10-Q 1 rmbs-2013331x10q.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_______________________________
FORM 10-Q
_______________________________
(Mark One)
ý QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013
OR
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 000-22339
_______________________________
RAMBUS INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_______________________________

Delaware |  | 94-3112828
(State or other jurisdiction of |  | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) |  | Identification No.)

1050 Enterprise Way, Suite 700, Sunnyvale, CA 94089
(Address of principal executive offices) (zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (408) 462-8000
_______________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer o |  | Accelerated filer ý
Non-accelerated filer o |  | Smaller reporting company o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Stock, par value $.001 per share, was 111,641,153 as of March 31, 2013.

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RAMBUS INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PAGE
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements | 3
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements: |
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 | 5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 | 6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 | 7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 | 8
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 37
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 38
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION | 40
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 40
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 40
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 49
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 49
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 49
Item 5. Other Information | 49
Item 6. Exhibits | 49
Signature | 50
Exhibit Index | 51

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NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”) contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, predictions regarding the following aspects of our future:

• | Success in the markets of our or our licensees’ products;

• | Sources of competition;

• | Research and development costs and improvements in technology;

• | Sources, amounts and concentration of revenue, including royalties;

• | Success in renewing license agreements;

• | Technology product development;

• | Outcome and effect of current and potential future intellectual property litigation and other significant litigation;

• | Dispositions, acquisitions, mergers or strategic transactions and our related integration efforts;

• | Write-down of assets;

• | Pricing policies of our licensees;

• | Changes in our strategy and business model;

• | Deterioration of financial health of commercial counterparties and their ability to meet their obligations to us;

• | Engineering, marketing and general and administration expenses;

• | Contract revenue;

• | Operating results;

• | International licenses and operations;

• | Effects of changes in the economy and credit market on our industry and business;

• | Ability to identify, attract, motivate and retain qualified personnel;

• | Growth in our business;

• | Methods, estimates and judgments in accounting policies;

• | Adoption of new accounting pronouncements;

• | Effective tax rates;

• | Realization of deferred tax assets/release of deferred tax valuation allowance;

• | Trading price of our Common Stock;

• | Internal control environment;

• | Corporate governance;

• | The level and terms of our outstanding debt;

• | Resolution of the governmental agency matters involving us;

• | Litigation expenses;

• | Protection of intellectual property;

• | Terms of our licenses and amounts owed under license agreements;

• | Indemnification and technical support obligations;

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• | Issuances of our securities, which could involve restrictive covenants or be dilutive to our existing stockholders; and

• | Likelihood of paying dividends or repurchasing securities.

You can identify these and other forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “may,” “future,” “shall,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “intends,” “potential,” “continue,” “projecting” or the negative of such terms, or other comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements also include the assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing statements.
Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on our assessment of information available to us at this time. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements.
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RAMBUS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012
| (In thousands, except shares and par value)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 157,215 |  |  | $ | 148,984 |
Marketable securities | 57,613 |  |  | 54,346 |
Accounts receivable | 60 |  |  | 529 |
Prepaids and other current assets | 9,038 |  |  | 10,529 |
Deferred taxes | 788 |  |  | 788 |
Total current assets | 224,714 |  |  | 215,176 |
Intangible assets, net | 145,930 |  |  | 153,173 |
Goodwill | 124,969 |  |  | 124,969 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 78,218 |  |  | 86,905 |
Deferred taxes, long-term | 4,806 |  |  | 4,458 |
Other assets | 3,029 |  |  | 3,131 |
Total assets | $ | 581,666 |  |  | $ | 587,812 |
LIABILITIES & STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 4,036 |  |  | $ | 7,918 |
Accrued salaries and benefits | 31,925 |  |  | 23,992 |
Accrued litigation expenses | 10,256 |  |  | 9,822 |
Other accrued liabilities | 7,954 |  |  | 12,402 |
Total current liabilities | 54,171 |  |  | 54,134 |
Convertible notes, long-term | 151,487 |  |  | 147,556 |
Long-term imputed financing obligation | 39,685 |  |  | 45,919 |
Long-term income taxes payable | 6,534 |  |  | 6,533 |
Other long-term liabilities | 13,992 |  |  | 12,076 |
Total liabilities | 265,869 |  |  | 266,218 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 9 and 14) |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |
Convertible preferred stock, $.001 par value: |  |  |  |  |
Authorized: 5,000,000 shares |  |  |  |  |
Issued and outstanding: no shares at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $.001 par value: |  |  |  |  |
Authorized: 500,000,000 shares |  |  |  |  |
Issued and outstanding: 111,641,153 shares at March 31, 2013 and 111,525,021 shares at December 31, 2012 | 112 |  |  | 112 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,080,380 |  |  | 1,075,761 |
Accumulated deficit | (764,381 | ) |  | (753,979 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (314 | ) |  | (300 | )
Total stockholders’ equity | 315,797 |  |  | 321,594 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 581,666 |  |  | $ | 587,812 |

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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RAMBUS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2013 |  | 2012
| (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Royalties | $ | 66,222 |  |  | $ | 62,043 |
Contract revenue | 644 |  |  | 820 |
Total revenue | 66,866 |  |  | 62,863 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue* | 5,249 |  |  | 7,163 |
Research and development* | 32,848 |  |  | 38,394 |
Marketing, general and administrative* | 25,105 |  |  | 34,834 |
Restructuring charges | 2,206 |  |  | — |
Costs of restatement and related legal activities | 17 |  |  | 30 |
Total operating costs and expenses | 65,425 |  |  | 80,421 |
Operating income (loss) | 1,441 |  |  | (17,558 | )
Interest income and other income (expense), net | (20 | ) |  | 98 |
Interest expense | (7,312 | ) |  | (6,580 | )
Interest and other income (expense), net | (7,332 | ) |  | (6,482 | )
Loss before income taxes | (5,891 | ) |  | (24,040 | )
Provision for income taxes | 4,511 |  |  | 3,850 |
Net loss | $ | (10,402 | ) |  | $ | (27,890 | )
Net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | (0.25 | )
Diluted | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | (0.25 | )
Weighted average shares used in per share calculation: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 111,599 |  |  | 110,358 |
Diluted | 111,599 |  |  | 110,358 |

_________________________________________
* Includes stock-based compensation:

Cost of revenue | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |
Research and development | $ | 1,876 |  |  | $ | 2,720 |
Marketing, general and administrative | $ | 3,072 |  |  | $ | 3,996 |

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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RAMBUS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2013 |  | 2012
Net loss |  | $ | (10,402 | ) |  | $ | (27,890 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities, net of tax |  | (14 | ) |  | 94 |
Total comprehensive loss |  | $ | (10,416 | ) |  | $ | (27,796 | )

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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RAMBUS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2013 |  | 2012
| (In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (10,402 | ) |  | $ | (27,890 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | 4,948 |  |  | 6,726 |
Depreciation | 3,791 |  |  | 3,099 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 7,040 |  |  | 7,616 |
Non-cash interest expense and amortization of convertible debt issuance costs | 4,089 |  |  | 3,510 |
Deferred tax benefit | 263 |  |  | — |
Non-cash restructuring | 653 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of assets | (1,282 | ) |  | — |
Change in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 469 |  |  | 298 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 2,965 |  |  | 4,200 |
Accounts payable | (2,243 | ) |  | (9,565 | )
Accrued salaries and benefits and other accrued liabilities | 4,209 |  |  | 1,502 |
Accrued litigation expenses | 434 |  |  | 306 |
Income taxes payable | 378 |  |  | (794 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 15,312 |  |  | (10,992 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment | (3,703 | ) |  | (3,043 | )
Acquisition of intangible assets | (1,875 | ) |  | (250 | )
Purchases of marketable securities | (36,699 | ) |  | — |
Maturities of marketable securities | 33,250 |  |  | 82,926 |
Proceeds from sale of assets | 2,000 |  |  | — |
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (42,397 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (7,027 | ) |  | 37,236 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Payments under installment payment arrangement | (28 | ) |  | — |
Principal payments against lease financing obligation | (26 | ) |  | (3 | )
Proceeds received from issuance of common stock under employee stock plans | — |  |  | 63 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (54 | ) |  | 60 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 8,231 |  |  | 26,304 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 148,984 |  |  | 162,244 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 157,215 |  |  | $ | 188,548 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities during the period: |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment received and accrued in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 3,893 |
Non-cash obligation for property, plant and equipment | $ | — |  |  | $ | 495 |
Intangible assets acquired under installment payment arrangement | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,050 |
Remaining purchase consideration for acquisition of business | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,881 |

See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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RAMBUS INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Rambus Inc. (“Rambus” or the “Company”) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Investments in entities with less than 20% ownership or in which the Company does not have the ability to significantly influence the operations of the investee are being accounted for using the cost method and are included in other assets.
In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring items) necessary to state fairly the financial position and results of operations for each interim period presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.
The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) applicable to interim financial information. Certain information and Note disclosures included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been omitted in these interim statements pursuant to such SEC rules and regulations. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto in Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.
Operating Segment Definitions
Operating segments are based upon Rambus' internal organization structure, the manner in which its operations are managed, the criteria used by its Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") to evaluate segment performance and availability of separate financial information regularly reviewed for resource allocation and performance assessment.
The Company determined its CODM to be the Chief Executive Officer and determined its operating segments to be: (1) Memory and Interfaces Division ("MID"), which focuses on the design, development and licensing of technology that is related to memory and interfaces; (2) Cryptography Research, Inc. ("CRI"), which focuses on the design, development and licensing of technologies for chip and system security and anti-counterfeiting; (3) Lighting and Display Technologies ("LDT"), which focuses on the design, development and licensing of technologies for lighting and displays; and (4) CTO, which is a centralized research and development and business incubation organization that consolidates early-stage investments, longer-term research activities and worldwide engineering, including Mobile Technologies Division ("MTD").
2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2013-02 “Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” ASU No. 2013-02 requires an entity to disaggregate the total change of each component of other comprehensive income either on the face of the income statement or as a separate disclosure in the notes. The new guidance became effective for the Company's interim period ended March 31, 2013. The Company adopted this guidance and the adoption did not have any impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows as the amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income is not significant.
In July 2012, the FASB amended its guidance to simplify how an entity tests indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. The amendment will allow an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative impairment test. An entity no longer will be required to calculate the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset unless the entity determines, based on a qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. The amendment became effective for the Company’s interim period ended March 31, 2013. The Company adopted this guidance and the adoption did not have an impact on its financial position or results of operations as it does not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets.
In December 2011, the FASB issued No. 2011-11, “Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities”. ASU 2011-11 will require the Company to disclose information about offsetting and related arrangements to enable users of its financial statements to understand the effect of those arrangements on its financial position. The new guidance became effective for the Company's interim period ended March 31, 2013. The Company adopted this guidance and the adoption did not have any impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows as it is disclosure-only in nature.
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3. Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Basic earnings (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the earnings (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive common shares consist of incremental common shares issuable upon exercise of stock options, employee stock purchases, restricted stock and restricted stock units and shares issuable upon the conversion of convertible notes. The dilutive effect of outstanding shares is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. This method includes consideration of the amounts to be paid by the employees, the amount of excess tax benefits that would be recognized in equity if the instrument was exercised and the amount of unrecognized stock-based compensation related to future services. No potential dilutive common shares are included in the computation of any diluted per share amount when a net loss is reported.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2013 |  | 2012
Basic and diluted net loss per share: |  | (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Loss |  | $ | (10,402 | ) |  | $ | (27,890 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 111,599 |  |  | 110,358 |
Basic and diluted net loss per share |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | (0.25 | )

For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, options to purchase approximately 12.9 million and 16.1 million shares, respectively, were excluded from the calculation because they were anti-dilutive after considering proceeds from exercise, taxes and related unrecognized stock-based compensation expense. For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, an additional 6.4 million and 5.4 million potentially dilutive shares, respectively, have been excluded from the weighted average dilutive shares because there were net losses for the periods.
4. Intangible Asset and Goodwill
Goodwill
The following table presents goodwill balances and adjustments to those balances for each of the reportable segments for the three months ended March 31, 2013:

Reportable Segment: |  | December 31, 2012 |  | Additions to Goodwill |  | Impairment Charge of Goodwill |  | March 31, 2013
|  | (In thousands)
MID |  | $ | 19,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,905 |
CTO |  | 8,070 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,070 |
All Other |  | 96,994 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 96,994 |
Total |  | $ | 124,969 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 124,969 |

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|  | As of
|  | March 31, 2013
Reportable Segment: |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Impairment Losses |  | Net Carrying Amount
|  | (In thousands)
MID |  | $ | 19,905 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,905 |
CTO |  | 8,070 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,070 |
All Other |  | 110,694 |  |  | (13,700 | ) |  | 96,994 |
Total |  | $ | 138,669 |  |  | $ | (13,700 | ) |  | $ | 124,969 |

Intangible Assets
The components of the Company’s intangible assets as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 were as follows:

|  |  | As of March 31, 2013
| Useful Life |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
|  |  | (In thousands)
Existing technology | 3 to 10 years |  | $ | 192,881 |  |  | $ | (63,466 | ) |  | $ | 129,415 |
Customer contracts and contractual relationships | 1 to 10 years |  | 32,650 |  |  | (16,252 | ) |  | 16,398 |
Non-compete agreements | 3 years |  | 300 |  |  | (183 | ) |  | 117 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | $ | 225,831 |  |  | $ | (79,901 | ) |  | $ | 145,930 |

|  |  | As of December 31, 2012
| Useful Life |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
|  |  | (In thousands)
Existing technology | 3 to 10 years |  | $ | 191,815 |  |  | $ | (57,240 | ) |  | $ | 134,575 |
Customer contracts and contractual relationships | 1 to 10 years |  | 32,650 |  |  | (14,194 | ) |  | 18,456 |
Non-compete agreements | 3 years |  | 300 |  |  | (158 | ) |  | 142 |
Total intangible assets |  |  | $ | 224,765 |  |  | $ | (71,592 | ) |  | $ | 153,173 |

The favorable contracts (included in customer contracts and contractual relationships) are acquired patent licensing agreements where the Company has no performance obligations. Cash received from these acquired favorable contracts reduce the favorable contract intangible asset. For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company received $1.4 million and $2.4 million related to the favorable contracts, respectively. As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the net balance of the favorable contract intangible assets was $3.4 million and $4.8 million, respectively.
Amortization expense for intangible assets for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 was $7.0 million and $7.6 million, respectively.
The estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets as of March 31, 2013 was as follows (amounts in thousands):
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Years Ending December 31: | Amount
2013 (remaining 9 months) | $ | 24,166 |
2014 | 27,492 |
2015 | 26,841 |
2016 | 25,974 |
2017 | 24,500 |
Thereafter | 16,957 |
| $ | 145,930 |

