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Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Compensation and Retirement Disclosure [Abstract] |
Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits | Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits The Company has defined benefit pension plans or defined contribution retirement plans covering substantially all employees. Benefits under the defined benefit pension plans are generally based on years of service and/or final average pay. The Company funds the U.S. pension plans in accordance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and the Internal Revenue Code (“Code”). The Company also sponsors several postretirement plans covering certain salaried and hourly employees. The plans provide health care and life insurance benefits for eligible retirees. In most retiree health care plans, Company contributions towards premiums are capped based on the cost as of a certain date, thereby creating a defined contribution. For the non-collectively bargained plans, the Company maintains the right to amend or terminate the plans at its discretion. In December 2014, the Company announced several significant changes to its retirement benefit programs. These changes are part of the Company’s ongoing initiatives to create an integrated and aligned business with a market competitive, cost competitive, and consistent health, welfare and retirement benefit structure across its operations. These changes included:
• | Freezing all future benefit accruals to its U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan (U.S. Plan), and to the Company’s non-qualified defined benefit pension plans, including the executive Supplemental Pension Plan, effective December 31, 2014.
• | Implementing a consistent defined contribution retirement plan with a base 6.5% company contribution and up to 3% in Company matching contributions across all U.S. operations effective January 1, 2015.
• | Ending Company-provided salaried retiree life insurance benefits effective January 1, 2015.
• | Ending all remaining Company-provided salaried retiree medical benefits on January 1, 2016. The salaried retiree medical benefit plan being ended was assumed as part of the 2011 Ladish acquisition. Certain participants in the retiree medical plan will have transition provisions through the end of 2016.
• | These changes to pension, retiree life insurance and medical benefits do not affect benefits for those employees or retirees covered by collective bargaining contracts or other contractual employment agreements.
The components of pension and other postretirement benefit expense for the Company’s defined benefit plans included the following:
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Service cost—benefits earned during the year |  | $ | 22.8 |  |  | $ | 29.4 |  |  | $ | 39.0 |  |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |
Interest cost on benefits earned in prior years |  | 121.0 |  |  | 133.6 |  |  | 122.8 |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | 24.0 |  |  | 22.4 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (168.3 | ) |  | (184.2 | ) |  | (176.0 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.5 | )
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  | 1.3 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | (3.0 | ) |  | (18.2 | )
Amortization of net actuarial loss |  | 60.4 |  |  | 74.0 |  |  | 111.8 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | 14.1 |  |  | 17.2 |
Curtailment (gain) loss |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25.5 | ) |  | — |
Termination benefits |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |
Total retirement benefit expense |  | $ | 37.2 |  |  | $ | 55.9 |  |  | $ | 105.4 |  |  | $ | 40.0 |  |  | $ | 12.2 |  |  | $ | 25.4 |
Other postretirement benefit costs for a defined contribution plan were $2.6 million and $4.6 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The curtailment loss for pension benefits recorded in 2014 relates to unamortized prior service cost recognized as a result of the freezing of pension benefit accruals in the fourth quarter of 2014, as discussed above. The curtailment gain for other postretirement benefits recorded in 2014 relates to the changes to salaried retiree life insurance and medical benefits in the fourth quarter of 2014 as discussed above. Special termination benefits recorded in 2014 relate to the acceptance of an early retirement benefit in the Forged Products business. Special termination benefits recorded in 2013 relate largely to the closure of the Flat Rolled Product segment’s Wallingford, CT finishing facility, and these costs were reported in restructuring costs for segment reporting (see Notes 16 and 17). Actuarial assumptions used to develop the components of defined benefit pension expense and other postretirement benefit expense were as follows:
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Discount rate (a) |  | 4.25 | % |  | 5.15 | % |  | 4.25 - 4.95% |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | 5.15 | % |  | 4.25 | %
Rate of increase in future compensation levels |  | 3.0 - 3.50% |  |  | 3.0 - 3.50% |  |  | 3.0 - 3.50% |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Expected long-term rate of return on assets |  | 8.00 | % |  | 8.25 | % |  | 8.25 | % |  | 4.0 | % |  | 8.3 | % |  | 8.3 | %
(a) | Pension expense for 2013 was initially measured at a 4.25% discount rate. The U.S. Plan was remeasured using a 4.95% discount rate as of October 31, 2013, following the sale of the tungsten materials business.
