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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023
| OR
o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from ________ to _________

Commission File Number 001-33034

| FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. |
| (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) |

| Nevada |  | 30-0233726 |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
| “Esentai Tower” BC, Floor 7 77/7 Al Farabi Ave Almaty, Kazakhstan |  | 50040 |
| (Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code) |

+7 727 311 10 64
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share | FRHC | The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | x | Accelerated filer | o
| Non-accelerated filer | o | Smaller reporting company | o
|  |  | Emerging growth company | o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.)
Yes ☐ No x
As of November 6, 2023, the registrant had 59,659,191 shares of common stock, par value $0.001, issued and outstanding.

FREEDOM HOLDING CORP.
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income for the Three and Six Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 | 9
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 11
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 72
Item 3. | Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 104
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 107
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION | 109
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 109
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 109
Item 5. | Other Information | 109
Item 6. | Exhibits | 110
Signatures | 111

2

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents (including $0 and $35,549 from related parties) | $ | 463,875 |  |  | $ | 581,417 |
Restricted cash (including $62,965 and $114,885 from related parties) | 386,874 |  |  | 445,528 |
Trading securities | 3,603,884 |  |  | 2,412,556 |
Available-for-sale securities, at fair value | 192,546 |  |  | 239,053 |
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net (including $413,560 and $294,985 from related parties) | 1,024,805 |  |  | 376,329 |
Loans issued (including $135,132 and $121,177 from related parties) | 1,176,732 |  |  | 826,258 |
Fixed assets, net | 66,448 |  |  | 54,017 |
Intangible assets, net | 44,164 |  |  | 17,615 |
Goodwill | 51,555 |  |  | 14,192 |
Right-of-use asset | 34,212 |  |  | 30,345 |
Insurance contract assets | 9,361 |  |  | 13,785 |
Other assets, net (including $— and $16,089 from related parties) | 83,849 |  |  | 73,463 |
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 7,138,305 |  |  | $ | 5,084,558 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Securities repurchase agreement obligations | $ | 2,753,873 |  |  | $ | 1,517,416 |
Customer liabilities (including $121,974 and $130,210 from related parties) | 2,439,187 |  |  | 1,925,247 |
Margin lending and trade payables (including $0 and $3,239 from related parties) | 166,501 |  |  | 122,900 |
Liabilities from insurance activity | 209,222 |  |  | 182,502 |
Current income tax liability | 22,512 |  |  | 4,547 |
Debt securities issued | 66,003 |  |  | 60,025 |
Lease liability | 34,186 |  |  | 30,320 |
Payable for acquisition (including $15,769 and $0 to related parties) | 15,769 |  |  | 7,188 |
Liability arising from continuing involvement | 458,608 |  |  | 440,805 |
Other liabilities (including $11,729 and $46 to related parties) | 58,013 |  |  | 22,872 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | $ | 6,223,874 |  |  | $ | 4,313,822 |
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 23) | — |  |  | — |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Preferred stock - $0.001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock - $0.001 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 59,659,191 and 59,659,191 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, respectively | 59 |  |  | 59 |
Additional paid in capital | 166,426 |  |  | 164,162 |
Retained earnings | 807,149 |  |  | 647,064 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (62,550) |  |  | (34,000) |
TOTAL FRHC SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | $ | 911,084 |  |  | $ | 777,285 |
Non-controlling interest | 3,347 |  |  | (6,549) |
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | $ | 914,431 |  |  | $ | 770,736 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | $ | 7,138,305 |  |  | $ | 5,084,558 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
3

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND STATEMENTS OF OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Six Months Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee and commission income (including $20,022 and $61,149 from related parties) | $ | 111,703 |  |  | $ | 83,157 |  |  | $ | 210,406 |  |  | $ | 172,603 |
Net gain on trading securities | 50,771 |  |  | 9,005 |  |  | 82,587 |  |  | 13,439 |
Interest income (including $9,731 and $7,392 from related parties) | 213,063 |  |  | 58,999 |  |  | 362,412 |  |  | 107,562 |
Insurance underwriting income | 57,976 |  |  | 26,200 |  |  | 102,865 |  |  | 50,440 |
Net (loss)/gain on foreign exchange operations | (3,696) |  |  | 4,555 |  |  | 15,605 |  |  | 9,148 |
Net gain/(loss) on derivative | 1,378 |  |  | (2,320) |  |  | (29,227) |  |  | (1,054) |
Other income | 4,386 |  |  | 524 |  |  | 7,143 |  |  | 491 |
TOTAL REVENUE, NET | 435,581 |  |  | 180,120 |  |  | 751,791 |  |  | 352,629 |
Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fee and commission expense (including $81 and $196 from related parties) | 31,614 |  |  | 18,439 |  |  | 60,298 |  |  | 41,754 |
Interest expense | 139,381 |  |  | 40,863 |  |  | 234,427 |  |  | 80,934 |
Insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance | 33,988 |  |  | 17,475 |  |  | 55,502 |  |  | 34,167 |
Payroll and bonuses | 39,998 |  |  | 17,229 |  |  | 71,628 |  |  | 33,642 |
Professional services | 11,951 |  |  | 4,018 |  |  | 18,576 |  |  | 8,273 |
Stock compensation expense | 1,031 |  |  | 1,703 |  |  | 2,264 |  |  | 3,579 |
Advertising expense | 8,639 |  |  | 1,912 |  |  | 16,739 |  |  | 5,749 |
General and administrative expense (including $5,229 and $0 from related parties) | 29,630 |  |  | 12,898 |  |  | 54,105 |  |  | 24,516 |
Allowance for expected credit losses | 4,662 |  |  | 3,726 |  |  | 18,988 |  |  | 6,154 |
TOTAL EXPENSE | 300,894 |  |  | 118,263 |  |  | 532,527 |  |  | 238,768 |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX | 134,687 |  |  | 61,857 |  |  | 219,264 |  |  | 113,861 |
Income tax expense | (19,208) |  |  | (12,619) |  |  | (35,864) |  |  | (21,498) |
INCOME FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 115,479 |  |  | 49,238 |  |  | 183,400 |  |  | 92,363 |
(Loss)/Income before income tax expense of discontinued operations | — |  |  | (18,302) |  |  | — |  |  | 800 |
Income tax expense of discontinued operations | — |  |  | (3,724) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,880) |
Income from discontinued operations | — |  |  | (22,026) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,080) |
NET INCOME | 115,479 |  |  | 27,212 |  |  | 183,400 |  |  | 86,283 |
Less: Net (loss)/gain attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiary | (368) |  |  | 950 |  |  | (549) |  |  | (1,044) |
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS | $ | 115,847 |  |  | $ | 26,262 |  |  | $ | 183,949 |  |  | $ | 87,327 |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain on investments available-for-sale, net of tax effect | 2,168 |  |  | 1,477 |  |  | 4,407 |  |  | 2,343 |