5. Segments and Major Customers
For the quarters ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, only MID and CTO were reportable segments. The remaining other operating segments were combined and shown under “All Other”.
The Company evaluates the performance of its segments based on segment operating income (loss), which is defined as customer licensing income ("CLI") minus segment operating expenses. Segment operating expenses are comprised of direct operating expenses and the allocation of certain engineering expenses.
CLI is defined as total cash royalties received from its customers under its licensing agreements with them. In addition, customer licensing income includes other patent royalties received but not recognizable as revenue. In the first quarter of 2013, certain customer patent royalty payments were not recognized as revenue as not all revenue recognition criteria were met during the period. Additionally, since the third quarter of 2011, the Company has received patent royalty payments from certain patent license agreements assumed in the acquisition of CRI which were treated as favorable contracts. Cash received from these acquired favorable contracts reduced the favorable contract intangible asset on the Company's balance sheet. The Company has combined these cash royalty payments as CLI to reflect the total amounts received from its customers.
Segment operating expenses do not include marketing, general and administrative expenses and the allocation of certain expenses managed at the corporate level, such as stock-based compensation, amortization, and certain bonus and acquisition costs. The “Reconciling Items” category includes these unallocated marketing, general and administrative expenses as well as corporate level expenses. The presentation of the three months ended March 31, 2012 segment data has been updated to conform with the 2013 segment operating income (loss) definition applied starting in the fourth quarter of 2012.
The tables below present reported segment operating income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
| MID |  | CTO |  | All Other |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Revenues | $ | 59,674 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,192 |  |  | $ | 66,866 |
Other patent royalties received | 1,875 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,362 |  |  | 5,237 |
Customer licensing income | $ | 61,549 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,554 |  |  | $ | 72,103 |
Segment operating expenses | 8,924 |  |  | 7,858 |  |  | 10,075 |  |  | 26,857 |
Segment operating income (loss) | $ | 52,625 |  |  | $ | (7,858 | ) |  | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | 45,246 |
Reconciling items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (43,805 | )
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,441 |
Interest and other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,332 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (5,891 | )

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| For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
| MID |  | CTO |  | All Other |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Revenues | $ | 57,088 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,775 |  |  | $ | 62,863 |
Other patent royalties received | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,414 |  |  | 2,414 |
Customer licensing income | $ | 57,088 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,189 |  |  | $ | 65,277 |
Segment operating expenses | 11,550 |  |  | 6,503 |  |  | 8,072 |  |  | 26,125 |
Segment operating income (loss) | $ | 45,538 |  |  | $ | (6,503 | ) |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 39,152 |
Reconciling items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (56,710 | )
Operating loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (17,558 | )
Interest and other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,482 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (24,040 | )

The CODM does not review information regarding assets on an operating segment basis. Additionally, the Company does not record intersegment revenue or expense.
Revenue from the Company’s major customers representing 10% or more of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
Customer |  | 2013 |  | 2012
Customer A |  | 33 | % |  | 37 | %
Customer B |  | 15 | % |  | * |
Customer C |  | * |  |  | 13 | %
Customer D |  | 10 | % |  | 10 | %

_________________________________________
* Customer accounted for less than 10% of total revenue in the period
Revenue from customers in the geographic regions based on the location of customers' headquarters is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2013 |  | 2012
USA |  | $ | 25,569 |  |  | $ | 16,189 |
South Korea |  | 22,025 |  |  | 23,247 |
Japan |  | 14,609 |  |  | 17,569 |
Europe |  | 2,127 |  |  | 1,129 |
Canada |  | 1,786 |  |  | 1,979 |
Asia-Other |  | 750 |  |  | 2,750 |
Total |  | $ | 66,866 |  |  | $ | 62,863 |

6. Marketable Securities
Rambus invests its excess cash and cash equivalents primarily in U.S. government sponsored obligations, commercial paper, corporate notes and bonds, money market funds and municipal notes and bonds that mature within three years. As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, all of the Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities had a remaining maturity of less than one year.
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All cash equivalents and marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale. Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are summarized as follows:

|  | As of March 31, 2013
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Weighted Rate of Return
Money market funds |  | $ | 139,768 |  |  | $ | 139,768 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.01 | %
Corporate notes, bonds and commercial paper |  | 58,614 |  |  | 58,638 |  |  | — |  |  | (24 | ) |  | 0.15 | %
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | 198,382 |  |  | 198,406 |  |  | — |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  |
Cash |  | 16,446 |  |  | 16,446 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | $ | 214,828 |  |  | $ | 214,852 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (24 | ) |  |  |

|  | As of December 31, 2012
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Weighted Rate of Return
Money market funds |  | $ | 126,570 |  |  | $ | 126,570 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.01 | %
Corporate notes, bonds and commercial paper |  | 57,345 |  |  | 57,356 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 0.17 | %
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | 183,915 |  |  | 183,926 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  |
Cash |  | 19,415 |  |  | 19,415 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | $ | 203,330 |  |  | $ | 203,341 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (15 | ) |  |  |

Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value on the balance sheets and classified as follows:

| As of
| March 31, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012
| (Dollars in thousands)
Cash equivalents | $ | 140,769 |  |  | $ | 129,569 |
Short term marketable securities | 57,613 |  |  | 54,346 |
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities | 198,382 |  |  | 183,915 |
Cash | 16,446 |  |  | 19,415 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities | $ | 214,828 |  |  | $ | 203,330 |

The Company continues to invest in highly rated quality, highly liquid debt securities. As of March 31, 2013, these
securities have a remaining maturity of less than one year. The Company holds all of its marketable securities as available-for-sale, marks them to market, and regularly reviews its portfolio to ensure adherence to its investment policy and to monitor
individual investments for risk analysis, proper valuation, and unrealized losses that may be other than temporary.
The estimated fair value of cash equivalents and marketable securities classified by the length of time that the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 are as follows:

| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss
| March 31, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012 |  | March 31, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012
| (In thousands)
Less than one year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate notes, bonds and commercial paper | $ | 58,590 |  |  | $ | 51,819 |  |  | $ | (24 | ) |  | $ | (15 | )

The gross unrealized loss at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 was not material in relation to the Company’s total available-for-sale portfolio. The gross unrealized loss can be primarily attributed to a combination of market conditions as well as the demand for and duration of the corporate notes and bonds. The Company has no intent to sell, there is no requirement to sell and the Company believes that it can recover the amortized cost of these investments. The Company has found no evidence
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of impairment due to credit losses in its portfolio. Therefore, these unrealized losses were recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). However, the Company cannot provide any assurance that its portfolio of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will not be impacted by adverse conditions in the financial markets, which may require the Company in the future to record an impairment charge for credit losses which could adversely impact its financial results.
See Note 7, “Fair Value of Financial Instruments,” for discussion regarding the fair value of the Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities.
7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company tests the pricing inputs by obtaining prices from two different sources for the same security on a sample of its portfolio. The Company has not adjusted the pricing inputs it has obtained. The following table presents the financial instruments that are carried at fair value and summarizes the valuation of its cash equivalents and marketable securities by the above pricing levels as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:

| As of March 31, 2013
| Total |  | Quoted Market Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
| (In thousands)
Money market funds | $ | 139,768 |  |  | $ | 139,768 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate notes, bonds and commercial paper | 58,614 |  |  | — |  |  | 58,614 |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 198,382 |  |  | $ | 139,768 |  |  | $ | 58,614 |  |  | $ | — |

| As of December 31, 2012
| Total |  | Quoted Market Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
| (In thousands)
Money market funds | $ | 126,570 |  |  | $ | 126,570 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate notes, bonds and commercial paper | 57,345 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,345 |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale securities | $ | 183,915 |  |  | $ | 126,570 |  |  | $ | 57,345 |  |  | $ | — |

The Company monitors the investment for other-than-temporary impairment and records appropriate reductions in carrying value when necessary. The Company made an investment of $2.0 million in a non-marketable equity security of a private company during 2009. The Company evaluated the fair value of the investment in the non-marketable security as of March 31, 2013 and determined that there were no events that caused a decrease in its fair value below the carrying cost.
The following table presents the financial instruments that are measured and carried at cost on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:

|  | As of March 31, 2013
(in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  | Quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1) |  | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) |  | Impairment charges for the three months ended March 31, 2013
Investment in non-marketable securities |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |

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|  | As of December 31, 2012
(in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  | Quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1) |  | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) |  | Impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2012
Investment in non-marketable securities |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | — |

For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, there were no transfers of financial instruments between different categories of fair value.
The following table presents the financial instruments that are not carried at fair value but require fair value disclosure as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:

|  | As of March 31, 2013 |  | As of December 31, 2012
(in thousands) |  | Face Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Face Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
5% Convertible Senior Notes due 2014 |  | $ | 172,500 |  |  | $ | 151,487 |  |  | $ | 175,519 |  |  | $ | 172,500 |  |  | $ | 147,556 |  |  | $ | 172,716 |

The fair value of the convertible notes at each balance sheet date is determined based on recent quoted market prices for these notes which is a level two measurement. As discussed in Note 8, "Convertible Notes," as of March 31, 2013, the convertible notes are carried at face value of $172.5 million less any unamortized debt discount. The carrying value of other financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable and other payables, approximates fair value due to their short maturities.
The Company monitors its investments for other than temporary losses by considering current factors, including the economic environment, market conditions, operational performance and other specific factors relating to the business underlying the investment, reductions in carrying values when necessary and the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time which may be sufficient for anticipated recovery in the market. Any other than temporary loss is reported under “Interest and other income (expense), net” in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company has not incurred impairment loss on its investments.
8. Convertible Notes
The Company’s convertible notes are shown in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of March 31, 2013 |  | As of December 31, 2012
5% Convertible Senior Notes due 2014 (the “2014 Notes”) |  | $ | 172,500 |  |  | $ | 172,500 |
Unamortized discount |  | (21,013 | ) |  | (24,944 | )
Total convertible notes |  | $ | 151,487 |  |  | $ | 147,556 |
Less current portion |  | — |  |  | — |
Total long-term convertible notes |  | $ | 151,487 |  |  | $ | 147,556 |

Interest expense related to the notes for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 was as follows:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2013 |  | 2012
| (In thousands)
2014 Notes coupon interest at a rate of 5% | $ | 2,157 |  |  | $ | 2,157 |
2014 Notes amortization of discount and debt issuance costs at an additional effective interest rate of 11.7% | 4,089 |  |  | 3,510 |
Total interest expense on convertible notes | $ | 6,246 |  |  | $ | 5,667 |

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9. Commitments and Contingencies
As of March 31, 2013, the Company’s material contractual obligations are as follows (in thousands):

| Total |  | Remainder of 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | Thereafter
Contractual obligations (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Imputed financing obligation (2) | $ | 44,553 |  |  | $ | 4,683 |  |  | $ | 5,873 |  |  | $ | 6,011 |  |  | $ | 6,156 |  |  | $ | 6,302 |  |  | $ | 15,528 |
Leases and other contractual obligations | 8,006 |  |  | 1,902 |  |  | 1,906 |  |  | 1,791 |  |  | 1,049 |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | 340 |
Software licenses (3) | 400 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquisition retention bonuses (4) | 36,509 |  |  | 16,873 |  |  | 18,151 |  |  | 1,485 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Convertible notes | 172,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 172,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest payments related to convertible notes | 12,937 |  |  | 8,625 |  |  | 4,312 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 274,905 |  |  | $ | 32,403 |  |  | $ | 202,822 |  |  | $ | 9,287 |  |  | $ | 7,205 |  |  | $ | 7,320 |  |  | $ | 15,868 |

_________________________________________

(1) | The above table does not reflect possible payments in connection with uncertain tax benefits of approximately $16.8 million including $10.6 million recorded as a reduction of long-term deferred tax assets and $6.2 million in long-term income taxes payable as of March 31, 2013. As noted below in Note 13, “Income Taxes,” although it is possible that some of the unrecognized tax benefits could be settled within the next 12 months, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the outcome at this time.

(2) | With respect to the imputed financing obligation, the main components of the difference between the amount reflected in the contractual obligations table and the amount reflected on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are the interest on the imputed financing obligation and the estimated common area expenses over the future periods. Additionally, the amount includes the amended Ohio lease and the amended Sunnyvale lease.

(3) | The Company has commitments with various software vendors for non-cancellable license agreements generally having terms longer than one year. The above table summarizes those contractual obligations as of March 31, 2013 which are also presented on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet under current and other long-term liabilities.

(4) | In connection with its recent acquisitions, the Company is obligated to pay retention bonuses to certain employees and contractors, subject to certain eligibility and acceleration provisions including the condition of employment. The remaining $33.3 million of CRI retention bonuses payable on June 3, 2013 and 2014 can be paid in cash or stock at the Company’s election.

Building lease expense was approximately $0.9 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Deferred rent of $1.6 million and $0.8 million as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, were included primarily in other long-term liabilities.
Indemnification
The Company enters into standard license agreements in the ordinary course of business. Although the Company does not indemnify most of its customers, there are times when an indemnification is a necessary means of doing business. Indemnification covers customers for losses suffered or incurred by them as a result of any patent, copyright, or other intellectual property infringement or any other claim by any third party arising as result of the applicable agreement with the Company. The maximum amount of indemnification the Company could be required to make under these agreements is generally limited to fees received by the Company.
Several securities fraud class actions, private lawsuits and shareholder derivative actions were filed in state and federal courts against certain of the Company’s current and former officers and directors related to the stock option granting actions. As permitted under Delaware law, the Company has agreements whereby its officers and directors are indemnified for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was serving, at the Company’s request in such capacity. The term of the indemnification period is for the officer’s or director’s term in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. The Company has a director and officer insurance policy that reduces the Company’s exposure and enables the Company to recover a portion of
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future amounts to be paid. As a result of these indemnification agreements, the Company continues to make payments on behalf of primarily former officers and some current officers. As of March 31, 2013, the Company had made cumulative payments of approximately $32.2 million on their behalf, including $17 thousand in the quarter ended March 31, 2013. As of March 31, 2012, the Company had made cumulative payments of approximately $31.9 million on their behalf, including $30 thousand in the quarter ended March 31, 2012. These payments were recorded under costs of restatement and related legal activities in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
10. Equity Incentive Plans and Stock-Based Compensation
As of March 31, 2013, 1,385,873 shares of the 21,400,000 shares approved under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”) remain available for grant which included an increase of 6,500,000 shares approved by stockholders on April 26, 2012. The 2006 Plan is now the Company’s only plan for providing stock-based incentive awards to eligible employees, executive officers, non-employee directors and consultants; however, the 1997 Stock Option Plan (the “1997 Plan”) and the 1999 Non-statutory Stock Option Plan (the “1999 Plan”) will continue to govern awards previously granted under those plans.
A summary of shares available for grant under the Company’s plans is as follows:

| Shares Available for Grant
Shares available as of December 31, 2012 | 2,729,159 |
Stock options granted | (1,619,437 | )
Stock options forfeited | 893,744 |
Stock options expired under former plans | (291,219 | )
Nonvested equity stock and stock units granted (1) | (414,744 | )
Nonvested equity stock and stock units forfeited (1) | 88,370 |
Total available for grant as of March 31, 2013 | 1,385,873 |

_________________________________________

(1) | For purposes of determining the number of shares available for grant under the 2006 Plan against the maximum number of shares authorized, each restricted stock granted reduces the number of shares available for grant by 1.5 shares and each restricted stock forfeited increases shares available for grant by 1.5 shares.

