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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021
OR
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from ________ to _________

Commission File Number 001-33034

FREEDOM HOLDING CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Nevada |  | 30-0233726
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
“Esentai Tower” BC, Floor 7 77/7 Al Farabi Ave Almaty, Kazakhstan |  | 050040
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

+7 727 311 10 64

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common | FRHC | The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.) Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 4, 2021, the registrant had 59,534,712 shares of common stock, par value $0.001, issued and outstanding.

FREEDOM HOLDING CORP.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  | Pages |
Item 1. | Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 3 |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021 |  | 3 |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income for the Three and Six Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 |  | 4 |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 |  | 5 |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 |  | 7 |
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 9 |
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 37 |
Item 3. | Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 56 |
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures |  | 59 |
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION |  |  |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings |  | 60 |
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |  | 61 |
Item 6. | Exhibits |  | 62 |
Signatures |  | 63 |

2
Table of Contents

FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 740,425 |  |  | $ | 698,828 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 359,828 |  |  |  | 437,958 |
Trading securities |  |  | 974,481 |  |  |  | 736,188 |
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Brokerage and other receivables, net |  |  | 317,124 |  |  |  | 64,801 |
Loans issued |  |  | 32,647 |  |  |  | 11,667 |
Fixed assets, net |  |  | 20,506 |  |  |  | 18,385 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 9,016 |  |  |  | 9,785 |
Goodwill |  |  | 7,894 |  |  |  | 7,868 |
Right-of-use asset |  |  | 16,471 |  |  |  | 13,262 |
Other assets, net |  |  | 22,066 |  |  |  | 19,902 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  | $ | 2,500,459 |  |  | $ | 2,018,645 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities repurchase agreement obligations |  | $ | 537,277 |  |  | $ | 426,715 |
Customer liabilities |  |  | 1,219,364 |  |  |  | 1,163,697 |
Trade payables |  |  | 51,071 |  |  |  | 22,304 |
Current income tax liability |  |  | 33,964 |  |  |  | 14,843 |
Securities sold, not yet purchased – at fair value |  |  | 14,867 |  |  |  | 8,592 |
Loans received |  |  | 3,456 |  |  |  | 3,373 |
Debt securities issued |  |  | 58,246 |  |  |  | 68,443 |
Lease liability |  |  | 16,298 |  |  |  | 13,249 |
Deferred income tax liabilities |  |  | 5,896 |  |  |  | 4,385 |
Deferred distribution payments |  |  | 8,534 |  |  |  | 8,534 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 8,107 |  |  |  | 8,839 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  |  | 1,957,080 |  |  |  | 1,742,974 |
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 20) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock - $0.001 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 59,534,712 and 58,443,212 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021, respectively |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 58 |
Additional paid in capital |  |  | 110,717 |  |  |  | 104,672 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 464,920 |  |  |  | 208,628 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (31,816 | ) |  |  | (36,046 | )
TOTAL EQUITY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE COMPANY |  |  | 543,880 |  |  |  | 277,312 |
Non-controlling interest |  |  | (501 | ) |  |  | (1,641 | )
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  | 543,379 |  |  |  | 275,671 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  | $ | 2,500,459 |  |  | $ | 2,018,645 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements

3
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND STATEMENTS OF OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  |  | Six months ended September 30, |
|  | 20 21 |  |  | 20 20 |  |  | 20 21 |  |  | 20 20 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee and commission income |  | $ | 116,534 |  |  | $ | 54,277 |  |  | $ | 213,940 |  |  | $ | 97,616 |
Net gain on trading securities |  |  | 175,252 |  |  |  | 8,302 |  |  |  | 185,152 |  |  |  | 17,386 |
Interest income |  |  | 20,063 |  |  |  | 4,948 |  |  |  | 38,140 |  |  |  | 9,197 |
Net gain on foreign exchange operations |  |  | 1,622 |  |  |  | 3,020 |  |  |  | 434 |  |  |  | 2,772 |
Net loss on derivative assets |  |  | (656 | ) |  |  | (837 | ) |  |  | (715 | ) |  |  | (846 | )
TOTAL REVENUE, NET |  |  | 312,815 |  |  |  | 69,710 |  |  |  | 436,951 |  |  |  | 126,125 |
Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee and commission expense |  |  | 22,968 |  |  |  | 20,021 |  |  |  | 44,832 |  |  |  | 29,790 |
Interest expense |  |  | 16,185 |  |  |  | 4,699 |  |  |  | 30,457 |  |  |  | 8,443 |
Operating expense |  |  | 36,569 |  |  |  | 15,867 |  |  |  | 66,888 |  |  |  | 30,293 |
Provision for impairment losses |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 1,044 |  |  |  | 659 |  |  |  | 666 |
Other expense/(income), net |  |  | 653 |  |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | 664 |  |  |  | (95 | )
TOTAL EXPENSE |  |  | 76,741 |  |  |  | 41,563 |  |  |  | 143,500 |  |  |  | 69,097 |
NET INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX |  |  | 236,074 |  |  |  | 28,147 |  |  |  | 293,451 |  |  |  | 57,028 |
Income tax expense |  |  | (31,562 | ) |  |  | (4,584 | ) |  |  | (37,231 | ) |  |  | (9,189 | )
NET INCOME |  |  | 204,512 |  |  |  | 23,563 |  |  |  | 256,220 |  |  |  | 47,839 |
Less: Net (loss)/income attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiary |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (127 | ) |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 296 |
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS |  | $ | 204,532 |  |  | $ | 23,690 |  |  | $ | 256,292 |  |  | $ | 47,543 |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment relating to available-for-sale securities disposed of in the period, net of tax effect |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 71 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax effect |  |  | 930 |  |  |  | (10,919 | ) |  |  | 4,230 |  |  |  | (2,286 | )
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME BEFORE NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS |  | $ | 205,442 |  |  | $ | 12,644 |  |  | $ | 260,450 |  |  | $ | 45,624 |
Less: Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiary |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (127 | ) |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 296 |
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS |  | $ | 205,462 |  |  | $ | 12,771 |  |  | $ | 260,522 |  |  | $ | 45,328 |
BASIC NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE |  | $ | 3.44 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 4.33 |  |  | $ | 0.82 |
DILUTED NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE |  | $ | 3.44 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | 4.33 |  |  | $ | 0.82 |
Weighted average number of shares (basic) |  |  | 59,510,976 |  |  |  | 58,358,212 |  |  |  | 59,220,800 |  |  |  | 58,358,212 |
Weighted average number of shares (diluted) |  |  | 59,510,976 |  |  |  | 58,462,138 |  |  |  | 59,220,800 |  |  |  | 58,460,058 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

|  | For the six months ended |
|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |
Cash Flows (Used In)/From Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 256,220 |  |  | $ | 47,839 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 2,634 |  |  |  | 1,655 |
Noncash lease expense |  |  | 2,221 |  |  |  | 3,302 |
Change in deferred taxes |  |  | 1,458 |  |  |  | 1,465 |
Stock compensation expense |  |  | 6,722 |  |  |  | 1,055 |
Unrealized gain on trading securities |  |  | (35,616 | ) |  |  | (263 | )
Net loss on derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 885 |
Net change in accrued interest |  |  | (18,187 | ) |  |  | (328 | )
Allowances for receivables |  |  | 659 |  |  |  | 666 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease liabilities |  |  | (2,355 | ) |  |  | (3,188 | )
Derivative assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,311 | )
Trading securities |  |  | (174,133 | ) |  |  | (156,896 | )
Brokerage and other receivables |  |  | (249,416 | ) |  |  | (48,257 | )
Loans purchased from microfinance organization |  |  | (19,474 | ) |  |  | - |
Loans sold to microfinance organization |  |  | 2,860 |  |  |  | - |
Loans issued |  |  | (4,259 | ) |  |  | 501 |
Other assets |  |  | (863 | ) |  |  | (804 | )
Customer liabilities |  |  | 30,493 |  |  |  | 361,634 |
Current income tax liability |  |  | 19,101 |  |  |  | 3,847 |
Trade payables |  |  | 29,316 |  |  |  | 84,777 |
Securities sold, not yet purchased – at fair value |  |  | 6,695 |  |  |  | - |
Other liabilities |  |  | (217 | ) |  |  | 1,457 |
Net cash flows (used in)/from operating activities |  |  | (146,141 | ) |  |  | 297,036 |
Cash Flows (Used In)/From Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of fixed assets |  |  | (3,903 | ) |  |  | (2,129 | )
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 271 |
Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,437 |
Prepayment on acquisition |  |  | (3,341 | ) |  |  | (4,170 | )
Consideration paid for Zerich Capital Management |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,110 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash received from acquisitions |  |  | - |  |  |  | 27,991 |
Net cash flows (used in)/from investing activities |  |  | (7,084 | ) |  |  | 21,290 |

Cash Flows From/(Used In) Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from securities repurchase agreement obligations |  |  | 109,016 |  |  |  | 138,149 |
Proceeds from issuance of debt securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,991 |
Repurchase of debt securities |  |  | (10,134 | ) |  |  | (8,196 | )
Repayment of loans received |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | - |
Exercise of options |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | - |
Net cash flows from/(used in) financing activities |  |  | 99,070 |  |  |  | 131,944 |

Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 17,622 |  |  |  | (28,451 | )
NET CHANGE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH |  |  | (36,533 | ) |  |  | 421,819 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD |  |  | 1,136,786 |  |  |  | 129,805 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD |  | $ | 1,100,253 |  |  | $ | 551,624 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

|  | For the six months ended |
|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 7,823 |  |  | $ | 6,498 |
Income tax paid |  | $ | 23,719 |  |  | $ | 3,389 |
Supplemental non-cash disclosures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained/disposed of in exchange for operating lease obligations during the period, net |  | $ | 6,263 |  |  | $ | 1,406 |

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 740,425 |  |  | $ | 443,439 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 359,828 |  |  |  | 108,185 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown as in the statement of cash flows |  | $ | 1,100,253 |  |  | $ | 551,624 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional paid in |  |  | Retained |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive |  |  | Non-controlling |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | capital |  |  | earnings |  |  | loss |  |  | interest |  |  | Total |
Balance At June 30, 2021 |  |  | 59,474,712 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 106,833 |  |  | $ | 260,388 |  |  | $ | (32,746 | ) |  | $ | (1,693 | ) |  | $ | 332,841 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,561 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,561 |
Sale of Freedom UA shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (796 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,212 |  |  |  | 416 |
Exercise of options |  |  | 60,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 119 |
Translation difference |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 930 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 930 |
Net income/(loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 204,532 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | 204,512 |
Balance At September 30, 2021 |  |  | 59,534,712 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 110,717 |  |  | $ | 464,920 |  |  | $ | (31,816 | ) |  | $ | (501 | ) |  | $ | 543,379 |
Balance At March 31, 2021 |  |  | 58,443,212 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 104,672 |  |  | $ | 208,628 |  |  | $ | (36,046 | ) |  | $ | (1,641 | ) |  | $ | 275,671 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | 1,031,500 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 6,722 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,723 |
Sale of Freedom UA shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (796 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,212 |  |  |  | 416 |
Exercise of options |  |  | 60,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 119 |
Translation difference |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,230 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,230 |
Net income/(loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 256,292 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 256,220 |
Balance At September 30, 2021 |  |  | 59,534,712 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 110,717 |  |  | $ | 464,920 |  |  | $ | (31,816 | ) |  | $ | (501 | ) |  | $ | 543,379 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional paid in |  |  | Retained |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive |  |  | Non-controlling |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | capital |  |  | earnings |  |  | loss |  |  | interest |  |  | Total |
Balance At June 30, 2020 |  |  | 58,358,212 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 103,415 |  |  | $ | 90,188 |  |  | $ | (29,270 | ) |  | $ | (1,849 | ) |  | $ | 162,542 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 530 |
Translation difference |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,919 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,919 | )
Net income/(loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,690 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (127 | ) |  |  | 23,563 |
Balance At September 30, 2020 |  |  | 58,358,212 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 103,945 |  |  | $ | 113,878 |  |  | $ | (40,189 | ) |  | $ | (1,976 | ) |  | $ | 175,716 |
Balance At March 31, 2020 |  |  | 58,358,212 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 102,890 |  |  | $ | 66,335 |  |  | $ | (37,974 | ) |  | $ | (2,272 | ) |  | $ | 129,037 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,055 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,055 |
Reclassification adjustment relating to available-for-sale investments disposed of in the period, net of tax effect |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 71 |
Translation difference |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,286 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,286 | )
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 47,543 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 47,839 |
Balance At September 30, 2020 |  |  | 58,358,212 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 103,945 |  |  | $ | 113,878 |  |  | $ | (40,189 | ) |  | $ | (1,976 | ) |  | $ | 175,716 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 1 – DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Overview

Freedom Holding Corp. (the “Company” or “FRHC”) is a corporation organized in the United States under the laws of the State of Nevada that through its operating subsidiaries provides financial services including retail securities brokerage, research, investment counseling, securities trading, market making, retail banking, corporate investment banking and underwriting services in Eurasia. The Company is headquartered in Almaty, Kazakhstan, with supporting administrative office locations in Russia, Cyprus and the United States. The Company has retail locations in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan and Germany. The Company also owns an agency only institutional broker dealer registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The Company’s common stock trades on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

The Company owns directly, or through subsidiaries, the following companies:

| · | LLC Investment Company Freedom Finance, a Moscow, Russia-based securities broker-dealer (“Freedom RU”);
| · | LLC FFIN Bank, a Moscow, Russia-based bank (“Freedom Bank RU”);
| · | JSC Freedom Finance, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based securities broker-dealer (“Freedom KZ”);
| · | Freedom Finance Global, PLC, an Astana International Financial Centre-based securities broker-dealer, (“Freedom Global”);
| · | Bank Freedom Finance Kazakhstan JSC, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based bank (“Freedom Bank KZ”);
| · | Freedom Finance Special Purpose Company LTD, a Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan-based company (“Freedom SPC”);
| · | Freedom Finance Commercial LLP, a Kazakhstan-based company (“Freedom Commercial”);
| · | Freedom Finance Europe Limited, a Limassol, Cyprus-based broker-dealer (“Freedom EU”);
| · | Freedom Finance Technologies Ltd, a Limassol, Cyprus-based IT development company (“Freedom Technologies”);
| · | Freedom Finance Germany GmbH, a Berlin, Germany-based tied agent of Freedom EU (“Freedom GE”)
| · | UK Prime Limited, a London, United Kingdom-based company tied agent of Freedom EU (“Prime UK”);
| · | LLC Freedom Finance Uzbekistan, a Tashkent, Uzbekistan-based broker-dealer (“Freedom UZ”);
| · | LLC Freedom Finance Azerbaijan, an Azerbaijan-based financial educational center (“Freedom AZ”);
| · | Prime Executions, Inc., a New York City, New York-based agency only institutional brokerage (“PrimeEx”); and
| · | FFIN Securities, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“FFIN”).

