Asbestos

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

AsbestosThe AFFA was approved by shareholders in February 2007 to provide long-term funding to AICF. For a discussion of the AFFA and the accounting policies utilized by the Company related to the AFFA and AICF, see Note 1.

Asbestos Adjustments loss

The Asbestos adjustments loss included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income comprise the following:


	Years Ended 31 March
(Millions of US dollars)	2023		2022		2021
Change in estimates:
Change in actuarial estimate - asbestos liability	$	56.0	$	145.6	$	33.0
Change in actuarial estimate - insurance receivable	(0.1)		(5.3)		(2.0)
Change in estimate - AICF claims-handling costs	1.2		0.6		1.5
Subtotal - Change in estimates	57.1		140.9		32.5
Effect of foreign exchange on Asbestos net liabilities	(45.9)		(13.2)		123.0
Loss (gain) on foreign currency forward contracts	24.5		5.3		(11.7)
Other	1.3		(1.3)		0.1
Asbestos adjustments loss	$	37.0	$	131.7	$	143.9

Actuarial Study; Claims Estimate

AICF commissioned an updated actuarial study of potential asbestos-related liabilities as of 31 March 2023. Based on KPMG’s assumptions, KPMG arrived at a range of possible total cash flows and calculated a central estimate, which is intended to reflect a probability-weighted expected outcome of those actuarial estimated future cash flows.

The following table sets forth the central estimates, net of insurance recoveries, calculated by KPMG as of 31 March 2023:


	As of 31 March 2023
(Millions of US and Australian dollars, respectively)	US$	A$
Central Estimate – Discounted and Inflated	1,012.0	1,508.0
Central Estimate – Undiscounted but Inflated	1,289.0	1,920.8
Central Estimate – Undiscounted and Uninflated	895.6	1,334.6

The asbestos liability has been revised to reflect the most recent undiscounted and uninflated actuarial estimate prepared by KPMG as of 31 March 2023.

In estimating the potential financial exposure, KPMG has made a number of assumptions, including, but not limited to, assumptions related to the peak period of claims, total number of claims that are reasonably estimated to be asserted through 2071, the typical cost of settlement (which is sensitive to, among other factors, the industry in which a plaintiff claims exposure, the alleged disease type, the age of the claimant and the jurisdiction in which the action is brought), the legal costs incurred in the litigation of such claims, the rate of receipt of claims, the settlement strategy in dealing with outstanding claims and the timing of settlements. Changes to the assumptions may be necessary in future periods should mesothelioma claims reporting escalate or decline.

Due to inherent uncertainties in the legal and medical environment, the number and timing of future claim notifications and settlements, the recoverability of claims against insurance contracts, and estimates of future trends in average claim awards, as well as the extent to which the above named entities will contribute to the overall settlements, the actual liability could differ materially from that which is currently recorded.

The potential range of costs as estimated by KPMG is affected by a number of variables such as nil settlement rates, peak year of claims, past history of claims numbers, average settlement rates, past history of Australian asbestos-related medical injuries, current number of claims, average defense and plaintiff legal costs, base wage inflation and superimposed inflation. The potential range of losses disclosed includes both asserted and unasserted claims.

A sensitivity analysis was performed by KPMG to determine how the actuarial estimates would change if certain assumptions (i.e., the rate of inflation and superimposed inflation, the average costs of claims and legal fees, and the projected numbers of claims) were different from the assumptions used to determine the central estimates. The sensitivity analysis performed in the actuarial report is directly related to the discounted but inflated central estimate and the undiscounted but inflated central estimate. The actual cost of the liabilities could be outside of that range depending on the results of actual experience relative to the assumptions made.

The following table summarizes the results of the analysis:


	As of 31 March 2023
(Millions of US and Australian dollars, respectively)	US$	A$
Discounted (but inflated) - Low	783.5	1,167.5
Discounted (but inflated) - High	1,581.8	2,357.0

Undiscounted (but inflated) - Low	978.3	1,457.8
Undiscounted (but inflated) - High	2,114.9	3,151.4

Potential variation in the estimated peak period of claims has an impact much greater than the other assumptions used to derive the discounted central estimate. In performing the sensitivity assessment of the estimated incidence pattern reporting for mesothelioma, if the pattern of incidence was shifted by two years, the central estimate could increase by approximately 21% on a discounted basis.