General Stock Option Information
The following table summarizes stock option activity under the 1997 Plan, 1999 Plan and 2006 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and information regarding stock options outstanding, exercisable, and vested and expected to vest as of March 31, 2013.

| Options Outstanding |  |  |  |
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2012 | 13,094,815 |  |  | $ | 12.79 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options granted | 1,619,437 |  |  | 5.46 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options exercised | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Options forfeited | (893,744 | ) |  | 11.20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of March 31, 2013 | 13,820,508 |  |  | 12.03 |  |  | 6.44 |  | $ | 1,898 |
Vested or expected to vest at March 31, 2013 | 12,533,217 |  |  | 12.48 |  |  | 6.21 |  | 1,549 |
Options exercisable at March 31, 2013 | 5,945,597 |  |  | 19.05 |  |  | 3.82 |  | 36 |

No stock options that contain a market condition were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2013. The fair values of the options granted with a market condition were calculated using a binomial valuation model, which estimates the potential outcome of reaching the market condition based on simulated future stock prices. As of March 31, 2013 and
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December 31, 2012 , there were 1,535,000 stock options outstanding that require the Company to achieve minimum market conditions in order for the options to become exercisable.
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value for in-the-money options at March 31, 2013, based on the $5.61 closing stock price of Rambus’ Common Stock on March 28, 2013 on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date. The total number of in-the-money options outstanding and exercisable as of March 31, 2013 was 2,900,931 and 32,761, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
No purchases were made under the 2006 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. As of March 31, 2013, 1,082,515 shares under the ESPP remain available for issuance.
Stock-Based Compensation
For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company maintained stock plans covering a broad range of potential equity grants including stock options, nonvested equity stock and equity stock units and performance based instruments. In addition, the Company sponsors an ESPP, whereby eligible employees are entitled to purchase Common Stock semi-annually, by means of limited payroll deductions, at a 15% discount from the fair market value of the Common Stock as of specific dates.
Stock Options
During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company granted 1,619,437 and 1,937,002 stock options, respectively, with an estimated total grant-date fair value of $3.8 million and $7.5 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, Rambus recorded stock-based compensation expense related to stock options of $3.1 million and $4.3 million, respectively.
As of March 31, 2013, there was $26.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, related to non-vested stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the stock option plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years. The total fair value of shares vested as of March 31, 2013 was $76.3 million.
There were no options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2013. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $39 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2012. Intrinsic value is the total value of exercised shares based on the price of the Company’s common stock at the time of exercise less the cash received from the employees to exercise the options.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company recorded compensation expense related to the ESPP of $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2013, there was $0.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the ESPP. That cost is expected to be recognized over one month.
There were no tax benefits realized as a result of employee stock option exercises, stock purchase plan purchases, and vesting of equity stock and stock units for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 calculated in accordance with accounting for share-based payments.
Valuation Assumptions
The fair value of stock awards is estimated as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton (“BSM”) option-pricing model assuming a dividend yield of 0% and the additional weighted-average assumptions as listed in the table below.
The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted that contain only service conditions in the periods presented.
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| Stock Option Plans
| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2013 |  | 2012
Stock Option Plans |  |  |  |  |
Expected stock price volatility | 47 | % |  | 60 | %
Risk free interest rate | 0.9 | % |  | 0.7 | %
Expected term (in years) | 5.4 |  |  | 5.6 |
Weighted-average fair value of stock options granted to employees | $ | 2.33 |  |  | $ | 3.88 |

No shares were issued under the ESPP during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.
Nonvested Equity Stock and Stock Units
The Company grants nonvested equity stock units to officers, employees and directors. During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company granted nonvested equity stock units totaling 276,496 and 423,371 shares under the 2006 Plan, respectively. These awards have a service condition, generally a service period of four years, except in the case of grants to directors, for which the service period is one year. For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the nonvested equity stock units were valued at the date of grant giving them a fair value of approximately $1.5 million and $3.1 million, respectively. The Company occasionally grants nonvested equity stock units to its employees with vesting subject to the achievement of certain performance conditions. During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the achievement of certain performance conditions for certain performance equity stock units was considered probable, and as a result, the Company recognized an immaterial amount of stock-based compensation expense related to these performance stock units for all periods.
For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1.3 million and $1.8 million, respectively, related to all outstanding unvested equity stock grants. Unrecognized stock-based compensation related to all nonvested equity stock grants, net of estimated forfeitures, was approximately $5.1 million at March 31, 2013. This is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.2 years.
The following table reflects the activity related to nonvested equity stock and stock units for the three months ended March 31, 2013:

Nonvested Equity Stock and Stock Units |  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2012 |  | 922,491 |  |  | $ | 10.24 |
Granted |  | 276,496 |  |  | 5.46 |
Vested |  | (178,666 | ) |  | 14.02 |
Forfeited |  | (58,911 | ) |  | 13.97 |
Nonvested at March 31, 2013 |  | 961,410 |  |  | 7.93 |

11. Stockholders’ Equity
Share Repurchase Program
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its Common Stock under its share repurchase program. As of March 31, 2013, the Company had repurchased a cumulative total of approximately 26.3 million shares of its Common Stock with an aggregate price of approximately $428.9 million since the commencement of the program in 2001. As of March 31, 2013, there remained an outstanding authorization to repurchase approximately 5.2 million shares of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock.
The Company records stock repurchases as a reduction to stockholders’ equity. The Company records a portion of the purchase price of the repurchased shares as an increase to accumulated deficit when the price of the shares repurchased exceeds the average original proceeds per share received from the issuance of Common Stock.
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12. Restructuring Charges
During the third quarter of 2012, the Company initiated a restructuring program to reduce overall corporate expenses which is expected to improve future profitability by reducing spending on marketing, general and administrative programs and refining some of the Company's research and development efforts. In connection with this restructuring program, the Company estimates that it will incur aggregate costs of approximately $6.0 million to $10.0 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, the Company incurred restructuring charges of $2.2 million related primarily to the consolidation of certain facilities and the reduction in workforce, of which a majority was related to corporate support functions that impacted each of the Company's operating segments. The Company expects to substantially complete its restructuring activities by the second quarter of 2013. There were no restructuring charges during the three months ended March 31, 2012.
The following table summarizes the restructuring activities during the three months ended March 31, 2013:

|  | Employee Severance and Related Benefits |  | Facilities |  | Total
|  | (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2012 |  | $ | 906 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 906 |
Charges |  | 246 |  |  | 1,960 |  |  | 2,206 |
Payments |  | (623 | ) |  | (943 | ) |  | (1,566 | )
Non-cash charge |  | — |  |  | (653 | ) | * | (653 | )
Balance at March 31, 2013 |  | $ | 529 |  |  | 364 |  |  | $ | 893 |