4

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND STATEMENTS OF OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Reclassification adjustment for net realized loss on available-for-sale investments disposed of in the period, net of tax effect | (306) |  |  | (716) |  |  | (1,264) |  |  | (123) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (29,933) |  |  | (16,663) |  |  | (31,693) |  |  | 5,316 |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS)/ INCOME | (28,071) |  |  | (15,902) |  |  | (28,550) |  |  | 7,536 |
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME BEFORE NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS | $ | 87,408 |  |  | $ | 11,310 |  |  | $ | 154,850 |  |  | $ | 93,819 |
Less: Comprehensive (loss)/gain attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiary | (368) |  |  | 950 |  |  | (549) |  |  | (1,043) |
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS | $ | 87,776 |  |  | $ | 10,360 |  |  | $ | 155,399 |  |  | $ | 94,862 |
EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE (In U.S. dollars): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations per common share - basic | 1.97 |  |  | 0.82 |  |  | 3.13 |  |  | 1.59 |
Earnings from continuing operations per common share - diluted | 1.95 |  |  | 0.81 |  |  | 3.09 |  |  | 1.57 |
Loss from discontinued operations per common share - basic | — |  |  | (0.38) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.10) |
Loss from discontinued operations per common share - diluted | — |  |  | (0.37) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.10) |
Earnings per common share - basic | 1.97 |  |  | 0.45 |  |  | 3.13 |  |  | 1.49 |
Earnings per common share - diluted | 1.95 |  |  | 0.44 |  |  | 3.09 |  |  | 1.46 |
Weighted average number of shares (basic) | 58,581,332 |  |  | 58,665,415 |  |  | 58,546,963 |  |  | 58,624,513 |
Weighted average number of shares (diluted) | 59,291,832 |  |  | 59,518,473 |  |  | 59,292,757 |  |  | 59,678,513 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

| For the Six Months Ended September 30, |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |
Cash Flows From Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 183,400 |  |  | $ | 86,283 |  |  |  |
Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6,080) |  |  |  |
Net income from continued operations | $ | 183,400 |  |  | $ | 92,363 |  |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 6,611 |  |  | 1,817 |  |  |  |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 12,161 |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Noncash lease expense | 4,023 |  |  | 2,047 |  |  |  |
Change in deferred taxes | 3,312 |  |  | (1,763) |  |  |  |
Stock compensation expense | 2,264 |  |  | 3,581 |  |  |  |
Unrealized (gain)/loss on trading securities | (30,664) |  |  | 8,232 |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on derivatives | (434) |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Net realized gain on available-for-sale securities | (1,264) |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Net change in accrued interest | (68,173) |  |  | (20,855) |  |  |  |
Revaluation of purchase price previously held interest in Arbuz | (1,040) |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Change in insurance reserves | 38,032 |  |  | 30,627 |  |  |  |
Change in unused vacation reserves | 1,800 |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Allowance for expected credit losses | 18,988 |  |  | 6,154 |  |  |  |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading securities | (1,264,940) |  |  | (223,540) |  |  |  |
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables (including $(118,575) and $(228,343) changes from related parties) | (656,755) |  |  | (263,107) |  |  |  |
Insurance contract assets | 3,412 |  |  | 706 |  |  |  |
Other assets | (30,959) |  |  | (33,322) |  |  |  |
Securities sold, not yet purchased – at fair value | — |  |  | (6,489) |  |  |  |
Brokerage customer liabilities (including $(8,236) and $(197,204) changes from related parties) | 354,720 |  |  | 329,496 |  |  |  |
Current income tax liability | 17,947 |  |  | 4,537 |  |  |  |
Margin lending and trade payables (including $(3,239) and $(33,239) changes from related parties) | 39,701 |  |  | 20,490 |  |  |  |
Lease liabilities | (4,728) |  |  | (2,453) |  |  |  |
Liabilities from insurance activity | (262) |  |  | (8,032) |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 21,159 |  |  | 4,521 |  |  |  |
Net cash flows used in operating activities from continuing operations | (1,351,689) |  |  | (54,990) |  |  |  |
Net cash flows from/(used in) operating activities from discontinued operations | — |  |  | 29,583 |  |  |  |
Net cash flows used in operating activities | (1,351,689) |  |  | (25,407) |  |  |  |
Cash Flows Used In Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of fixed assets | (19,446) |  |  | (17,295) |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets | — |  |  | 36 |  |  |  |
Net change in loans issued to customers | (443,901) |  |  | (283,821) |  |  |  |
Purchase of available-for-sale securities, at fair value | (134,002) |  |  | (167,450) |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities, at fair value | 174,277 |  |  | 157,420 |  |  |  |
Consideration paid for acquisition of London Almaty | — |  |  | (16,343) |  |  |  |
Consideration paid for Internet Tourism | (31) |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Consideration paid for Aviata | (690) |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Consideration paid to Arbuz | (13,281) |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Consideration paid to Ticketon | (3,003) |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Prepayment on acquisition | (10,550) |  |  | 4,954 |  |  |  |

6

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash disposed as a result of deconsolidation of Freedom UA | (1,987) |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash received from acquisitions | 2,461 |  |  | 11,385 |  |  |  |
Net cash flows used in investing activities from continuing operations | (450,153) |  |  | (311,114) |  |  |  |

Net cash flows used in investing activities from discontinued operations |  |  | (12,073) |
Net cash flows used in investing activities | (450,153) |  |  | (323,187) |
Cash Flows From Financing Activities |  |  |
Proceeds from securities repurchase agreement obligations | 1,367,948 |  |  | 168,565 |
Proceeds from issuance of debt securities | 5,801 |  |  | 17,240 |
Repurchase of mortgage loans under the State Program | (19,526) |  |  | (2,594) |
Funds received under state program for financing of mortgage loans | 53,400 |  |  | 152,184 |
Net change in bank customer deposits | 279,939 |  |  | 513,546 |
Purchase of non-controlling interest in Arbuz | (3,228) |  |  | — |
Capital contributions | — |  |  | 677 |
Proceeds from loans received | 410 |  |  | 1,863 |
Net cash flows from financing activities from continuing operations | 1,684,744 |  |  | 851,481 |
Net cash flows from financing activities from discontinued operations |  |  | 44,203 |
Net cash flows from financing activities | 1,684,744 |  |  | 895,684 |
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents from continued operations | (59,098) |  |  | (28,371) |
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents from discontinued operations |  |  | 212,557 |
NET CHANGE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH | (176,196) |  |  | 731,276 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD FROM CONTINUED OPERATIONS | 1,026,945 |  |  | 773,414 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS |  |  | 456,886 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD | 1,026,945 |  |  | 1,230,300 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD FROM CONTINUED OPERATIONS | $ | 850,749 |  |  | $ | 1,230,420 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS |  |  | $ | 731,156 |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD | $ | 850,749 |  |  | $ | 1,961,576 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, unless otherwise stated)

| For The Six Months Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 220,299 |  |  | $ | 39,032 |
Income tax paid | $ | 13,484 |  |  | $ | 18,803 |
Supplemental non-cash disclosures: |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained/disposed of in exchange for operating lease obligations during the period, net | $ | 3,771 |  |  | $ | 5,706 |