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

As of September 30, 2021, the Company owned a 9% interest in LLC Freedom Finance Ukraine, a Kiev, Ukraine-based broker-dealer (“Freedom UA”). The remaining 91% interest in Freedom UA is owned by Askar Tashtitov, the Company’s president. Due to recent changes to Ukrainian regulations to further restrict foreign ownership of registered Ukrainian broker-dealers, in July 2021 the Company was required to sell 23.88% of its equity interest in Freedom UA to Mr. Tashtitov, reducing the Company’s direct ownership interest in Freedom UA to 9%. In April 2019 the Company entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Freedom UA and Mr. Tashtitov that obligate the Company to guarantee the performance of all Freedom UA obligations and provide Freedom UA sufficient funding to cover all operating losses and net capital requirements, enable the Company to receive 90% of the net profits of Freedom UA after tax, and require the Company to provide Freedom UA the management competence, operational support, and ongoing access to the Company’s significant assets, necessary technology resources and expertise to conduct the business of Freedom UA. The Company accounts for Freedom UA as a variable interest entity (“VIE”) under the accounting standards of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Accordingly, the financial statements of Freedom UA are consolidated into the financial statements of the Company.

The Company’s subsidiaries are participants on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE), Astana Stock Exchange (AIX), Moscow Exchange (MOEX), Saint-Petersburg Exchange (SPBX), the Ukrainian Exchange (UX), the Republican Stock Exchange of Tashkent (UZSE), the Uzbek Republican Currency Exchange (UZCE) and are members of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Nasdaq Stock Exchange (Nasdaq).

Unless otherwise specifically indicated or as is otherwise contextually required, FRHC, Freedom RU, Freedom Bank RU, Freedom KZ, Freedom Global, Freedom Bank KZ, Freedom SPC, Freedom Commercial, Freedom EU, Freedom Technologies, Freedom GE, Prime UK, Freedom UZ, Freedom AZ, PrimeEx, and FFIN are collectively referred to herein as the “Company”.

NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Accounting principles

The Company’s accounting policies and accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP).

These financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting.

Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements present the consolidated accounts of FRHC, Freedom RU, Freedom Bank RU, Freedom KZ, Freedom Global, Freedom Bank KZ, Freedom SPC, Freedom Commercial, Freedom EU, Freedom Technologies, Freedom GE, Prime UK, Freedom UZ, Freedom AZ, PrimeEx, and FFIN. All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated from the consolidated financial statements.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Consolidation of variable interest entities

In accordance with accounting standards regarding consolidation of variable interest entities (“VIEs”), VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders lack adequate decision-making ability. VIEs must be evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary of the risks and rewards of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE for financial reporting purposes.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that the estimates utilized in preparing its financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue recognition

Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC Topic 606”), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity’s contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services promised to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. A significant portion of the Company’s revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC Topic 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as loans and investment securities, as these activities are subject to other U.S. GAAP guidance discussed elsewhere within these disclosures. Descriptions of the Company’s revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, which are presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income as components of non-interest income are as follows:

| · | Commissions on brokerage services;
| · | Commissions on banking services (money transfers, foreign exchange operations and other); and
| · | Commissions on investment banking services (underwriting, market making, and bondholders’ representation services).

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Under Topic 606, the Company is required to recognize commission fees when they are probable and there is not a significant chance of reversal in the future. The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with this core principle by applying the following steps:

| · | Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer - A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations.
| · | Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract - A contract includes promises to transfer goods or services to a customer. If those goods or services are distinct, the promises are performance obligations and are accounted for separately.
| · | Step 3: Determine the transaction price - The transaction price is the amount of consideration in a contract to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. The transaction price can be a fixed amount of customer consideration, but it may sometimes include variable consideration or consideration in a form other than cash. The transaction price also is adjusted for the effects of the time value of money if the contract includes a significant financing component and for any consideration payable to the customer. If the consideration is variable, an entity estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the promised goods or services. The estimated amount of variable consideration will be included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.
| · | Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract - An entity typically allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative standalone selling prices of each distinct good or service promised in the contract. If a standalone selling price is not observable, an entity estimates it. Sometimes, the transaction price includes a discount or a variable amount of consideration that relates entirely to a part of the contract.
| · | Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation - An entity recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer (which is when the customer obtains control of that good or service). The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time (typically for promises to transfer goods to a customer) or over time (typically for promises to transfer services to a customer). For performance obligations satisfied over time, an entity recognizes revenue over time by selecting an appropriate method for measuring the entity’s progress toward complete satisfaction of that performance obligation.

Interest income

Interest income on loans issued, trading securities and reverse repurchase agreement obligations are recognized based on the contractual provisions of the underlying arrangements.

Loan premiums and discounts are deferred and generally amortized into interest income as yield adjustments over the contractual life and/or commitment period using the effective interest method.

Unamortized premiums, discounts and other basis adjustments on trading securities are generally recognized in interest income over the contractual lives of the securities using the effective interest method.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Derivative financial instruments

In the normal course of business, the Company invests in various derivative financial contracts including futures. Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value at the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured to their fair value at each reporting date. The fair values are estimated based on quoted market prices or pricing models that take into account the current market and contractual prices of the underlying instruments and other factors. Derivatives are carried as assets when their fair value is positive and as liabilities when it is negative.

Loans

The Company’s loan portfolio is divided into three portfolio segments: credit card, mortgages and retail banking loans. Credit card consists of loans provided to individuals and businesses through the cards. Mortgage loans consist of loans provided to individuals to purchase real estate, which is used as collateral for the loan. Retail banking loans consist of unsecured loans provided to individuals.

Loans Acquired

All purchased loans are initially recorded at fair value, which includes consideration of expected future losses, at the date of the loan acquisition. To determine the fair value of loans at the date of acquisition, the Company estimates the discounted contractual cash flows due using an observable market rate of interest, adjusted for factors such as probable default rates of the borrowers, and the loan terms that a market participant would consider in determining fair value. In determining fair value, contractual cash flows are adjusted to include prepayment estimates based upon historical payment trends, forecasted default rates and loss severities and other relevant factors. The difference between the fair value and the contractual cash flows is recorded as a loan premium or discount, which may relate to either credit or non-credit factors, at acquisition.

The Company accounts for purchased loans under the accounting guidance for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration when, at the time of purchase, the loans have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination.

The Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses on purchased loans that have not experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination at the time of purchase through earnings in a manner that is consistent with originated loans. The policies relating to the allowance for credit losses on loans is described below in the “Estimate of Incurred Loan Losses” section of this Note.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Estimate of Incurred Loan Losses.

The allowance represented management’s current estimate of incurred loan losses inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio as of each balance sheet date. The provision for credit losses reflected credit losses the Company believed had been incurred and would eventually be recognized over time through charge-offs.

Management performed a quarterly analysis of the Company’s loan portfolio to determine if impairment had occurred and to assess the adequacy of the allowance based on historical and current trends as well as other factors affecting credit losses. The Company applied separate calculations of the allowance for its credit cards, mortgages and retail loan portfolios. Based on the adopted methodology, the Company estimated the probability of default based on historical default rates, adjusted for certain macro indicators, such as GDP, average exchange rates, unemployment rate and real wage index. Loss given default is calculated based on the collateral coverage of the loans. The Company’s allowance for loan losses consisted of two components that were allocated to cover the estimated probable losses in each loan portfolio based on the results of the Company’s detailed review and loan impairment assessment process: (i) a component for loans collectively evaluated for impairment; and (ii) an asset-specific component for individually impaired loans.

The component of the allowance related to credit card, mortgages and retail banking loans that the Company collectively evaluated for impairment was based on a statistical calculation and on its historical loss experience for loans with similar risk characteristics and consideration of the current credit quality of the portfolio. The asset-specific component of the allowance includes smaller-balance homogeneous credit card and retail banking loans whose terms have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring and larger-balance nonperforming, non-homogeneous commercial banking loans. The Company generally measured the asset-specific component of the allowance based on the difference between the recorded investment of individually impaired loans and the present value of expected future cash flows. In addition to the allowance, the Company also estimated probable losses related to contractually binding unfunded lending commitments.

Functional currency

Management has adopted ASC 830, Foreign Currency Translation Matters as it pertains to its foreign currency translation. The Company’s functional currencies are the Russian ruble, European euro, U.S. dollar, Ukrainian hryvnia, Uzbekistani som, Kazakhstani tenge, Kyrgyzstani som, UK pound sterling and the Azerbaijani manat, and its reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. For financial reporting purposes, foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars as the reporting currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at rates of exchange in effect at the date of the transaction. Average monthly rates are used to translate revenues and expenses. Translation adjustments arising from the use of different exchange rates from period to period are included as a component of stockholders’ equity as “Accumulated other comprehensive loss”.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are generally comprised of certain highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents include reverse repurchase agreements which are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were acquired or sold plus accrued interest.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Securities reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements

A reverse repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the Company purchases financial instruments from a seller, typically in exchange for cash, and simultaneously enters into an agreement to resell the same or substantially the same financial instruments to the seller for an amount equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged plus interest at a future date. Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and are recorded at the contractual amount for which the securities will be resold, including accrued interest. Financial instruments purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are recorded in the financial statements as cash placed on deposit collateralized by securities and classified as cash and cash equivalents in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

A repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the Company sells financial instruments to another party, typically in exchange for cash, and simultaneously enters into an agreement to reacquire the same or substantially the same financial instruments from the buyer for an amount equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged plus interest at a future date. These agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions. The Company retains the financial instruments sold under repurchase agreements and classifies them as trading securities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The consideration received under repurchase agreements is classified as securities repurchase agreement obligations in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company enters into reverse repurchase, repurchase, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions to, among other things, acquire securities to leverage and grow its proprietary trading portfolio, cover short positions and settle other securities obligations, to accommodate customers’ needs and to finance its inventory positions. The Company enters into these transactions in accordance with normal market practice. Under standard terms for repurchase transactions, the recipient of collateral has the right to sell or repledge the collateral, subject to returning equivalent securities on settlement of the transaction.

Available-for-sale securities

Financial assets categorized as available-for-sale (“AFS”) are non-derivatives that are either designated as available-for-sale or not classified as (a) loans and receivables, (b) held-to-maturity securities or (c) trading securities.

Listed shares and listed redeemable notes held by the Company that are traded in an active market are classified as AFS and are stated at fair value. The Company has investments in unlisted shares that are not traded in an active market that are also classified as investments AFS and stated at fair value (because Company management considers that fair value can be reliably measured). Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income and are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, with the exception of other-than-temporary impairment losses, interest calculated using the effective interest method, dividend income and foreign exchange gains and losses, which are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of other Comprehensive Income. When the investment is disposed of or is determined to be impaired, the cumulative gain or loss previously accumulated in the investments’ revaluation reserve is then reclassified to Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Trading securities

Financial assets are classified as trading securities if the financial asset has been acquired principally for the purpose of selling it in the near term.

Trading securities are stated at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognized in revenue. Changes in fair value are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income and included in net gain on trading securities. Interest earned and dividend income are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income and are included in interest income, according to the terms of the contract and when the right to receive the payment has been established.

Investments in nonconsolidated managed funds are accounted for at fair value based on the net asset value (“NAV”) of the funds provided by the fund managers with gains or losses included in net gain on trading securities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.

Debt securities issued

Debt securities issued are initially recognized at the fair value of the consideration received, less directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequently, amounts due are stated at amortized cost and any difference between net proceeds and the redemption value is recognized over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. If the Company purchases its own debt, it is removed from the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and the difference between the carrying amount of the liability and the consideration paid is recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.

Brokerage and other receivables

Brokerage and other receivables are comprised of commissions and receivables related to the securities brokerage and banking activity of the Company. At initial recognition, brokerage and other receivables are recognized at fair value. Subsequently, brokerage and other receivables are carried at cost net of any allowance for impairment losses.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Derecognition of financial assets

A financial asset (or, where applicable a part of a financial asset or a part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognized when all of the following conditions are met:

| · | The transferred financial assets have been isolated from the Company - put presumptively beyond the reach of the Company and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership.
| · | The transferee has rights to pledge or exchange financial assets.
| · | The Company or its agents do not maintain effective control over the transferred financial assets or third-party beneficial interests related to those transferred assets.

Where the Company has not met the asset derecognition conditions above, it continues to recognize the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement.

Impairment of long-lived assets

In accordance with the accounting guidance for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets, the Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used when events and circumstances warrant such a review. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the fair value from such asset is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. Fair value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows, discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Losses on long-lived assets to be disposed of are determined in a similar manner, except that fair values are reduced for the cost of disposal.

Impairment of goodwill

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, goodwill recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $7,894 and $7,868, respectively. The Company performs an impairment review at least annually unless indicators of impairment exist in interim periods. The impairment test for goodwill uses a two-step approach. Step one compares the estimated fair value of a reporting unit with goodwill to its carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, step two must be performed. Step two compares the carrying value of the reporting unit to the fair value of all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit as if the reporting unit was acquired in a business combination. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of its goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess. In its annual goodwill impairment test, the Company estimated the fair value of the reporting unit based on the income approach (also known as the discounted cash flow method) and determined the fair value of the Company’s goodwill exceeded the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill. The goodwill value as of September 30, 2021, increased compared to March 31, 2021, due to foreign exchange currency translation.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill as of March 31, 2021, and for the quarter September 30, 2021, were as follows:

Balance as of March 31, 2021 |  | $ | 7,868 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | 26 |
Balance as of September 30, 2021 |  | $ | 7,894 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Income taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets based on the difference between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized.

Current income tax expenses are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. As part of the process of preparing financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for tax consequences in future years based on differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements at each year-end and tax loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applicable for the differences that are expected to affect taxable income.

The Company will include interest and penalties arising from the underpayment of income taxes in the provision for income taxes (if anticipated). As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provisions of the Tax Reform Act require the Company to include in its U.S. income tax return foreign subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary’s tangible assets. The Company has presented the deferred tax impacts of GILTI tax in its consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2021 and 2020.

Financial instruments

Financial instruments are carried at fair value as described below.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. Fair value is the current bid price for financial assets, current ask price for financial liabilities and the average of current bid and ask prices when the Company is both in short and long positions for the financial instrument. A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange or other institution and those prices represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions on an arm’s length basis.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Leases

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”, which requires leases with durations greater than twelve months to be recognized on the balance sheet.

Operating lease assets and corresponding lease liabilities are recognized on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 19 - Leases, within the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements for additional disclosure and significant accounting policies affecting leases.

Fixed assets

Fixed assets are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Maintenance, repairs, and minor renewals are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range between three and seven years.