*The non-cash charge of $653 thousand is related to the termination of the Company's financing obligation associated with abandoning a construction asset at one of its facilities.
13. Income Taxes
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, the Company calculated its interim tax provision to record taxes incurred by the U.S. entity on a discrete basis because the Company is projecting losses in which a tax benefit cannot be recognized in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes. The Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $4.5 million and $3.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, is primarily comprised of withholding taxes and other foreign taxes based upon income earned during the period with no tax benefit recorded for the loss jurisdictions.
During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company paid withholding taxes of $3.8 million and $4.4 million, respectively.
As of March 31, 2013, the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets included net deferred tax assets, before valuation allowance, of approximately $211.0 million, which consists of net operating loss carryovers, tax credit carryovers, amortization, employee stock-based compensation expenses and certain liabilities, partially reduced by deferred tax liabilities associated with the convertible debt instruments. As of March 31, 2013, a full valuation allowance has been recorded against the U.S. deferred tax assets. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, the Company did not significantly change its deferred tax assets.
Management periodically evaluates the realizability of the Company's net deferred tax assets based on all available evidence, both positive and negative. The realization of net deferred tax assets is dependent on the Company's ability to generate sufficient future taxable income during periods prior to the expiration of tax statutes to fully utilize these assets. The Company's forecasted future operating results are highly influenced by, among other factors, assumptions regarding the Company's (1) ability to achieve its forecasted revenue, (2) ability to effectively manage its expenses in line with its forecasted revenue and (3) general trends in the industries in which it operates.
The Company maintains liabilities for uncertain tax positions within its long-term income taxes payable accounts. These liabilities involve judgment and estimation and are monitored by management based on the best information available including changes in tax regulations, the outcome of relevant court cases and other information.
As of March 31, 2013, the Company had approximately $16.8 million of unrecognized tax benefits, including $10.6 million recorded as a reduction of long-term deferred tax assets and $6.2 million in long-term income taxes payable. If recognized, approximately $2.0 million would be recorded as an income tax benefit. No benefit would be recorded for the remaining unrecognized tax benefits as the recognition would require a corresponding increase in the valuation allowance. As of
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December 31, 2012, the Company had $16.8 million of unrecognized tax benefits, including $10.6 million recorded as a reduction of long-term deferred tax assets and $6.2 million recorded in long-term income taxes payable.
Although it is possible that some of the unrecognized tax benefits could be settled within the next 12 months, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the outcome at this time.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of the income tax provision. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, an immaterial amount of interest and penalties are included in long-term income taxes payable.
On January 2, 2013, the President signed into law The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or ATRA. Under prior law, a taxpayer was entitled to a research tax credit for qualifying amounts incurred through December 31, 2011. The ATRA extends the research credit for two years for qualified research expenditures incurred through the end of 2013. The extension of the research credit is retroactive and includes amounts incurred after 2011. There was no benefit to the Company of the restated research credit in the first quarter of 2013 due to the full valuation allowance.
Rambus files U.S. federal income tax returns as well as income tax returns in various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for tax years before 2009. The Company is no longer subject to examination by the State of California for tax years before 2008. In addition, any research and development credit carryforward or net operating loss carryforward generated in prior years and utilized in these or future years may also be subject to examination by the IRS and the State of California. The IRS commenced an exam of the Company's 2010 through 2011 tax years during the first quarter of 2013. The Company is also subject to examination in various other foreign jurisdictions, including India, for various periods.
Additionally, the Company's future effective tax rates could be adversely affected by earnings being higher than anticipated in countries where the Company has higher statutory rates or lower than anticipated in countries where it has lower statutory rates, by changes in valuation of its deferred tax assets and liabilities or by changes in tax laws or interpretations of those laws.
14. Litigation and Asserted Claims
SK Hynix Litigation
U.S District Court of the Northern District of California
On August 29, 2000, SK Hynix (formerly Hyundai and Hynix) and various subsidiaries filed suit against Rambus in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. The complaint asserts claims for fraud, violations of federal antitrust laws and deceptive practices in connection with Rambus' participation in a standards setting organization called JEDEC, and seeks a declaratory judgment that the Rambus patents-in-suit are unenforceable, invalid and not infringed by SK Hynix, compensatory and punitive damages, and attorneys' fees. Rambus denied SK Hynix's claims and filed counterclaims for patent infringement against SK Hynix. The case was divided into three phases: (1) unclean hands; (2) patent infringement; and (3) antitrust, equitable estoppel, and other JEDEC-related issues. Rambus prevailed in all three phases and judgment was entered against SK Hynix. On appeal, the Federal Circuit vacated the judgment and remanded the case back to the district court for further proceedings consistent with its unclean hands and spoliation opinions in the SK Hynix and Micron cases. SK Hynix was also awarded costs of appeal; The Company has accrued approximately $8.1 million related to those costs as of March 31, 2013.
On remand, the district court found that Rambus engaged in spoliation of evidence. Because the asserted patents were otherwise valid and Rambus did not intentionally destroy particular damaging documents, the court concluded that the appropriate sanction was to strike from the record evidence supporting a royalty in excess of a reasonable, non-discriminatory royalty. Accordingly, the court ordered the parties to submit briefs on what a reasonable and non-discriminatory royalty would be for the patents in suit.
On December 19, 2012, the court held a hearing on the reasonable royalty motion; SK Hynix's motion for summary judgment of invalidity, new trial, or a stay of the case, and Rambus' motion to amend the unclean hands decision. No decisions have issued to date.
SK Hynix subsequently filed a motion for collateral estoppel based on the Micron spoliation decision on remand. On February 27, 2013, the district court issued notice that SK Hynix's motion has been submitted without oral argument from the parties.
Micron Litigation
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U.S District Court in Delaware: Case No. 00-792-SLR
On August 28, 2000, Micron filed suit against Rambus in the U.S. District Court for Delaware. The suit asserts violations of federal antitrust laws, deceptive trade practices, breach of contract, fraud and negligent misrepresentation in connection with Rambus' participation in JEDEC. Micron seeks a declaration of monopolization by Rambus, compensatory and punitive damages, attorneys' fees, a declaratory judgment that eight Rambus patents are invalid and not infringed, and the award to Micron of a royalty-free license to the Rambus patents. Rambus has filed an answer and counterclaims disputing Micron's claims and asserting infringement by Micron of 12 U.S. patents. Micron prevailed on its unclean hands defense and judgment was entered against Rambus on the patent infringement claims. On appeal, the Federal Circuit remanded the case back to the district court for further proceedings consistent with its opinion.
On January 2, 2013, the court issued its decision finding that Rambus had spoliated documents in bad faith, that Micron's inequitable conduct defense and JEDEC-based claims and defenses related to patent misuse, antitrust, and unfair competition were prejudiced, and that the patents-in-suit are thus unenforceable against Micron. The court issued an order on January 24, 2013, directing judgment be entered against Rambus on the patent infringement claims in 30 days, and staying the remainder of the case pending appeal. Rambus filed a notice of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on March 27, 2013. Rambus' opening appellate brief is currently due to be filed in May 2013.
U.S. District Court of the Northern District of California
On January 13, 2006, Rambus filed suit against Micron in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Rambus alleges that 14 Rambus patents are infringed by Micron's DDR2, DDR3, GDDR3, and other advanced memory products. Rambus seeks compensatory and punitive damages, attorneys' fees, and injunctive relief. This case has been stayed since February 3, 2009.
European Patent Infringement Cases
In 2001, Rambus filed suit against Micron in Mannheim, Germany, for infringement of European patent, EP 1 22 642. That suit has not been active. Two related proceedings in Italy remain active. One relates to Rambus' claim that Micron is infringing European patent, EP 1 4 956. The court in this proceeding has found the '956 patent valid but not infringed. The court also dismissed Micron's claims for unfair competition based on JEDEC as well as abuse of process. Micron did not appeal this decision so this case is now closed. The second case in Italy involves Micron's purported claim resulting from a seizure of evidence in Italy in 2000 carried out by Rambus pursuant to a court order. The court in this proceeding dismissed Micron's claim. Micron has appealed this decision to the Italian Supreme Court.
DDR2, DDR3, gDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4 Litigation (“DDR2”)
U.S District Court in the Northern District of California
On January 25, 2005, Rambus filed a patent infringement suit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California court against Hynix, Infineon, Nanya, and Inotera. Infineon and Inotera were subsequently dismissed from this litigation as was Samsung which had been added as a defendant. Rambus alleges that certain of its patents are infringed by certain of the defendants' SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3, gDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4 and other advanced memory products. This case has been stayed since February 3, 2009.
European Commission Competition Directorate-General
On or about April 22, 2003, Rambus was notified by the European Commission Competition Directorate-General (Directorate) (the “European Commission”) that it had received complaints from Infineon and Hynix, which led to a statement of objections from the European Commission alleging that through Rambus' participation in the JEDEC standards setting organization and subsequent conduct, Rambus violated European Union competition law.
On December 9, 2009, the European Commission announced that it had reached a final settlement with Rambus to resolve the pending case. On March 25, 2010, Hynix filed appeals with the General Court of the European Union purporting to challenge the settlement and the European Commission's rejection of Hynix's complaint. No decision has issued to date on Hynix's appeal.
Superior Court of California for the County of San Francisco
On May 5, 2004, Rambus filed a lawsuit against Micron, Hynix, Infineon and Siemens in San Francisco Superior Court (the “San Francisco court”) seeking damages for conspiring to fix prices, conspiring to monopolize under the Cartwright Act, intentional interference with prospective economic advantage, and unfair competition. This lawsuit alleges that there were concerted efforts beginning in the 1990s to deter innovation in the DRAM market and to boycott Rambus and/or deter market
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acceptance of Rambus' RDRAM product. Subsequently, Infineon and Siemens were dismissed from this action (as a result of a settlement with Infineon) and three Samsung-related entities were added as defendants and later dismissed (as a result of a settlement with Samsung).
A jury trial against Micron and Hynix began on June 20, 2011. On November 16, 2011, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Hynix and Micron and against Rambus and judgment was entered by the Court on February 15, 2012. The court issued an order on January 29, 2013, awarding costs to Micron and Hynix of $520 thousand and $350 thousand, respectively. The Company has accrued $0.9 million related to these costs as of March 31, 2013.
Rambus filed a notice of appeal on April 3, 2012 and thereafter filed its opening brief on appeal on September 19, 2012. Defendants filed their responsive briefs on March 8, 2013. Rambus' reply brief is currently scheduled to be filed in May 2013.
Stock Option Investigation Related Claims
On May 30, 2006, the Audit Committee commenced an internal investigation of the timing of past stock option grants and related accounting issues. Several class action, derivative, and private shareholder suits were subsequently filed, all of which (with one exception described below) have been dismissed or settled.
On March 1, 2007, a pro se lawsuit was filed in the Northern District of California by two alleged Rambus shareholders against Rambus, certain current and former executives and board members, and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. This action was consolidated with a substantially identical pro se lawsuit filed by another purported Rambus shareholder against the same parties. The consolidated complaint against Rambus alleges violations of federal and state securities laws, and state law claims for fraud and breach of fiduciary duty. On December 9, 2008, the court entered judgment in favor of Rambus. Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal on December 15, 2008. On June 16, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued a decision affirming the judgment in favor of Rambus.
On September 11, 2008, the same pro se plaintiffs filed a separate lawsuit in Santa Clara County Superior Court against Rambus, certain current and former executives and board members, and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. The complaint alleges violations of certain California state securities statutes as well as fraud and negligent misrepresentation based on substantially the same underlying factual allegations contained in the pro se lawsuit filed in federal court. Judgment in favor of Rambus was entered on June 15, 2011. Plaintiffs appealed and the court of appeals issued an order affirming the judgment on December 14, 2012.
Broadcom, Freescale, LSI, MediaTek, and STMicroelectronics Litigation
International Trade Commission 2010 Investigation
On December 1, 2010, Rambus filed a complaint with the ITC requesting the commencement of an investigation and seeking an exclusion order barring the importation, sale for importation, or sale after importation of products that incorporate at least DDR, DDR2, DDR3, LPDDR, LPDDR2, mobile DDR, GDDR, GDDR2, and GDDR3memory controllers from Broadcom, Freescale, LSI, MediaTek and STMicroelectronics that infringe patents from the Barth family of patents, and products having certain peripheral interfaces, including PCI Express interfaces, DisplayPort interfaces, and certain Serial AT Attachment (“SATA”) and Serial Attached SCSI (“SAS”) interfaces, from Broadcom, Freescale, LSI and STMicroelectronics that infringe patents from the Dally family of patents. The complaint names, among others, Broadcom, Freescale, LSI, MediaTek and STMicroelectronics as respondents, as well as companies whose products incorporate those companies' accused products and are imported into the United States, including Asustek Computer Inc. and Asus Computer International Inc., Audio Partnership Plc, Cisco Systems, Garmin International, G.B.T. Inc., Giga-Byte Technology Co. Ltd., Gracom Technologies LLC, Hewlett-Packard Company, Hitachi GST, Motorola, Inc., Oppo Digital, Inc., and Seagate Technology. The complaint also names NVIDIA and certain companies whose products incorporate accused NVIDIA products with certain peripheral interfaces, including PCI Express and DisplayPort peripheral interfaces, and seeks to bar their importation, sale for importation, or sale after importation. On December 29, 2010, the ITC instituted the investigation. On June 20, 2011, January 17, 2012, and March 19, 2012, respectively, the administrative law judge granted joint motions to terminate the investigation as to Freescale, Broadcom and Mediatek pursuant to the parties' settlement agreement. A final hearing before the administrative law judge was held October 12-20, 2011.
On July 25, 2012, the ITC issued the notice of its determination to terminate the investigation with a finding of no violation for the following reasons: all of the asserted patent claims are invalid due to anticipation or obviousness, except for certain Dally claims that include multiple-transmitters for which the ITC determined there was no infringement; Rambus did not demonstrate the existence of a domestic industry for both the Barth and Dally patents; the Barth patents are unenforceable under the doctrine of unclean hands; and the Barth patents are exhausted as to one respondent. The ITC's opinion setting forth its determinations issued on July 31, 2012. Rambus filed a notice of appeal on September 21, 2012. Rambus' opening brief is currently scheduled to be filed in May 2013.
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U.S District Court in the Northern District of California
On December 1, 2010, Rambus filed complaints against Broadcom, Freescale, LSI, MediaTek and STMicroelectronics in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California alleging that 1) products that incorporate at least DDR, DDR2, DDR3, LPDDR, LPDDR2, mobile DDR, GDDR, GDDR2, and GDDR3 memory controllers from Broadcom, Freescale, LSI, MediaTek and STMicroelectronics infringe patents from the Barth family of patents; 2) those same products and products from those companies that incorporate SDR memory controllers infringe patents from the Farmwald-Horowitz family; and 3) products having certain peripheral interfaces, including PCI Express, DisplayPort, and certain SATA and SAS interfaces, from Broadcom, Freescale, LSI and STMicroelectronics infringe patents from the Dally family of patents. On March 20, 2011, June 7, 2011, and December 29, 2011, respectively, Rambus' complaint against MediaTek, Freescale and Broadcom was dismissed pursuant to the parties' settlement agreement. Rambus and LSI announced that they had entered into a settlement of their disputes on February 19, 2013.
On September 26, 2012, the court issued a claim construction order. At a December 20, 2012 case management conference, the court scheduled an unclean hands trial to start on August 26, 2013, and a patent trial to start on April 14, 2014.
Potential Future Litigation
In addition to the litigation described above, companies continue to adopt Rambus technologies into various products. Rambus has notified many of these companies of their use of Rambus technology and continues to evaluate how to proceed on these matters.
There can be no assurance that any ongoing or future litigation will be successful. Rambus spends substantial company resources defending its intellectual property in litigation, which may continue for the foreseeable future given the multiple pending litigations. The outcomes of these litigations, as well as any delay in their resolution, could affect Rambus' ability to license its intellectual property in the future.
The Company records a contingent liability when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable in accordance with accounting for contingencies. A reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued is not material to the consolidated financial statements.
15. Related Party Transaction
On March 21, 2013, the Company entered into an agreement with L'Image Home Technologies L.P. (“LHT”) pursuant to which LHT will exclusively distribute, market and sell the Company's LED light bulbs in North America for an initial term of five years, subject to one automatic two-year extension. Christopher Gurreri, who is the president of LHT, is the brother-in-law of the Company's CEO, Dr. Black. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will sell the LED light bulbs to LHT and LHT will pay the Company certain administration fees. The Company expects the agreement to provide for payments in excess of $120 thousand per year, but the Company does not yet know the actual amount of such payments given the early stage of the agreement. In accordance with the Company's policies, including its policy regarding related party transactions, which is described in its proxy statement, the Company's entry into the LHT transaction was reviewed and approved in advance by its Audit Committee. The agreement was negotiated on an arms-length basis and Dr. Black recused himself from the negotiations with respect thereto.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to our expectations for future events and time periods. All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be deemed to be forward-looking statements, including any statements regarding trends in future revenue or results of operations, gross margin or operating margin, expenses, earnings or losses from operations, synergies or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; any statements concerning developments, performance or industry ranking; any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; any statements regarding pending investigations, claims or disputes; any statements of expectation or belief; and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Generally, the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “plans,” “expects,” “future,” “intends,” “may,” “should,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” “projecting” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, forecasts and assumptions and are subject to risks, uncertainties and changes in condition, significance, value and effect. As a result of the factors described herein, and in the documents incorporated herein by reference, including, in particular, those factors described under “Risk Factors,” we undertake no obligation to publicly disclose any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring subsequent to filing this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Rambus, RDRAM™, XDR™, FlexIO™ and FlexPhase™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Rambus Inc. Other trademarks that may be mentioned in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners.
Industry terminology, used widely throughout this report, has been abbreviated and, as such, these abbreviations are defined below for your convenience:

Differential Power Analysis | DPA
Double Data Rate | DDR
Dynamic Random Access Memory | DRAM
Graphics Double Data Rate | GDDR
Light Emitting Diodes | LED
Liquid Crystal Display | LCD
Peripheral Component Interconnect | PCI
Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory | RDRAM™
Single Data Rate | SDR
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory | SDRAM
eXtreme Data Rate | XDR™

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From time to time we will refer to the abbreviated names of certain entities and, as such, have provided a chart to indicate the full names of those entities for your convenience.

Advanced Micro Devices Inc. | AMD
Broadcom Corporation | Broadcom
Cooper Lighting, LLC | Cooper Lighting
Cryptography Research, Inc. | CRI
Elpida Memory, Inc. | Elpida
EchoStar Technologies L.L.C. | EchoStar
Freescale Semiconductor Inc. | Freescale
Fujitsu Limited | Fujitsu
General Electric Company | GE
Hynix Semiconductor, Inc. | Hynix
Infineon Technologies AG | Infineon
Inotera Memories, Inc. | Inotera
Intel Corporation | Intel
International Business Machines Corporation | IBM
Joint Electronic Device Engineering Councils | JEDEC
Lighting and Display Technology | LDT
LSI Corporation | LSI
Marvell International Ltd. | Marvell
MediaTek Inc. | MediaTek
Memory and Interfaces Division | MID
Micron Technologies, Inc. | Micron
Mobile Technology Division | MTD
Nanya Technology Corporation | Nanya
NVIDIA Corporation | NVIDIA
Panasonic Corporation | Panasonic
Renesas Electronics | Renesas
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Samsung
Sony Computer Electronics | Sony
ST Microelectronics N.V. | STMicroelectronics
Toshiba Corporation | Toshiba