Actuarial assumptions used for the valuation of defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit obligations at the end of the respective periods were as follows:
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Discount rate |  | 4.65 | % |  | 4.25 | % |  | 4.50 | % |  | 4.10 | %
Rate of increase in future compensation levels |  | 3.0 - 3.5% |  |  | 3.0 - 3.5% |  |  | — |  |  | — |
A reconciliation of the funded status for the Company’s defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was as follows:
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Change in benefit obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | 2,953.9 |  |  | $ | 2,698.2 |  |  | $ | 466.1 |  |  | $ | 506.7 |
Service cost |  | 22.8 |  |  | 29.4 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.9 |
Interest cost |  | 121.0 |  |  | 133.6 |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | 24.0 |
Benefits paid |  | (207.4 | ) |  | (269.9 | ) |  | (53.4 | ) |  | (54.3 | )
Subsidy paid |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.0 |
Participant contributions |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Effect of currency rates |  | (4.8 | ) |  | (4.9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net actuarial (gains) losses – discount rate change |  | (124.4 | ) |  | 288.5 |  |  | (14.1 | ) |  | 39.5 |
– other |  | 44.5 |  |  | 78.4 |  |  | (19.1 | ) |  | (19.5 | )
Plan curtailments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7.2 | )
Plan settlements |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27.0 | )
Special termination benefits |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation at end of year |  | $ | 2,805.9 |  |  | $ | 2,953.9 |  |  | $ | 400.8 |  |  | $ | 466.1 |
Pension benefit payments in 2014 include approximately $52 million associated with a one-time, voluntary lump sum cash out offer to terminated vested participants in the U.S. Plan. Changes in the pension benefit obligation for 2014 include the effects of updated estimates of participant life expectancy, including consideration of the impacts of the updated 2014 U.S. Society of Actuaries projections and Company-specific experience. These mortality assumption changes increased the pension benefit obligation at December 31, 2014 by approximately $90 million.
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  | $ | 2,204.4 |  |  | $ | 2,329.8 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |
Actual returns on plan assets and plan expenses |  | (41.1 | ) |  | 136.8 |  |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (0.9 | )
Employer contributions |  | 10.3 |  |  | 11.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Participant contributions |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Effect of currency rates |  | (4.2 | ) |  | (4.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid |  | (207.4 | ) |  | (269.9 | ) |  | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | $ | 1,962.3 |  |  | $ | 2,204.4 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  | (9.8 | ) |  | (10.2 | ) |  | (39.8 | ) |  | (47.3 | )
Noncurrent liabilities |  | (833.8 | ) |  | (739.3 | ) |  | (359.2 | ) |  | (415.8 | )
Total amount recognized |  | $ | (843.6 | ) |  | $ | (749.5 | ) |  | $ | (399.0 | ) |  | $ | (463.1 | )
Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss related to pension and other postretirement benefit plans in 2015 and 2014 were as follows:
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Beginning of year accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | $ | (1,352.1 | ) |  | $ | (1,016.4 | ) |  | $ | (152.9 | ) |  | $ | (151.5 | )
Amortization of net actuarial loss |  | 60.4 |  |  | 74.0 |  |  | 14.6 |  |  | 14.1 |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  | 1.3 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | (3.0 | )
Remeasurements |  | (127.8 | ) |  | (412.0 | ) |  | 32.0 |  |  | (12.5 | )
End of year accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | $ | (1,418.2 | ) |  | $ | (1,352.1 | ) |  | $ | (101.4 | ) |  | $ | (152.9 | )
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | $ | (66.1 | ) |  | $ | (335.7 | ) |  | $ | 51.5 |  |  | $ | (1.4 | )
Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:
|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Prior service cost |  | $ | (3.6 | ) |  | $ | (4.9 | ) |  | $ | (6.9 | ) |  | $ | (11.8 | )
Net actuarial loss |  | (1,414.6 | ) |  | (1,347.2 | ) |  | (94.5 | ) |  | (141.1 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (1,418.2 | ) |  | (1,352.1 | ) |  | (101.4 | ) |  | (152.9 | )