Segment information

The Company operates in a single operating segment offering financial services to its customers in a single geographic region covering Eurasia. The Company’s financial services business provides retail securities brokerage, research, investment counseling, securities trading, market making, corporate investment banking, underwriting, complementary banking services and retail banking services to its customers. The Company generates revenue from customers primarily from fee and commission income and interest income. The Company does not use profitability reports or other information disaggregated on a regional, country or divisional basis for making business decisions.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In June 2016 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”, which introduced an expected credit loss methodology for the impairment of financial assets measured at amortized cost basis. That methodology replaces the probable, incurred loss model for those assets. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842)”. The FASB developed a philosophy to extend and simplify how effective dates are staggered between larger public companies (bucket one) and all other entities (bucket two). Those other entities include private companies, smaller public companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans. Under this philosophy, a major update would first be effective for bucket-one entities, that is, public business entities that are SEC filers, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies (SRCs) under the SEC’s definition. The Master Glossary of the Codification defines public business entities and SEC filers. All other entities, including SRCs, other public business entities, and nonpublic business entities (private companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans) would compose bucket two. For those entities, it is anticipated that the FASB will consider requiring an effective date staggered at least two years after bucket one for major updates. At the date when ASU 2016-13 was issued, the Company was an SRC and according to ASU 2019-10, qualifies for bucket two. Accordingly, ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2017-12 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-13 and 2017-12 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

In January 2021 the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, which clarifies that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Table of Contents link FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 848, Reference Rate Reform, for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply as well to derivatives that are affected by the changes in interest rates used for margining, discounting or contract price alignment (i.e., the discounting transition). Examples of such use include (1) rates used in interest rate swaps to compute the cash flows for the swap’s variable leg, (2) interest rate indexes used to discount the future cash flows of a derivative instrument to determine its fair value, and (3) the compensation or the interest amount earned on margin payments (i.e., contract price alignment). The amended guidance in ASU No. 2021-01 is effective immediately for all entities. The guidance may be applied on (1) a full retrospective basis as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or (2) a prospective basis to new modifications from any date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to the date of the issuance of ASU No. 2021-01 through the date that financial statements are available to be issued. If any of the amendments are applied for an eligible hedging relationship, adjustments resulting therefrom must be reflected as of the date that the election is applied. The Company’s adoption of the provisions of ASU No. 2021-01 had no significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2021 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt-Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options, a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) , which amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC or the “Codification”) to provide explicit guidance, and, thus, reduce diversity in practice, on accounting by issuers for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options that remain equity classified after the modification or exchange. This amendment provides that for an entity that presents earnings per share (EPS) in accordance with Topic 260, the effects of a modification or an exchange of a freestanding equity-classified written call option that is recognized as a dividend should be an adjustment to net income (or net loss) in the basic EPS calculation. The amended guidance becomes mandatorily effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and should be applied prospectively to modifications or exchanges occurring on or after the effective date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2021-04 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

In August 2021 the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update No 2021-06 “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Financial Services — Depository and Lending (Topic 942), and Financial Services — Investment Companies (Topic 946)” which amends various SEC paragraphs pursuant to the issuance of SEC Release No. 33-10786, Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses. SEC issued Final Rulemaking Release No. 33-10786, Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses, which modified the disclosure and presentation requirements concerning acquisitions and disposals of businesses. Primarily, the new rules amended (1) Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X, Definition of Terms Used in Regulation S-X, Significant Subsidiary, (2) Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X, Financial Statements of Businesses Acquired or to Be Acquired, (3) Rule 8-05 of Regulation S-X, Pro Forma Financial Information (which covers smaller reporting companies), and (4) Article 11 of Regulation S-X, Pro Forma Financial Information. In addition, new Rule 6-11 of Regulation S-X, Financial Statements of Funds Acquired or to Be Acquired, covering acquisitions specific to investment companies, was added. Corresponding changes were made to other Regulation S-X rules, various Securities Act and Securities Exchange Act rules, and Forms 8-K and 10-K. Compliance with the amended rules is required from the beginning of a registrant’s fiscal year commencing after December 31, 2020 (i.e., the mandatory compliance date). Acquisitions and dispositions that are probable or consummated after the mandatory compliance date are required to be evaluated for significance pursuant to the amended rules. Early compliance is permitted, provided that all the amended rules are applied in their entirety from the early compliance date. ASU No. 2021-06 amends SEC material in the Codification to give effect to Release No. 33-10786. The new rules apply to fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2021 (i.e., calendar-year 2021). Early voluntary compliance is allowed. Note that the rescission of Industry Guide 3 is effective on January 1, 2023. ASU No. 2021-06 amends SEC material in the Codification to give effect to Release No. 33-10835. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2021-06 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

NOTE 3 – CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, cash and cash equivalents consisted of the following:

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Current accounts with brokers |  | $ | 190,385 |  |  | $ | 94,494 |
Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements |  |  | 164,240 |  |  |  | 248,946 |
Accounts with stock exchanges |  |  | 149,361 |  |  |  | 98,521 |
Current accounts with commercial banks |  |  | 90,886 |  |  |  | 75,903 |
Current accounts in clearing organizations |  |  | 50,312 |  |  |  | 83,194 |
Current account with National Bank (Kazakhstan) |  |  | 37,628 |  |  |  | 36,726 |
Current account with National Settlement Depository (Russia) |  |  | 26,496 |  |  |  | 28,215 |
Petty cash in bank vault and on hand |  |  | 22,970 |  |  |  | 25,830 |
Current account with Central Bank (Russia) |  |  | 7,975 |  |  |  | 6,930 |
Current account with Central Depository (Kazakhstan) |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 69 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 740,425 |  |  | $ | 698,828 |

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, with the exception of funds deposited with banks in the United States which may qualify for FDIC insurance up to $250,000, cash and cash equivalents were not insured.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the cash and cash equivalents balance included collateralized securities received under reverse repurchase agreements on the terms presented below:

|  | September 30, 2021 |
|  | Interest rates and remaining contractual maturity of the agreements |
|  | Average interest rate |  |  | Up to 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | Total |
Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate equity |  |  | 0.39 | % |  |  | 141,873 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 141,873 |
Non-US sovereign debt |  |  | 1.20 | % |  |  | 11,582 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 11,592 |
Corporate debt |  |  | 3.16 | % |  |  | 10,775 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,775 |
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 164,230 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 164,240 |

|  | March 31, 2021 |
|  | Interest rates and remaining contractual maturity of the agreements |
|  | Average interest rate |  |  | Up to 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | Total |
Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US sovereign debt |  |  | 1.07 | % |  | $ | 101,258 |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 101,258 |
Corporate debt |  |  | 4.42 | % |  |  | 94,562 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94,562 |
Corporate equity |  |  | 2.76 | % |  |  | 51,564 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 51,564 |
US sovereign debt |  |  | 0.50 | % |  |  | 1,562 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,562 |
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 248,946 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 248,946 |

The securities received by the Company as collateral under reverse repurchase agreements are liquid trading securities with market quotes and significant trading volume. The fair value of collateral received by the Company under reverse repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, was $181,330 and $272,586, respectively.

NOTE 4 – RESTRICTED CASH

Restricted cash for the periods ended September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, consisted of:

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Brokerage customers’ cash |  | $ | 349,097 |  |  | $ | 427,233 |
Deferred distribution payments |  |  | 8,534 |  |  |  | 8,534 |
Reserve with Central Bank of Russia |  |  | 2,109 |  |  |  | 1,758 |
Guarantee deposits |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 433 |
Total restricted cash |  | $ | 359,828 |  |  | $ | 437,958 |

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company’s restricted cash included the cash portion of the funds segregated in a special custody account for the exclusive benefit of its brokerage customers, as well as required reserves with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation which represents cash on hand balance requirements. Restricted cash also included a deferred distribution payment amount, which is a reserve held for distribution to shareholders who have not yet claimed their distributions from the 2011 sale of the Company’s oil and gas exploration and production operations of $8,534. This distribution is currently payable, subject to the entitled shareholders completing and submitting to the Company the necessary documentation to claim his, her or its distribution payments. The Company has no control over when, or if, an entitled shareholder will submit the necessary documentation to claim their distribution payment. The entire deferred distribution payment amount was held in cash at September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021. A Company shareholder entitled to a portion of the distribution amount died before claiming the distribution. As a result of disputes between the individual’s putative heirs and potential owners of an entity that also claimed through the shareholder, the Company has been unable to determine who is legally entitled to receive the distribution payment. The putative estate asserted claims in Utah state court seeking payment of the distribution. The Company counterclaimed for interpleader and other claims and seeking a determination from the court as to who is rightfully entitled to receive the distribution payment. On October 5, 2021, the court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss, dismissing all claims by both parties without prejudice because plaintiffs failed to follow proper procedures and therefore the court lacked jurisdiction. For additional information regarding this matter see Part II, Item 1 Legal Proceedings of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 5 – TRADING AND AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES AT FAIR VALUE

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, trading and available-for-sale securities consisted of:

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Corporate debt |  | $ | 618,428 |  |  | $ | 334,763 |
Non-US sovereign debt |  |  | 261,442 |  |  |  | 333,619 |
Corporate equity |  |  | 70,377 |  |  |  | 47,340 |
Exchange traded notes |  |  | 17,028 |  |  |  | 9,638 |
US sovereign debt |  |  | 7,206 |  |  |  | 10,828 |
Total trading securities |  | $ | 974,481 |  |  | $ | 736,188 |
Equity securities |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |

As of September 30, 2021, the Company held debt securities of two issuers which individually exceeded 10% of the Company’s total trading securities - the Kazakhstan Sustainability Fund JSC (BBB credit rating) in the amount of $417,450 and Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan (BBB- credit rating) in the amount of $199,070. As of March 31, 2021, the Company held debt securities of two issuers which individually exceeded 10% of the Company’s total trading securities - the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kazakhstan Sustainability Fund JSC in the amounts of $293,451 and $193,677, respectively.

The Company recognized no other-than-temporary impairment in accumulated other comprehensive income.

The fair value of assets and liabilities is determined using observable market data based on recent trading activity. Where observable market data is unavailable due to a lack of trading activity, the Company utilizes internally developed models to estimate fair value and independent third parties to validate assumptions, when appropriate. Estimating fair value requires significant management judgment, including benchmarking to similar instruments with observable market data and applying appropriate discounts that reflect differences between the securities that the Company is valuing and the selected benchmark. Depending on the type of securities owned by the Company, other valuation methodologies may be required.

Measurement of fair value is classified within a hierarchy based upon the transparency of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability. Classification within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

The valuation hierarchy contains three levels:

· | Level 1 - Valuation inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
· | Level 2 - Valuation inputs are quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and other observable inputs directly or indirectly related to the asset or liability being measured.
· | Level 3 - Valuation inputs are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The following tables present securities assets in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements or disclosed in the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | September 30, 2021 using |
|  | Weighted Average |  |  |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  |  | Significant Unobservable Units |
|  | Interest Rate |  |  | Total |  |  | (Level 1) |  |  | (Level 2) |  |  | (Level 3) |
Corporate debt |  |  | 8.3 | % |  | $ | 618,428 |  |  | $ | 618,050 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 378 |
Non-U.S. sovereign debt |  |  | 7.88 | % |  |  | 261,442 |  |  |  | 259,480 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,962 |
Corporate equity |  |  | - |  |  |  | 70,377 |  |  |  | 19,710 |  |  |  | 50,291 |  |  |  | 376 |
Exchange traded notes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,028 |  |  |  | 17,028 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
U.S. sovereign debt |  |  | 1.6 | % |  |  | 7,206 |  |  |  | 7,206 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total trading securities |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 974,481 |  |  | $ | 921,474 |  |  | $ | 50,291 |  |  | $ | 2,716 |
Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2021 using |
|  | Weighted Average |  |  |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  |  | Significant Unobservable Units |
|  | Interest Rate |  |  | Total |  |  | (Level 1) |  |  | (Level 2) |  |  | (Level 3) |
Corporate debt |  |  | 9.22 | % |  | $ | 334,763 |  |  | $ | 334,403 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 360 |
Non-U.S. sovereign debt |  |  | 8.06 | % |  |  | 333,619 |  |  |  | 333,619 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Corporate equity |  |  | - |  |  |  | 47,340 |  |  |  | 28,630 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 18,709 |
U.S. sovereign debt |  |  | 1.68 | % |  |  | 10,828 |  |  |  | 10,828 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Exchange traded notes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,638 |  |  |  | 9,638 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total trading securities |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 736,188 |  |  | $ | 717,118 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 19,069 |
Equity securities |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |

The table below presents the valuation techniques and significant level 3 inputs used in the valuation as of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021. The table is not intended to be all inclusive, but instead captures the significant unobservable inputs relevant to the determination of fair value.

Type |  | Valuation Technique |  | FV as of September 30, 2021 |  |  | FV as of March 31, 2021 |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | % |
Corporate equity |  | DCF |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 18,408 |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 10.6 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 9 years |
Corporate debt |  | DCF |  | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | 360 |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 16.5 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 9 years |
Corporate equity |  | DCF |  | $ | 380 |  |  | $ | 301 |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 18.5 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 9 years |
Non-US sovereign debt |  | DCF |  | $ | 1,030 |  |  |  | - |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 13.3 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 6 months |
Non-US sovereign debt |  | DCF |  | $ | 932 |  |  |  | - |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 13.8 | %
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 1 year |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 2,716 |  |  | $ | 19,069 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

As of September 30, 2021, shares of SPBX held by the Company were transferred from level 3 to level 2. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, market trades of SPBX shares were executed in the market, and market data for these shares became available.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for investments that use Level 3 inputs for the six months ended September 30, 2021, and the year ended March 31, 2021:

|  | Trading securities |  |  | Available-for-sale securities |
Balance as of March 31, 2021 |  | $ | 19,069 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Reclassification to level 2 |  |  | (18,408 | ) |  |  | - |
Purchase of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  |  | 1,965 |  |  |  | - |
Revaluation of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | - |
Balance as of September 30, 2021 |  | $ | 2,716 |  |  | $ | 1 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

|  | Trading securities |  |  | Available-for-sale securities |
Balance as of March 31, 2020 |  | $ | 11,259 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Sale of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | - |
Purchase of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  |  | 834 |  |  |  | - |
Revaluation of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  |  | 6,978 |  |  |  | - |
Balance as of March 31, 2021 |  | $ | 19,069 |  |  | $ | 1 |

The table below presents the amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses accumulated in other comprehensive income, and fair value of available-for-sale securities as of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021:

|  |  |  |  | September 30, 2021 |  |  |  |
|  | Assets measured at amortized cost |  |  | Unrealized loss accumulated in other comprehensive income/(loss) |  |  | Assets measured at fair value |
Equity securities |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |
Balance as of September 30, 2021 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |

|  |  |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |
|  | Assets measured at amortized cost |  |  | Unrealized loss accumulated in other comprehensive income/(loss) |  |  | Assets measured at fair value |
Equity securities |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |
Balance as of March 31, 2021 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1 |

NOTE 6 – BROKERAGE AND OTHER RECEIVABLES, NET

Brokerage and other receivables as of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, consisted of:

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Margin lending receivables |  | $ | 308,256 |  |  | $ | 58,095 |
Receivables from brokerage clients |  |  | 4,134 |  |  |  | 4,199 |
Long-term installments receivables |  |  | 1,210 |  |  |  | 1,280 |
Receivable from sale of securities |  |  | 910 |  |  |  | 484 |
Receivable for underwriting and market-making services |  |  | 887 |  |  |  | 564 |
Bank commissions receivable |  |  | 443 |  |  |  | 767 |
Dividends accrued |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 1,392 |
Bonds coupon receivable |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |
Other receivables |  |  | 2,702 |  |  |  | 56 |
Allowance for receivables |  |  | (1,441 | ) |  |  | (2,036 | )
Total brokerage and other receivables, net |  | $ | 317,124 |  |  | $ | 64,801 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

On September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, amounts due from a single related party customer were $215,342 and $8,948, respectively or 69% and 14% respectively, of total brokerage and other receivables, net. Based on historical data, the Company considers receivables due from related parties fully collectible. As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, using historical and statistical data, the Company recorded an allowance for brokerage receivables in the amounts of $1,441 and $2,036, respectively.