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Business Overview
We are an innovative technology solutions company that brings invention to market. Unleashing the intellectual power of our world-class engineers and scientists in a collaborative and synergistic way, we invent, develop, offer and license solutions that challenge and enable our customers to create the future. While we are best known for creating superior semiconductor memory architectures, we are also developing world-changing products and services in security, advanced LED lighting and displays, and immersive mobile media. We believe we have established an unparalleled business platform and licensing platform that will continue to foster the development of new foundational technologies. In addition to licensing, we are creating new business opportunities through offering products and services where our goal is to perpetuate strong company operating performance and long-term stockholder value. We generate revenue by licensing our inventions and solutions and providing services to market-leading companies.
While we have historically focused our efforts on the development of technologies for electronics memory and chip interfaces, we have been expanding our portfolio of inventions and solutions to address additional markets in lighting, displays, chip and system security, digital media, as well as new areas within the semiconductor industry, such as imaging and non-volatile memory. We intend to continue our growth into new technology fields, consistent with our mission to create great value through our innovations and to make those technologies available through both our licensing and non-licensing business models. Key to our efforts, both in our current businesses and in any new area of diversification, will be hiring and retaining world-class inventors, scientists and engineers to lead the development of inventions and technology solutions for these fields of focus, and the management and business support personnel necessary to execute our plans and strategies.
We have four business units: (1) Memory and Interfaces Division, or MID, which focuses on the design, development and licensing of technology that is related to memory and interfaces; (2) Cryptography Research, Inc., or CRI, which focuses on the design, development and licensing of technologies for chip and system security and anti-counterfeiting; (3) Lighting and Display Technologies, or LDT, which focuses on the design, development and licensing of technologies for lighting and displays; and (4) Mobile Technologies Division, or MTD, which focuses on the design, development and licensing of multi-media solutions. A centralized research and development and business incubation organization ("CTO") has been formed to consolidate early-stage investments, including MTD and longer-term research activities and worldwide engineering. As of March 31, 2013, only MID and CTO were considered reportable segments as they met the quantitative thresholds for disclosure as a reportable segment. The results of the remaining immaterial operating segments were combined and shown under “All Other”. For additional information concerning segment reporting, see Note 5, “Segments and Major Customers,” of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.
Our strategy is to evolve from providing primarily patent licenses to providing additional technology, products and services while creating and leveraging strategic synergies to increase revenue. We believe that the successful execution of this strategy requires an exceptional business model that relies on the skills and talent of our employees. Accordingly, we seek to hire and retain world-class scientific and engineering expertise in all of our fields of technological focus, as well as the executive management and operating personnel required to successfully execute our business strategy. In order to attract the quality of employees required for this business model, we have created an environment and culture that encourages, fosters and supports research, development and innovation in breakthrough technologies with significant opportunities for broad industry adoption. We believe we have created a compelling company for inventors and innovators who are able to work within a business model and platform that focuses on technology development to drive strong future growth.
As of March 31, 2013, our semiconductor, lighting, display, security and other technologies are covered by 1,486 U.S. and foreign patents. Additionally, we have 989 patent applications pending. Some of the patents and pending patent applications are derived from a common parent patent application or are foreign counterpart patent applications. We have a program to file applications for and obtain patents in the United States and in selected foreign countries where we believe filing for such protection is appropriate and would further our overall business strategy and objectives. In some instances, obtaining appropriate levels of protection may involve prosecuting continuation and counterpart patent applications based on a common parent application. We believe our patented innovations provide our customers with the ability to achieve improved performance, lower risk, greater cost-effectiveness and other benefits in their products and services.
Our inventions and technology solutions are offered to our customers through either a patent license or a solutions license. Today, our revenues are primarily derived from patent licenses, through which we provide our customers a license to use a portion of our broad portfolio of patented inventions. The license provides our customers with a defined right to use our innovations in the customer's own digital electronics products, systems or services, as applicable. The licenses may also define the specific field of use where our customers may use or employ our inventions in their products. License agreements are structured with fixed, variable or a hybrid of fixed and variable royalty payments over certain defined periods. Leading consumer product, semiconductor and system companies such as AMD, Broadcom, Elpida, Freescale, Fujitsu, GE, Intel, LSI, Panasonic, Renesas, Samsung and Toshiba have licensed our patents for use in their own products. We intend to expand our business strategy of monetizing our intellectual property to include the sale of selected intellectual property.
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We also offer our customers solutions licenses to support the implementation and adoption of our technology in their products or services. Our customers include leading companies such as Cooper Lighting, EchoStar, Elpida, GE, IBM, Panasonic, Samsung, Sony and Toshiba. Our solutions license offerings include a range of technologies for incorporation into our customers' products and systems. We also offer a range of services as part of our solutions licenses which can include know-how and technology transfer, product design and development, system integration, and other services. These solutions license agreements may have both a fixed price (non-recurring) component and ongoing royalties. Further, under solutions licenses, our customers typically receive licenses to our patents necessary to implement these solutions in their products with specific rights and restrictions to the applicable patents elaborated in their individual contracts with us.
The remainder of our revenue is contract services revenue which includes license fees and engineering services fees. The timing and amounts invoiced to customers can vary significantly depending on specific contract terms and can therefore have a significant impact on deferred revenue or account receivables in any given period.
We intend to continue making significant expenditures associated with engineering, marketing, general and administration and expect that these costs and expenses will continue to be a significant percentage of revenue in future periods. Whether such expenses increase or decrease as a percentage of revenue will be substantially dependent upon the rate at which our revenue or expenses change.
Executive Summary
During the first quarter of 2013, we signed license agreements with LSI and EchoStar. As a result of the patent license agreement with LSI, we settled all outstanding claims with LSI, including pending disputes related to our patented innovations. The license agreement with EchoStar allows EchoStar to deploy CRI's CryptoFirewall™ security core for use with its set-top box technologies to protect against TV signal theft.
Also during the first quarter of 2013, Marvell selected CRI's CryptoFirewall™ anti-counterfeiting technology for use in its consumable security chip which will provide advanced levels of security, authentication and/or secure usage tracking to verify system integrity.
In addition, during the first quarter of 2013, we sold a portfolio of patent assets covering display technologies to a subsidiary of Acacia Research Corporation. As part of this transaction, we received an initial upfront payment and expect to receive subsequent payments.
Research and development continues to play a key role in our efforts to maintain product innovations. Our engineering expenses in the aggregate for the three months ended March 31, 2013 decreased $7.5 million as compared to the same period in 2012 primarily due to decreased accrual of the retention bonuses related to past acquisitions of $3.4 million, decreased legal costs related to patent filings and prosecution costs of $0.9 million and a gain related to the sale of certain assets.
Marketing, general and administrative expenses in the aggregate for the three months ended March 31, 2013 decreased $9.7 million as compared to the same period in 2012 which included a decrease in litigation expenses related to ongoing major cases of $2.1 million. Non-litigation related marketing, general and administrative costs decreased in the first quarter of 2013 primarily due to decreased headcount related costs of $1.0 million, decreased funding for our 2013 corporate incentive plan ("CIP") of $1.0 million, decreased accrual of the retention bonuses related to past acquisitions of $1.1 million and decreased sales and marketing costs of $1.6 million.
Trends
There are a number of trends that may have a material impact on us in the future, including but not limited to, the evolution of memory technology, adoption of LEDs in general lighting, the use and adoption of our inventions or technologies and global economic conditions with the resulting impact on sales of consumer electronic systems.
We have a high degree of revenue concentration, with our top five customers representing approximately 70% and 74% of our revenue for three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. As a result of our settlement with Samsung in 2010, Samsung is expected to account for a significant portion of our ongoing licensing revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2013, revenue from LSI, Renesas and Samsung accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2012, revenue from NVIDIA, Renesas and Samsung each accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue. We expect to continue to experience significant revenue concentration for the foreseeable future.
The particular customers which account for revenue concentration have varied from period to period as a result of the addition of new contracts, expiration of existing contracts, renewals of existing contracts, industry consolidation and the volumes and prices at which the customers have recently sold to their customers. These variations are expected to continue in the foreseeable future.
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The semiconductor industry is intensely competitive and highly cyclical, limiting our visibility with respect to future sales. To the extent that macroeconomic fluctuations negatively affect our principal customers, the demand for our technology may be significantly and adversely impacted, and we may experience substantial period-to-period fluctuations in our operating results. In February 2012, Elpida, one of our top 10 customers by revenue for the past two years, commenced bankruptcy proceedings in Japan as a result of debt loads, competition and declining prices for memory chips. Additionally, our royalty revenue from certain customers in the DRAM market, such as Samsung and Elpida, are variable and are based on our customers' revenue up to two quarters in arrears.
The royalties we receive from our semiconductor customers are partly a function of the adoption of our technologies by system companies. Many system companies purchase semiconductors containing our technologies from our customers and do not have a direct contractual relationship with us. Our customers generally do not provide us with details as to the identity or volume of licensed semiconductors purchased by particular system companies. As a result, we face difficulty in analyzing the extent to which our future revenue will be dependent upon particular system companies. System companies face intense competitive pressure in their markets, which are characterized by extreme volatility, frequent new product introductions and rapidly shifting consumer preferences.
The display industry is also intensely competitive and highly cyclical. Since LED backlighting solutions are increasingly pervasive in LCD for computers, smartphones, tablets, game systems, high definition televisions and any user interface incorporating an active display, the trend towards higher resolution displays across these products requires more LEDs per system. The increased usage of LEDs is thereby creating a need for increased power efficiency since the LED backlight is the primary source of power consumption in many consumer electronics products including smartphones.
The highly fragmented general lighting industry is undergoing a fundamental shift from incandescent technology to cold cathode fluorescent lights and LED driven technology by the need to reduce energy consumption and to comply with government mandates. LED lighting typically saves energy costs as compared to existing installed lighting. Our LDT group's patents in LED edge lit lightguide technology also can be applied in the design of next generation LED lighting products. In January 2013, we announced the launch of a Rambus LED bulb as an additional product offering incorporating our LED technology. This is our first step in marching towards our goal of being a major player in the general lighting industry.
Global demand for effective security technologies continues to increase. In particular, highly integrated devices such as smart phones and tablets are increasingly used for applications requiring security such as mobile payments, content protection, corporate information and user data. Our CRI group is primarily focused on positioning its DPA countermeasures and CryptoFirewall™ technology solutions to capitalize on these trends and growing adoption among technology partners and customers.
Our revenue from companies headquartered outside of the United States accounted for approximately 62% and 74% of our total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. We expect that revenue derived from international customers will continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenue in the future. To date, all of the revenue from international customers have been denominated in U.S. dollars. However, to the extent that such customers’ sales to their customers are not denominated in U.S. dollars, any royalties that we receive as a result of such sales could be subject to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. In addition, if the effective price of licensed products sold by our foreign customers were to increase as a result of fluctuations in the exchange rate of the relevant currencies, demand for licensed products could fall, which in turn would reduce our royalties. We do not use financial instruments to hedge foreign exchange rate risk.
For additional information concerning international revenue, see Note 5, “Segments and Major Customers,” of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.
Engineering costs in the aggregate and as a percentage of revenue decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2013 as compared to the same period in the prior year. In the near term, we expect engineering costs to be higher as we intend to continue to make investments in the infrastructure and technologies required to maintain our product innovation in semiconductor, lighting, security and other technologies.
Marketing, general and administrative expenses in the aggregate and as a percentage of revenue decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2013 as compared to the same period in the prior year. Historically, we have been involved in litigation stemming from the unlicensed use of our inventions. Our litigation expenses have been high in the past and difficult to predict, and future litigation expenses could be significant, volatile and difficult to predict. If we are successful in the litigation and/or related licensing, our revenue could be substantially higher in the future. If we are unsuccessful, our revenue may not grow or may decrease. Furthermore, our success in litigation matters pending before courts and regulatory bodies that relate to our intellectual property rights have impacted and will likely continue to impact our ability and the terms upon which we are able to negotiate new or renegotiate existing licenses for our technology. We may continue to pursue litigation against those companies that have infringed our patented technologies, which in turn may cause us to incur significant litigation
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expenses until such litigation is resolved. Additionally, in the near term, we expect our non-litigation marketing, general and administrative costs to be lower due to our restructuring plan undertaken during the third quarter of 2012.
Our investment in research and development projects, any continued pursuit of litigation and any lower revenue from our customers in the future will negatively affect our cash from operations.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the percentage of total revenue represented by certain items reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2013 |  | 2012
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Royalties | 99.0 | % |  | 98.7 | %
Contract revenue | 1.0 | % |  | 1.3 | %
Total revenue | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue* | 7.9 | % |  | 11.4 | %
Research and development* | 49.1 | % |  | 61.1 | %
Marketing, general and administrative* | 37.5 | % |  | 55.4 | %
Restructuring charges | 3.3 | % |  | — | %
Costs of restatement and related legal activities | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | %
Total operating costs and expenses | 97.8 | % |  | 127.9 | %
Operating income (loss) | 2.2 | % |  | (27.9 | )%
Interest income and other income (expense), net | (0.1 | )% |  | 0.2 | %
Interest expense | (10.9 | )% |  | (10.5 | )%
Interest and other income (expense), net | (11.0 | )% |  | (10.3 | )%
Loss before income taxes | (8.8 | )% |  | (38.2 | )%
Provision for income taxes | 6.7 | % |  | 6.1 | %
Net loss | (15.5 | )% |  | (44.3 | )%

_________________________________________
* Includes stock-based compensation:

Cost of revenue | — | % |  | 0.0 | %
Research and development | 2.8 | % |  | 4.3 | %
Marketing, general and administrative | 4.6 | % |  | 6.4 | %

|  | Three Months |  |
|  | Ended March 31, |  | Change in
(Dollars in millions) |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | Percentage
Total Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Royalties |  | $ | 66.3 |  |  | $ | 62.1 |  |  | 6.7 | %
Contract revenue |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | (21.5 | )%
Total revenue |  | $ | 66.9 |  |  | $ | 62.9 |  |  | 6.4 | %

Royalty Revenue
Patent Licenses
Our patent royalties increased approximately $4.2 million to $61.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 from $57.7 million for the same period in 2012. The increase was primarily due to the recognition of a one-time royalty revenue during the first quarter of 2013 from a patent license agreement with LSI to settle all outstanding claims.
We are in negotiations for licenses with prospective customers. We expect patent royalties will continue to vary from period
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to period based on our success in adding new customers, as well as the level of variation in our customers' reported shipment volumes, sales price and mix, offset in part by the proportion of customer payments that are fixed or hybrid in nature.
Solutions Licenses
Royalties from solutions licenses for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was $4.4 million which was relatively flat as compared to the revenue recognized during the same period in 2012.
In the future, we expect solutions royalties will vary from period to period based on our customers' shipment volumes, sales prices, and product mix.
Royalty Revenue by Reportable Segments
Royalty revenue from the MID reportable segment, which includes patent and solutions license royalties, increased approximately $3.2 million to $59.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 from $56.5 million for the same period in 2012. The increase was primarily due to the recognition of one-time royalty revenue during the first quarter of 2013 from a patent license agreement with LSI.
Royalty revenue from the "All Other" reportable segment increased approximately $1.0 million to $6.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 from $5.6 million for the same period in 2012. The increase was primarily due to the increased revenue from CRI.
Contract Revenue
Contract revenue decreased approximately $0.2 million to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 from $0.8 million for the same period in 2012. The decrease was primarily due to the reduction of signed technology development contracts.
We believe that contract revenue recognized will continue to fluctuate over time based on our ongoing contractual requirements, the amount of work performed, the timing of completing engineering deliverables, and the changes to work required, as well as new technology development contracts booked in the future.
Contract Revenue by Reportable Segments
Contract revenue from the MID reportable segment decreased approximately $0.6 million to $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 from $0.7 million for the same period in 2012. The decrease was primarily due to the reduction of signed technology development contracts.
Contract revenue from the All Other reportable segment increased approximately $0.4 million to $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 from $0.1 million for the same period in 2012. The increase was primarily due to the increased revenue from CRI.
Engineering costs:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
|  | March 31, |  | Change in
(Dollars in millions) |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | Percentage
Engineering costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | (1.1 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | NM* |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 6.4 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | (8.0 | )%
Stock-based compensation |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | — | %
Total cost of revenue |  | 5.3 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | (26.7 | )%
Research and development |  | 30.9 |  |  | 35.7 |  |  | (13.2 | )%
Stock-based compensation |  | 1.9 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | (31.0 | )%
Total research and development |  | 32.8 |  |  | 38.4 |  |  | (14.4 | )%
Total engineering costs |  | $ | 38.1 |  |  | $ | 45.6 |  |  | (16.4 | )%

______________________________________

* | NM — percentage is not meaningful

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Total engineering costs decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2013 as compared to the same period in 2012 primarily due to decreased accrual of the retention bonuses related to past acquisitions of $3.4 million, decreased legal costs related to patent filings and prosecution costs of $0.9 million, decreased stock-based compensation costs of $0.8 million and a gain related to the sale of certain assets.
In the near term, we expect engineering costs to be higher as we intend to continue to make investments in the infrastructure and technologies required to maintain our product innovation in semiconductor, lighting, security and other technologies.
Marketing, general and administrative costs:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
|  | March 31, |  | Change in
(Dollars in millions) |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | Percentage
Marketing, general and administrative costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketing, general and administrative costs |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  | $ | 26.7 |  |  | (25.2 | )%
Litigation expense |  | 2.0 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | (50.2 | )%
Stock-based compensation |  | 3.1 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | (23.1 | )%
Total marketing, general and administrative costs |  | $ | 25.1 |  |  | $ | 34.8 |  |  | (27.9 | )%

Total marketing, general and administrative costs decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2013 as compared to the same period in 2012, which included a decrease in litigation expenses related to ongoing major cases of $2.1 million. Non-litigation related marketing, general and administrative costs decreased in the first quarter of 2013 primarily due to decreased headcount related costs of $1.0 million, decreased funding for our 2013 CIP of $1.0 million, decreased accrual of the retention bonuses related to past acquisitions of $1.1 million, decreased acquisition transaction related costs of $0.9 million, decreased consulting costs of $0.8 million, decreased travel costs of $0.8 million, decreased sales and marketing costs of $1.6 million and decreased stock-based compensation expense of $0.9 million, offset by increased severance costs of $0.8 million.
In the future, marketing, general and administrative costs will vary from period to period based on the trade shows, advertising, legal, acquisition and other marketing and administrative activities undertaken, and the change in sales, marketing and administrative headcount in any given period. In the near term, we expect our non-litigation marketing, general and administrative costs to decrease due to our restructuring plan undertaken during the third quarter of 2012. Litigation expenses are expected to vary from period to period due to the variability of litigation activities.
Restructuring charges:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
|  | March 31, |  | Change in
(Dollars in millions) |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | Percentage
Restructuring charges |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | NM*

