,879


(a) In accordance with ASU No. 2015-07, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Accrued income excluded from the tables above was as follows:
 
2018
 
2017
U.S. plan assets
$
1

 
$
1

Non-U.S. plan assets
5

 
5

The strategic ranges for asset allocation in the U.K. plan are as follows:
 
Investment grade credit
30
%
to
90
%
Equities
0
%
to
30
%
Hedge funds
0
%
to
10
%
Real estate
0
%
to
5
%
Alternative credit
0
%
to
20
%
Other
0
%
to
15
%
Reconciliation of Plan Assets Using Level 3
The following tables reconcile the beginning and ending balances of plan assets measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).
 
 
Hedge
funds
 
Private
equity
 
Real
estate
 
Total
Balance at January 1, 2017
 
$
207

 
$
215

 
$
154

 
$
576

Foreign currency translation
 
20

 
19

 
5

 
44

Asset returns – assets held at reporting date
 
(38
)
 
(57
)
 
7

 
(88
)
Asset returns – assets sold during the period
 
32

 
53

 

 
85

Purchases, sales and settlements, net
 
(32
)
 
(83
)
 
16

 
(99
)
Balance at December 31, 2017
 
189

 
147

 
182

 
518

Foreign currency translation
 
(11
)
 
(8
)
 
(5
)
 
(24
)
Asset returns – assets held at reporting date
 
(18
)
 
(11
)
 
(9
)
 
(38
)
Asset returns – assets sold during the period
 
20

 
28

 
15

 
63

Purchases, sales and settlements, net
 
(67
)
 
(53
)
 
70

 
(50
)
Asset transfers during the period
 

 

 
64

 
64

Balance at December 31, 2018
 
$
113

 
$
103

 
$
317

 
$
533

Additional Information About Pension Plan Assets Valued Using Net Asset Value
The following table presents additional information about the pension plan assets valued using net asset value as a practical expedient:
 
Fair Value
Redemption Frequency
Redemption Notice Period
Balance at December 31, 2018
 
 
 
Investment funds – fixed income
$
210

Semi-monthly
1 day
Investment funds – global equity
57

Monthly
1 - 15 days
Investment funds – emerging markets
20

Daily
30 days
Hedge funds
282

Monthly
1 - 45 days
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2017
 
 
 
Investment funds – fixed income
$
199

Daily
1 day
Investment funds – global equity
202

Monthly
1 - 30 days
Investment funds – emerging markets
24

Daily
30 days
Hedge funds
251

Monthly
3 - 45 days
Investment funds – real estate
68

Weekly
2 days
Schedule of Pension Assets and Liabilities
Pension assets and liabilities included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets were: 
 
 
2018
 
2017
Non-current assets
 
$
360

 
$
313

Current liabilities
 
14

 
6

Non-current liabilities
 
549

 
434

Schedule of Changes in Net Loss and Prior Service Cost/(Credit)
Changes in the net loss and prior service credit for the Company’s pension plans were: 
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
 
Net loss
 
Prior
service
 
Net loss
 
Prior
service
 
Net loss
 
Prior
service
Balance at January 1
 
$
2,057

 
$
(16
)
 
$
2,032

 
$
(32
)
 
$
2,320

 
$
(54
)
Reclassification to net periodic benefit cost
 
(134
)
 
10

 
(95
)
 
14

 
(114
)
 
11

Current year loss
 
103

 

 
21

 

 
13

 

Amendments
 

 

 

 
4

 

 
3

Foreign currency translation
 
(64
)
 

 
99

 
(2
)
 
(187
)
 
8

Balance at December 31
 
$
1,962

 
$
(6
)
 
$
2,057

 
$
(16
)
 
$
2,032

 
$
(32
)
Changes in the net loss and prior service credit for the Company’s postretirement benefit plans were: 
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
 
Net
loss
 
Prior
service
 
Net
loss
 
Prior
service
 
Net
loss
 
Prior
service
Balance at January 1
 
$
49

 
$
(142
)
 
$
49

 
$
(182
)
 
$
47

 
$
(225
)
Reclassification to net periodic benefit cost
 
(4
)
 
37

 
(4
)
 
40

 
(5
)
 
41

Current year (loss) / gain
 
(14
)
 

 
4

 

 
7

 

Foreign currency translation
 

 

 

 

 

 
2

Balance at December 31
 
$
31

 
$
(105
)
 
$
49

 
$
(142
)
 
$
49

 
$
(182
)
Schedule of Expected Future Benefit Payments
Expected future benefit payments are as follows:
 
Benefit Payments
2019
$
14

2020
13

2021
13

2022
12

2023
12

2024 - 2028
52

Expected future benefit payments as of December 31, 2018 are: 
 
U.S.
plans
 
Non-U.S.
plans
2019
$
108

 
$
159

2020
109

 
161

2021
99

 
161

2022
101

 
165

2023
95

 
164

2024 - 2028
482

 
820

Schedule of Benefit Obligations Weighted Average Actuarial Assumptions
The weighted average actuarial assumptions used to calculate the benefit obligations at December 31 were: 
U.S. Plans
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Discount rate
 
4.3
%
 
3.7
%
 
4.2
%
Compensation increase
 
4.5
%
 
4.7
%
 
4.6
%

Non-U.S. Plans
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Discount rate
 
2.9
%
 
2.5
%
 
2.7
%
Compensation increase
 
3.2
%
 
3.2
%
 
3.3
%
The weighted average actuarial assumptions used to calculate pension expense for each year were: 
U.S. Plans
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Discount rate - service cost
 
3.9
%
 
4.7
%
 
4.9
%
Discount rate - interest cost
 
3.2
%
 
3.4
%
 
3.5
%
Compensation increase
 
4.7
%
 
4.6
%
 
4.6
%
Long-term rate of return
 
7.25
%
 
7.5
%
 
8.0
%
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Discount rate - service cost
 
2.6
%
 
2.8
%
 
3.9
%
Discount rate - interest cost
 
2.2
%
 
2.3
%
 
3.2
%
Compensation increase
 
3.2
%
 
3.3
%
 
2.9
%
Long-term rate of return
 
4.4
%
 
4.5
%
 
5.4
%
Schedule of Changes in Benefit Obligations
Changes in the benefit obligations were:
 
 
2018
 
2017
Benefit obligations at January 1
 
$
168

 
$
167

Service cost
 
4

 

Interest cost
 
6

 
6

Actuarial (gain) loss
 
(15
)
 
4

Benefits paid
 
(13
)
 
(13
)
Foreign currency translation
 
(3
)
 
4

Benefit obligations at December 31
 
$
147

 
$
168

Schedule of Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates
The assumed health care cost trend rates at December 31, 2018 were as follows: 
Health care cost trend rate assumed for 2019
5.3
%
Rate that the cost trend rate gradually declines to
3.8
%
Year that the rate reaches the rate it is assumed to remain
2035

Schedule of One-Percentage-Point Change in Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates
A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: 
 
 
One percentage point
 
 
Increase
 
Decrease
Effect on total service and interest cost
 
$
1

 
$
1

Effect on postretirement benefit obligation
 
$
8

 
$
7

Schedule of Weighted Average Discount Rates Used in Benefit Obligations Calculation
Weighted average discount rates used to calculate the benefit obligations at the end of each year and the cost for each year are presented below. 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Benefit obligations
4.5
%
 
3.8
%
 
4.0
%
Service cost
4.9
%
 
5.0
%
 
4.9
%
Interest cost
4.1
%
 
3.5
%
 
3.6
%