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

| September 30, 2023 |  | September 30, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 463,875 |  |  | $ | 790,390 |
Restricted cash | 386,874 |  |  | 440,030 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown as in the statement of cash flows | $ | 850,749 |  |  | $ | 1,230,420 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

| Common Stock |  | Additional paid in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total equity attributable to the shareholders' |  | Non- controlling interest |  | Total
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
At June 30, 2023 | 59,659,191 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 165,395 |  |  | $ | 691,302 |  |  | $ | (34,479) |  |  | $ | 822,277 |  |  | $ | 3,459 |  |  | $ | 825,736 |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,031 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,031 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,031 |
Acquisition of insurance companies | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Capital contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchase of ReKassa shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 256 |  |  | 256 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29,933) |  |  | (29,933) |  |  | — |  |  | (29,933) |
Other comprehensive reserve | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,862 |  |  | 1,862 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,862 |
Net income/(loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115,847 |  |  | — |  |  | 115,847 |  |  | (368) |  |  | 115,479 |
At September 30, 2023 | 59,659,191 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 166,426 |  |  | $ | 807,149 |  |  | $ | (62,550) |  |  | $ | 911,084 |  |  | $ | 3,347 |  |  | $ | 914,431 |
At March 31, 2023 | 59,659,191 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 164,162 |  |  | $ | 647,064 |  |  | $ | (34,000) |  |  | $ | 777,285 |  |  | $ | (6,549) |  |  | $ | 770,736 |
Cumulative adjustment from adoption of ASC 326 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,772) |  |  | — |  |  | (22,772) |  |  | — |  |  | (22,772) |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,264 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,264 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,264 |
Disposal of FF Ukraine | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,549) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,549) |  |  | 6,549 |  |  | — |
Purchase of Arbuz shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,457 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,457 |  |  | 3,640 |  |  | 9,097 |
Purchase of ReKassa shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 256 |  |  | 256 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,693) |  |  | (31,693) |  |  | — |  |  | (31,693) |
Other comprehensive reserve | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,143 |  |  | 3,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,143 |
Net income/(loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 183,949 |  |  | — |  |  | 183,949 |  |  | (549) |  |  | 183,400 |
At September 30, 2023 | 59,659,191 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 166,426 |  |  | $ | 807,149 |  |  | $ | (62,550) |  |  | $ | 911,084 |  |  | $ | 3,347 |  |  | $ | 914,431 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

| Common Stock |  | Additional paid in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total equity attributable to the shareholders' |  | Non- controlling interest |  | Total
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance As At June 30, 2022 | 59,542,212 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 152,532 |  |  | $ | 502,989 |  |  | $ | (39,673) |  |  | $ | 615,907 |  |  | $ | (8,989) |  |  | $ | 606,918 |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 3,103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,103 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,103 |
Sale of Freedom UA shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Contribution of shareholder | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercise of options | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 761 |  |  | 761 |  |  | — |  |  | 761 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,663) |  |  | (16,663) |  |  | — |  |  | (16,663) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,262 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,262 |  |  | 950 |  |  | 27,212 |
Balance As At September 30, 2022 | 59,542,212 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 155,635 |  |  | $ | 529,251 |  |  | $ | (55,575) |  |  | $ | 629,370 |  |  | $ | (8,039) |  |  | $ | 621,331 |
Balance As At March 31, 2022 | 59,542,212 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 174,745 |  |  | $ | 441,924 |  |  | $ | (63,125) |  |  | $ | 553,603 |  |  | $ | (6,995) |  |  | $ | 546,608 |
Stock based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 6,801 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,801 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,801 |
Sale of Freedom UA shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Contribution of shareholder | — |  |  | — |  |  | 677 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 677 |  |  | — |  |  | 677 |
Acquisition of insurance companies | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,588) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,588) |  |  | — |  |  | (26,588) |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,234 |  |  | 2,234 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,234 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax effect | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,316 |  |  | 5,316 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,316 |
Net income/(loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,327 |  |  | — |  |  | 87,327 |  |  | (1,044) |  |  | 86,283 |
Balance As At September 30, 2022 | 59,542,212 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 155,635 |  |  | $ | 529,251 |  |  | $ | (55,575) |  |  | $ | 629,370 |  |  | $ | (8,039) |  |  | $ | 621,331 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 1 – DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
Overview
Freedom Holding Corp. (the "Company" or "FRHC" and, together with its subsidiaries, the "Group") is a corporation organized in the United States under the laws of the State of Nevada that through its operating subsidiaries provides financial services including retail securities brokerage, research, investment counseling, securities trading, market making, retail banking, corporate investment banking, underwriting services, commercial banking, insurance products, a payment platform, a conference platform and an online ticket sale platform. The Company is headquartered in Almaty, Kazakhstan, with supporting administrative office locations in Cyprus and the United States. The Group has a presence in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Cyprus, Germany, the United Kingdom, United States, Greece, Spain, France, Poland, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and United Arab Emirates. The Company also has subsidiaries in the United States which include a broker-dealer that is registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA"). The Company's common stock trades on the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE) and the Astana International Exchange (AIX).
As of September 30, 2023, the Company owned directly, or through subsidiaries, the following companies:
•Freedom Finance JSC, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based securities broker-dealer ("Freedom KZ");
•Freedom Finance Global PLC, an Astana International Financial Centre-based securities broker-dealer ("Freedom Global");
•Bank Freedom Finance Kazakhstan JSC, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based bank ("Freedom Bank KZ")(1);
•Freedom Finance Life JSC, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based life/health insurance company ("Freedom Life");
•Freedom Finance Insurance JSC, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based general insurance company ("Freedom Insurance");
•Freedom Finance Special Purpose Company LTD, an Astana International Financial Centre-based special purpose company ("Freedom SPC");
•Freedom Finance Commercial LLP, a Kazakhstan-based sales consulting company ("Freedom Commercial");
•Freedom Finance Europe Limited, a Limassol, Cyprus-based broker-dealer ("Freedom EU");
•Freedom Finance Technologies Ltd, a Limassol, Cyprus-based IT development company ("Freedom Technologies");
•Freedom Finance Germany GmbH, a Berlin, Germany-based tied agent of Freedom EU ("Freedom GE");
•Freedom Property Ltd, a Limassol, Cyprus-based asset management company ("Property");
•Freedom UK Prime Limited, a London, United Kingdom-based financial intermediary company ("Prime UK");
•Foreign Enterprise LLC Freedom Finance, a Tashkent, Uzbekistan-based broker-dealer ("Freedom UZ");
•Freedom Finance Azerbaijan LLC, an Azerbaijan-based financial educational center ("Freedom AZ");
•Freedom Finance Armenia LLC, an Armenia-based broker-dealer ("Freedom AR");
•Prime Executions, Inc., a New York City, New York-based NYSE institutional brokerage, that is also authorized to engage in certain capital markets and investment banking activities ("PrimeEx");
•FFIN Securities, Inc., a currently-dormant Nevada corporation ("FFIN");
•Freedom Finance FZE., a Dubai, United Arab Emirates-based office of international organization ("Freedom UAE");
•ITS Tech Limited, an Astana International Financial Centre-based, IT-support company ("ITS Tech");
•Freedom Kazakhstan PC Ltd, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based non-financial company ("Freedom Kazakhstan PC Ltd.");
•Ticketon Events LLP, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based online ticket sales company ("Ticketon")(2);
•Freedom Finance Turkey LLC, an Istanbul, Turkey-based financial consulting company ("Freedom TR");
•Freedom Technologies LLP, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based payment company ("Paybox")(3);
•Freedom U.S. Market LLC, a New York City, New York-based management company of Freedom’s U.S. Operations ("FUSM");
•LD Micro, a New York City, a pre-eminent event platform which hosts two premier small and micro-cap world conferences annually ("LD Micro");
•Aviata LLP ("Aviata"), an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based online aggregator for buying air and railway tickets ("Aviata");
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