______________________________________

* | NM — percentage is not meaningful

During the third quarter of 2012, we initiated a restructuring program to reduce overall corporate expenses which is expected to improve future profitability by reducing spending on marketing, general and administrative programs and refining some of our research and development efforts. As a result of the restructuring program, we recorded a pre-tax charge of $2.2 million during the first quarter of 2013 related primarily to the consolidation of certain facilities and the reduction in workforce. We expect to substantially complete our restructuring activities by the second quarter of 2013. Refer to Note 12, “Restructuring Charges,” of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q for further discussion.
Interest and other income (expense), net:
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|  | Three Months |  |
|  | Ended March 31, |  | Change in
(Dollars in millions) |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | Percentage
Interest income and other income (expense), net |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | NM* |
Interest expense |  | (7.3 | ) |  | (6.6 | ) |  | 11.1 | %
Interest and other income (expense), net |  | $ | (7.3 | ) |  | $ | (6.5 | ) |  | 13.1 | %

______________________________________

* | NM — percentage is not meaningful

Interest income and other income (expense), net, consists primarily of interest income generated from investments in high quality fixed income securities.
Interest expense consists of interest expense associated with our imputed facility lease obligations on the Sunnyvale and Ohio facilities and non-cash interest expense related to the amortization of the debt discount and issuance costs on the 5% convertible senior notes due 2014 (the “2014 Notes”) as well as the coupon interest related to the 2014 Notes. We expect our non-cash interest expense to increase steadily as the 2014 Notes reach maturity in June 2014.
Provision for income taxes:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
|  | March 31, |  | Change in
(Dollars in millions) |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | Percentage
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | 17.2 | %
Effective tax rate |  | (76.6 | )% |  | (16.0 | )% |  |  |

Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was different from the U.S. statutory tax rate applied to our pretax loss due to a full valuation allowance on our U.S. net deferred tax assets, losses in jurisdictions where no tax benefits are recognized, and foreign withholding and income taxes. During the quarter ended March 31, 2013, we calculated our interim tax provision to record taxes incurred by the U.S. entity on a discrete basis because we are projecting losses in which a tax benefit cannot be recognized.
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, we paid withholding taxes of $3.8 million. We recorded a provision for income taxes of $4.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013, which is primarily comprised of withholding taxes, other foreign taxes and current state taxes.
Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2012 was different from the U.S. statutory tax rate due to foreign withholding taxes, a full valuation allowance on our U.S. net deferred tax assets and foreign losses with no current tax benefit recorded, partially offset by foreign tax credits. During the quarter ended March 31, 2012, we calculated our interim tax provision to record taxes incurred by the U.S. entity on a discrete basis because we had projected losses in which a tax benefit could not be recognized.
Liquidity and Capital Resources

| As of
| March 31, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012
| (In millions)
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 157.2 |  |  | $ | 149.0 |
Marketable securities | 57.6 |  |  | 54.3 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities | $ | 214.8 |  |  | $ | 203.3 |

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| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2013 |  | 2012
| (In millions)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 15.3 |  |  | $ | (11.0 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | $ | (7.0 | ) |  | $ | 37.2 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | $ | 0.1 |

Liquidity
We currently anticipate that existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances and cash flows from operations will be adequate to meet our cash needs for at least the next 12 months. Additionally, substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents are in the United States. Our cash needs for the three months ended March 31, 2013 were funded primarily from cash from operations.
We do not anticipate any liquidity constraints as a result of either the current credit environment or investment fair value fluctuations or the repayment of the 2014 Notes in June 2014. Additionally, we have the intent and ability to hold our debt investments that have unrealized losses in accumulated other comprehensive loss for a sufficient period of time to allow for recovery of the principal amounts invested. Additionally, we have no significant exposure to European sovereign debt. We continually monitor the credit risk in our portfolio and mitigate our credit risk exposures in accordance with our policies. As described elsewhere in this “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we are involved in ongoing litigation related to our intellectual property and our past stock option investigation. Any adverse settlements or judgments in any of this litigation could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, cash balances and cash flows in the period in which such events occur.
Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities of $15.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was primarily attributable to the cash generated from customer licensing and changes in operating assets and liabilities. Changes in operating assets and liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2013 primarily included a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets and an increase in accrued salaries and benefits and other accrued liabilities, offset by a decrease in accounts payable.
Cash used in operating activities of $11.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 was primarily attributable to the insufficient cash generated from customer licensing and changes in operating assets and liabilities. Changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily included a decrease in accounts payable due to the timing of vendor payments offset by a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities of $7.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 primarily consisted of cash paid for purchases of available-for-sale marketable securities of $36.7 million, offset by proceeds from the maturities of available-for-sale marketable securities of $33.3 million. In addition, we paid $3.7 million to acquire property, plant and equipment.
Cash provided by investing activities of $37.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 primarily consisted of proceeds from the maturities of available-for-sale marketable securities of $82.9 million, offset by cash paid for the acquisition of businesses of $42.4 million, net of cash acquired. In addition, we paid $3.0 million to acquire property, plant and equipment.
Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities was $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 primarily due to payments under installment payment arrangements for fixed assets and principal payments against the lease financing obligation.
Cash provided by financing activities was $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 primarily due to proceeds of $0.1 million from issuance of common stock under equity incentive plans.
Contractual Obligations
As of March 31, 2013, our material contractual obligations are (in thousands):
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| Total |  | Remainder of 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | Thereafter
Contractual obligations (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Imputed financing obligation (2) | $ | 44,553 |  |  | $ | 4,683 |  |  | $ | 5,873 |  |  | $ | 6,011 |  |  | $ | 6,156 |  |  | $ | 6,302 |  |  | $ | 15,528 |
Leases and other contractual obligations | 8,006 |  |  | 1,902 |  |  | 1,906 |  |  | 1,791 |  |  | 1,049 |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | 340 |
Software licenses (3) | 400 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquisition retention bonuses (4) | 36,509 |  |  | 16,873 |  |  | 18,151 |  |  | 1,485 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Convertible notes | 172,500 |  |  | — |  |  | 172,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest payments related to convertible notes | 12,937 |  |  | 8,625 |  |  | 4,312 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 274,905 |  |  | $ | 32,403 |  |  | $ | 202,822 |  |  | $ | 9,287 |  |  | $ | 7,205 |  |  | $ | 7,320 |  |  | $ | 15,868 |

_________________________________________

(1) | The above table does not reflect possible payments in connection with uncertain tax benefits of approximately $16.8 million including $10.6 million recorded as a reduction of long-term deferred tax assets and $6.2 million in long-term income taxes payable as of March 31, 2013. As noted in Note 13, “Income Taxes,” of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q although it is possible that some of the unrecognized tax benefits could be settled within the next 12 months, we cannot reasonably estimate the outcome at this time.

(2) | With respect to the imputed financing obligation, the main components of the difference between the amount reflected in the contractual obligations table and the amount reflected on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are the interest on the imputed financing obligation and the estimated common area expenses over the future periods. Additionally, the amount includes the amended Ohio lease and the amended Sunnyvale lease.

(3) | We have commitments with various software vendors for non-cancellable license agreements generally having terms longer than one year. The above table summarizes those contractual obligations as of March 31, 2013 which are also presented on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet under current and other long-term liabilities.

(4) | In connection with our recent acquisitions, we are obligated to pay retention bonuses to certain employees and contractors, subject to certain eligibility and acceleration provisions including the condition of employment. The remaining $33.3 million of CRI retention bonuses payable on June 3, 2013 and 2014 can be paid in cash or stock at our election.

Share Repurchase Program
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, we did not repurchase any shares of our Common Stock. As of March 31, 2013, we had repurchased a cumulative total of approximately 26.3 million shares of our Common Stock with an aggregate price of approximately $428.9 million since the commencement of the program in 2001. As of March 31, 2013, there remained an outstanding authorization to repurchase approximately 5.2 million shares of our outstanding Common Stock.
We record stock repurchases as a reduction to stockholders’ equity. We record a portion of the purchase price of the repurchased shares as an increase to accumulated deficit when the cost of the shares repurchased exceeds the average original proceeds per share received from the issuance of Common Stock.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, expense accrual, investments, income taxes, litigation and other contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our critical accounting estimates include those regarding (1) revenue recognition, (2) litigation, (3) goodwill and intangible assets, (4) income taxes, (5) stock-based compensation, (6) marketable securities and (7) convertible notes. For a discussion of our critical accounting estimates, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q for discussion of recent accounting pronouncements including the respective expected dates of adoption.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to financial market risks, primarily arising from the effect of interest rate fluctuations on our investment portfolio. Interest rate fluctuation may arise from changes in the market’s view of the quality of the security issuer, the overall economic outlook, and the time to maturity of our portfolio. We mitigate this risk by investing only in high quality, highly liquid instruments. Securities with original maturities of one year or less must be rated by two of the three industry standard rating agencies as follows: A1 by Standard & Poor’s, P1 by Moody’s and/or F-1 by Fitch. Securities with original maturities of greater than one year must be rated by two of the following industry standard rating agencies as follows: AA- by Standard & Poor’s, Aa3 by Moody’s and/or AA- by Fitch. By corporate investment policy, we limit the amount of exposure to $15.0 million or 10% of the portfolio, whichever is lower, for any single non-U.S. Government issuer. A single U.S. Agency can represent up to 25% of the portfolio. No more than 20% of the total portfolio may be invested in the securities of an industry sector, with money market fund investments evaluated separately. Our policy requires that at least 10% of the portfolio be in securities with a maturity of 90 days or less. We may make investments in U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Agencies, corporate bonds and municipal bonds and notes with maturities up to 36 months. However, the bias of our investment portfolio is shorter maturities. All investments must be U.S. dollar denominated. Additionally, we have no significant exposure to European sovereign debt.
We invest our cash equivalents and marketable securities in a variety of U.S. dollar financial instruments such as U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Government Agencies, commercial paper and corporate notes. Our policy specifically prohibits trading securities for the sole purposes of realizing trading profits. However, we may liquidate a portion of our portfolio if we experience unforeseen liquidity requirements. In such a case, if the environment has been one of rising interest rates we may experience a realized loss, similarly, if the environment has been one of declining interest rates we may experience a realized gain. As of March 31, 2013, we had an investment portfolio of fixed income marketable securities of $198.4 million including cash equivalents. If market interest rates were to increase immediately and uniformly by 1.0% from the levels as of March 31, 2013, the fair value of the portfolio would decline by approximately $0.1 million. Actual results may differ materially from this sensitivity analysis.
The table below summarizes the amortized cost, fair value, unrealized gains (losses) and related weighted average interest rates for our cash equivalents and marketable securities portfolio as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:
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|  | As of March 31, 2013
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Weighted Rate of Return
Money market funds |  | $ | 139,768 |  |  | $ | 139,768 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.01 | %
Corporate notes, bonds and commercial paper |  | 58,614 |  |  | 58,638 |  |  | — |  |  | (24 | ) |  | 0.15 | %
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | 198,382 |  |  | 198,406 |  |  | — |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  |
Cash |  | 16,446 |  |  | 16,446 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | $ | 214,828 |  |  | $ | 214,852 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (24 | ) |  |  |

|  | As of December 31, 2012
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Weighted Rate of Return
Money market funds |  | $ | 126,570 |  |  | $ | 126,570 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.01 | %
Corporate notes, bonds and commercial paper |  | 57,345 |  |  | 57,356 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 0.17 | %
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | 183,915 |  |  | 183,926 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  |
Cash |  | 19,415 |  |  | 19,415 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities |  | $ | 203,330 |  |  | $ | 203,341 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (15 | ) |  |  |

The fair value of our convertible notes is subject to interest rate risk, market risk and other factors due to the convertible feature. The fair value of the convertible notes will generally increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. In addition, the fair value of the convertible notes will generally increase as our common stock price increases and will generally decrease as our common stock price declines in value. The interest and market value changes affect the fair value of our convertible notes but do not impact our financial position, cash flows or results of operations due to the fixed nature of the debt obligation. Additionally, we do not carry the convertible notes at fair value. We present the fair value of the convertible notes for required disclosure purposes. The following table summarizes certain information related to our 2014 Notes as of March 31, 2013:

(in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value Given a 10% Increase in Market Prices |  | Fair Value Given a 10% Decrease in Market Prices
5% Convertible Senior Notes due 2014 |  | $ | 175,519 |  |  | $ | 193,071 |  |  | $ | 157,967 |

We invoice our customers in U.S. dollars. Although the fluctuation of currency exchange rates may impact our customers, and thus indirectly impact us, we do not attempt to hedge this indirect and speculative risk. Our overseas operations consist primarily of design centers in India and Italy and small business development offices in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. We monitor our foreign currency exposure; however, as of March 31, 2013, we believe our foreign currency exposure is not material enough to warrant foreign currency hedging.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit pursuant to the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (“Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
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Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of March 31, 2013, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2013 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information required by this item regarding legal proceedings is incorporated by reference to the information set forth in Note 14 “Litigation and Asserted Claims” of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Because of the following factors, as well as other variables affecting our operating results, past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. See also “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this report.
Risks Associated With Our Business, Industry and Market Conditions
The success of our business depends on sustaining or growing our royalty and contract revenue and the failure to achieve such revenue would lead to a material decline in our results of operations.
Our revenue consists mainly of patent and technology license fees paid for access to our patents and developed technology and development and support services provided to our customers. Our ability to secure the licenses from which our revenues are derived depends on our customers adopting our technology and using it in the products they sell. If we do not achieve our revenue goals, our results of operations could decline.
We have traditionally operated in industries that are highly cyclical and competitive.
Our target customers are companies that develop and market high volume business and consumer products in semiconductors, computing, tablets, handheld devices, mobile applications, gaming and graphics, high definition televisions and displays, general lighting, cryptography and data security. The electronics industry is intensely competitive and has been impacted by price erosion, rapid technological change, short product life cycles, cyclical market patterns and increasing foreign and domestic competition. We are subject to many risks beyond our control that influence whether or not we are successful in winning target customers or retaining existing customers, including, primarily, competition in a particular industry, market acceptance of such customers' products and the financial resources of such customers. In particular, DRAM manufacturers, which make up many of our traditional customers, have suffered material losses and other adverse effects to their businesses, leading to industry consolidation that may result in loss of revenues under our existing license agreements or loss of target customers. As a result of ongoing competition in the industries we operate in and the economic downturn of the past several years, we may achieve a reduced number of licenses, tightening of customers' operating budgets, difficulty or inability of our customers to pay our licensing fees, extensions of the approval process for new licenses and consolidation among our customers, all of which may adversely affect the demand for our technology and may cause us to experience substantial fluctuations in our operating results.
In order to grow, we may have to invest more resources in research and development than anticipated, which could increase our operating expenses and negatively impact our operating results.
If new competitors, technological advances by existing competitors, and/or development of new technologies or other competitive factors require us to invest significantly greater resources than anticipated in our research and development efforts, our operating expenses could increase. If we are required to invest significantly greater resources than anticipated in research and development efforts without an increase in revenue, our operating results could decline. We expect these expenses to increase in the foreseeable future as our technology development efforts continue.
Our revenue is concentrated in a few customers, and if we lose any of these customers, our revenue may decrease substantially.
We continue to have a high degree of revenue concentration. Our top five customers for each reporting period represented approximately 70% and 74% of our revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2013, revenues from LSI, Renesas and Samsung each accounted for 10% or more of our revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2012, revenues from NVIDIA, Renesas and Samsung each accounted for 10% or more of our revenue. As a result of our settlement with Samsung in January 2010, Samsung accounted for a significant portion of our ongoing licensing revenue since 2010 as reflected above. We expect to continue to experience significant revenue
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concentration for the foreseeable future as a result of the addition of new contracts, expiration of existing contracts, renewal of existing contracts, and industry consolidation.
In addition, our license agreements are complex and some of our license agreements contain terms that require us to provide certain customers with the lowest royalty rate that we provide to other customers for similar technologies, volumes and schedules. These clauses may be subject to interpretation and may limit our ability to effectively price differently among our customers, to respond quickly to market forces, or otherwise to compete on the basis of price.
We continue to be in negotiations with customers and prospective customers to enter into license agreements. We expect royalties will continue to vary based on our success in renewing existing license agreements and adding new customers, as well as the level of variation in our customers' reported shipment volumes, sales price and mix, offset in part by the proportion of customer payments that are fixed. A number of our material license agreements are scheduled to expire in 2015. If we are unsuccessful in renewing any of these license agreements on favorable terms or at all, our results of operations may decline significantly.
If our counterparties are unable to fulfill their financial and other obligations to us, our business and results of operations may be affected adversely.
Any downturn in economic conditions or other business factors could threaten the financial health of our counterparties, including companies with whom we have entered into licensing arrangements, settlement agreements or that have been subject to litigation judgments that provide for payments to us, and their ability to fulfill their financial and other obligations to us. Such financial pressures on our counterparties may eventually lead to bankruptcy proceedings or other attempts to avoid financial obligations that are due to us under licenses, settlement agreements or litigation judgments. Because bankruptcy courts have the power to modify or cancel contracts of the petitioner which remain subject to future performance and alter or discharge payment obligations related to pre-petition debts, we may receive less than all of the payments that we would otherwise be entitled to receive from any such counterparty as a result of a bankruptcy proceedings.
Our business and operations could suffer in the event of security breaches.
Attempts by others to gain unauthorized access to our information technology systems are becoming more sophisticated. These attempts, which might be related to industrial or other espionage, include covertly introducing malware to our computers and networks and impersonating authorized users, among others. We seek to detect and investigate all security incidents and to prevent their recurrence, but in some cases, we might be unaware of an incident or its magnitude and effects. While we have not identified any material incidents of unauthorized access to date, the theft, unauthorized use or publication of our intellectual property and/or confidential business information could harm our competitive position, reduce the value of our investment in research and development and other strategic initiatives or otherwise adversely affect our business. To the extent that any future security breach results in inappropriate disclosure of our customers' confidential information, we may incur liability. We expect to devote additional resources to the security of our information technology systems.
Failures in our products and services or in the products of our customers, including those resulting from security vulnerabilities, defects or errors, could harm our business.
Because the techniques used by hackers to access or sabotage secure chip and other technologies change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques and may not address them in our data security technologies. Furthermore, our data security technologies may also fail to detect or prevent security breaches due to a number of reasons such as the evolving nature of such threats and the continual emergence of new threats. An actual or perceived security breach of our customers or their end-customers, regardless of whether the breach is attributable to the failure of our data security technologies, could adversely affect the market's perception of our security technologies. We may not be able to correct any security flaws or vulnerabilities promptly, or at all. Any breaches, defects, errors or vulnerabilities in our data security technologies could result in:

• | expenditure of significant financial and research and development resources in efforts to analyze, correct, eliminate or work-around breaches, errors or defects or to address and eliminate vulnerabilities;

• | financial liability to customers for breach of certain contract provisions;

• | loss of existing or potential customers;

• | delayed or lost revenue;

• | delay or failure to attain market acceptance;

• | negative publicity, which will harm our reputation; and

• | litigation, regulatory inquiries or investigations that may be costly and harm our reputation.

Some of our revenue is subject to the pricing policies of our customers over whom we have no control.
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We have no control over our customers' pricing of their products and there can be no assurance that licensed products will be competitively priced or will sell in significant volumes. One important requirement for our memory chip interfaces is for any premium charged by our customers in the price of memory and controller chips over alternatives to be reasonable in comparison to the perceived benefits of the chip interfaces. If the benefits of our technology do not match the price premium charged by our customers, the resulting decline in sales of products incorporating our technology could harm our operating results.
Our licensing cycle is lengthy and costly, and our marketing and licensing efforts may be unsuccessful.
The process of persuading customers to adopt and license our chip interface, lighting, display and data security, and other technologies can be lengthy. Even if successful, there can be no assurance that our technologies will be used in a product that is ultimately brought to market, achieves commercial acceptance or results in significant royalties to us. We generally incur significant marketing and sales expenses prior to entering into our license agreements, generating a license fee and establishing a royalty stream from each customer. The length of time it takes to establish a new licensing relationship can take many months or even years. In addition, our ongoing intellectual property litigation and regulatory actions have and will likely continue to have an impact on our ability to enter into new licenses and renewals of licenses. We may incur costs in any particular period before any associated revenue stream begins, if at all. If our marketing and sales efforts are very lengthy or unsuccessful, then we may face a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations as a result of failure or delay to obtain royalties.
Future revenue is difficult to predict for several reasons, and our failure to predict revenue accurately may result in our stock price declining.
Our lengthy and costly license negotiation cycle and our ongoing intellectual property litigation make our future revenue difficult to predict because we may not be successful in entering into licenses with our customers on our estimated timelines and we are reliant on the litigation timelines for any results or settlements.
In addition, while some of our license agreements provide for fixed, quarterly royalty payments, many of our license agreements provide for volume-based royalties, and may also be subject to caps on royalties in a given period. The sales volume and prices of our customers' products in any given period can be difficult to predict. As a result, our actual results may differ substantially from analyst estimates or our forecasts in any given quarter.
Furthermore, a portion of our revenue comes from development and support services provided to our customers. Depending upon the nature of the services, a portion of the related revenue may be recognized ratably over the support period, or may be recognized according to contract accounting. Contract revenue accounting may result in deferral of the service fees to the completion of the contract, or may be recognized over the period in which services are performed on a percentage-of-completion basis. There can be no assurance that the product development schedule for these projects will not be changed or delayed.
All of these factors make it difficult to predict future revenue and may result in our missing previously announced earnings guidance or analysts' estimates which would likely cause our stock price to decline.
We have in the past and may in the future make acquisitions or enter into mergers, strategic transactions, sales of assets or other arrangements that may not produce expected operating and financial results.
From time to time, we engage in acquisitions, strategic transactions and strategic investments. We have completed a number of acquisitions from 2009 to 2012, including the acquisition of CRI in 2011, our largest transaction to date. Many of our acquisitions or strategic investments entail a high degree of risk, and investments may not become liquid for several years after the date of the investment, if at all. Our acquisitions or strategic investments may not generate the financial returns we expect, and we may be subject to liabilities that are not covered by indemnification protection we may obtain or become subject to litigation. Achieving the anticipated benefits of business acquisitions depends in part upon our ability to integrate the acquired businesses in an efficient and effective manner. The integration of companies that have previously operated independently may result in significant challenges, including, among others: retaining key employees; successfully integrating new employees, business systems and technology; retaining customers of the acquired business; minimizing the diversion of management's attention from ongoing business matters; coordinating geographically separate organizations; consolidating research and development operations; and consolidating corporate and administrative infrastructures. In addition, we may record impairment charges related to our acquisitions or strategic investments. Any losses or impairment charges that we incur related to acquisitions, strategic investments or sales of assets w ill have a negative impact on our financial results, and we may continue to incur new or additional losses related to acquisitions or strategic investments that we have not fully impaired or exited.
We may have to incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any future acquisition, which debt or equity securities could
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involve restrictive covenants or be dilutive to our existing stockholders.
From time to time, we may divest assets, where we may provide certain representations, warranties and covenants. While we would ensure the accuracy of such representations and warranties and fulfillment of any ongoing obligations, we may be subject to claims by a purchaser of such assets.
A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from sources outside of the United States and this revenue and our business generally are subject to risks related to international operations that are often beyond our control.
For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, revenue received from our international customers constituted approximately 62% and 74%, respectively, of our total revenue. We expect that future revenue derived from international sources will continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenue.
To date, all of the revenue from international customers has been denominated in U.S. dollars. However, to the extent that such customers' sales are not denominated in U.S. dollars, any royalties which are based as a percentage of the customer's sales that we receive as a result of such sales could be subject to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. In addition, if the effective price of licensed products sold by our foreign customers were to increase as a result of fluctuations in the exchange rate of the relevant currencies, demand for licensed products could fall, which in turn would reduce our royalties. We do not use financial instruments to hedge foreign exchange rate risk.
We currently have international design operations in India and Italy and business development operations in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Our international operations and revenue are subject to a variety of risks which are beyond our control, including:

• | export controls, tariffs, import and licensing restrictions and other trade barriers;

• | profits, if any, earned abroad being subject to local tax laws and not being repatriated to the United States or, if repatriation is possible, limited in amount;

• | treatment of revenue from international sources and changes to tax codes, including being subject to foreign tax laws and being liable for paying withholding, income or other taxes in foreign jurisdictions;

• | foreign government laws and regulations and changes in these laws and regulations;

• | lack of protection of our intellectual property and other contract rights by jurisdictions in which we may do business to the same extent as the laws of the United States;

• | hiring, maintaining and managing a workforce remotely and under various legal systems;

• | natural disasters, acts of war, terrorism, widespread illness or security breaches;

• | social, political and economic instability;

• | geo-political issues, including changes in diplomatic and trade relationships; and

• | cultural differences in the conduct of business both with customers and in conducting business in our international facilities and international sales offices.

We and our customers are subject to many of the risks described above with respect to companies which are located in different countries. There can be no assurance that one or more of the risks associated with our international operations will not result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Weak global economic conditions may adversely affect demand for the products and services of our customers.
Our operations and performance depend significantly on worldwide economic conditions. The U.S. and world economies have experienced a prolonged period of weak economic conditions and the threats of further regional or worldwide downturn are evident today. Uncertainty about global economic conditions poses a risk as consumers and businesses may postpone spending in response to tighter credit, negative financial news and declines in income or asset values, which could have a material negative effect on the demand for the products of our customers in the foreseeable future. If our customers experience reduced demand for their products as a result of economic conditions or otherwise, this could result in reduced royalty revenue and our business and results of operations could be harmed.
If we are unable to attract and retain qualified personnel, our business and operations could suffer.
Our success is dependent upon our ability to identify, attract, compensate, motivate and retain qualified personnel, especially engineers, senior management and other key personnel. Employee turnover has accelerated for us in the past year as a result of our reduction in our workforce in August 2012 and voluntary separations. The loss of the services of any of these employees could be disruptive to our development efforts or business relationships and could cause our business and operations to suffer.
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We are subject to various government restrictions and regulation, including on the sale of products and services that use encryption technology and those related to privacy and other consumer protection matters.
Regulatory initiatives throughout the world can also create new and unforeseen regulatory obligations on us and the technology we develop. The impact of these potential obligations vary based on the jurisdiction, but any such changes could impact whether we enter, maintain or expand our presence in a particular market or with particular potential customers.
Various countries have adopted controls, license requirements and restrictions on the export, import and use of products or services that contain encryption technology. In addition, governmental agencies have proposed additional requirements for encryption technology, such as requiring the escrow and governmental recovery of private encryption keys. Restrictions on the sale or distribution of products or services containing encryption technology may impact the ability of CRI to license its data security technologies to the manufacturers and providers of such products and services in certain markets or may require CRI or its customers to make changes to the licensed data security technology that is embedded in such products to comply with such restrictions. Government restrictions, or changes to the products or services of CRI's customers to comply with such restrictions, could delay or prevent the acceptance and use of such customers' products and services. In addition, the United States and other countries have imposed export controls that prohibit the export of encryption technology to certain countries, entities and individuals. Our failure to comply with export and use regulations concerning encryption technology of CRI could subject us to sanctions and penalties, including fines, and suspension or revocation of export or import privileges.
We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the United States, the European Union and other countries that involve, for example, user privacy, data protection and security, content and consumer protection. A number of proposals are pending before federal, state, and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies that could significantly affect our business. Existing and proposed laws and regulations can be costly to comply with and can delay or impede the development of new products, result in negative publicity, increase our operating costs and subject us to claims or other remedies.
Our operations are subject to risks of natural disasters, acts of war, terrorism, widespread illness or security breach at our domestic and international locations, any one of which could result in a business stoppage and negatively affect our operating results.
Our business operations depend on our ability to maintain and protect our facilities, computer systems and personnel, which are primarily located in the San Francisco Bay Area. The San Francisco Bay Area is in close proximity to known earthquake fault zones. Our facilities and transportation for our employees are susceptible to damage from earthquakes and other natural disasters such as fires, floods and similar events. Should a catastrophe disable our facilities, we do not have readily available alternative facilities from which we could conduct our business, which stoppage could have a negative effect on our operating results. We also rely on our network infrastructure and technology systems for operational support and business activities, which are subject to damage from malicious code and other related vulnerabilities common to networks and computer systems, including acts of vandalism and potential security breach by third parties. Acts of terrorism, widespread illness, war and any event that causes failures or interruption in our network infrastructure and technology systems could have a negative effect at our international and domestic facilities and could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.
Unanticipated changes in our tax rates or in the tax laws and regulations could expose us to additional income tax liabilities which could affect our operating results and financial condition.
We are subject to income taxes in both the United States and various foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and, in the ordinary course of business; there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rate could be adversely affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in tax laws and regulations as well as other factors. Our tax determinations are regularly subject to audit by tax authorities and developments in those audits could adversely affect our income tax provision. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits or tax disputes may be different from what is reflected in our historical income tax provisions which could affect our operating results.
We do not have extensive experience in manufacturing and marketing products, and as a result, will rely on sales and distribution channels for our products, such as the light bulb. If we are unable to secure sales and distribution channels or do not manage them successfully, our operating results could be adversely affected.
In order to grow our business, we will need to work with various partners to enable them to sell and deploy our solutions. We may be unable to successfully establish and expand the effectiveness of our distribution channels. If our channel partners do not effectively market and sell our solutions, if they choose to place greater emphasis on products of their own or those offered by our competitors, or if they fail to meet the needs of our customers, our ability to grow our business and our operating results may be adversely affected.
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Our business and operating results will be harmed if we undertake any restructuring activities.
From time to time, we may undertake to restructure our business, such as the reduction in our workforce that we announced in August 2012. There are several factors that could cause a restructuring to have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These include potential disruption of our operations, the development of our technology, the deliveries to our customers and other aspects of our business. Employee morale and productivity could also suffer and we may lose employees whom we want to keep. Loss of sales, service and engineering talent, in particular, could damage our business. Any restructuring would require substantial management time and attention and may divert management from other important work. Employee reductions or other restructuring activities also cause us to incur restructuring and related expenses such as severance expenses. Moreover, we could encounter delays in executing any restructuring plans, which could cause further disruption and additional unanticipated expense.
Risks Related to Capitalization Matters and Corporate Governance
The price of our common stock may continue to fluctuate significantly.
Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “RMBS.” The trading price of our common stock has at times experienced price volatility and may continue to fluctuate significantly in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include:

• | any progress, or lack of progress, real or perceived, in the development of products that incorporate our innovations and technology companies' acceptance of our products, including the results of our efforts to expand into new target markets;

• | our signing or not signing new licenses and the loss of strategic relationships with any customer;

• | new litigation or developments in current litigation and the unpredictability of litigation results or settlements;

• | announcements of our technological innovations or new products by us, our customers or our competitors;

• | changes in our strategies, including changes in our licensing focus and/or acquisitions of companies with business models or target markets different from our own;

• | positive or negative reports by securities analysts as to our expected financial results and business developments;

• | developments with respect to patents or proprietary rights and other events or factors;

• | trading activity related to our share repurchase plans; and

• | issuance of additional securities by us, including in acquisitions.