NOTE 7 – LOANS ISSUED

Loans issued as of September 30, 2021, consisted of the following:

|  | Amount Outstanding, net of allowance |  |  | Due Dates |  | Average Interest Rate |  |  | Fair Value of Collateral |  |  | Loan Currency |
Uncollateralized bank customer loans |  |  | 13,428 |  |  | October 2021 - September 2025 |  |  | 12.10 | % |  |  | - |  |  | KZT |
Mortgage loans |  |  | 11,190 |  |  | October 2021 – September 2036 |  |  | 14.83 | % |  |  | 11,089 |  |  | KZT |
Subordinated loan |  |  | 5,099 |  |  | December 2022 - April 2024 |  |  | 4.89 | % |  |  | - |  |  | USD |
Bank customer loans |  |  | 1,520 |  |  | November 2021-September 2045 |  |  | 12.00 | % |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | RUB |
Subordinated loan |  |  | 1,392 |  |  | September 2029 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  |  | - |  |  | UAH |
Uncollateralized non-bank loan |  |  | 18 |  |  | December 2021 |  |  | 2.00 | % |  |  | - |  |  | EUR |
|  | $ | 32,647 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, the Company entered into agreements with a related party microfinance organization to purchase uncollateralized consumer retail loans. The agreements provide the Company the ability to sell back to the microfinance organization up to $3,000 of the total loans purchased if such loans become delinquent for more than 20 days.

The Company has determined that it has assumed substantially all of the risks and rewards from the transferor of the loans, with the exception of the amount it has the right to sell back to the transferor, accordingly the Company has received control of the loans and has recognized the loans on its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, the Company purchased loans in the aggregate amount of $19,474 and sold back loans totaling $2,860 to the microfinance organization.

As of September 30, 2021, the Company held outstanding loans purchased from the microfinance organization totaling $14,615 net of an allowance of $1,187.

Loans issued as of March 31, 2021, consisted of the following:

|  | Amount Outstanding |  |  | Due Dates |  | Average Interest Rate |  |  | Fair Value of Collateral |  |  | Loan Currency |
Subordinated loan |  | $ | 5,033 |  |  | December 2022-April 2024 |  |  | 3.69 | % |  |  | - |  |  | USD |
Uncollateralized non-bank loan |  |  | 2,382 |  |  | January 2022 – February 2022 |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  | - |  |  | USD |
Uncollateralized non-bank loan |  |  | 1,384 |  |  | May 2021 |  |  | 13.00 | % |  |  | - |  |  | RUB |
Subordinated loan |  |  | 1,331 |  |  | September 2029 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  |  | - |  |  | UAH |
Bank customer loans |  |  | 880 |  |  | March 2024 |  |  | 15.41 | % |  |  | 729 |  |  | KZT |
Bank customer loans |  |  | 657 |  |  | July 2021- September 2045 |  |  | 11.27 | % |  |  | 611 |  |  | RUB |
|  | $ | 11,667 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 8 – DEFFERED TAXES LIABILITIES

The Company is subject to taxation in the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Cyprus, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Germany, Azerbaijan and the United States of America.

The tax rates used for deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, were 21% for the U.S., 20% for the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, 31% for Germany, 12.5% for Cyprus, 18% for Ukraine, 2% for Azerbaijan and 15% for Uzbekistan. Deferred tax assets and liabilities of the Company are comprised of the following:

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax losses carryforward |  | $ | 310 |  |  | $ | 316 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 520 |  |  |  | 236 |
Depreciation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |
Revaluation on trading securities |  |  | 415 |  |  |  | - |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (310 | ) |  |  | (316 | )
Deferred tax assets |  | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | 252 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revaluation on trading securities |  | $ | 4,560 |  |  | $ | 2,546 |
Fixed and Intangible Assets |  |  | 1,769 |  |  |  | 1,568 |
Subordinated debt |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 523 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | 6,831 |  |  | $ | 4,637 |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (5,896 | ) |  | $ | (4,385 | )

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, and 2020, the effective tax rate was equal to 13.4% and 16.1%, respectively.

Tax loss carryforwards as of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, were $310 and $316, respectively, and are subject to income tax in the Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

NOTE 9 – SECURITIES REPURCHASE AGREEMENT OBLIGATIONS

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, trading securities included collateralized securities subject to repurchase agreements as described in the following table:

|  | September 30, 2021 |
|  | Interest rates and remaining contractual maturity of the agreements |
|  | Average interest rate |  |  | Up to 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | Total |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt |  |  | 9.21 | % |  | $ | 376,018 |  |  | $ | 5,921 |  |  | $ | 381,939 |
Non-U.S. sovereign debt |  |  | 8.92 | % |  |  | 153,124 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 153,124 |
US sovereign debt |  |  | 0.35 | % |  |  | 2,214 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,214 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 531,356 |  |  | $ | 5,921 |  |  | $ | 537,277 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

|  | March 31, 2021 |
|  | Interest rate and remaining contractual maturity of the agreements |
|  | Average interest rate |  |  | Up to 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | Total |
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US sovereign debt |  |  | 9.28 | % |  | $ | 229,812 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 229,812 |
Corporate debt |  |  | 9.27 | % |  |  | 189,337 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 189,337 |
Corporate equity |  |  | 3.78 | % |  |  | 5,757 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,757 |
US sovereign debt |  |  | 0.40 | % |  |  | 1,809 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,809 |
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 426,715 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 426,715 |

The fair value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, was $550,297 and $426,669, respectively.

Securities pledged as collateral by the Company under repurchase agreements are liquid trading securities with market quotes and significant trading volume.

NOTE 10 – CUSTOMER LIABILITIES

The Company recognizes customer liabilities associated with funds held by our brokerage and bank customers. Customer liabilities consist of:

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Brokerage customers |  | $ | 1,005,653 |  |  | $ | 938,086 |
Banking customers |  |  | 213,711 |  |  |  | 225,611 |
Total |  | $ | 1,219,364 |  |  | $ | 1,163,697 |

As of September 30, 2021, banking customer liabilities consisted of current accounts and deposits of $106,800 and $106,911 respectively. As of March 31, 2021, banking customer liabilities consisted of current accounts and deposits of $133,493 and $92,118, respectively.

NOTE 11 – TRADE PAYABLES

Trade payables of the Company is comprised of the following:

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Margin lending payable |  | $ | 44,668 |  |  | $ | 20,120 |
Payables to suppliers of goods and services |  |  | 3,604 |  |  |  | 1,708 |
Coupon payable |  |  | 2,226 |  |  |  | - |
Trade payable for securities purchased |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 264 |
Guarantee fee received |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | - |
Advances received |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |
Other |  |  | 247 |  |  |  | 212 |
Total |  | $ | 51,071 |  |  | $ | 22,304 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

On September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, trade payables due to a single related party were $44,330 or 87% and $13,810 or 62%, respectively.

NOTE 12 – SECURITIES SOLD, NOT YET PURCHASED – AT FAIR VALUE

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company’s securities sold, not yet purchased at fair value was $14,867 and $8,592, respectively.

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, the Company sold shares that were not owned by it in the amount of $5,878 and closed short positions in the amount of $23. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized a loss on the change in the fair value of financial liabilities in the amount of $420 in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.

A short sale involves the sale of a security that is not owned with the expectation of purchasing the same security (or a security exchangeable) at a later date at a lower price. A short sale involves the risk of a theoretically unlimited increase in the market price of the security that would result in a theoretically unlimited loss.

NOTE 13 – LOANS RECEIVED

Loans received by the Company includes:

Company |  | Lender |  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  |  | Interest Rate |  |  | Term |  | Maturity dates |
Freedom Holding Corp. |  | Non-Bank |  | $ | 3,456 |  |  | $ | 3,373 |  |  |  | 5.00 | % |  | 14 months |  | 12/31/21 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 3,456 |  |  | $ | 3,373 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

As of September 30, 2021, non-bank loans received were unsecured. As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, accrued interest on the loans totaled $156 and $73, respectively.

NOTE 14 – DEBT SECURITIES ISSUED

Outstanding debt securities of the Company include the following:

|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Debt securities issued denominated in USD |  | $ | 50,541 |  |  | $ | 60,743 |
Debt securities issued denominated in RUB |  |  | 6,872 |  |  |  | 6,605 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 833 |  |  |  | 1,095 |
Total |  | $ | 58,246 |  |  | $ | 68,443 |

As of September 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021, the Company’s outstanding debt securities had fixed annual coupon rates ranging from 6.5% to 12% and maturity dates ranging from February 2022 to January 2023. The Company’s debt securities include bonds of Freedom RU issued under Russian Federation law, which trade on the MOEX. The Company’s debt securities also include $20,498 of FRHC notes issued from December 2019 to February 2020. The FRHC notes, denominated in U.S. dollars, bear interest at an annual rate of 7.00% and are due in December 2022. The FRHC notes were issued under Astana International Financial Centre law and trade on the AIX. On May 29, 2021, the Company retired U.S. dollar denominated 8% Freedom KZ bonds that had a carrying value of $10,477 including interest accrued of $274 as of March 31, 2021.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Debt securities issued are initially recognized at the fair value of the consideration received, less directly attributable transaction costs.

NOTE 15 – NET GAIN ON TRADING SECURITIES

Net gain on trading securities is comprised of:

|  | Three months ended September 30, 2021 |  |  | Three months ended September 30, 2020 |
Net gain recognized during the period on trading securities sold during the period |  | $ | 143,724 |  |  | $ | 5,883 |
Net unrealized gain/(loss) recognized during the reporting period on trading securities still held at the reporting date |  |  | 31,528 |  |  |  | 2,419 |
Net gain recognized during the period on trading securities |  | $ | 175,252 |  |  | $ | 8,302 |

|  | Six months ended September 30, 2021 |  |  | Six months ended September 30, 2020 |
Net gain recognized during the period on trading securities sold during the period |  | $ | 149,536 |  |  | $ | 17,123 |
Net unrealized gain/(loss) recognized during the reporting period on trading securities still held at the reporting date |  |  | 35,616 |  |  |  | 263 |
Net gain recognized during the period on trading securities |  | $ | 185,152 |  |  | $ | 17,386 |

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company held in its proprietary trading portfolio shares of stock of SPBX at fair value of $50,083 and $18,408, respectively.

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company exchanged approximately 11,500 shares of its stock of SPBX for units in the closed-end unit investment combined fund “SPB fund” (the “SPBX ETF”). In September 2021, the Company sold its SPBX ETF units to approximately 15,000 investors through placement agents for net proceeds of $155,673. As a result, during the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized gains on trading securities of $179,015, which included $141,067 of realized gain and $37,948 of net unrealized gain from revaluation of the SPBX shares the Company still held at September 30, 2021.

NOTE 16 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, and 2020, the Company earned commission income from related parties in the amounts of $84,444 and $41,167, respectively. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, and 2020, the Company earned commission income from related parties in the amounts of $150,416 and $71,957, respectively. Commission income earned from related parties is comprised primarily of brokerage commissions and commissions for money transfers by brokerage clients.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, and 2020, the Company paid commission expense to related parties in the amount of $5,245 and $7,936, respectively. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, and 2020, the Company paid commission expense to related parties in the amounts of $10,527 and $10,381, respectively.

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, and 2020, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock grants to related parties in the amount of $385 and $0, respectively. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, and 2020, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock grants to related parties in the amount of $566 and $0, respectively.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company had cash and cash equivalents held in brokerage accounts of related parties totaling $22,890 and $12,256, respectively.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company had bank commission receivables and receivables from brokerage clients from related parties totaling $268 and $962, respectively. Brokerage and other receivables from related parties result principally from commissions receivable on the brokerage operations of related parties.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company had margin lending receivables with related parties totaling $216,171 and $9,886, respectively.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company had margin lending payables to related parties, totaling $44,327 and $13,810, respectively.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company had accounts payable due to a related party totaling $240 and $339, respectively.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company had financial liability with related parties totaling $1,876 and $1,707, respectively.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company had customer liabilities to related parties totaling $359,384 and $327,610, respectively.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company had restricted customer cash deposited in current and brokerage accounts with related parties in the amounts of $248,371 and $156,878.

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, the Company purchased loans from a related party microfinance organization in the aggregate amount of $19,474 and sold back loans totaling $2,860. As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, the Company held loans purchased from related parties, net of alloances in the amounts of $13,428 and $0.

In July 2021, to comply with certain foreign ownership restrictions relating to registered Ukrainian broker-dealers, the Company sold 23.88% of the outstanding equity interest of Freedom UA to Askar Tashtitov, the Company’s president, for $416. For additional information regarding this transaction, see Note 1 – Description of Business.

Brokerage and related banking services, including margin lending, were provided to related parties pursuant to standard client account agreements and at standard market rates.

NOTE 17– STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, non-qualified stock options to purchase 60,000 shares were exercised at a strike price of $1.98 per share for total proceeds of $119. During the six months ended September 30, 2020, no outstanding nonqualified stock options were exercised.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

On May 18, 2021, the Company awarded restricted stock grants totalling 1,031,500 shares of its common stock to employees and consultants of the Company, including two executive officers of the Company. Of the 1,031,500 shares awarded pursuant to the restricted stock grant awards, 200,942 shares are subject to one-year vesting, 211,658 shares are subject to two-year vesting and 206,300 shares per year are subject to three, four and five-year vesting, respectively.

On December 30, 2020, the Company awarded restricted stock grants in the amount of 15,000 shares of its common stock to three employees. Of the 15,000 shares awarded pursuant to the restricted stock grant awards, 4,500 shares are subject to one-year vesting conditions, 4,500 shares are subject to two-year vesting conditions and 6,000 shares are subject to three-year vesting conditions.

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock grants in the amount of $4,561 and $6,722 during the three months and six months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. During the three and six months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock grants and stock options in the amount of $530 and $1,055, respectively.

NOTE 18 – STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, a total of 1,031,500 restricted shares were awarded to key employees. The compensation expense related to restricted stock grants was $4,561 during the three months ended September 30, 2021, and $476 during three months ended September 30, 2020. The compensation expense related to restricted stock grants was $6,722 during the six months ended September 30, 2021, and $947 during six months ended September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2021, there was $33,459 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested shares of common stock granted. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 4.62 years.

The Company has determined the fair value of restricted shares awarded during the six months ended September 30, 2021 using the Monte Carlo valuation model based on the following key assumptions:

Term (years) |  |  | 5 |
Volatility |  |  | 41.5 | %
Risk-free rate |  |  | 0.06 | %

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

The table below summarizes the activity for the Company’s restricted stock outstanding during the six months ended September 30, 2021:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Fair Value |
Outstanding, at March 31, 2021 |  |  | 15,000 |  |  | $ | 775 |
Granted |  |  | 1,031,500 |  |  |  | 39,465 |
Vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited/cancelled/expired |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding, at September 30, 2021 |  |  | 1,046,500 |  |  | $ | 40,240 |

During the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, no stock options were awarded. Total compensation expense related to outstanding options was $0 for the three months ended September 30, 2021, and $54 for the three months ended September 30, 2020. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, options to purchase a total of 60,000 shares were exercised.