• Internet-Tourism LLP, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based online aggregator for buying air and railway tickets ("Internet Tourism);
•Arbuz Group LLP an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based online retail trade and e-commerce ("Arbuz") (4);
•Freedom Horizons LLP, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based business consulting and services company;
•Freedom Telecom Holding Limited, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based telecommunications company ("Telecom");
•Comrun LLP, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based mobile and web application company ("ReKassa");
•Freedom Advertising Ltd, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based advertising company ("Advertising");
•Freedom Shapagat Corporate Fund, an Almaty, Kazakhstan-based non-profit organization ("Shapagat");
•Freedom Structured Product PLC, a Limassol, Cyprus-based financial services company ("FSP").
•Freedom Management Ltd., an Abu-Dhabi, United Arab Emirates-based consulting company ("Freedom Management");
(1) Bank KZ has one wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in Kazakhstan.
(2) Ticketon has two wholly-owned subsidiaries each incorporated in Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan.
(3) Paybox has five wholly-owned subsidiaries each incorporated in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan.
(4) Arbuz has two wholly-owned subsidiaries each incorporated in Kazakhstan.
As at September 30, 2023 the Company owns a 9% interest in Freedom Finance Ukraine LLC, a Kiev, Ukraine-based broker-dealer ("Freedom UA"). The remaining 91% interest in Freedom UA is controlled by Askar Tashtitov, the Company's president. The Company entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Freedom UA and Mr. Tashtitov, including a consulting services agreement, an operating agreement and an option agreement.
On October 19, 2022, Freedom UA's brokerage license was suspended for a period of five years and its assets were frozen by the Ukrainian authorities following its inclusion on a sanctions list of the Ukrainian government. Given the ongoing uncertainty surrounding the situation in Ukraine, the management of the Company believes that as of September 30, 2023 the Company does not maintain effective control over Freedom UA.
Through its subsidiaries, the Company is a professional participant, with a license to provide one or more types of services, on a number of stock exchanges, including the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE), the Astana International Stock Exchange (AIX), the Republican Stock Exchange of Tashkent (UZSE) and the Uzbek Republican Currency Exchange (UZCE) and is a member of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq Stock Exchange (Nasdaq). The Company also owns a 24.3% interest in the Ukrainian Exchange (UX). Freedom EU provides the Company's clients with operational support and access to investment opportunities in the United States and European securities markets.
NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Accounting principles
The Company's accounting policies and accompanying consolidated financial statements conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP).
Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements present the consolidated accounts of FRHC and its consolidated subsidiaries. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated from the consolidated financial statements.
Consolidation of variable interest entities
In accordance with accounting standards regarding consolidation of variable interest entities ("VIEs"), VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders lack adequate decision making ability. VIEs must be evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary of the risks and rewards of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE for financial reporting purposes. As of September 30, 2023 there are no VIEs in respect of the Company. As at March 31, 2023 and for the years ended March 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the only VIE in respect of the Company was Freedom UA.
The carrying amounts of Freedom UA’s consolidated assets and liabilities were as follows as of March 31, 2023:
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

|  | March 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 26 |
Restricted cash |  | 1,936 |
Trading securities |  | 4,010 |
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net |  | 1,616 |
Fixed assets, net |  | 782 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 131 |
Right-of-use asset |  | 135 |
Other assets |  | 56 |
Total assets |  | 8,692 |
Customer liabilities |  | 5,837 |
Securities repurchase agreement obligations |  | 12 |
Trade payables |  | 25 |
Lease liability |  | 159 |
Other liabilities |  | 298 |
Total liabilities |  | 6,331 |

Loss of control of Freedom UA
Amidst the Russia-Ukraine conflict and subsequent economic sanctions, Freedom UA was added to the Ukrainian government's sanctioned entities and individuals list, resulting in restrictive measures being imposed on it by the Ukrainian authorities, including suspension of its brokerage license. Effective April 1, 2023, the Company removed its equity interest in Freedom UA from its consolidated financial statements and recognized a loss of control of such company. The Company accounted for the deconsolidation of Freedom UA by recognizing loss in net income attributable to the Company as the difference between net liabilities of Freedom UA as of April 1, 2023 (date of loss of control) and net liabilities as of September 30, 2023.
Non-Consolidation of Freedom Securities Trading Inc.
The Company has assessed whether it should consolidate Freedom Securities Trading Inc. (formerly known as FFIN Brokerage Services, Inc.) ("FST Belize") under the variable interest entity (“VIE”) accounting method or the voting interest method ("VOE"). In July 2014, prior to the Company's reverse acquisition transaction, Timur Turlov founded FST Belize, a Belize-based broker dealer. FST Belize is solely owned by Mr. Turlov and was not acquired by the Company as part of the reverse acquisition transaction. Although FRHC and FST Belize are common control entities, under the control of an individual, there is no indication that FRHC should consolidate FST Belize given that:
(1) FST Belize is not a VIE and is not subject to further VIE analysis due to the fact it has sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional financial support and the control over its significant activities is held by its sole shareholder, Mr. Turlov who is also FRHC's controlling shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer; and
(2) Mr. Turlov has a controlling interest in FST Belize such that under the VOE model FRHC is not required to consolidate FST Belize.
FST Belize is a corporation and Mr. Turlov is the sole owner of FST Belize, holding 100% of the ownership interest in it. There are no other shareholders or parties with participating rights or the ability to remove Mr. Turlov from his ownership position. Mr.Turlov has the ability to make all decisions in respect of FST Belize. FRHC's management has also assessed the relationship between FRHC (through its subsidiary Freedom EU) and FST Belize. Other than the tariff rates stipulated in the Variation Agreement dated February 25, 2020 entered into between Freedom EU and FST Belize, including the General Terms and Conditions of Business, which sets out the specific terms and conditions of the relationship between Freedom EU and FST Belize, there are no other contractual agreements or other implicit arrangements between the two
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