Deferred tax effect |  | 529.9 |  |  | 514.7 |  |  | 38.5 |  |  | 58.8 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | $ | (888.3 | ) |  | $ | (837.4 | ) |  | $ | (62.9 | ) |  | $ | (94.1 | )
Retirement benefit expense for 2016 for defined benefit plans is estimated to be approximately $98 million, comprised of $64 million for pension expense and $34 million of expense for other postretirement benefits. As a result of the pension freeze effective December 31, 2014 and the resultant determination of inactive status, beginning in 2015, the U.S. Plan and the non-qualified U.S. pension plans changed the amortization period for accumulated other comprehensive loss recognition to the average remaining life expectancy, which is approximately 18 years on a weighted average basis, rather than the average remaining service period of 10 years, which was used in 2014 and prior periods. Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss that are expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost in 2016 are:
(In millions) |  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  | Total
Amortization of prior service cost |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |
Amortization of net actuarial loss |  | 65.4 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 74.9 |
Amortization of accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | $ | 66.7 |  |  | $ | 14.4 |  |  | $ | 81.1 |
The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $2,767.0 million and $2,917.3 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Additional information for pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:
|  | Pension Benefits
(In millions) |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Projected benefit obligation |  | $ | 2,805.9 |  |  | $ | 2,953.9 |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  | $ | 2,767.0 |  |  | $ | 2,917.3 |
Fair value of plan assets |  | $ | 1,962.3 |  |  | $ | 2,204.4 |
Based upon current regulations and actuarial studies, the Company does not expect to be required to make significant cash contributions to its U.S. Plan for 2016. However, the Company may elect, depending upon the investment performance of the pension plan assets and other factors, to make voluntary cash contributions to this pension plan in the future. For 2016, the Company expects to fund benefits of approximately $10 million for its U.S. nonqualified benefit pension plans and its U.K. defined benefit plan. The following table summarizes expected benefit payments from the Company’s various pension and other postretirement benefit defined benefit plans through 2025, and also includes estimated Medicare Part D subsidies projected to be received during this period based on currently available information.
(In millions) |  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |  | Medicare Part D Subsidy
2016 |  | $ | 200.2 |  |  | $ | 42.6 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |
2017 |  | 195.0 |  |  | 35.7 |  |  | 1.0 |
2018 |  | 194.4 |  |  | 34.5 |  |  | 1.0 |
2019 |  | 191.7 |  |  | 34.2 |  |  | 1.0 |
2020 |  | 190.5 |  |  | 34.3 |  |  | 0.9 |
2021 - 2025 |  | 917.8 |  |  | 144.6 |  |  | 3.9 |
The annual assumed rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered benefits (the health care cost trend rate) for health care plans was 8.0% in 2016 and is assumed to gradually decrease to 4.5% in the year 2038 and remain at that level thereafter. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one percentage point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:
(In millions) |  | One Percentage Point Increase |  | One Percentage Point Decrease
Effect on total of service and interest cost components for the year ended December 31, 2015 |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (0.4 | )
Effect on other postretirement benefit obligation at December 31, 2015 |  | $ | 7.6 |  |  | $ | (6.8 | )
The plan assets for the U.S. Plan represent approximately 96% of total pension plan assets at December 31, 2015. The U.S. Plan invests in a diversified portfolio consisting of an array of asset classes that attempts to maximize returns while minimizing volatility. These asset classes include U.S. domestic equities, developed market equities, emerging market equities, private equity, global high quality and high yield fixed income, floating rate debt and real estate. The Company continually monitors the investment results of these asset classes and its fund managers, and explores other potential asset classes for possible future investment. U.S. Plan assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 included 3.0 million shares of ATI common stock with a fair value of $33.2 million and $102.7 million, respectively. Dividends of $1.8 million and $2.1 million were received by the U.S. Plan in 2015 and 2014, respectively, on the ATI common stock held by this plan. The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2015 by asset category and by the level of inputs used to determine fair value, were as follows:
(In millions) |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs
Asset category |  | Total |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ATI common stock |  | $ | 33.2 |  |  | $ | 33.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other U.S. equities (a) |  | 522.0 |  |  | 254.1 |  |  | 267.9 |  |  | — |
International equities (b) |  | 239.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 239.8 |  |  | — |
Global debt securities and cash: (c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income and cash equivalents |  | 369.7 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 361.0 |  |  | 8.5 |
Floating rate |  | 358.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 358.0 |
Private equity |  | 201.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 201.2 |
Hedge funds |  | 51.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51.9 |
Real estate and other |  | 186.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 180.6 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,962.3 |  |  | $ | 287.5 |  |  | $ | 874.6 |  |  | $ | 800.2 |
(a) | Includes investments in commingled funds that invest in U.S. equity securities, comprised of approximately 90% large-cap U.S. companies and 10% small-cap U.S. companies.
(b) | Includes investments in commingled funds that invest in non-U.S. equity securities, comprised of approximately 90% developed countries and 10% emerging market economies.
(c) | Global debt securities include both fixed interest rate and floating interest rate instruments. These are comprised of actively managed investments which include U.S. government and U.S. government agency securities, foreign government securities, corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities and other debt securities, and include both investment grade and non-investment grade debt, public and private debt, and secured and unsecured debt investments. To mitigate risk, investment managers have limitations regarding the amount of investment in particular securities and the credit quality of such investments.
The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2014 by asset category and by the level of inputs used to determine fair value, were as follows:
(In millions) |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs
Asset category |  | Total |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ATI common stock |  | $ | 102.7 |  |  | $ | 102.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Other U.S. equities (a) |  | 673.8 |  |  | 306.1 |  |  | 367.7 |  |  | — |
International equities (b) |  | 238.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 238.2 |  |  | — |
Global debt securities and cash: (c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income and cash equivalents |  | 383.5 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 373.9 |  |  | 8.9 |
Floating rate |  | 392.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 392.3 |
Private equity |  | 172.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 172.6 |
Hedge funds |  | 84.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84.7 |
Real estate and other |  | 156.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | 151.2 |
Total assets |  | $ | 2,204.4 |  |  | $ | 409.5 |  |  | $ | 985.2 |  |  | $ | 809.7 |
(a) | Includes investments in commingled funds that invest in U.S. equity securities, comprised of approximately 90% large-cap U.S. companies and 10% small-cap U.S. companies.
(b) | Includes investments in commingled funds that invest in non-U.S. equity securities, comprised of approximately 80% developed countries and 20% emerging market economies.
(c) | Global debt securities include both fixed interest rate and floating interest rate instruments. These are comprised of actively managed investments which include U.S. government and U.S. government agency securities, foreign government securities, corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities and other debt securities, and include both investment grade and non-investment grade debt, public and private debt, and secured and unsecured debt investments. To mitigate risk, investment managers have limitations regarding the amount of investment in particular securities and the credit quality of such investments.
