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Income Taxes Effective Tax Rate (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Dec. 31, 2021
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax [Line Items]        
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes, Domestic $ 121.6 $ 1,587.8 $ 900.1  
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes, Foreign 1,204.3 3,054.7 1,324.7  
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes, Noncontrolling Interest $ 1,325.9 $ 4,642.5 $ 2,224.8  
Effective Income Tax Rate Continuing Operations Tax Rate Reconciliation        
Computed tax at the U.S. federal statutory rate 21.00% 21.00% 21.00%  
State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit 0.40% 1.10% 1.20%  
Percentage depletion in excess of basis (4.90%) (1.80%) (1.10%)  
Impact of non-U.S. earnings 8.70% 5.80% 6.30%  
Change in valuation allowance (1.70%) 0.00% (0.30%)  
Other items (none in excess of 5% of computed tax) (1.60%) 1.30% 2.20%  
Effective tax rate 13.30% 26.40% 26.90%  
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Amounts        
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Other Reconciling Items, Amount $ 29.3 $ 4.0    
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Other Adjustments, Amount $ 1.4 $ 1.2 $ (1.2)  
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Nondeductible Expense, Other, Percent (11.50%) (2.60%) (5.70%)  
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross [Abstract]        
Valuation Allowance, Deferred Tax Asset, Increase (Decrease), Amount $ (512.0) $ (135.2) $ (91.7)  
Valuation allowance 1,421.9 909.9 774.7 $ 683.0
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation at Federal Statutory Income Tax Rate, Amount $ 43.4 $ 26.2 $ 0.6  
Effective Income Tax Reconciliation, Nondeductible Expense, Withholding, Percent 0.063 0.016 0.033  
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Tax Expense (Benefit), Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Amount   $ 12.8    
Effective Income Tax Reconciliation, Nondeductible Expense, Foreign Tax Credits, Percent (0.040) 0 0  
Effective Income Tax Reconciliation, Nondeductible Expense, Legislation Impacts, Percent (0.016) 0 0  
Effective Income Tax Reconciliation, Nondeductible Expense, Undistributed Earnings, Percent 0.022 0 0  
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Change in Deferred Tax Assets Valuation Allowance, Amount $ 11.6      
Vale Fertilizantes S.A.        
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Amounts        
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Other Adjustments, Amount 24.4 $ 4.8    
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross [Abstract]        
Valuation Allowance, Deferred Tax Asset, Increase (Decrease), Amount (12.7) (13.2) $ (13.9)  
Foreign Tax Authority        
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Amounts        
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Other Reconciling Items, Amount     20.4  
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross [Abstract]        
Valuation Allowance, Deferred Tax Asset, Increase (Decrease), Amount (6.5) (7.0) (3.4)  
Domestic Tax Authority        
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Amounts        
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Other Reconciling Items, Amount 38.1 29.0 23.9  
Esterhazy Mine Closure        
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Amounts        
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Nondeductible Expense, Restructuring Charges, Amount     $ (43.7)  
Foreign Tax Credit Carryforward        
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross [Abstract]        
Valuation allowance 986.1      
Tax Credit Carryforward, Amount 1,300.0      
Anticipatory Foreign Tax Credit Carryforward        
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross [Abstract]        
Valuation allowance $ 220.5 $ 202.2