In addition, the stock market in general, and prices for companies in our industry in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance.
Because our outstanding senior convertible notes are convertible into shares of our common stock, volatility or depressed prices of our common stock could have a similar effect on the trading price of our notes. In addition, the existence of the notes may encourage short selling in our common stock by market participants because the conversion of the notes could depress the price of our common stock.
We have been party to, and may in the future be subject to, lawsuits relating to securities law matters which may result in unfavorable outcomes and significant judgments, settlements and legal expenses which could cause our business, financial condition and results of operations to suffer.
We and certain of our current and former officers and directors, as well as our current auditors, were subject to several stockholder derivative actions, securities fraud class actions and/or individual lawsuits filed in federal court against us and certain of our current and former officers and directors. The complaints generally alleged that the defendants violated the federal and state securities laws and state law claims for fraud and breach of fiduciary duty. The amount of time to resolve any lawsuits is uncertain, and these matters could require significant management and financial resources. Unfavorable outcomes and significant judgments, settlements and legal expenses in litigation related to our past and any future securities law claims could have material adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the trading price of our common stock.
We are leveraged financially, which could adversely affect our ability to adjust our business to respond to competitive pressures and to obtain sufficient funds to satisfy our future research and development needs, to protect and enforce our intellectual property and other needs.
We have indebtedness. In 2009, we issued $172.5 million aggregate principal amount of our 2014 Notes. The degree to which we are leveraged could have important consequences, including, but not limited to, the following:
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• | our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, litigation, general corporate or other purposes may be limited;

• | a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations in the future will be dedicated to the payment of the principal of our indebtedness as we are required to pay the principal amount of our 2014 Notes in cash upon conversion if specified conditions are met or when due;

• | if upon any conversion of our 2014 Notes we are required to satisfy our conversion obligation with shares of our common stock or we are required to pay a “make-whole” premium with shares of our common stock, our existing stockholders' interest in us would be diluted; and

• | we may be more vulnerable to economic downturns, less able to withstand competitive pressures and less flexible in responding to changing business and economic conditions.

A failure to comply with the covenants and other provisions of our debt instruments could result in events of default under such instruments, which could permit acceleration of all of our notes. Any required repayment of our notes as a result of a fundamental change or other acceleration would lower our current cash on hand such that we would not have those funds available for use in our business.
If we are at any time unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations to service our indebtedness when payment is due, we may be required to attempt to renegotiate the terms of the instruments relating to the indebtedness, seek to refinance all or a portion of the indebtedness or obtain additional financing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully renegotiate such terms, that any such refinancing would be possible or that any additional financing could be obtained on terms that are favorable or acceptable to us.
Compliance with changing regulation of corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses.
Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure have historically created uncertainty for companies such as ours. Any new or changed laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies, which could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.
Our restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, Delaware law and our outstanding convertible notes contain provisions that could discourage transactions resulting in a change in control, which may negatively affect the market price of our common stock.
Our restated certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that might enable our management to discourage, delay or prevent a change in control. In addition, these provisions could limit the price that investors would be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. Pursuant to such provisions:

• | our board of directors is authorized, without prior stockholder approval, to create and issue preferred stock, commonly referred to as “blank check” preferred stock, with rights senior to those of common stock, which means that a stockholder rights plan could be implemented by our board;

• | our board of directors is staggered into two classes, only one of which is elected at each annual meeting;

• | stockholder action by written consent is prohibited;

• | nominations for election to our board of directors and the submission of matters to be acted upon by stockholders at a meeting are subject to advance notice requirements;

• | certain provisions in our bylaws and certificate of incorporation such as notice to stockholders, the ability to call a stockholder meeting, advance notice requirements and action of stockholders by written consent may only be amended with the approval of stockholders holding 66 2/3% of our outstanding voting stock;

• | our stockholders have no authority to call special meetings of stockholders; and

• | our board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our bylaws.

We are also subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which provides, subject to enumerated exceptions, that if a person acquires 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, the person is an “interested stockholder” and may not engage in any “business combination” with us for a period of three years from the time the person acquired 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock.
Certain provisions of our outstanding convertible notes could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. Upon the occurrence of certain transactions constituting a fundamental change, holders of the notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase, at a cash repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest on the notes, all or a portion of their notes. We may also be required to issue additional shares of our common stock upon conversion of such notes in the event of certain fundamental changes.
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Litigation, Regulation and Business Risks Related to our Intellectual Property
We face current and potential adverse determinations in litigation stemming from our efforts to protect and enforce our patents and intellectual property and make other claims, which could broadly impact our intellectual property rights, distract our management and cause substantial expenses and declines in our revenue and stock price.
We seek to diligently protect our intellectual property rights. In connection with the extension of our licensing program to SDR SDRAM-compatible and DDR SDRAM-compatible products, we became involved in litigation related to such efforts against different parties in multiple jurisdictions. In each of these cases, we have claimed infringement of certain of our patents, while the manufacturers of such products have generally sought damages and a determination that the patents in suit are invalid, unenforceable and not infringed. Among other things, the opposing parties have alleged that certain of our patents are unenforceable because we engaged in document spoliation, litigation misconduct and/or acted improperly during our 1991 to 1995 participation in the JEDEC standard setting organization (including allegations of antitrust violations and unfair competition). We have also become involved in litigation related to infringement of our patents related to products having certain peripheral interfaces. In addition, we did not prevail at jury trial in our antitrust suit against certain memory manufacturers in November 2011, which caused the market price of our stock to drop significantly, and we face appeals and further proceedings related to such actions. See Note 14, “Litigation and Asserted Claims,” of Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-Q.
There can be no assurance that any or all of the opposing parties will not succeed, either at the trial or appellate level, with such claims or counterclaims against us or that they will not in some other way establish broad defenses against our patents, achieve conflicting results or otherwise avoid, delay paying royalties for the use of our patented technology, or obtain orders to require us to pay or reimburse their costs or attorneys' fees in material amounts or post bonds to cover such amounts. Moreover, there is a risk that if one party prevails against us, other parties could use the adverse result to defeat or limit our claims against them; conversely, there can be no assurance that if we prevail against one party, we will succeed against other parties on similar claims, defenses, or counterclaims. In addition, there is the risk that the pending litigations and other circumstances may cause us to accept less than what we now believe to be fair consideration in settlement.
Any of these matters or any future intellectual property litigation, whether or not determined in our favor or settled by us, is costly, may cause delays (including delays in negotiating licenses with other actual or potential customers), will tend to discourage future design partners, will tend to impair adoption of our existing technologies and divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel from other business operations. In addition, we may be unsuccessful in our litigation if we have difficulty obtaining the cooperation of former employees and agents who were involved in our business during the relevant periods related to our litigation and are now needed to assist in cases or testify on our behalf. Furthermore, any adverse determination or other resolution in litigation could result in our losing certain rights beyond the rights at issue in a particular case, including, among other things: our being effectively barred from suing others for violating certain or all of our intellectual property rights; our patents being held invalid or unenforceable or not infringed; our being subjected to significant liabilities; our being required to seek licenses from third parties; our being prevented from licensing our patented technology; or our being required to renegotiate with current customers on a temporary or permanent basis.
Even if we are successful in our litigation, or any settlement of such litigation, there is no guarantee that the applicable opposing parties will be able to pay any damages awards timely or at all as a result of financial difficulties or otherwise. Delay or any or all of these adverse results could cause substantial expenses or declines in our revenue and stock price.
From time to time, we are subject to proceedings by government agencies that may result in adverse determinations against us and could cause our revenue to decline substantially.
An adverse resolution by or with a governmental agency could result in severe limitations on our ability to protect and license our intellectual property, and would cause our revenue to decline substantially. Third parties have and may attempt to use adverse findings by a government agency to limit our ability to enforce or license our patents in private litigations, to challenge or otherwise act against us with respect to such government agency proceedings.
Further, third parties have sought and may seek review and reconsideration of the patentability of inventions claimed in certain of our patents by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) and/or the European Patent Office (the “EPO”). Currently, we are subject to numerous re-examination proceedings, including proceedings initiated by Hynix and Micron as a defensive action in connection with our litigation against those companies. A number of these re-examination proceedings are being reviewed by the PTO's Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (“BPAI”). The BPAI has issued decisions in a few cases, finding the challenged claims of Rambus's patents to be invalid. Decisions of the BPAI are subject to further PTO proceedings and appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. A final adverse decision by the PTO or EPO could invalidate some or all of these patent claims and could also result in additional adverse consequences affecting other related U.S. or European patents, including in our intellectual property litigation. If a sufficient number of such patents are impaired,
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our ability to enforce or license our intellectual property would be significantly weakened and this could cause our revenue to decline substantially.
The pendency of any governmental agency acting as described above may impair our ability to enforce or license our patents or collect royalties from existing or potential customers, as our litigation opponents may attempt to use such proceedings to delay or otherwise impair any pending cases and our existing or potential customers may await the final outcome of any proceedings before agreeing to new licenses or pay royalties.
Litigation or other third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to expend substantial resources and could prevent us from developing or licensing our technology on a cost-effective basis.
Our research and development programs are in highly competitive fields in which numerous third parties have issued patents and patent applications with claims closely related to the subject matter of our programs. We have also been named in the past, and may in the future be named, as a defendant in lawsuits claiming that our technology infringes upon the intellectual property rights of third parties. As we develop additional products and technology, we may face claims of infringement of various patents and other intellectual property rights by third parties. In the event of a third-party claim or a successful infringement action against us, we may be required to pay substantial damages, to stop developing and licensing our infringing technology, to develop non-infringing technology, and to obtain licenses, which could result in our paying substantial royalties or our granting of cross licenses to our technologies. We may not be able to obtain licenses from other parties at a reasonable cost, or at all, which could cause us to expend substantial resources, or result in delays in, or the cancellation of, new products.
If we are unable to successfully protect our inventions through the issuance and enforcement of patents, our operating results could be adversely affected.
We have an active program to protect our proprietary inventions through the filing of patents. There can be no assurance, however, that:

• | any current or future U.S. or foreign patent applications will be approved and not be challenged by third parties;

• | our issued patents will protect our intellectual property and not be challenged by third parties;

• | the validity of our patents will be upheld;

• | our patents will not be declared unenforceable;

• | the patents of others will not have an adverse effect on our ability to do business;

• | Congress or the U.S. courts or foreign countries will not change the nature or scope of rights afforded patents or patent owners or alter in an adverse way the process for seeking or enforcing patents;

• | changes in law will not be implemented, or changes in interpretation of such laws will occur, that will affect our ability to protect and enforce our patents and other intellectual property, including as a result of the passage of the America Invents Act of 2011 (which codifies several significant changes to the U.S. patent laws and will remain subject to certain rule-making and interpretation, including changing from a “first to invent” to a “first inventor to file” system, limiting where a patentee may file a patent suit, requiring the apportionment of patent damages, replacing interference proceedings with derivation actions, and creating a post-grant opposition process to challenge patents after they have issued);

• | new legal theories and strategies utilized by our competitors will not be successful;

• | others will not independently develop similar or competing chip interfaces or design around any patents that may be issued to us; or

• | factors such as difficulty in obtaining cooperation from inventors, pre-existing challenges or litigation, or license or other contract issues will not present additional challenges in securing protection with respect to patents and other intellectual property that we acquire.

If any of the above were to occur, our operating results could be adversely affected.
In addition, our patents will continue to expire according to their terms, with expiration dates ranging from 2013 to 2037. Our failure to continuously develop or acquire successful innovations and obtain patents on those innovations could significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Our inability to protect and own the intellectual property we create would cause our business to suffer.
We rely primarily on a combination of license, development and nondisclosure agreements, trademark, trade secret and copyright law and contractual provisions to protect our non-patentable intellectual property rights. If we fail to protect these intellectual property rights, our customers and others may seek to use our technology without the payment of license fees and royalties, which could weaken our competitive position, reduce our operating results and increase the likelihood of costly litigation. The growth of our business depends in large part on the use of our intellectual property in the products of third party manufacturers, and our ability to enforce intellectual property rights against them to obtain appropriate compensation. In
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addition, effective trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited in certain foreign countries. Although we intend to protect our rights vigorously, if we fail to do so, our business will suffer.
We rely upon the accuracy of our customers' recordkeeping, and any inaccuracies or payment disputes for amounts owed to us under our licensing agreements may harm our results of operations.
Many of our license agreements require our customers to document the manufacture and sale of products that incorporate our technology and report this data to us on a quarterly basis. While licenses with such terms give us the right to audit books and records of our customers to verify this information, audits rarely are undertaken because they can be expensive, time consuming, and potentially detrimental to our ongoing business relationship with our customers. Therefore, we typically rely on the accuracy of the reports from customers without independently verifying the information in them. Our failure to audit our customers' books and records may result in our receiving more or less royalty revenue than we are entitled to under the terms of our license agreements. If we conduct royalty audits in the future, such audits may trigger disagreements over contract terms with our customers and such disagreements could hamper customer relations, divert the efforts and attention of our management from normal operations and impact our business operations and financial condition.
Any dispute regarding our intellectual property may require us to indemnify certain customers, the cost of which could severely hamper our business operations and financial condition.
In any potential dispute involving our patents or other intellectual property, our customers could also become the target of litigation. While we generally do not indemnify our customers, some of our license agreements provide limited indemnities, and some require us to provide technical support and information to a customer that is involved in litigation involving use of our technology. In addition, we may agree to indemnify others in the future. Any of these indemnification and support obligations could result in substantial expenses. In addition to the time and expense required for us to indemnify or supply such support to our customers, a customer's development, marketing and sales of licensed semiconductors, lighting and display, mobile communications and data security technologies could be severely disrupted or shut down as a result of litigation, which in turn could severely hamper our business operations and financial condition as a result of lower or no royalty payments.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Not Applicable
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not Applicable
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable
Item 5. Other Information
Not Applicable
Item 6. Exhibits
Refer to the Exhibit Index of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| RAMBUS INC.
Date: April 26, 2013 | By: | /s/ Satish Rishi
|  | Satish Rishi
|  | Senior Vice President, Finance and
|  | Chief Financial Officer

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Document
3.1 (1) |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant filed May 29, 1997.
3.2 (2) |  | Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant filed June 14, 2000.
3.3 (3) |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant dated February 23, 2012.
10.1 |  | Separation Agreement by and between the Company and Harold Hughes, dated March 8, 2013.
10.2 |  | Separation Agreement by and between the Company and Thomas R. Lavelle, dated February 1, 2013.
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

_________________________________________

(1) | Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K filed on December 15, 1997.

(2) | Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-Q filed on May 4, 2001.

(3) | Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2012.

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