Changes in the fair value of Level 3 pension plan assets for the year ended December 31, 2015 were as follows:
(In millions) |  | January 1, 2015 Balance |  | Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Purchases, Issuances and Settlements |  | Net Transfers Into (Out Of) Level 3 |  | December 31, 2015 Balance
Global debt securities and cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income and cash equivalents |  | $ | 8.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8.5 |
Floating rate debt |  | 392.3 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | (41.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | 358.0 |
Private equity |  | 172.6 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 201.2 |
Hedge funds |  | 84.7 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | (35.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | 51.9 |
Real estate and other |  | 151.2 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 180.6 |
Total |  | $ | 809.7 |  |  | $ | 43.5 |  |  | $ | (53.0 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 800.2 |
Changes in the fair value of Level 3 pension plan assets for the year ended December 31, 2014 were as follows:
(In millions) |  | January 1, 2014 Balance |  | Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) |  | Net Purchases, Issuances and Settlements |  | Net Transfers Into (Out Of) Level 3 |  | December 31, 2014 Balance
Global debt securities and cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income and cash equivalents |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8.9 |
Floating rate debt |  | 294.5 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 93.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 392.3 |
Private equity |  | 123.0 |  |  | 20.5 |  |  | 29.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 172.6 |
Hedge funds |  | 111.2 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | (31.0 | ) |  | — |  |  | 84.7 |
Real estate and other |  | 125.8 |  |  | 13.7 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 151.2 |
Total |  | $ | 655.3 |  |  | $ | 43.4 |  |  | $ | 111.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 809.7 |
A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Investments in U.S. and International equities, and Fixed Income are predominantly held in common/collective trust funds and registered investment companies. These investments are public investment vehicles valued using the net asset value (NAV) provided by the administrator of the fund. The NAV is based on the value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities, and then divided by the number of shares outstanding. In certain cases NAV is a quoted price in a market that is not active, and valuation is based on quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and these investments are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Investments that are not actively traded, such as non-publicly traded real estate funds, are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, as the NAV is based on significant unobservable information. Hedge fund investments are made either (1) as a limited partner in a portfolio of underlying hedge funds managed by a general partner or (2) through commingled institutional funds (CIFs) that in-turn invest in various portfolios of hedge funds whereby the allocation of the Plan’s investments to each CIF is managed by a third party Investment Manager. All hedge fund investments are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy, as the valuations are substantially based on unobservable information. Private equity investments include both Direct Funds and Fund-of-Funds. All private equity investments are classified as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy, as the valuations are substantially based upon unobservable information. Direct Funds are investments in Limited Partnership (LP) interests. Fund-of-Funds are investments in private equity funds that invest in other private equity funds or LPs. Real estate investments are made either (1) as a limited partner in a portfolio of properties managed by a general partner or (2) through a CIF that invests in a portfolio of real estate funds. For certain investments classified as Level 3 which have formal financial valuations reported on a one-quarter lag, fair value is determined utilizing net asset values adjusted for subsequent cash flows, estimated financial performance and other significant events. For 2016, the expected long-term rate of returns on defined benefit pension assets will be 8.0%. In developing the expected long-term rate of return assumptions, the Company evaluated input from its third party pension plan asset managers and actuaries, including reviews of their asset class return expectations and long-term inflation assumptions. The expected long-term rate of return is based on expected asset allocations within ranges for each investment category, and includes consideration of both historical and projected annual compound returns, weighted on a 65%/35% basis, respectively. The Company’s actual returns on pension assets for the last five years have been (1.2)% for 2015, 6.5% for 2014, 14.3% for 2013, 8.0% for 2012, and 0.3% for 2011. The target asset allocations for pension plans for 2016, by major investment category, are:
Asset category |  | Target asset allocation range
Equity securities: |  |
U. S. equities |  | 18% - 40%
International equities |  | 7% - 17%
Global debt securities and cash |  | 35% - 55%
Private equity* |  | 0% - 10%
Hedge funds* |  | 0% - 10%
Real estate and other* |  | 0% - 10%
* Have a combined target allocation of 18% and a 20% limit. At December 31, 2015, other postretirement benefit plan assets of $1.8 million are primarily invested in private equity investments, which are classified as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy, as the valuations are substantially based upon unobservable information. For 2016, the expected long-term rate of returns on these other postretirement benefit assets will be 4.0%. Costs for defined contribution plans were $41.2 million in 2015, $21.9 million in 2014, and $24.3 million in 2013. Company contributions to these defined contribution plans are funded with cash. Higher contributions in 2015 were the result of the implementation of the Company’s defined contribution retirement plan accross all U.S. operations in 2015 in conjunction with the freeze of the U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan. Labor agreements with USW-represented employees require the Company to make contributions to VEBA trusts based upon the attainment of a certain level of profitability. The Company expects to make approximately $7 million of contributions, tied to profitability levels, to these VEBA trusts in 2016. The Company contributes to several multiemployer defined benefit pension plans under collective bargaining agreements that cover certain of its union-represented employees. The risks of participating in such plans are different from the risks of single-employer plans, in the following respects:
a. | Assets contributed to a multiemployer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers.