parties that provide FRHC the power to control the operations of FST Belize. In December 2022 the Company changed its treatment of certain interest income so that it applies from the settlement date whereas previously it applied from the trade date. As a result of that change, the Company's management has continued to assess for any modifications or reconsideration events.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that the estimates utilized in preparing the Company's financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue and expense recognition
Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC Topic 606"), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity's contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services promised to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. A significant portion of the Group's revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC Topic 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as loans and investment securities, as these activities are subject to other U.S. GAAP guidance discussed elsewhere within these disclosures. Descriptions of the Group's revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, which are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income as components of total revenue, net are as follows:
• Commissions on brokerage services;
• Commissions on banking services (money transfers, foreign exchange operations and other); and
• Commissions on investment banking services (underwriting, market making, and bondholders' representation services).
Gross versus net revenue
ASC 606 provides guidance on proper recognition of principal versus agent considerations which is used to determine gross versus net revenue recognition. Under ASC 606, the core objective of the guidance on gross versus net revenue recognition is to help determine whether the Group is a principal or an agent in a transaction. In general, the primary difference between these two is the performance obligation being satisfied. The principal has a performance obligation to provide the desired goods or services to the end customer, whereas the agent arranges for the principal to provide the desired goods or services. Additionally, a fundamental characteristic of a principal in a transaction is control. A principal substantively controls the goods and services before they are transferred to the customer as well as controls the price of the good or service being provided. An agent normally receives a commission or fee for these activities. In addition to control, the level at which the Group controls the price of the good or service being transferred determines principal versus agent status. The more discretion over setting price a Group has in providing the good or service, the more likely they are considered a principal rather than an agent.
In certain cases, other parties are involved with providing products and services to Freedom's customers. If Freedom is principal in the transaction (providing goods or services itself), revenues are reported based on the gross consideration received from the customer and any related expenses are reported gross in non interest expense. If Freedom is an agent in the transaction (arranging for another party to provide goods or services), the Group reports its net fee or commission retained as revenue.
Interest income
Interest income on margin loans, loans issued, trading securities, available-for-sale securities, and reverse repurchase agreement obligations are recognized based on the contractual provisions of the underlying arrangements.
Loan premiums and discounts are deferred and generally amortized into interest income as yield adjustments over the contractual life and/or commitment period using the effective interest method.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

Interest income is recognized by the Group and continue to be accrued for the loans which meet the impairment criteria.
Unamortized premiums, discounts and other basis adjustments on trading securities are generally recognized in interest income over the contractual lives of the securities using the effective interest method.
Loans
The Group's loan portfolio is divided into: mortgages, uncollateralized bank customer loans, collateralized bank customer loans, car loans, loans issued to policyholders, convertible loans, right of claim for purchased retail loans and subordinated loans. Mortgage loans consist of loans provided to individuals to purchase residential homes, which is used as collateral for the loan. Uncollateralized bank customer loans consist of loans provided through credit cards to individuals and retail unsecured banking loans provided to individuals. Collateralized bank customer loans consist of retail collateralized loans provided to individuals. Subordinated loans consist of uncollateralized loans provided to the legal entities to support their businesses, that ranks below other, more senior loans or securities with respect to claims on assets or earnings. Margin loans are not classified as part of the Group's loan portfolio and are instead recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets under Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net. Loans to policyholders are represented by loans issued by insurer to its policyholders under an accumulative insurance contract. Policy loans are provided within the redemption amount, which is a security for the return of the received loan and covers the loans amount and interest. Car loans consists of loans provided to individuals to purchase new or used car. Right of claim for purchased retail loans represented by microfinance organization Freedom Finance Credit (“FFIN Credit") loans.
A loan becomes delinquent when the borrower doesn't fulfill its obligations to the Group to repay the loan on time according to the agreement.
Write-off
Loans are written off either partially or in their entirety only when the Group has stopped pursuing the recovery. If the amount to be written off is greater than the accumulated loss allowance, the difference is first treated as an addition to the allowance that is then applied against the gross carrying amount. Any subsequent recoveries are credited to expected credit loss expense.
The loan or part of the loan can be fully or partially written off in the following cases:
•death of the borrower;
•bankruptcy of the borrower;
•entry into force of a court decision on refusal or partial satisfaction of the Group's claims for debt collection;
•conversion of the pledged property into the ownership of the Group;
•assignment by the Group of its rights of claim to third parties.
Modifications
Where possible, the Group seeks to restructure loans rather than to take possession of collateral. This may involve extending the payment arrangements and the agreement of new loan conditions.
The Group derecognizes loan when the terms and conditions have been renegotiated to the extent that, substantially, it becomes a new loan, with the difference recognized as a derecognition gain or loss, to the extent that an impairment loss has not already been recorded. When assessing whether or not to derecognize a loan to a customer, amongst others, the Group considers the following factors: change in currency of the loan, change in counterparty and modifications.
Allowance for credit losses
The Group maintains an allowance for credit losses (ACL) for financial assets measured at amortized cost. The ACL mainly consists of the allowance for loan losses, and the allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale securities. The estimate of expected credit losses under the current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology adopted on April 1, 2023
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