The Company has determined the fair value of such stock options using the Black Scholes option valuation model based on the following key assumptions:

Term (years) |  |  | 3 |
Volatility |  |  | 165.33 | %
Risk-free rate |  |  | 1.66 |

Stock-based compensation expense for the cost of the awards granted is based on the grant-date fair value. For stock option awards, the fair value is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. Additionally, there may be other factors that would otherwise have a significant effect on the value of employee stock options granted but are not considered by the model. Accordingly, while management believes that the Black-Scholes option-pricing model provides a reasonable estimate of fair value, the model does not necessarily provide the best single measure of fair value for the Company’s employee stock options.

The following is a summary of stock option activity for the six months ended September 30, 2021:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (In Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding, March 31, 2021 |  |  | 60,000 |  |  | $ | 1.98 |  |  |  | 6.52 |  |  | $ | 3,083 |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Exercised |  |  | (60,000 | ) |  |  | 1.98 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,742 |
Forfeited/cancelled/expired |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding, at September 30, 2021 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |
Exercisable, at September 30, 2021 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 19 – LEASES

The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at inception of the contract and whether that lease meets the classification criteria of a finance or operating lease. When available, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, most of the Company’s leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. Therefore, the Company must discount lease payments based on an estimate of its incremental borrowing rate.

The table below presents the lease related assets and liabilities recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2021:

|  | Classification on Balance Sheet |  | September 30, 2021 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets |  | Right-of-use assets |  | $ | 16,471 |
Total lease assets |  |  |  | $ | 16,471 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liability |  | Operating lease obligations |  | $ | 16,298 |
Total lease liability |  |  |  | $ | 16,298 |

Lease obligations at September 30, 2021, consisted of the following:

Twelve months ending March 31, |  |  |
2022 - remaining after September 30 |  | $ | 4,291 |
2023 |  |  | 7,618 |
2024 |  |  | 3,511 |
2025 |  |  | 2,110 |
2026 |  |  | 1,327 |
Thereafter |  |  | 330 |
Total payments |  |  | 19,187 |
Less: amounts representing interest |  |  | (2,889 | )
Lease liability, net |  | $ | 16,298 |
Weighted average remaining lease term (in months) |  |  | 26 |
Weighted average discount rate |  |  | 12 | %

Lease commitments for short term operating leases as of September 30, 2021, are approximately $626. The Company’s rent expense for office space was $653 and $769 for the three and six months ended September 30, 2021, and $70 and $171 for the three and six months ended September 30, 2020, respectively.

NOTE 20 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Freedom Bank KZ is a party to certain off-balance sheet financial instruments. These financial instruments include guarantees and unfunded commitments under existing lines of credit. These commitments expose the Company to varying degrees of credit and market risk which are essentially the same as those involved in extending loans to customers and are subject to the same credit policies used in underwriting loans. Collateral may be obtained based on the Company’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. The Company’s maximum exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual amount of these commitments.

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Unfunded commitments under lines of credit

Unfunded commitments under lines of credit include commercial, commercial real estate, home equity and consumer lines of credit to existing customers. These commitments may mature without being fully funded.

Bank guarantees

Bank guarantees are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These guarantees are primarily issued to support trade transactions or guarantee arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing guarantees is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. A significant portion of the issued guarantees are collateralized by cash. Total lending related commitments outstanding at September 30, 2021, were as follows:

|  | As of September 30, 2021 |
Bank guarantees |  | $ | 7,089 |
Unfunded commitments under lines of credit |  |  | 6,250 |
Total |  | $ | 13,339 |

NOTE 21 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Company has performed an evaluation of subsequent events through the time of filing this quarterly report on Form 10-Q with the SEC. During this period the Company did not have any additional material recognizable subsequent events.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to assist you in understanding our results of operations and our present financial condition. Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q contain additional information that should be referred to when reviewing this material and this document should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes contained elsewhere in this report and in our other filings with the SEC including our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2021.

Special Note About Forward-Looking Information

Certain information included here in and the documents incorporated by reference in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, if any, contain statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be forward-looking. You can recognize these statements through our use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “strategy,” “will,” “would,” other similar expressions and their negatives.

Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which may be beyond our control, that could cause actual results to differ materially from any future results, expressed or implied, in forward looking statements. Such factors include but are not limited to, the following:

| · | general economic and political conditions globally and in the particular markets where we operate;
| · | declines in global financial markets;
| · | the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including viral variants, future outbreaks and the effectiveness of measures implemented to contain its spread;
| · | a lack of liquidity, e.g., access to funds or funds at reasonable rates for use in our businesses;
| · | the inability to meet regulatory capital or liquidity requirements;
| · | increased competition, including downward pressures on commissions and fees;
| · | risks inherent to the electronic brokerage, banking and market making businesses;
| · | fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates;
| · | failure to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights in our proprietary technology;
| · | risks associated with being a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of Nasdaq;
| · | the loss of key executives or failure to recruit and retain personnel;
| · | our ability to keep up with rapid technological change;
| · | information technology, trading platform and other system failures, cyber security threats and other disruptions;
| · | losses caused by non-performance by third parties;

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| · | decreased profitability if loan payment delinquencies in our lending portfolio increase;
| · | losses (whether realized or unrealized) on our investments;
| · | our inability to integrate any businesses we acquire or otherwise adapt to expansion and rapid growth in our business;
| · | risks inherent in doing business in Russia and the other developing markets in which we do business;
| · | the impact of tax laws and regulations, and their changes, in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate;
| · | non-compliance with laws and regulations in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate, particularly those relating to the securities and banking industries;
| · | the creditworthiness of our trading counterparties, and banking and margin customers;
| · | litigation and regulatory liability;
| · | unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of pandemics, terrorist attacks, extreme weather events or other natural disasters, military conflict and political discord; and
| · | other factors discussed in this report, as well as in our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2021.

Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs of management as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to management and apply only as of the date of this report or the respective dates of the documents from which they incorporate by reference. Neither we nor any other person assumes any responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of forward-looking statements. Further, except to the extent required by law, we undertake no obligations to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, a change in events, conditions, circumstances or assumptions underlying such statements, or otherwise.

Overview

Freedom Holding Corp. is a holding company. Our operating subsidiaries provide financial services including full-service retail securities brokerage, banking services, investment education, securities trading, investment banking, retail banking, underwriting services and market making activities in Eurasia. We are headquartered in Almaty, Kazakhstan, with supporting administrative offices in Russia, Cyprus and the United States of America.

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Our subsidiaries are participants on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE), Astana Stock Exchange (AIX), Moscow Exchange (MOEX), Saint-Petersburg Exchange (SPBX), the Ukrainian Exchange (UX), the Republican Stock Exchange of Tashkent (UZSE), the Uzbek Republican Currency Exchange (UZCE) and are members of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Nasdaq Stock Exchange (Nasdaq). Our Cyprus office provides our clients with operations support and access to the investment opportunities, relative stability, and integrity of the U.S., European and Asian securities markets, which under the regulatory regimes of many jurisdictions where we operate, provide only limited or no direct investor access to international securities markets.

Our business is directed toward providing an array of financial services to our target retail audience which is individuals, businesses and financial institutions, including other broker-dealers, seeking to diversify their investment portfolios to manage economic risk associated with political, regulatory, currency, banking, and national uncertainties. Clients are provided online tools and retail locations to establish accounts and conduct securities trading on transaction-based pricing. We market to our customer demographic through a number of channels, including telemarketing, training seminars and investment conferences, print and online advertising, social media, our mobile app and search engine optimization.

All dollar amounts reflected under the headings “Executive Summary,” “Results of Operations,” “Liquidity and Capital Resources,” and “Cash Flows” in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) are presented in thousands of U.S. dollars unless the context indicates otherwise.

Executive Summary

Customer Base

We service more than 340,000 client accounts. As of September 30, 2021, more than 60% of those client accounts carried positive cash or asset account balances. Internally, we designate “active accounts” as those in which at least one transaction occurs per quarter. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, we had approximately 100,000 active accounts.

In addition to organic customer acquisition, we have accelerated our growth through several strategic acquisitions which has enabled us to expand our market reach, increase our client base and provide our clientele the convenience of both a state-of-the-art proprietary electronic trading platform, Tradernet, and 103 retail brokerage and financial services offices located across Kazakhstan (32), Kyrgyzstan (1), Russia (43), Uzbekistan (8), Ukraine (14), Cyprus (1), Germany (2), Azerbaijan (1), UK(1) and USA (1) that provide an array of financial services, and investment consulting and education. In Russia, 30 of our brokerage and financial services offices also provide banking services to firm customers.

Significant events

During the quarter ended September 30, 2021, we exchanged approximately 11,500 shares of stock in the SPBX we held in our proprietary trading account for units in the closed-end unit investment combined fund “SPB fund” (the “SPBX ETF”). In September 2021 we sold all our SPBX ETF units to approximately 15,000 investors for total consideration of $155,673.

S&P Rating

On August 2, 2021, S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”) assigned its “B/Stable/B” issuer credit rating to each of Freedom EU and Freedom Global and on October 29, 2021, S&P upgraded to “B/Stable/B” from “B-/Stable/B” its issuer credit rating to Freedom Bank KZ and upgraded its Kazakhstan national scale rating of Freedom Bank KZ to “kzBB+” from “kzBB”.

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New Banking Products

Digital mortgage

Digital mortgage is a new product launched by Freedom Bank KZ in July 2021, that allows customers in Kazakhstan to apply for and complete the residential mortgage loan process online. This service significantly speeds up the mortgage registration process. Moreover, there is no cost to the customer to complete the initial online assessment. As of September 30, 2021, 312 digital mortgage loans have been approved and issued in the aggregate amount of $11,079. Approval of all loans is carried out by the Freedom Bank KZ. Since the launch of the digital mortgage product, nearly 12,000 online assessments have been submitted through the Freedom Bank KZ’s digital mortgage portal.

Invest card

Freedom Bank KZ continues to develop its Invest card and has issued more than 3,000 limited cards for testing to select customer. Invest cards offer features unique to the Kazakhstani market, including the ability to quickly and conveniently transfer money to and from a customer’s investment accounts, around-the-clock access to the customer’s brokerage accounts, instant card issuance upon approval, instant replenishment and payment for purchases without commissions, and daily interest of up to 3% per annum in U.S. dollars on the outstanding balance on the card.

Impact of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the global financial markets. The pandemic has resulted in unprecedented global market conditions that has led to significant growth in our customer accounts, as well as increased activity from our existing customers, resulting in higher fee and commission income. These market conditions have also resulted in significant gains in our investment portfolio.

We continue to monitor conditions surrounding COVID-19, as well as economic and capital market conditions. We continue to follow the enhanced cleaning practices and other measures employed in our offices and retail locations in response to local health mandates. We have limited essential business travel and implemented practices to ensure that exposed employees, or those displaying symptoms of COVID-19, self-quarantine. In spring 2020, we transitioned the vast majority of our workforce to work remotely, with only essential employees working in the office. Where dictated by local health mandates, or as seems prudent to local management, this practice continues. There have been no material disruptions to our business or processes to date as a result of these changes.

While the overall impact of COVID-19 was largely positive for our business during the quarters ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, its future impacts on our business, operational and financial performance is uncertain. Developments such as the duration and severity of future outbreaks of the same or different strains of the disease, such as the delta variant, the effectiveness of vaccines or new or additional measures implemented by governments, might impact our customers and employees, the financial markets, the global economy and the economies of the countries in which we operate. Because of these uncertainties, we cannot determine the future impacts of the pandemic on our business.

Financial Results

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, we realized net income of approximately $204.5 million and basic and diluted earnings per share of $3.44. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, we realized net income of approximately $256.2 million and basic and diluted earnings per share of $4.33. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, we realized net income of approximately $23.6 million and basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.40. During the six months ended September 30, 2020, we realized net income of approximately $47.8 million and basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.82.

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Results of Operations

Three months ended September 30, 2021, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020

The following second fiscal quarter to second fiscal quarter comparison of our financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Three months ended |
|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |
|  | Amount |  |  | %* |  |  | Amount |  |  | %* |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee and commission income |  | $ | 116,534 |  |  |  | 37 | % |  | $ | 54,277 |  |  |  | 78 | %
Net gain on trading securities |  |  | 175,252 |  |  |  | 56 | % |  |  | 8,302 |  |  |  | 12 | %
Interest income |  |  | 20,063 |  |  |  | 6 | % |  |  | 4,948 |  |  |  | 7 | %
Net gain on foreign exchange operations |  |  | 1,622 |  |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | 3,020 |  |  |  | 4 | %
Net loss on derivative |  |  | (656 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (837 | ) |  | (1 | %)
Total revenue, net |  |  | 312,815 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 69,710 |  |  |  | 100 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee and commission expense |  |  | 22,968 |  |  |  | 7 | % |  |  | 20,001 |  |  |  | 29 | %
Interest expense |  |  | 16,185 |  |  |  | 5 | % |  |  | 4,699 |  |  |  | 7 | %
Operating expense |  |  | 36,569 |  |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 15,867 |  |  |  | 23 | %
Provision for impairment losses |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 1,044 |  |  |  | 1 | %
Other expense/(income), net |  |  | 653 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | 0 | %
Total expense |  |  | 76,741 |  |  |  | 24 | % |  |  | 41,563 |  |  |  | 60 | %
Net income before income taxes |  |  | 236,074 |  |  |  | 76 | % |  |  | 28,147 |  |  |  | 40 | %
Income tax expense |  |  | (31,562 | ) |  | (10 | %) |  |  | (4,584 | ) |  | (7 | %)
Net income |  | $ | 204,512 |  |  |  | 66 | % |  | $ | 23,563 |  |  |  | 34 | %
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiary |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (127 | ) |  |  | 0 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 204,532 |  |  |  | 66 | % |  | $ | 23,690 |  |  |  | 34 | %
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax effect |  |  | 930 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (10,919 | ) |  | (16 | %)
Comprehensive income before non-controlling interests |  |  | 205,442 |  |  |  | 66 | % |  |  | 12,644 |  |  |  | 18 | %
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiary |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (127 | ) |  |  | 0 | %
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 205,462 |  |  |  | 66 | % |  | $ | 12,771 |  |  |  | 18 | %

* Reflects percentage of total revenues, net.

Revenue

We derive revenue primarily from fee and commission income earned from our retail brokerage and banking clients and from investment banking services, interest income and proprietary trading activities.

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Three months ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |  |  | Change |
|  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
Fee and commission income |  | $ | 116,534 |  |  |  | 37 | % |  | $ | 54,277 |  |  |  | 78 | % |  | $ | 62,257 |  |  |  | 115 | %
Net gain on trading securities |  |  | 175,252 |  |  |  | 56 | % |  |  | 8,302 |  |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 166,950 |  |  | 2,011 | %
Interest income |  |  | 20,063 |  |  |  | 6 | % |  |  | 4,948 |  |  |  | 7 | % |  |  | 15,115 |  |  |  | 305 | %
Net gain on foreign exchange operations |  |  | 1,622 |  |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | 3,020 |  |  |  | 4 | % |  |  | (1,398 | ) |  | (46 | %)
Net loss on derivatives |  |  | (656 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (837 | ) |  | (1 | %) |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 22 | %
Total revenue, net |  | $ | 312,815 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 69,710 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 243,105 |  |  |  | 349 | %

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During the three months ended September 30, 2021, we realized total revenue, net of $312,815, a 349% increase compared to three months ended September 30, 2020. As discussed in more detail below under “Net Gain on Trading Securities” $175,252 of total revenue, net during the three months ended September 30, 2021, was realized from the sale of certain securities held in our proprietary trading portfolio and from revaluation of securities we continued to hold in our portfolio at September 30, 2021. We consider the sale of securities from our own portfolio as an extraordinary event that we do not believe to be indicative of a trend in future periods.

