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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The components of income before income taxes were as follows: 
202320222021
U.S.$(1)$295 $143 
Foreign796761 (562)
$795 $1,056 $(419)

The provision for income taxes consisted of the following: 
202320222021
Current tax:
U.S. federal$31 $18 $2 
State and foreign244 190 239 
$275 $208 $241 
Deferred tax:
U.S. federal$(27)$46 $46 
State and foreign(26)(11)(344)
(53)35 (298)
Total$222 $243 $(57)

The provision for income taxes differs from the amount of income tax determined by applying the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate to pre-tax income as a result of the following items:
 202320222021
U.S. statutory rate at 21%$167 $222 $(88)
Tax on foreign income7 (30)(35)
Foreign withholding taxes23 5 6 
Valuation allowance changes5 33 26 
State taxes2 (2)9 
U.S. taxes on foreign income, net of credits5 1 13 
Tax contingencies2 7 8 
Tax law changes8 2 (8)
Other items, net3 5 12 
Income tax provision / (benefit)$222 $243 $(57)

The Company benefits from certain incentives in Brazil which allow it to pay reduced income taxes. The incentives expire at various dates beginning in December 2026. These incentives increased net income attributable to the Company by $20 in 2023 and $21 in 2022 and 2021.

The Company paid taxes of $262, $223 and $253 in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

In 2022, taxes on foreign income includes income tax charges of $11 for the sale of the Company's Transit Packaging segment's Kiwiplan business in 2022.

During the year-ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a deferred tax asset of $21 for goodwill amortization and net operating loss carryforwards in Switzerland. The Company believes that it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be utilized prior to their expiration and has recorded a full valuation allowance.

On July 8, 2022, Pennsylvania enacted a corporate net income tax rate reduction over a nine year period. The income tax rate for the 2022 and 2023 tax years were 9.99% and 8.99%, respectively. Starting with the 2024 tax year, the income tax rate is reduced by 0.50% annually until it reaches 4.99% for the 2031 tax year. The remeasurement of the Company's deferred taxes in 2022 had a $78 impact on the Company's state net operating loss carryforward and corresponding valuation allowance.
In 2021, tax on foreign income includes income tax charges of $42 in continuing operations for reorganizations and other transactions required to prepare the European Tinplate business for sale. Additionally, the Company recorded an income tax charge of $44 to establish a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets related to tax loss carryforwards in France. The Company believes that it is more likely than not that these tax loss carryforwards will not be utilized after the sale of the European Tinplate business.

In 2021, the Company also recorded a tax benefit of $18 related to a deferred tax valuation allowance release resulting from improved profitability in a Transit Packaging corporate entity. Additionally, the Company also recorded income tax benefits related to tax law changes in India, Turkey and the U.K.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had not provided deferred taxes on approximately $1,200 of earnings in certain non-U.S. subsidiaries because such earnings are indefinitely reinvested in its international operations. Upon distribution of such earnings in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company may be subject to incremental foreign tax. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of foreign tax that might be payable.

The components of deferred taxes at December 31 were:
 20232022
 AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Tax carryforwards$274 — $266 $— 
Disallowed interest carryforwards54 — 5 — 
Intangible assets— 292 — 298 
Property, plant and equipment16 253 15 225 
Pensions90 20 87 20 
Accruals and other123 94 105 103 
Asbestos50 — 53 — 
Postretirement and postemployment benefits23 — 25 — 
Lease liabilities32 — 32 — 
Right of use assets— 31 — 30 
Valuation allowances(178)— (173)— 
Total$484 $690 $415 $676 
Tax carryforwards expire as follows:
YearAmount
2024$7 
202515 
202617 
202710 
20283 
Thereafter94 
Unlimited128 

Tax carryforwards expiring after 2028 include $49 of U.S. state tax loss carryforwards. The unlimited category includes $28 of Luxembourg tax loss carryforwards and $79 of French tax loss carryforwards. In addition, the Company has disallowed interest in the U.S. which can be carried forward indefinitely.

The Company’s valuation allowances at December 31, 2023 include $77 related to the portion of U.S. state tax loss carryforwards that the Company does not believe are more likely than not to be utilized prior to their expiration. The Company’s ability to utilize state tax loss carryforwards is impacted by several factors including taxable income, expiration dates, limitations imposed by certain states on the amount of loss carryforwards that can be used in a given year to offset taxable income and whether the state permits the Company to file a combined return. In addition, the Company's valuation allowances at December 31, 2023 includes $56 related to tax loss carryforwards in France and $32 related to goodwill amortization and net operating loss carryforwards in Switzerland.
Management’s estimate of the appropriate valuation allowance in any jurisdiction involves a number of assumptions and judgments, including the amount and timing of future taxable income. Should future results differ from management’s estimates, it is possible there could be future adjustments to the valuation allowances that would result in an increase or decrease in tax expense in the period such changes in estimates are made.

A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits follows:
202320222021
Balance at January 1$46 $48 $42 
Additions for prior year tax positions6 7 9 
Lapse of statute of limitations(4)(1)(1)
Settlements(2)(6)— 
Foreign currency translation— (2)(2)
Balance at December 31$46 $46 $48 

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits include potential liabilities related to transfer pricing, foreign withholding taxes, and non-deductibility of expenses.

The total interest and penalties recorded in income tax expense was $2 in 2023 and less than $1 in 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2023, unrecognized tax benefits of $46, if recognized, would affect the Company's effective tax rate.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits are not expected to increase over the next twelve months and are expected to decrease as open tax years lapse or claims are settled. The Company is unable to estimate a range of reasonably possible changes in its unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months as it is unable to predict when, or if, the tax authorities will commence their audits, the time needed for the audits, and the audit findings that will require settlement with the applicable tax authorities, if any.
The tax years that remained subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions as of December 31, 2023 were, 2010 and subsequent years for Germany; 2013 and subsequent years for India and Cambodia; 2014 and subsequent years for Thailand; 2016 and subsequent years for Vietnam; 2017 and subsequent years for Italy; 2018 and subsequent years for Mexico; 2019 and subsequent years for Canada, Spain, Brazil and Luxembourg; 2020 and subsequent years for the U.S.; 2021 and subsequent years for France and Switzerland. The U.S. also remains subject to exam for 2017 and 2018, specifically as it relates to the transition tax incurred related to the 2017 Tax Act. In addition, tax authorities in certain jurisdictions, including France and the U.S., may examine earlier years when tax carryforwards that were generated in those years are subsequently utilized.