b. | If a participating employer ceases to contribute to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers.
c. | If the Company ceases to have an obligation to contribute to the multiemployer plan in which it had been a contributing employer, it may be required to pay to the plan an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan and on the history of the Company’s participation in the plan prior to the cessation of its obligation to contribute. The amount that an employer that has ceased to have an obligation to contribute to a multiemployer plan is required to pay to the plan is referred to as a withdrawal liability.
The Company’s participation in multiemployer plans for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is reported in the following table. The Company’s contributions to the Steelworkers Western Independent Shops Pension Plan exceed 5% of this plan’s total contributions for the plan year ended September 30, 2014, which is the most recent information available from the Plan Administrator.
|  |  |  | Pension Protection Act Zone Status (1) |  | FIP / RP Status Pending / Implemented (2) |  | in millions |  |  |  | Expiration Dates of Collective Bargaining Agreements
|  | EIN / Pension Plan Number |  |  |  | Company Contributions |  | Surcharge Imposed (3) |
Pension Fund |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  |
Steelworkers Western Independent Shops Pension Plan |  | 90-0169564 / 001 |  | Green |  | Green |  | N/A |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | No |  | 6/30/2015
Boilermakers-Blacksmiths National Pension Trust |  | 48-6168020 / 001 |  | Yellow |  | Yellow |  | Yes |  | 1.8 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | No |  | 9/30/2018
IAM National Pension Fund |  | 51-6031295 / 002 |  | Green |  | Green |  | N/A |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | No |  | Various between 2018-2019 (4)
Total contributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 4.7 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  |  |  |
(1) | The most recent Pension Protection Act Zone Status available for ATI’s fiscal years 2015 and 2014 is for plan years ending in calendar years 2014 and 2013, respectively. The zone status is based on information provided to ATI and other participating employers by each plan and is certified by the plan’s actuary. A plan in the “red” zone had been determined to be in “critical status”, based on criteria established by the Code, and is generally less than 65% funded. A plan in the “yellow” zone has been determined to be in “endangered status”, based on criteria established under the Code, and is generally less than 80% funded. A plan in the “green” zone has been determined to be neither in “critical status” nor in “endangered status”, and is generally at least 80% funded.
(2) | The “FIP / RP status Pending / Implemented” column indicates whether a Funding Improvement Plan, as required under the Code by plans in the “yellow” zone, or a Rehabilitation Plan, as required under the Code to be adopted by plans in the “red” zone, is pending or has been implemented as of the end of the plan year that ended in 2015.
(3) | The “Surcharge Imposed” column indicates whether ATI’s contribution rate for 2015 included an amount in addition to the contribution rate specified in the applicable collective bargaining agreement, as imposed by a plan in “critical status”, in accordance with the requirements of the Code.
(4) | The Company is party to five separate bargaining agreements that require contributions to this plan. Expiration dates of these collective bargaining agreements range between February 25, 2018 and July 14, 2019.

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