Fee and commission income. Fee and commission income consisted principally of broker fees from customer trading, related banking services, underwriting and market making and consulting services. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, fee and commission income increased by $62,257, a 115% increase over the three months ended September 30, 2020. This increase was primarily attributable to a $57,318 increase in fees and commission from brokerage services and related banking services.

Growth in fees and commissions from brokerage services and related banking services was primarily attributable to a growth in client accounts through acquisitions and organic growth, increased client brokerage and banking activity, expansion of our retail financial advisers and increases in the volume of analysts’ reports made available to our customer base.

Net gain on trading securities. Net gain on trading securities reflects the gains and losses from trading activities in our proprietary trading account. Net gains or losses are comprised of realized and unrealized gains and losses. Gains or losses are realized when we close a position in a security and realize a gain or a loss on that position. Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) require that we reflect in our financial statements unrealized gains and losses on all our securities trading positions that remain open as of the end of each period. Fluctuations in unrealized gains or losses from one period to another may result from factors within our control, such as when we elect to close an open securities position, which would have the effect of reducing our open positions and, thereby potentially reducing or increasing the amount of unrealized gains or losses in a period. Changes in unrealized gains and losses from period to period may also occur as a result of factors beyond our control, such as fluctuations in the market prices of the open securities positions we hold. This may adversely affect the ultimate value we realize from these investments. Unrealized gains or losses in a particular period may or may not be indicative of the gain or loss we will realize on a securities position when the position is closed. As a result, we may realize significant swings in gains and losses realized on our trading securities year-over-year and quarter-to-quarter. You should not assume that a gain or loss in any particular period is indicative of a trend or of the gain or loss we may ultimately realize when we close a position.

See the following table for information regarding our net gains and losses during the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Realized Net Gain |  |  | Unrealized Net Gain |  |  | Net Gain |
Quarter ended September 30, 2021 |  | $ | 143,724 |  |  | $ | 31,528 |  |  | $ | 175,252 |
Quarter ended September 30, 2020 |  | $ | 5,883 |  |  | $ | 2,419 |  |  | $ | 8,302 |

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As described above, during the quarter ended September 30, 2021, we exchanged approximately 11,500 shares of stock in the SPBX we held in our proprietary trading account for units in the SPBX ETF. The main contributing factors to the increase in net gain on trading securities during the three months ended September 30, 2021, were the sale of those SPBX ETF units and an increase in unrealized net gain resulting from the revaluation of securities held in our proprietary trading account at September 30, 2021. We do not consider the significant increases in realized and unrealized net gain on trading securities to be indicative of a trend toward higher net gains on trading securities in the future.

Interest income. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, and September 30, 2020, we recognized a $15,115, or 305% increase in interest income. We earned interest income from several sources including trading securities, reverse repurchase transactions, and loans to customers.

Interest income on trading securities consisted of interest earned from investments in debt securities and dividends earned on equity securities held in our proprietary trading account. We recognized a $14,017, or 316% increase in interest income from trading securities during the three months ended September 30, 2021, because we increased (i) the total size of our trading portfolio and (ii) the percentage of our investments in bonds.

We realized $706, or 538% increase in interest income from loans to customers as a result of new loans issued by Freedom Bank KZ.

We also recognized a $414, or 150% increase in interest income from reverse repurchase transactions as a result of an increased volume of such transactions during the three months ended September 30, 2021.

Net loss on foreign exchange operations. Under U.S. GAAP, we are required to revalue assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into our reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, which can result in gains or losses on foreign exchange operations. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, we realized a net gain on foreign exchange operations of $1,622 compared to a net gain of $3,020 during the three months ended September 30, 2020.

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, the value of the Russian ruble appreciated by 1% and Kazakhstani tenge depreciated by 1% against the U.S. dollar, respectively. We realized a net gain on foreign exchange operations affected by the purchase and sale of foreign currency of $1,686 as a result of higher volume of currency exchange transactions.

Expense

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Three months ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |  |  | Change |
|  | Amount |  |  | %* |  |  | Amount |  |  | %* |  |  | Amount |  |  | %* |
Fee and commission expense |  |  | 22,968 |  |  |  | 30 | % |  |  | 20,001 |  |  |  | 48 | % |  |  | 2,947 |  |  |  | 15 | %
Interest expense |  |  | 16,185 |  |  |  | 21 | % |  |  | 4,699 |  |  |  | 11 | % |  |  | 11,486 |  |  |  | 244 | %
Operating expense |  |  | 36,569 |  |  |  | 48 | % |  |  | 15,867 |  |  |  | 38 | % |  |  | 20,702 |  |  |  | 130 | %
Provision for impairment losses |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 1,044 |  |  |  | 3 | % |  |  | (678 | ) |  | (65 | %)
Other expense/(income), net |  |  | 653 |  |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 721 |  |  |  | 1,060 | %
Total expense |  | $ | 76,741 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 41,563 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 35,178 |  |  |  | 85 | %

* Reflects percentage of total expense, net.

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During the three months ended September 30, 2021, we incurred total expenses of $76,741, an 85% increase compared to three months ended September 30, 2020. Expenses increased with the increase of interest expense and the growth of our business primarily in connection with increases in administrative costs and fees from the growth in our revenue generating activities and integrating our acquisition targets.

Fee and commission expense. Fee and commission expense increased by $2,947, or 15%, during the three months ended September 30, 2021. This included increases in brokerage commissions to our prime brokers of $1,571, commissions paid for bank services of $946, and exchange and clearing services of $521.

The increases in fee and commission expense were the result of both growth in our customer base and increased transaction volume from our customers. Generally, we expect fee and commission expense to increase and decrease in correspondence with increases and decreases in fee and commission income.

Interest expense. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, we incurred a 244% increase in interest expense. The increased expense is primarily attributable to an $8,691 increase in volume of short-term financing through securities repurchase agreements, and a $2,704 increase in interest on customer deposits.

We increased our volume of short-term financing through securities repurchase agreements primarily in order to fund our investment portfolio. The increase in interest on customer deposits and loans received was a result of a growth of customer deposits. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in interest expense on debt securities issued totaling $135.

Operating expenses. Operating expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2021, totaled $36,569, a $20,702 increase compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020. This increase was primarily attributable to a $7,953 increase in payroll and bonus expense as a result expansion of our workforce through acquisition and hiring, a $4,031 increase in stock compensation expense resulting from issuing restricted stock grants to key employees in May 2021, a $2,497 increase in advertising expenses, and a $1,352 increase in professional services as a result of expansion of our business.

Income tax expense

We recognized net income before income tax of $236,074 and $28,147 during the three months ended September 30, 2021, and September 30, 2020, respectively. Our effective tax rate during the three months ended September 30, 2021, decreased to 13.4%, from 16.3% during the three months ended September 30, 2020, as a result of changes in the composition of the revenues we realized from our operating activities, the tax treatment of those revenues in the various foreign jurisdictions where our subsidiaries operate, and the incremental U.S. GILTI tax.

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Noncontrolling interest

As of September 30, 2021, we owned a 9% interest in Freedom UA, the remaining 91% interest is owned by Askar Tashtitov, our president. In July 2021, as a result of further restrictions in Ukraine on foreign ownership of Ukrainian broker-dealers, we transferred an additional 23.88% of our interest in Freedom UA to Mr. Tashtitov. Through a series of agreements entered into with Freedom UA and Mr. Tashtitov in February 2019, we are obligated to guarantee the performance of all Freedom UA obligations, provide Freedom UA adequate funding to cover its operating losses and net capital requirements, provide management competence and operational support and ongoing access to our significant assets, technology resources and expertise in exchange for 90% of all net profits of Freedom UA after tax, we account for Freedom UA as a variable interest entity. We reflect our ownership of Freedom UA as a noncontrolling interest in our consolidated statements of financial condition, consolidated statements of comprehensive income, consolidated statements of changes in equity and consolidated statements of cash flows. As a result, we recognized net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest of $20 during three months ended September 30, 2021, compared to a net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest of $127 during September 30, 2020.

Comprehensive income

The functional currencies of our operating subsidiaries are the Russian ruble, Kazakhstani tenge, European euro, U.S. dollar, Ukrainian hryvnia, Uzbekistani som, Kyrgyzstani som, UK pound sterling and Azerbaijani manat. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Pursuant to U.S. GAAP we are required to revalue our assets from our functional currencies to our reporting currency for financial reporting purposes. Due to the depreciation of the value of Russian ruble by nearly 1% and appreciation on Kazakhstani tenge by nearly 1%, respectively against the U.S. dollar during the periods covered in this report, we realized a foreign currency translation gain of $930 during the three months ended September 30, 2021, compared to a foreign currency translation loss of $10,919 during the three months ended September 30, 2020.

Six months ended September 30, 2021, compared to the six months ended September 30, 2020

The following second fiscal quarter to second fiscal quarter comparison of our financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

|  | Six months ended |  |  | Six months ended |
|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |
|  | Amount |  |  | %* |  |  | Amount |  |  | %* |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee and commission income |  | $ | 213,940 |  |  |  | 49 | % |  | $ | 97,616 |  |  |  | 77 | %
Net gain on trading securities |  |  | 185,152 |  |  |  | 42 | % |  |  | 17,386 |  |  |  | 14 | %
Interest income |  |  | 38,140 |  |  |  | 9 | % |  |  | 9,197 |  |  |  | 7 | %
Net gain on foreign exchange operations |  |  | 434 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 2,772 |  |  |  | 2 | %
Net loss on derivative |  |  | (715 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (846 | ) |  |  | 0 | %
Total revenue, net |  | $ | 436,951 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 126,125 |  |  |  | 100 | %
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee and commission expense |  |  | 44,832 |  |  |  | 10 | % |  |  | 29,790 |  |  |  | 24 | %
Interest expense |  |  | 30,457 |  |  |  | 7 | % |  |  | 8,443 |  |  |  | 7 | %
Operating expense |  |  | 66,888 |  |  |  | 15 | % |  |  | 30,293 |  |  |  | 24 | %
Provision for impairment losses |  |  | 659 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 666 |  |  |  | 1 | %
Other expense/(income), net |  |  | 664 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | 0 | %
Total expense |  |  | 143,500 |  |  |  | 33 | % |  |  | 69,097 |  |  |  | 55 | %
Net income before income taxes |  |  | 293,451 |  |  |  | 67 | % |  |  | 57,028 |  |  |  | 45 | %
Income tax expense |  |  | (37,231 | ) |  | (8 | %) |  |  | (9,189 | ) |  | (7 | %)
Net income |  |  | 256,220 |  |  | (59 | %) |  |  | 47,839 |  |  |  | 38 | %
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiary |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 0 | %
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  |  | 256,292 |  |  |  | 59 | % |  |  | 47,543 |  |  |  | 38 | %
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment relating to available-for-sale securities disposed of in the period, net of tax effect |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 0 | %
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax effect |  |  | 4,230 |  |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | (2,286 | ) |  | (2 | %)
Comprehensive income before non-controlling interests |  |  | 260,450 |  |  |  | 60 | % |  |  | 45,624 |  |  |  | 36 | %
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiary |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 0 | %
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders |  |  | 260,522 |  |  |  | 60 | % |  |  | 45,328 |  |  |  | 36 | %

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Revenue

We derive revenue primarily from fee and commission income earned from our retail brokerage and banking clients and from investment banking services, interest income and proprietary trading activities.

|  | Six months ended |  |  | Six months ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |  |  | Change |
|  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
Fee and commission income |  | $ | 213,940 |  |  |  | 49 | % |  | $ | 97,616 |  |  |  | 77 | % |  | $ | 116,324 |  |  |  | 119 | %
Net gain on trading securities |  |  | 185,152 |  |  |  | 42 | % |  |  | 17,386 |  |  |  | 14 | % |  |  | 167,766 |  |  |  | 965 | %
Interest income |  |  | 38,140 |  |  |  | 9 | % |  |  | 9,197 |  |  |  | 7 | % |  |  | 28,943 |  |  |  | 315 | %
Net gain on foreign exchange operations |  |  | 434 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 2,772 |  |  |  | 2 | % |  |  | (2,338 | ) |  | (84 | %)
Net loss on derivatives |  |  | (715 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (846 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 15 | %
Total revenue, net |  | $ | 436,951 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 126,125 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 310,826 |  |  |  | 246 | %

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, we realized total net revenue of $436,951, a 246% increase compared to six months ended September 30, 2020. As discussed in more detail below under “Net Gain on Trading Securities” $185,152 of total revenue, net during the six months ended September 30, 2021, was realized from the sale of certain securities held in our proprietary trading portfolio and from revaluation of securities we continued to hold in our portfolio at September 30, 2021. We consider the sale of securities from our own portfolio as an extraordinary event that we do not believe to be indicative of a trend in future periods.

Fee and commission income. Fee and commission income consisted principally of broker fees from customer trading, related banking services, underwriting and market making and consulting services. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, fee and commission income increased by $116,324, a 119% increase over the six months ended September 30, 2020. This increase was primarily attributable to a $107,986 increase in fees and commission from brokerage services and related banking services.

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Growth in fees and commissions from brokerage services and related banking services was primarily attributable to a growth in client accounts through acquisitions and expansion of our retail financial advisers and increases in the volume of analysis' reports made available to our customer base.

Net gain on trading securities. Net gain on trading securities reflects the gains and losses from trading activities in our proprietary trading account. Net gains or losses are comprised of realized and unrealized gains and losses. Gains or losses are realized when we close a position in a security and realize a gain or a loss on that position. U.S. GAAP require that we reflect in our financial statements unrealized gains and losses on all our securities trading positions that remain open as of the end of each period. Fluctuations in unrealized gains or losses from one period to another may result from factors within our control, such as when we elect to close an open securities position, which would have the effect of reducing our open positions and, thereby potentially reducing or increasing the amount of unrealized gains or losses in a period. Changes in unrealized gains and losses from period to period may also occur as a result of factors beyond our control, such as fluctuations in the market prices of the open securities positions we hold. This may adversely affect the ultimate value we realize from these investments. Unrealized gains or losses in a particular period may or may not be indicative of the gain or loss we will realize on a securities position when the position is closed. As a result, we may realize significant swings in gains and losses realized on our trading securities year-over-year and quarter-to-quarter. You should not assume that a gain or loss in any particular period is indicative of a trend or of the gain or loss we may ultimately realize when we close a position.

See the following table for information regarding our net gains and losses during the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Realized Net Gain |  |  | Unrealized Net Gain |  |  | Net Gain |
Quarter ended September 30, 2021 |  | $ | 149,536 |  |  | $ | 35,616 |  |  | $ | 185,152 |
Quarter ended September 30, 2020 |  | $ | 17,123 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 17,386 |

The primary contributing factors to the increase in net gain on trading securities during the six months ended September 30, 2021, was the sale of SPBX ETF units we held in our proprietary trading account and higher unrealized net gain as a result of revaluation of securities we continued to hold in our proprietary accounts at September 30, 2021. As noted above, we do not consider the significant increase in realized net gain on trading securities resulting from the sale of SPBX ETF units and the increase in unrealized net gain from revaluation of securities held in our portfolio at September 30, 2021, to be indicative of a trend toward higher net gains on trading securities in the future.