Claims Data

The following table shows the activity related to the numbers of open claims, new claims and closed claims during each of the past five years and the average settlement per settled claim and case closed:


	For the Years Ended 31 March
	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Number of open claims at beginning of period	365	360	393	332	336
Number of new claims
Direct claims	403	411	392	449	430
Cross claims	152	144	153	208	138
Number of closed claims	561	550	578	596	572
Number of open claims at end of period	359	365	360	393	332
Average settlement amount per settled claim	A$303,000	A$314,000	A$248,000	A$277,000	A$262,000
Average settlement amount per case closed 1	A$271,000	A$282,000	A$225,000	A$245,000	A$234,000

Average settlement amount per settled claim	US$208,000	US$232,000	US$178,000	US$189,000	US$191,000
Average settlement amount per case closed 1	US$186,000	US$208,000	US$162,000	US$167,000	US$171,000
1 The average settlement amount per case closed includes nil settlements.

Under the terms of the AFFA, the Company has rights of access to actuarial information produced for AICF by the actuary appointed by AICF, which is currently KPMG. The Company’s disclosures with respect to claims statistics are subject to it obtaining such information, however, the AFFA does not provide the Company an express right to audit or otherwise require independent verification of such information or the methodologies to be adopted by the approved actuary. As such, the Company relies on the accuracy and completeness of the information provided by AICF to the approved actuary and the resulting information and analysis of the approved actuary when making disclosures with respect to claims statistics.

The following is a detailed rollforward of the Net Unfunded AFFA liability, net of tax, for the fiscal year ended 31 March 2023:


(Millions of US dollars)	Asbestos Liability		Insurance Receivables		Restricted Cash and Investments		Other Assets and Liabilities		Net Unfunded AFFA Liability		Deferred Tax Assets		Income Tax Payable		Net Unfunded AFFA Liability, net of tax
Opening Balance - 31 March 2022	$	(1,143.7)	$	45.7	$	261.6	$	(1.1)	$	(837.5)	$	360.1	$	43.9	$	(433.5)
Asbestos claims paid	106.8		—		(106.8)		—		—		—		—		—
Payment received in accordance with AFFA	—		—		109.6		—		109.6		—		—		109.6
AICF claims-handling costs incurred (paid)	1.1		—		(1.1)		—		—		—		—		—
AICF operating costs paid - non claims-handling	—		—		(1.5)		—		(1.5)		—		—		(1.5)
Change in actuarial estimate	(56.0)		0.1		—		—		(55.9)		—		—		(55.9)
Change in claims handling cost estimate	(1.2)		—		—		—		(1.2)		—		—		(1.2)
Impact on deferred income tax due to change in actuarial estimate	—		—		—		—		—		17.1		—		17.1
Insurance recoveries	—		(6.2)		6.2		—		—		—		—		—
Movement in income tax payable	—		—		—		—		—		(41.1)		1.0		(40.1)
Other movements	—		—		1.8		—		1.8		(1.2)		0.3		0.9
Effect of foreign exchange	115.9		(4.6)		(25.1)		0.5		86.7		(36.3)		(4.5)		45.9
Closing Balance - 31 March 2023	$	(977.1)	$	35.0	$	244.7	$	(0.6)	$	(698.0)	$	298.6	$	40.7	$	(358.7)

AICF Funding

During the fiscal years ended 31 March 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company contributed US$109.6 million (A$158.8 million), US$248.5 million (A$328.2 million) and US$153.3 million (A$220.9 million), respectively, to AICF.

Restricted Investments

AICF invests its excess cash in time deposits, which are classified as HTM investments and the carrying value materially approximates the fair value for each investment. The following table represents the investments outstanding as of 31 March 2023:


Date Invested	Maturity Date	Interest Rate	A$ Millions
February 2023	13 July 2023	4.74%	70.0
February 2023	13 October 2023	4.74%	40.0
February 2023	13 January 2024	4.74%	39.0
February 2023	13 February 2024	4.74%	1.0
April 2022	5 April 2024	2.75%	54.0
January 2022	25 January 2024	1.41%	30.0
October 2021	6 October 2023	0.60%	30.0

AICF – NSW Government Secured Loan Facility

AICF may borrow, subject to certain conditions, up to an aggregate amount of A$320.0 million (US$214.8 million, based on the exchange rate at 31 March 2023). The AICF Loan Facility is guaranteed by the Former James Hardie Companies and is available to be drawn for the payment of claims through 1 November 2030, at which point, all outstanding borrowings must be repaid. At 31 March 2023 and 2022, AICF had no amounts outstanding under the AICF Loan Facility.