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Equity Incentive Plans and Stock-Based Compensation | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Equity Incentive Plans and Stock-Based Compensation | Equity Incentive Plans and Stock-Based Compensation As of June 30, 2018, 10,032,433 shares of the 35,400,000 cumulative shares approved under both the current 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) and past 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”) remain available for grant, which included an increase of 4,000,000 shares approved under the 2015 Plan. On April 23, 2015, the Company's stockholders approved the 2015 Plan, which authorizes 4,000,000 shares for future issuance plus the number of shares that remained available for grant under the 2006 Plan as of the effective date of the 2015 Plan. The 2015 Plan became effective and replaced the 2006 Plan on April 23, 2015. The 2015 Plan was the Company’s only plan for providing stock-based incentive awards to eligible employees, executive officers, non-employee directors and consultants as of June 30, 2018. No further awards will be made under the 2006 Plan, but the 2006 Plan will continue to govern awards previously granted under it. In addition, any shares subject to stock options or other awards granted under the 2006 Plan that on or after the effective date of the 2015 Plan are forfeited, cancelled, exchanged or surrendered or terminate under the 2006 Plan will become available for grant under the 2015 Plan. Also, on April 26, 2018, the Company's stockholders approved an additional 5,500,000 shares for issuance under the 2015 Plan. A summary of shares available for grant under the Company’s plans is as follows:
| Shares Available for Grant
Shares available as of December 31, 2017 | 5,051,147 |
Increase in shares approved for issuance | 5,500,000 |
Stock options granted | (621,479 | )
Stock options forfeited | 765,382 |
Nonvested equity stock and stock units granted (1) (2) | (4,129,419 | )
Nonvested equity stock and stock units forfeited (1) | 3,466,802 |
Total available for grant as of June 30, 2018 | 10,032,433 |
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(1) | For purposes of determining the number of shares available for grant under the 2015 Plan against the maximum number of shares authorized, each share of restricted stock granted reduces the number of shares available for grant by 1.5 shares and each share of restricted stock forfeited increases shares available for grant by 1.5 shares.
(2) | Amount includes 525,965 shares that have been reserved for potential future issuance related to certain performance unit awards granted in the first quarter of 2018 and discussed under the section titled "Nonvested Equity Stock and Stock Units" below.
General Stock Option Information The following table summarizes stock option activity under the 2006 Plan and 2015 Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and information regarding stock options outstanding, exercisable, and vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2018.
| Options Outstanding |  |  |  |
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
| (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017 | 4,310,361 |  |  | $ | 9.78 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options granted | 621,479 |  |  | $ | 12.93 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options exercised | (336,004 | ) |  | $ | 7.48 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options forfeited | (765,382 | ) |  | $ | 13.60 |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2018 | 3,830,454 |  |  | $ | 9.73 |  |  | 3.73 |  | $ | 12,741 |
Vested or expected to vest at June 30, 2018 | 3,789,195 |  |  | $ | 9.70 |  |  | 3.67 |  | $ | 12,738 |
Options exercisable at June 30, 2018 | 3,109,152 |  |  | $ | 9.00 |  |  | 2.50 |  | $ | 12,659 |
No stock options that contain a market condition were granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no stock options outstanding that require the Company to achieve minimum market conditions in order for the options to become exercisable. The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value for in-the-money options at June 30, 2018, based on the $12.54 closing stock price of Rambus’ common stock on June 29, 2018 on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date. The total number of in-the-money options outstanding and exercisable as of June 30, 2018 was 2,840,317 and 2,683,735, respectively. Employee Stock Purchase Plan Under the 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("2015 ESPP"), the Company issued 297,497 shares at a price of $11.66 per share during the six months ended June 30, 2018. Under the 2015 ESPP, the Company issued 361,994 shares at a price of $10.33 per share during the six months ended June 30, 2017. On April 26, 2018, the Company's stockholders approved an additional 2,000,000 shares to be reserved for issuance under the 2015 ESPP. As of June 30, 2018, 2,538,776 shares under the 2015 ESPP remain available for issuance. Stock-Based Compensation For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company maintained stock plans covering a broad range of potential equity grants including stock options, nonvested equity stock and equity stock units and performance based instruments. During the second quarter of 2018, the Company's former chief executive officer was terminated which resulted in a reversal of stock-based compensation expense of $5.8 million during the period as he did not vest any of the awards, which were primarily related to performance unit awards and nonvested equity stock units. In addition, the Company sponsors the 2015 ESPP, whereby eligible employees are entitled to purchase common stock semi-annually, by means of limited payroll deductions, at a 15% discount from the fair market value of the common stock as of specific dates. Stock Options During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company granted 70,000 stock options with an estimated grant-date fair value of $0.3 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company granted 621,479 stock options with an estimated total grant-date fair value of $2.6 million. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to stock options of $0.5 million and $1.0 million, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company granted 40,000 stock options with an estimated total grant-date fair value of $0.2 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company granted 498,426 stock options with an estimated grant-date fair value of $2.1 million. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to stock options of $0.7 million and $1.4 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2018, there was $4.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, related to non-vested stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the stock option plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years. The total fair value of shares vested as of June 30, 2018 was $14.8 million. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $1.0 million and $2.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $1.8 million and $3.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively. Intrinsic value is the total value of exercised shares based on the price of the Company’s common stock at the time of exercise less the cash received from the employees to exercise the options. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, net proceeds from employee stock option exercises totaled approximately $2.5 million. Employee Stock Purchase Plan For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded compensation expense related to the 2015 ESPP of $0.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded compensation expense related to the 2015 ESPP of $0.4 million and $0.9 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2018, there was $0.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the 2015 ESPP. That cost is expected to be recognized over four months. Tax benefits realized as a result of employee stock option exercises, stock purchase plan purchases, and vesting of equity stock and stock units for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 calculated in accordance with accounting for share-based payments were $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Tax benefits realized as a result of employee stock option exercises, stock purchase plan purchases, and vesting of equity stock and stock units for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 were $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Valuation Assumptions The fair value of stock awards is estimated as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton (“BSM”) option-pricing model assuming a dividend yield of 0% and the additional weighted-average assumptions as listed in the table below. The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted that contain only service conditions in the periods presented.
| Stock Option Plan
| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Stock Option Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected stock price volatility | 24 | % |  | 32 | % |  | 24% - 29% |  |  | 32 | %
Risk free interest rate | 2.7 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 2.6% - 2.7% |  |  | 1.8% - 1.9% |
Expected term (in years) | 5.8 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 5.3 - 5.4 |
Weighted-average fair value of stock options granted to employees | $ | 3.94 |  |  | $ | 3.84 |  |  | $ | 4.21 |  |  | $ | 4.12 |
| Employee Stock Purchase Plan
| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  |  |  |  |
Expected stock price volatility | 27 | % |  | 27 | %
Risk free interest rate | 2.05 | % |  | 0.98 | %
Expected term (in years) | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |
Weighted-average fair value of purchase rights granted under the purchase plan | $ | 3.14 |  |  | $ | 2.87 |
Nonvested Equity Stock and Stock Units The Company grants nonvested equity stock units to officers, employees and directors. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company granted nonvested equity stock units totaling 326,106 and 2,402,303 shares under the 2015 Plan, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company granted nonvested equity stock units totaling 151,354 and 2,191,162 shares under the 2015 Plan. These awards have a service condition, generally a service period of four years, except in the case of grants to directors, for which the service period is 1 year. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the nonvested equity stock units were valued at the date of grant giving them a fair value of approximately $4.5 million and $31.5 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the nonvested equity stock units were valued at the date of grant giving them a fair value of approximately $1.9 million and $28.1 million, respectively. During the first quarters of 2018 and 2017, the Company granted performance unit awards to certain Company executive officers with vesting subject to the achievement of certain performance conditions. The ultimate number of performance units that can be earned can range from 0% to 200% of target depending on performance relative to target over the applicable period. The shares earned will vest on the third anniversary of the date of grant. The Company's shares available for grant have been reduced to reflect the shares that could be earned at the maximum target. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded a net reversal of $3.9 million and $2.6 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to all outstanding nonvested performance unit awards primarily due to the termination of its former chief executive officer during the second quarter of 2018. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded $1.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to all outstanding nonvested performance unit awards. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1.1 million and $7.6 million, respectively, related to all outstanding nonvested equity stock grants. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $5.5 million and $10.8 million, respectively, related to all outstanding nonvested equity stock grants. Unrecognized stock-based compensation related to all nonvested equity stock grants, net of estimated forfeitures, was approximately $44.3 million at June 30, 2018. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.7 years. The following table reflects the activity related to nonvested equity stock and stock units for the six months ended June 30, 2018:
Nonvested Equity Stock and Stock Units |  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2017 |  | 5,861,349 |  |  | $ | 12.68 |
Granted |  | 2,402,303 |  |  | $ | 13.08 |
Vested |  | (1,127,011 | ) |  | $ | 11.99 |
Forfeited |  | (1,698,558 | ) |  | $ | 12.88 |
Nonvested at June 30, 2018 |  | 5,438,083 |  |  | $ | 12.95 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2208855 + Details
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