Interest income. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, and September 30, 2020, we recognized a $28,943, or 315% increase in interest income. We earned interest income from trading securities, reverse repurchase transactions and loans to customers.

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Interest income on trading securities consists of interest earned from investments in debt securities and dividends earned on equity securities held in our proprietary trading account. We recognized a $27,079, or 328% increase in interest income from trading securities during the six months ended September 30, 2021 because we increased (i) the total size of our trading portfolio and (ii) the percentage of our investments in bonds.

We recognized a $1,065, or 214% increase in interest income from reverse repurchase transactions because we engaged in a larger volume of such transactions during the six months ended September 30, 2021.

We also recognized a $778, or 270% increase in interest income from loans to customers as a result of new loans issued by Freedom Bank KZ.

Net loss on foreign exchange operations. Under U.S. GAAP, we are required to revalue assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into our reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, which can result in gains or losses on foreign exchange operations. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, we realized a net gain on foreign exchange operations of $434 compared to a net gain of $2,772 during the six months ended September 30, 2020.

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, the value of the Russian ruble appreciated nearly by 4% against the U.S. dollar. The value of Kazakhstani tenge depreciated by approximately 0.2% against the U.S. dollar. Due to a large balance of USD denominated net assets held in our subsidiary Freedom RU, we recognized a net loss on foreign exchange operations of $1,726. Our subsidiary Freedom KZ also recognized a foreign currency exchange loss on USD denominated trading securities in the amount of $547. Further, due to higher volume of cash operations, we recognized a $2,641 gain on purchases and sales of foreign currency.

Expense

|  | Six months ended |  |  | Six months ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | September 30, 2020 |  |  | Change |
|  | Amount |  |  | % * |  |  | Amount |  |  | % * |  |  | Amount |  |  | % * |
Fee and commission expense |  | $ | 44,832 |  |  |  | 31 | % |  | $ | 29,790 |  |  |  | 43 | % |  | $ | 15,042 |  |  |  | 50 | %
Interest expense |  |  | 30,457 |  |  |  | 21 | % |  |  | 8,443 |  |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 22,014 |  |  |  | 261 | %
Operating expense |  |  | 66,888 |  |  |  | 47 | % |  |  | 30,293 |  |  |  | 44 | % |  |  | 36,595 |  |  |  | 121 | %
Provision for impairment losses |  |  | 659 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 666 |  |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (1 | %)
Other expense/(income),net |  |  | 664 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 759 |  |  | (798 | %)
Total expense |  | $ | 143,500 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 69,097 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 74,403 |  |  |  | 108 | %

* Reflects percentage of total expense, net.

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, we incurred total expenses of $143,500, a 108% increase compared to the six months ended September 30, 2020. Expenses increased with the growth of our business primarily in connection with increases in administrative costs and fees from the growth in our revenue generating activities and integrating our acquisition targets.

Fee and commission expense. Fee and commission expense increased by $15,042, a 50% increase, during the six months ended September 30, 2021. This included increases in brokerage commissions to our prime brokers of $11,190, commissions paid to bank services of $2,321 and exchange and clearing services of $1,395.

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The increases in fee and commission expense were the result of both growth in our customer base and increased transaction volume from our customers. Generally, we expect fee and commission expense to increase and decrease in correspondence with increases and decreases in fee and commission income.

Interest expense. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, we incurred a 261% increase in interest expense. The increased expense was primarily attributable to a $16,389 increase in volume of short-term financing through securities repurchase agreements and a $5,415 increase in interest on customer deposits.

We increased our volume of short-term financing through securities repurchase agreements primarily in order to fund our investment portfolio. The increase in interest on customer deposits and loans received was a result of a growth of customer deposits.

Operating expenses. Operating expenses during the six months ended September 30, 2021, totaled $66,888, a $36,595 increase compared to the six months ended September 30, 2020. This increase was primarily attributable to a $15,117 increase in payroll and bonus expense as a result expansion of our workforce through acquisition and hiring, a $5,668 increase in stock compensation expense resulting from issuing restricted stock grants to key employees in May 2021, an increase of $4,511 in advertising expenses and a $3,017 increase in professional services expense due to the growth of our business.

Income tax expense. We recognized net income before income tax of $293,451 and $57,028 during the six months ended September 30, 2021, and September 30, 2020, respectively. Our effective tax rate during the six months ended September 30, 2021, decreased to 12.7%, from 16.1% during the six months ended September 30, 2020, as a result of changes in the composition of the revenues we realized from our operating activities, the tax treatment of those revenues in the various foreign jurisdictions where our subsidiaries operate, and the incremental U.S. GILTI tax.

Comprehensive income. The functional currencies of our operating subsidiaries are the Russian ruble, Kazakhstani tenge, European euro, U.S. dollar, Ukrainian hryvnia, Uzbekistani som, Kyrgyzstani som, UK pound sterling and Azerbaijani manat. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Pursuant to U.S. GAAP we are required to revalue our assets from our functional currencies to our reporting currency for financial reporting purposes. Due to the depreciation of the value of Russian ruble by nearly 4% and depreciation on Kazakhstani tenge by nearly 0.2%, respectively against the U.S. dollar during the periods covered in this report, we realized a foreign currency translation gain of $4,230 during the six months ended September 30, 2021, compared to a foreign currency translation loss of $2,286 during the six months ended September 30, 2020.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet our potential cash requirements for general business purposes. During the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, our operations were primarily funded through a combination of existing cash on hand, cash generated from operations, returns generated from our proprietary trading and proceeds from the sale of bonds and other borrowings.

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We regularly monitor and manage our leverage and liquidity risk through various committees and processes we have established. We assess our leverage and liquidity risk based on considerations and assumptions of market factors, as well as other factors, including the amount of available liquid capital (i.e., the amount of cash and cash equivalents not invested in our operating business). While we are confident in the risk management monitoring and processes we have in place, a significant portion of our trading securities and cash and cash equivalents are subject to collateralization agreements. This significantly enhances our risk of loss in the event financial markets move against our positions. When this occurs our liquidity, capitalization and business can be negatively impacted. Certain market conditions can impact the liquidity of our assets, potentially requiring us to hold positions longer than anticipated. Our liquidity, capitalization, projected return on investment and results of operations can be significantly impacted by market events over which we have no control, and which can result in disruptions to our investment strategy for our assets.

We maintain a majority of our tangible assets in cash and securities that are readily convertible to cash, including governmental and quasi-governmental debt and highly liquid corporate equities and debt. Our financial instruments and other inventory positions are stated at fair value and should generally be readily marketable in most market conditions. As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, we had:

|  | As of |
|  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
Cash and cash equivalents(1) |  | $ | 740,425 |  |  | $ | 698,828 |
Trading securities |  | $ | 974,481 |  |  | $ | 736,188 |
Total assets |  | $ | 2,500,459 |  |  | $ | 2,018,645 |
Net liquid assets(2) |  | $ | 2,054,096 |  |  | $ | 1,519,719 |

_________

(1) | Of the $740,425 in cash and cash equivalents we held at September 30, 2021, $164,240, or approximately 22%, were subject to reverse repurchase agreements. By comparison, at March 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $698,828, of which $248,946, or approximately 36%, were subject to reverse repurchase agreements. The amount of cash and cash equivalents is subject to minimum levels set by regulatory bodies to comply with required rules and regulations, including adequate capital and liquidity level for each entity.
(2) | Consists of cash and cash equivalents, trading securities, brokerage and other receivable and other assets.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, we had total liabilities of $1,957,080 and $1,742,974, respectively, including customer liabilities of $1,219,364 and $1,163,697, respectively.

We financed our operating activity primarily from cash flows from operations and short-term and long-term financing arrangements.

Cash Flows

The following table presents our cash flows for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:

|  | For the six months ended September 30, 2021 |  |  | For the six months ended September 30, 2020 |
Net cash flows (used in)/from operating activities |  | $ | (146,141 | ) |  | $ | 297,036 |
Net cash flows (used in)/from investing activities |  |  | (7,084 | ) |  |  | 21,290 |
Net cash flows from financing activities |  |  | 99,070 |  |  |  | 131,944 |
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 17,622 |  |  |  | (28,451 | )
NET CHANGE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH |  | $ | (36,533 | ) |  | $ | 421,819 |

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Net cash used in operating activities during the six months ended September 30, 2021, was comprised of net income adjusted for non-cash movements (changes in deferred taxes, unrealized gain on trading securities, net change in accrued interest) and net cash used in operating activities. Net cash used in operating activities resulted primarily from changes in operating assets and liabilities. Such changes included:

|  | Six months ended September 30, 2021 |  |  | Six months ended September 30, 2020 |
Increases in trading securities |  | $ | 174,133 | (1) |  | $ | 156,896 |
Increases in customer deposits |  | $ | 30,493 | (2) |  | $ | 361,634 |
Increases in brokerage and other receivables |  | $ | 249,416 | (3) |  | $ | 48,257 |
Increases in trade payables |  | $ | 29,316 | (4) |  | $ | 84,777 |

_________

(1) | Resulted from increased purchases of securities held in our proprietary account.
(2) | Resulted from increased deposits from new and existing customers.
(3) | Resulted from larger amounts of margin receivables.
(4) | Resulted from larger amounts of margin payables.

During the six months ended September 30, 2021, net cash used in investing activities was $7,084 compared to net cash from investing activities of $21,290 during the six months ended September 30, 2020. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, cash used in investing activities was used for the purchase of fixed assets, net of sales, in the amount of $7,084. Cash from investing activities during the six months ended September 30, 2020, included $27,991 received in the Zerich acquisition and $6,437 from proceeds on the sale of investments available for sale, which was partially offset with consideration paid for the Zerich acquisition of $7,110, prepayment toward the Freedom Bank KZ acquisition of $4,170 and the purchase of fixed assets, net of sales of $1,858.

Net cash from financing activities for the six months ended September 30, 2021, consisted principally of proceeds from securities repurchase agreement obligations in the amount of $109,016, partially offset by net cash used in the repurchase of outstanding Freedom KZ debt securities in the amount of $10,134. Net cash from financing activities during the six months ended September 30, 2020, consisted principally of the proceeds from securities repurchase agreement obligations in the amount of $138,149, which was partially offset with the repurchase of $8,196 of outstanding Freedom KZ bonds.

Financing Arrangements

Short-term

Securities Repurchase Arrangements - Our short-term financing is primarily obtained through securities repurchase arrangements. We use repurchase arrangements, among other things, to finance our inventory positions. As of September 30, 2021, $537,277, or 55%, of the trading securities held in our proprietary trading account were subject to securities repurchase obligations compared to $426,715 or 58%, as of March 31, 2021. The securities we pledge as collateral under repurchase agreements are liquid trading securities with market quotes and significant trading volume. For additional information regarding our securities repurchase agreement obligations see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements.

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Long-term

FRHC Notes - As of September 30, 2021, we had outstanding $20,498 in principal amount of FRHC 7.000% notes (the “FHRC Notes”). The FRHC Notes provide for semi-annual interest payments in June and December and include customary events of default relating to the disposition of Company assets outside the ordinary course of business, defaults on other Company liabilities and obligations, corporate reorganizations, initiation of bankruptcy proceeding, termination of the AIX listing by us, and substitution of the principal debtor without requisite approval. The FRHC Notes mature in December 2022.

Freedom RU USD Bonds - As of September 30, 2021, we had outstanding $30,043 in principal amount of Freedom RU U.S. dollar denominated 6.5% bonds (the “Freedom RU USD Bonds”). The Freedom RU USD Bonds have a term of three years, with a quarterly coupon payment. The Freedom RU USD Bonds were issued in denominations of U.S. $1,000, with a minimum purchase requirement of 1.4 million Russian rubles. Freedom RU is authorized to place up to a maximum of 40,000 of these Freedom RU USD Bonds. The Freedom RU USD Bonds are listed on the MOEX and are governed by the “Exchange Bond Terms and Conditions in the Framework of the Exchange Bonds Program”. The Freedom RU USD Bonds mature in January 2023.

Freedom RU RUB Bonds - As of September 30, 2021, we had outstanding $6,872 in principal amount of Freedom RU RUB denominated 12% bonds (the “Freedom RU RUB Bonds”). The Freedom RU RUB Bonds have a term of three years, with a semiannual coupon payment. The Freedom RU RUB Bonds were issued in denominations of RUB 1,000. The Freedom RU RUB Bonds are listed on the MOEX and mature in February 2022.

Freedom KZ USD Bonds – During the quarter ended June 30, 2021, we retired U.S. dollar denominated 8% Freedom KZ USD bonds that had a carrying value of $10,477 including interest accrued of $274 as of March 31, 2021.

Net Capital Requirements

We are required to maintain net capital in certain regulated subsidiaries within a number of jurisdictions, which is partially maintained by retaining cash and cash equivalent investments in those subsidiaries or jurisdictions. As a result, such subsidiaries may be restricted in their ability to transfer cash between different jurisdictions and to FRHC. Additionally, transfers of cash between international jurisdictions may have adverse tax consequences that could discourage such transfers.

These minimum net capital requirements range from approximately $5 to $23,490 and fluctuate depending on various factors. At September 30, 2021, the aggregate net capital requirements of our subsidiaries was approximately $30,095. Each of our subsidiaries that are subject to net capital requirements exceeded the minimum required amount at September 30, 2021. Although our subsidiaries operate with a level of net capital substantially greater than the minimum established thresholds, in the event a subsidiary fails to maintain minimum net capital, it may be subject to fines and penalties, suspension of operations, revocation of licensure and disqualification of its management from working in the industry. Our subsidiaries are also subject to various other rules and regulations, including liquidity and capital adequacy ratios. Our operations that require the intensive use of capital would be limited to the extent necessary to meet all our regulatory requirements.

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Over the past several years, we have pursued an aggressive growth strategy both through acquisitions and organic growth efforts. During fiscal 2022 we anticipate continuing efforts to expand the footprint of our business on a scale similar to fiscal 2021. While this strategy has led to revenue growth it also results in increased expenses and greater need for capital resources. Additional growth and expansion may require greater capital resources than we currently possess, which could require us to pursue additional equity or debt financing from outside sources. We cannot assure that such financing will be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, at the time it is needed.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents, cash expected to be generated from operating activities, and forecasted returns from our proprietary trading, combined with our anticipated ability to raise additional capital will be sufficient to meet our present and anticipated financing needs.

Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth information related to our contractual obligations as of September 30, 2021:

|  | Payment Due by Period |
Contractual Obligations |  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | Years 2-3 |  |  | Years 4-5 |  |  | More than 5 years |
|  | (in thousands) |
Operating lease obligations |  | $ | 19,813 |  |  | $ | 4,917 |  |  | $ | 11,129 |  |  | $ | 3,437 |  |  | $ | 330 |
Outstanding bonds and notes |  |  | 62,909 |  |  |  | 10,672 |  |  |  | 52,237 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
TOTAL |  | $ | 87,722 |  |  | $ | 15,589 |  |  | $ | 63,366 |  |  | $ | 3,437 |  |  | $ | 330 |

Off-Balance Sheet Financing Arrangements

For a discussion of off-balance sheet financing arrangements of the Company as of September 30, 2021, please see Note 20 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Following are the accounting policies that reflect our more significant estimates, judgments and assumptions and which we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

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Allowance for accounts receivable

Allowance for accounts receivable is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an account receivable balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Management estimates the allowance balance required using past accounts receivable loss experience, the nature and volume of accounts receivable, information about specific counteragent situation and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific accounts receivable, but the entire allowance is available for any accounts receivable that in management’s judgment should be charged off.

