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OTHER COSTS AND EXPENSES
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Other Costs and Expenses [Abstract]  
OTHER COSTS AND EXPENSES OTHER COSTS AND EXPENSES
Other, net is primarily comprised of intangible asset amortization expense (see Note F, Goodwill and Intangible Assets), currency-related gains or losses, environmental remediation expense, deal costs and related consulting costs, and certain pension gains or losses. Deal costs and related consulting costs of $9.8 million, $24.2 million, and $27.4 million were included in Other, net for the years ended December 31, 2022, January 1, 2022, and January 2, 2021, respectively. In 2022, Other, net also included a $7.1 million special termination benefit charge associated with a voluntary retirement program. In 2020, Other, net included a $19.6 million loss relating to the unamortized loss on cash flow swap terminations, a $14.1 million special termination benefit charge associated with a voluntary retirement program, and a $55.3 million release of a contingent consideration liability relating to the CAM acquisition. Refer to Note E, Acquisitions and Investments, for further discussion of the CAM contingent consideration. The year-over-year increase in 2022 in Other, net was primarily driven by higher intangible asset amortization expense and appreciation of investments in 2021. The year-over-year decrease in 2021 in Other, net was primarily due to appreciation of investments.
During 2020, the Company recognized pre-tax charges of approximately $185.0 million related to the comprehensive cost reduction and efficiency program in response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The charges were primarily related to costs associated with a voluntary retirement program as well as restructuring costs related to headcount actions.
Research and development costs, which are classified in SG&A, were $357.4 million, $276.3 million and $200.0 million for fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.