The allowance consists of specific and general components, the specific component relates to accounts receivable that are individually classified as impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the agreement. The general component is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. The historical loss experience is based on the actual loss history we have experienced over the most recent period of time, typically three to five years, which management reviews periodically.

Business combinations

We have accounted for our acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date as we allocate the purchase price to the estimated fair values of acquired tangible and intangible assets and the liabilities assumed. We also use our best estimates to determine the useful lives of the tangible and definite-lived intangible assets, which impact the periods over which depreciation and amortization of those assets are recognized. These best estimates and assumptions are inherently uncertain as they pertain to forward looking views of our businesses, client behavior, and market conditions. In our acquisitions, we have also recognized goodwill at the amount by which the purchase price paid exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired.

Our ongoing accounting for goodwill and the tangible and intangible assets acquired requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions as we exercise judgment to evaluate these assets for impairment. Our processes and accounting policies for evaluating impairments are further described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements. As of September 30, 2021, the Company had goodwill of $7,894. The results of the 2021 annual goodwill impairment testing of all our reporting units indicated no goodwill impairment.

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Income taxes

We are subject to income taxes in both the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. These tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgement is required in determining the provision for income tax. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. As a result, actual future tax consequences relating to uncertain tax positions may be materially different than our determinations or estimates.

We recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets based on the difference between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized.

Income taxes are determined in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. As part of the process of preparing financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for tax consequences in future years based on differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements at each year-end and tax loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applicable to the differences that are expected to affect taxable income.

We periodically evaluate the likelihood of tax assessments based on current and prior years’ examinations, and unrecognized tax benefits related to potential losses that may arise from tax audits are established in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance. Once established, unrecognized tax benefits are adjusted when there is more information available or when an event occurs requiring a change.

Legal contingencies

We review outstanding legal matters at each reporting date, in order to assess the need for provisions and disclosures in our financial statements. Among the factors considered in making decisions on provisions are the nature of the matter, the legal process and potential legal exposure in the relevant jurisdiction, the progress of the matter (including the progress after the date of the financial statements but before those statements are issued), the opinions or views of our legal advisers, experiences on similar cases and any decision of our management as to how we will respond to the matter.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For details of applicable new accounting standards refer to Recent accounting pronouncements in Note 2 of our financial statements accompanying this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

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Item 3. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk

All dollar amounts reflected in this Part I, Item 3 are presented in thousands of U.S. dollars unless the context indicates otherwise.

Market risk

The following information, together with information included in Part I, Item 2 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, describe our primary market risk exposures. Market risk is the risk of economic loss arising from the adverse impact of market changes to the market value of our trading and investment positions. We are exposed to a variety of market risks, including interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk and equity price risk.

Interest rate risk

Our exposure to changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio and outstanding debt. While we are exposed to global interest rate fluctuations, we are most sensitive to fluctuations in Kazakhstani and Russian interest rates. Changes in Kazakhstani and Russian interest rates may have significant effect on the fair value of our securities.

Our investment policies and strategies are focused on preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity requirements. We typically invest in highly rated securities, with the primary objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss. Our investment policies generally require securities to be investment grade and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. To provide a meaningful assessment of the interest rate risk associated with our investment portfolio, we performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the impact a change in interest rates would have on the value of the investment portfolio assuming a 100 basis point parallel shift in the yield curve. Based on investment positions as of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates across all maturities would have resulted in $36,584 and $31,055 incremental decline in the fair market value of the portfolio, respectively. Such losses would only be realized if we sold the investments prior to maturity. A hypothetical 100 basis point decrease in interest rates across all maturities would have resulted in a $39,562 and $32,906 incremental rise in the fair market value of the portfolio, respectively.

Foreign currency exchange risk

We have business operations in the Kazakhstan, Russia, Cyprus, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, United States and Azerbaijan. The activities and accumulated earnings in our foreign subsidiaries are exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates between our functional currencies and our reporting currency, which is the U.S. dollar.

In accordance with our risk management policies, we manage foreign currency exchange risk on financial assets by holding or creating financial liabilities in the same currency, maturity and interest rate profile. This foreign exchange risk is calculated on a net foreign exchange basis for individual currencies. We may also enter into foreign currency forward, swap and option contracts with financial institutions to mitigate foreign currency exposures associated with certain existing assets and liabilities, firmly committed transactions and forecasted future cash flows.

An analysis of our September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, balance sheets estimates the net impact of a one percent adverse change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to all other currencies, would have resulted in a reduction of net income before income tax in the amount of $1,242 and $5,907, respectively.

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Equity price risk

Our equity investments are susceptible to market price risk arising from uncertainties about future values of such investment securities. Equity price risk results from fluctuations in price and level of the equity securities or instruments we hold. We also have equity investments in entities where the investment is denominated in a foreign currency, or where the investment is denominated in U.S. dollars but the investee primarily makes investments in foreign currencies. The fair values of these investments are subject to change as the spot foreign exchange rate between these currencies and our functional currency fluctuates. We attempt to manage the risk of loss inherent in our equity securities portfolio through diversification and by placing limits on individual and total equity instruments we hold. Reports on our equity portfolio are submitted to management on a regular basis.

As of September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, our exposure to equity investments at fair value was $70,377 and $47,340, respectively. An analysis of the September 30, 2021, and March 31, 2021, balance sheets estimates a decrease of 10% in the equity price would have reduced the value of the equity securities or instrument we held by approximately $7,038 and $4,734, respectively.

Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk of loss arising when a borrower or counterparty does not meet its financial obligations to us. We are primarily exposed to credit risk from institutions and individuals through the brokerage services we offer. We incur credit risk in a number of areas, including margin lending.

Margin lending receivables risk

We extend margin loans to our customers. Depending on the jurisdiction of our subsidiary issuing margin loans, our margin lending is subject to various regulatory requirements, including those of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (“MiFID”) (Cyprus), the Central Bank of Russian Federation (Russia) and Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA) (Kazakhstan). Margin loans are collateralized by cash and securities in the customers’ accounts. The risks associated with margin credit increase during periods of fast market movements, or in cases where collateral is concentrated and market movements occur. During such times, customers who utilize margin loans and who have collateralized their obligations with securities may find that the securities have a rapidly depreciating value and may not be sufficient to cover their obligations in the event of a liquidation. We are also exposed to credit risk when our customers execute transactions, such as short sales of options and equities that can expose them to risk beyond their invested capital.

We expect this kind of exposure to increase with the growth of our overall business. Because we indemnify and hold harmless our clearing houses and counterparties from certain liabilities or claims, the use of margin loans and short sales may expose us to significant off-balance-sheet risk in the event that collateral requirements are not sufficient to fully cover losses that customers may incur and those customers fail to satisfy their obligations. As of September 30, 2021, we had $308,256 margin lending receivables from our customers. The amount of risk to which we are exposed from the margin lending we extend to our customers and from short sale transactions by our customers is unlimited and not quantifiable as the risk is dependent upon analysis of a potential significant and undeterminable rise or fall in stock prices. As a matter of practice, we enforce real-time margin compliance monitoring and liquidate customers’ positions if their equity falls below required margin requirements.

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We have a comprehensive policy implemented in accordance with regulatory standards to assess and monitor the suitability of investors to engage in various trading activities. To mitigate our risk, we also continuously monitor customer accounts to detect excessive concentration, large orders or positions, patterns of day trading and other activities that indicate increased risk to us.

Our credit exposure is to a great extent mitigated by our policy of automatically evaluating each account throughout the trading day and closing out positions automatically for accounts that are found to be under-margined. While this methodology is effective in most situations, it may not be effective in situations where no liquid market exists for the relevant securities or commodities or where, for any reason, automatic liquidation for certain accounts has been disabled. We continually monitor and evaluate our risk management policies, including the implementation of policies and procedures to enhance the detection and prevention of potential events to mitigate margin loan losses.

Operational risk

Operational risk generally refers to the risk of loss, or damage to our reputation, resulting from inadequate or failed operations or external events, including, but not limited to, business disruptions, improper or unauthorized execution and processing of transactions, deficiencies in our technology or financial operating systems and inadequacies or breaches in our control processes including cyber security incidents. For descriptions of related risks, see the information under the heading “Risks Related to Information Technology and Cyber Security” in Item 1A of our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2021.

To mitigate and control operational risk, we have developed and continue to enhance policies and procedures that are designed to identify and manage operational risk at appropriate levels throughout the organization and within specific departments. We also have business continuity plans in place that we believe will cover critical processes on a company-wide basis, and redundancies are built into our systems as we have deemed appropriate. These control mechanisms attempt to ensure that operational policies and procedures are being followed and that our various businesses are operating within established corporate policies and limits.

Legal and compliance risk

We operate in a number of jurisdictions, each with its own legal and regulatory structure that is unique and different from the other. Legal and regulatory risk includes the risk of non-compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements and damage to our reputation as a result of failure to comply with laws, regulations, rules, related self-regulatory organization standards and codes of conduct applicable to our business activities. Such non-compliance could result in the imposition of legal or regulatory sanctions, material financial loss, including fines, penalties, judgments, damages and/or settlements, or loss to reputation that we may suffer as a result of compliance failures. These risks include contractual and commercial risk, such as the risk that a counterparty’s performance obligations will be unenforceable. It also includes compliance with anti-money laundering and counter terrorism financing rules and regulations, terrorist financing, anti-corruption and sanctions rules and regulations.

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We have established and continue to enhance procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, such as public company reporting obligations, regulatory net capital requirements, sales and trading practices, potential conflicts of interest, anti-money laundering, privacy, sanctions and recordkeeping. The legal and regulatory focus on the financial services industry presents a continuing business challenge for us.

Our business also subjects us to the complex income tax laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate, and these tax laws may be subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. We must make judgments and interpretations about the application of these inherently complex tax laws when determining the provision for income taxes.

Effects of Inflation

Because our assets are primarily short-term and liquid in nature, they are generally not significantly impacted by inflation. The rate of inflation does, however, affect our expenses, including employee compensation, communications and information processing and office leasing costs, which may not be readily recoverable from our customers. To the extent inflation results in rising interest rates and has adverse impacts upon securities markets, it may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures under the 2013 framework of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that as of September 30, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Disclosure controls and procedures enable us to record, process, summarize and report information required to be included in our Exchange Act filings within the required time period. Our disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the periodic reports filed with the SEC is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive, financial and accounting officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, no changes occurred that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The financial services industry is highly regulated. In recent years, there has been an increasing incidence of litigation involving the financial services industry, including class action suits that generally seek substantial damages, including in some cases punitive damages. Compliance and trading problems that are reported to federal, state and provincial regulators, exchanges or other self-regulatory organizations by dissatisfied customers are investigated by such regulatory bodies, and, if pursued by such regulatory body or such customers, may rise to the level of arbitration or disciplinary action. We are also subject to periodic regulatory audits and inspections.

From time to time, we or our subsidiaries may be party to various routine legal proceedings, claims, and regulatory inquiries arising out of the ordinary course of their business. Management believes that the results of these routine legal proceedings, claims, and regulatory matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, or on our operations and cash flows. However, we cannot estimate the legal fees and expenses to be incurred in connection with these routine matters and, therefore, are unable to determine whether future legal fees and expenses will have a material impact on our operations and cash flows. It is our policy to expense legal and other fees as incurred.

Estate of Toleush Tolmakov Litigation

As previously disclosed in our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on June 15, 2021, Freedom Holding Corp., and its subsidiary FFIN were sued and filed a counterclaim in the Third Judicial District Court of Salt Lake County, State of Utah. The Company was served with a summons and complaint on May 6, 2021. On May 20, 2021, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the complaint and filed a motion for interpleader and other motions. On October 5, 2021, the Third Judicial District Court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss, dismissing all claims by both parties without prejudice because the plaintiffs failed to follow proper procedures and therefore the Court lacked jurisdiction. The plaintiffs have indicated that they intend to file a new complaint. However, the parties have agreed to mediate and attempt to resolve the dispute amicably. The mediation is currently scheduled to occur in November 2021.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in the “Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on June 15, 2021, and our other public filings, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. Other than the risk factor below, we believe there has been no material changes from risk factors previously disclosed in “Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on June 15, 2021.

We may experience increased loan payment delinquencies in our lending portfolios which may lead to decreases in profitability.

We face the risk that our customers will not repay their loans. A customer’s ability and willingness to repay us can be adversely affected by a number of unpredictable factors. We may fail to identify such risks when qualifying customers for loans or to reduce our exposure to customers that we have identified as likely to default on their payment obligations. Our ability to manage credit risk may also be affected by applicable laws and regulations, competitors’ actions and consumer behavior, payment and other terms we can obtain in our loan agreements, and the effectiveness of our collections staff, techniques, and models.

Rising loan repayment losses or leading indicators of such losses (such as increased loan repayment delinquencies, increases in nonperforming loans, increased bankruptcy rates, lower collateral values, elevated unemployment rates or changing interest rate market terms) may require us to increase our reserve against credit losses, which may degrade our profitability if we are unable to raise revenue or reduce costs to compensate for higher losses. In particular, the following factors are particularly influential on credit losses and the ability to adequately provide reserves for such losses:

| · | Missed Payments: Our customers may miss payments. Loan charge-offs (including from bankruptcies) are generally preceded by missed payments or other indications of worsening financial condition for our customers. Historically, customers are more likely to miss payments during an economic downturn or prolonged periods of slow economic growth. In addition, we face the risk that consumer and commercial customer behavior may change (for example, an increase in the unwillingness or inability of customers to repay debt, which may be heightened by increasing interest rates or levels of consumer debt), causing a long-term rise in delinquencies and charge-offs.
| · | Incorrect Estimates of Expected Losses: The credit quality of our portfolio can have an impact on our earnings. We allow for and reserve against credit risks based on our assessment of expected credit losses in our loan portfolios. This process, which is critical to our financial condition and results of operations, requires complex judgments, including forecasts of economic conditions. We may underestimate our expected losses and fail to hold an allowance for credit losses sufficient to account for these losses. Incorrect assumptions could lead to material underestimations of expected credit losses and an inadequate allowance for credit losses.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibits. The following exhibits are filed or furnished, as applicable, as part of this report:

Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit Description
31.01 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
31.02 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
32.01 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
101 |  | The following Freedom Holding Corp. financial information for the periods ended September 30, 2021, formatted in inline XBRL (eXtensive Business Reporting Language): (i) the Cover Page; (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.*
104 |  | Cover page formatted in inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101). *

* Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. |
Date: | November 5, 2021 | /s/ Timur Turlov |
|  | Timur Turlov Chief Executive Officer |
Date: | November 5, 2021 | /s/ Evgeniy Ler |
|  | Evgeniy Ler Chief Financial Officer |

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