is based on relevant information about the past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts.
Allowance for credit losses - Loans
On April 1, 2023, the Group adopted new accounting guidance which requires entities to estimate and recognize an allowance for lifetime expected credit losses for loans. Previously, an allowance for credit losses for loans was recognized based on probable incurred losses.
The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost of total loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans.
Under CECL, the Group's methodology to establish the allowance for loan losses has two basic components: (1) a collective CECL component for estimated expected credit losses for pools of loans that share common risk characteristics and (2) an individual CECL component for loans that do not share risk characteristics.
Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant and available information from internal and external sources, relating to past events, including historical trends in loan delinquencies and charge offs, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.
Allowance for credit losses for loans that share common risk characteristics
Pooling loans with common risk characteristics for estimating allowance for credit losses is primarily based on the segmentation by product type and the type of collateral provided. The Group estimates current expected credit loss for loans with common risk characteristics using the PD/LGD methodology, which is based on relevant information about historical experience, current conditions, as well as reasonable and reasonable forecasts that allow estimating the Group's potential losses on the loan portfolio.
In assessing the Probability of Default (PD) for loans with common risk characteristics, the Group uses average monthly loan balance flowing across delinquency buckets over a period of five years or more. Based on the weighted average maturity of loans with common risk characteristics, using the Markov chain method, the proportion of possible loan agreements with overdue debts over 90 days for individuals and over 60 days for legal entities is determined, which are used to determine the PD for a pool of loans. If there are no own statistics, then the calculation of PD is carried out on the basis of statistics of State Credit Bureau JSC on past events for a period of five or more years. The resulting PD indicator is adjusted for qualitative or internal and external environmental factors not considered within the model, but which are relevant in estimating the expected credit losses within the loan portfolio. The macroeconomic indicators impacting the expected risk of loss within the loan portfolio include the following: GDP, the retail trade index, the unemployment rate, the real wage rate, the dollar exchange rate against the tenge, and the consumer price index. These macroeconomic indicators are recalculated once per year and used throughout the year. Also, they are used for all loan types. For defaulted loans, PD 100% is applied, for non-impaired loans PD for the average life of the pool is recognized at inception.
When estimating the Loss on Default (LGD) for loans with common risk characteristics, the Group uses the latest market value of the collateral as of the calculation date. First, depending on the type of collateral, liquidity ratios are applied to the market value, after which the value of the collateral is discounted at the initial effective interest rate of the loan agreement for the exposure periods corresponding to the types of collateral. When calculating LGD, the methodology is the same for both non-impaired and defaulted loans.
The described above PD/LGD approach apply for all type of loans, as well as non-impaired and defaulted.
Allowance for credit losses for loans that that do not share common risk characteristics
Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with any pools of assets are subject to individual evaluation and are removed from the collectively assessed pools. Loans that are individually evaluated for collectability are reviewed based on an assessment of the financial condition of the borrower, taking into account the most possible debt repayment scenarios:
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due to expected cash flows from operating activities, cash available from guarantors, founders, shareholders, investors, related companies, other confirmed cash flows, restructuring of the borrower's obligations and the sale of collateral. Depending on the loan maturity date, the expected cash flows are discounted at the original effective interest rate and allowance for credit losses are calculated as the difference between the discounted expected cash flows and outstanding balance of the loan. If repayment of the debt is deemed impossible, based on the expected cash flows, the Group accrues allowance for credit losses in the amount of 100% of the loan balance.
Loan portfolio risk elements and credit risk management
Credit risk management. When implementing credit risk management processes, the Group is guided by internal policies and procedures approved by the Board of Directors, which define the main goals, objectives, principles, priority areas for the formation of an internal effective credit risk management system that corresponds to the current market situation and the Group's development strategy, and ensures effective identification, measurement, monitoring and control of the Group's credit risk. In order to minimize credit risk, the Group has developed procedures for managing internal risk appetite limits for currencies, countries, sectors of the economy, business categories and products, types of collateral, concentration of risk on the top 20 borrowers, debts of a group of related borrowers, etc. Control over the level of limits on credit risk is carried out by the Group's risk division through the preparation of monthly management reports, which include, but are not limited to, information on the quality of the loan portfolio, its classification in accordance with the requirements of reporting standards, on the amount of exposure to credit risk, including a group of related borrowers, on the concentration of credit risk of the largest borrowers and borrowers as related parties to the Group, on the internal rating of borrowers, etc. When analyzing a borrower, the Group uses the following information to assess creditworthiness: the borrower's existing loans from all banks in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the presence of overdue debt, income, age, work experience and dynamics of credit behavior.
Mortgage loans. The Group provides mortgage loans for the purchase of real estate in both the primary and secondary markets. This is done through the Group's own and government lending programs, relevant lending products as described in the Group's internal normative documents, and compliance with the laws and regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main share of the Group's loan portfolio is represented by mortgage loans issued within the framework of state support programs, funded from the funds of quasi-state organizations. Valuation of real estate collateral is carried out directly by independent appraisal companies with subsequent confirmation by the Group's collateral service. The collateral policy and methodology of the process for working with collateral comply with the regulatory requirements of the regulator and the banking legislation of the country. In the process of making decisions on the solvency and creditworthiness of borrowers, an automatic check is carried out through external and internal databases. To do this, the results of both the Group's own and third-party credit scoring models are taken into account. The Group does not use third party loan underwriting services. Residential mortgages include only fixed rate loans secured by real estate purchases. When making a decision to issue a mortgage on housing, the Group takes into account the qualifications of the borrower, as well as the value of the underlying property.
Car loans. When making decisions on car loans, the Group uses both evaluation and scoring systems. The Group provides loans for the purchase of motor vehicles both under the C2C scheme and under the B2C scheme with the participation of car dealerships. The decision-making process includes the use of data from credit bureaus, government databases and other sources of information. This allows not only to assess the financial capacity of a potential borrower, but also to evaluate the purchased vehicle. Machine learning models have also been introduced that analyze data about the cars themselves and sellers. This allows to automatically screen out applications with high potential credit risk.
Right of claim for purchased retail loans. The Group regularly acquires receivables on consumer credit products from other financial institutions through assignment agreements (cessions). This pool of the Group's loan portfolio is low-risk due to the presence of a condition for the repurchase of loans by a microfinance organization in the event of an overdue debt on these loans for more than 20 calendar days in accordance with the agreement between the Group and the microfinance organization.
To confirm the solvency of a financial institution, an analysis is made of its financial position and the ability to fulfill obligations under an agreement on the repurchase of loans in case of default in payment terms for 20 or more days.
Uncollateralized bank customer loans. In the loan portfolio of individuals, an insignificant part is represented by loans issued without collateral for consumer purposes. The main condition for issuing loans to potential borrowers is compliance with the regulator's requirement that the amount of monthly loan payments does not exceed 50% of the borrower's income after a credit analysis. In case of violation of this condition, the Group rejects the loan request.
In addition to unsecured loans for individuals, the Group also offers unsecured loans for individual entrepreneurs. Several scoring models are used to make decisions about this product to determine the risk segment for each customer. The income of the client and the class of the borrower are also estimated based on his property status. The Group uses data from official
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sources to determine the payment fund for an individual entrepreneur and turnover through an online cash register, which helps to assess the solvency of customers.
The final decision to grant a limit depends on the risk segment and income class of the borrower. Loans are issued both within the framework of their own programs and under government programs with subsidized interest rates in the portfolio.
Collateralized bank customer loans. The Group provides loans secured by guarantees issued by the quasi-governmental company's and by highly liquid financial assets. Due to the presence of collateral, the maximum loan amount significantly exceeds those provided for unsecured loans. At the loan issuance date, the collateral value fully covers the loan amount.
Derivative financial instruments
In the normal course of business, the Group invests in various derivative financial contracts including futures. Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value at the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured to their fair value at each reporting date. The fair values are estimated based on quoted market prices or pricing models that take into account the current market and contractual prices of the underlying instruments and other factors. Derivatives are carried as assets when their fair value is positive and as liabilities when it is negative.
Functional currency
Management has adopted ASC 830, Foreign Currency Translation Matters as it pertains to its foreign currency translation. The Company's functional currencies are the Kazakhstan tenge, the euro, the U.S. dollar, the Uzbekistani som, the Kyrgyzstani som, the Azerbaijani manat, the British pound sterling, the Armenian dram, the United Arab Emirates dirham and the Turkish lira, and its reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. For financial reporting purposes, foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars as the reporting currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at rates of exchange in effect at the date of the transaction. Average quarterly rates are used to translate revenues and expenses. Translation adjustments arising from the use of different exchange rates from period to period are included as a component of shareholders' equity as "Accumulated other comprehensive loss". The Group uses exchange rates from the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan for foreign currency translation purposes.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents are generally comprised of cash and certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents include reverse repurchase agreements with a maturity of less than 90 days and where the credit risk of the counterparty is low, which are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were acquired plus accrued interest.
Securities reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements
A reverse repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the Group purchases financial instruments from a seller, typically in exchange for cash, and simultaneously enters into an agreement to resell the same or substantially the same financial instruments to the seller for an amount equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged plus interest at a future date. Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions and are recorded at the contractual amount for which the securities will be resold, including accrued interest. Financial instruments purchased under reverse repurchase agreements are recorded in the financial statements as cash placed on deposit collateralized by securities and classified as cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
A repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the Group sells financial instruments to another party, typically in exchange for cash, and simultaneously enters into an agreement to reacquire the same or substantially the same financial instruments from the buyer for an amount equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged plus interest at a future date. These agreements are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions. The Group retains the financial instruments sold under repurchase agreements and classifies them as trading securities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The consideration received under repurchase agreements is classified as securities repurchase agreement obligations in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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The Group enters into reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions to, among other things, acquire securities to leverage and grow its proprietary trading portfolio, cover short positions and settle other securities obligations, to accommodate customers' needs and to finance its inventory positions. The Group enters into these transactions in accordance with normal market practice. Under standard terms for repurchase transactions, the recipient of collateral has the right to sell or repledge the collateral, subject to returning equivalent securities on settlement of the transaction.
Restricted cash
Restricted cash consists of cash and cash equivalents that are held for specific reasons and not available for immediate use. Certain subsidiaries of the Group are obligated by rules and regulations mandated by their primary regulators to segregate or set aside certain customer cash in the interests of protecting customer assets. Restricted cash is mainly represented by customer cash and guaranty deposits, which are restricted in use by the Group for more than three months.
Available-for-sale securities
Financial assets categorized as available-for-sale ("AFS") are non-derivatives that are either designated as available-for-sale or not classified as (a) loans and receivables, (b) held to maturity investments or (c) trading securities.
Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the Accumulated other comprehensive loss, with the exception of other-than-temporary impairment losses, interest calculated using the effective interest method, and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income. When the investment is disposed of or is determined to be impaired, the cumulative gain or loss previously accumulated in the accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income is then reclassified to net realized gain/(loss) on investments available-for-sale in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.
Trading securities
Financial assets are classified as trading securities if the financial asset has been acquired principally for the purpose of selling it in the near term.
Trading securities are stated at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognized in revenue. Changes in fair value are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income and included in net gain on trading securities. Interest earned and dividend income are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income and included in interest income, according to the terms of the contract and when the right to receive the payment has been established.
Investments in nonconsolidated managed funds are accounted for at fair value based on the net asset value of the funds provided by the fund managers with gains or losses included in net gain on trading securities in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.
Debt securities issued
Debt securities issued are initially recognized at the fair value of the consideration received, less directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequently, amounts due are stated at amortized cost and any difference between net proceeds and the redemption value is recognized over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. If the Group purchases its own debt it is removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the difference between the carrying amount of the liability and the consideration paid is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables
The Group engages in securities financing transactions with and for clients through margin lending. In margin lending, the Group's customers borrow funds from the Group or sell securities the customer does not own against the value of their qualifying securities held in custody by the Group. Under these agreements, the Group is permitted to sell or repledge
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securities received as collateral. Furthermore, the contractual arrangements establish that the Group can use the pledged collateral by the customers for repurchase agreement operations, securities lending transactions or delivery to other counterparties to cover short positions.
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables comprise margin lending receivables, brokerage commissions and other receivables related to the securities brokerage and banking activity of the Group. At initial recognition, margin lending, brokerage and other receivables are recognized at fair value. Subsequently, margin lending, brokerage and other receivables are carried at cost net of any allowance for impairment losses.
For both individual and institutional brokerage clients, the Group may enter into arrangements for securities financing transactions in respect of financial instruments held by the Group on behalf of the client or may use such financial instruments for its own account or the account of another client. The Group maintains omnibus brokerage accounts for certain institutional brokerage clients, in which transactions of the underlying clients of such institutional clients are combined in a single account with us. As noted above, the Group may use the assets within the omnibus accounts to finance, lend, provide credit or provide debt financing or otherwise use and direct the order or manner of assets for financing of other clients of ours.
As of September 30, 2023, the margin lending receivables balance from FST Belize was fully collateralized by its customer-owned cash and market securities held by the Group, including $340.7 million of margin lendin g receivables collateralized by FRHC securities. Customers’ required margin levels and established credit limits are monitored continuously by the Group's risk management staff. Pursuant to the Group’s policy, customers are required to deposit additional collateral or reduce positions, when necessary, to avoid liquidation of their positions.
Derecognition of financial assets
A financial asset (or, where applicable a part of a financial asset or a part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognized where all of the following conditions are met:
•The transferred financial assets have been isolated from the Group - put presumptively beyond the reach of the Group and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership.
•The transferee has rights to pledge or exchange financial assets.
•The Group or its agents do not maintain effective control over the transferred financial assets or third-party beneficial interests related to those transferred assets.
Where the Group has not met the asset derecognition conditions above, it continues to recognize the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement.
Impairment of long-lived assets
In accordance with the accounting guidance for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets, the Group periodically evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used when events and circumstances warrant such a review. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the fair value from such asset is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. Fair value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Losses on long-lived assets to be disposed of are determined in a similar manner, except that fair values are reduced for the cost of disposal. During the three months ended September 30, 2023 the Group did not record any charges for impairment of long-lived assets.
Impairment of goodwill
Goodwill is allocated to reporting units, which are identified as the operating segments or one level below operating segments that generate separate financial information regularly reviewed by management. The assignment of goodwill to reporting units allows for the assessment of potential impairment at the appropriate level within the organization.
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The Group has identified its reporting units based on its organizational and operational structure, as well as the level at which internal financial information is reviewed by management to make strategic decisions. In line with this, the reporting units have been established as follows:
Central Asia and Eastern Europe Reporting Unit: This reporting unit represents the Group's operations in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, which encompasses countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. The management team responsible for the Central Asia and Eastern Europe region regularly reviews financial information specific to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and key performance indicators.
Europe Excluding Eastern Europe Reporting Unit: This reporting unit comprises the Group's operations in various European countries, including Cyprus, Germany and United Kingdom. The management team responsible for the Europe Excluding Eastern Europe region reviews financial information related to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and market trends.
US Reporting Unit: This reporting unit comprises the Group's operations in USA. The management team responsible for the US region reviews financial information related to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and market trends.
Middle East/Caucasus Unit: This reporting unit comprises the Group's operations in Middle East/Causcasus. This reporting unit represents the Group's operations in Middle East/Caucasus, which encompasses countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, UAE and Turkey. The management team responsible for the Middle East/Causcasus region reviews financial information related to this reporting unit, including revenue, expenses, and market trends.
Goodwill has been allocated to each reporting unit based on its relative fair value at the time of acquisition or significant triggering events. The fair value allocation of goodwill to reporting units is periodically reassessed to ensure alignment with the Group's evolving organizational structure and operational dynamics.
The Group conducts impairment testing on an annual basis or whenever indicators of potential impairment arise. The impairment testing involves comparing the carrying amount of each reporting unit, including its allocated goodwill, to its fair value. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized.
Further details regarding the measurement of goodwill impairment and the results of impairment tests for each reporting unit are provided below.
The Group discloses information about the reporting units, the carrying amounts of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit, and the impairment losses recognized. The allocation of goodwill to reporting units ensures a focused evaluation of each unit's financial performance and facilitates the identification of potential impairment, enhancing the transparency and reliability of the Company's financial reporting.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, goodwill recorded in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $51,555 and $14,192 respectively. The Group performs an impairment review at least annually unless indicators of impairment exist in interim periods. The entity compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. The goodwill impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. If fair value exceeds the carrying amount, no impairment is recorded.
During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Group did not recognize an impairment loss related to goodwill.
The goodwill value at September 30, 2023 increased compared to March 31, 2023, due to the acquisitions of Arbuz, Aviata, Internet-Tourism and ReKassa and as a result of foreign exchange currency translation.
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The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and the year ended March 31, 2023, were as follows:

| Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe, excluding Eastern Europe |  | US |  | Middle East/ Caucasus |  | Total
Goodwill, gross |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of March 31, 2022 | $ | 5,104 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,730 |
Forex | 438 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 438 |
Acquired | 3,176 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,176 |
Balance as of September 30, 2022 | 8,718 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,626 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,344 |
Balance as of March 31, 2023 | $ | 6,792 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,400 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,192 |
Forex | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |
Acquired | 37,320 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,320 |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 | 44,155 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,555 |
Accumulated impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of March 31, 2022 | $ | 832 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 832 |
Impairment expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance as of September 30, 2022 | 832 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 832 |
Balance as of March 31, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Impairment expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Goodwill, net of impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of September 30, 2022 | $ | 7,886 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,512 |
Balance as of March 31, 2023 | $ | 6,792 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,400 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,192 |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 | $ | 44,155 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,400 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,555 |

Business combinations and acquisitions
Acquisitions of businesses not under common control are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the Group, liabilities incurred by the Group to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Group in exchange for control of the acquiree. Acquisition-related costs are generally recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The assets and liabilities acquired are recognized, with certain exceptions such as deferred taxes, at their fair values at the acquisition date.
Business combinations under common control are accounted for under the pooling of interests method which involves combining the financial statements of the acquiring and acquired entities as if they had been combined from the beginning of the common control relationship. The assets and liabilities are combined on a carry over basis and not restated to its fair
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values. This approach required the Group to recast its consolidated financial statements to reflect the assets, liabilities and operations of the acquired entities since the beginning of the earliest comparative period.
Income taxes
The Group recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets based on the difference between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized.
Current income tax expenses are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. As part of the process of preparing financial statements, the Group is required to estimate its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. The Group accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for tax consequences in future years based on differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements at each year-end and tax loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applicable for the differences that are expected to affect taxable income.
The Group records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) the Group determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Group recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.
The Group will include interest and fines arising from the underpayment of income taxes in the provision for income taxes (if anticipated). As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had no accrued interest or fines related to uncertain tax positions.
The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act require the Group to include in its U.S. income tax return foreign subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary's tangible assets. The Group has presented the deferred tax impacts of GILTI tax in its consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023.
Fair Value
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. Fair value is the current bid price for financial assets, current ask price for financial liabilities and the average of current bid and ask prices when the Group is both in short and long positions for the financial instrument. A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange or other institution and those prices represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions on an arm's length basis.
Leases
The Group follows ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)," upon adoption of ASC 842, the Group elected not to recognize leases with terms of one-year or less on the balance sheet.
Operating lease assets and corresponding lease liabilities were recognized on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 21 "Leases", to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional disclosure and significant accounting policies affecting leases.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

Fixed assets
Fixed assets are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Maintenance, repairs, and minor renewals are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range between three and sixty-five years.
Insurance contract assets and liabilities
Insurance and reinsurance receivable
Insurance and reinsurance receivable is recognized when related income is earned and measured on initial recognition at the fair value of the consideration receivable. Subsequent to initial recognition, any insurance and reinsurance receivable is measured at cost net of any allowance for impairment losses.
Deferred acquisition costs
Deferred acquisition costs are commissions, premium taxes, and other incremental direct costs of contract acquisition that results directly from and are essential to the contract transaction(s) and would not have been incurred by the Group had the contract transaction(s) not occurred. The deferred amounts are recorded as an asset on the balance sheet and amortized to expense in a systematic manner. Traditional life insurance and long-duration health insurance deferred policy acquisition costs are amortized over the estimated premium-paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing the related liability for policy benefit reserves. Deferred acquisition costs for property and casualty insurance and short-duration health insurance are amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies. Deferred policy acquisition costs are expensed when such costs are deemed not to be recoverable from future premiums (for traditional life and long-duration health insurance) and from the related unearned premiums and investment income (for property and casualty and short-duration health insurance). Assessments of recoverability for property and casualty and short-duration health insurance are extremely sensitive to the estimates of a subsequent year’s projected losses related to the unearned premiums.
Insurance and reinsurance payable
Payables on insurance business comprise advances received, amounts payable to insured (claims and premium refund payable) and amounts payable to agents and brokers, and advances received from insurers and reinsurers.
Payables on reinsurance business comprise net amounts payable to reinsurers. Amounts payable to reinsurers include ceded reinsurance premiums, assumed premium refunds and claims on assumed reinsurance. Insurance and reinsurance payable are accounted for at amortized cost.
Unearned premium reserve and claims
Unearned premium is determined by the method of proportion for each contract, as the product of the insurance premium under the contract for the ratio of the expiration of the insurance cover (in days) to the balance sheet date (in days) from the date of recognition of the insurance premium in accounting as income until the end of the insurance coverage. The reinsurer's share in the unearned premium reserve is calculated separately for each insurance (reinsurance) contract and is determined as the ratio of the insurance premium under the reinsurance contract to the insurance premium under the insurance contract multiplied by the unearned premium reserve.
Results of insurance activity includes net written insurance premiums reduced by the net change in the unearned premium reserve, commissions recognized from assumed insurance and reinsurance contracts, claims paid net and net change in the loss reserves.
Net written insurance premiums represent gross written premiums less premiums ceded to reinsurers. Upon inception of a contract (except for classes of life and annuity insurance), premiums are recorded as written and are earned on a pro rata basis over the term of the related contract coverage. The unearned premium reserve represents the portion of the premiums written relating to the unexpired terms of coverage and is included in the accompanying statement of Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Unearned premium reserve relates to non-life insurance products and non-annuity insurance products.
Claims and other insurance expenses are expensed to th e Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income as incurred.
Insurance loss reserves
Premium Deficiency Reserve
Premium deficiency reserve is a liability balance based on actuarial estimates for anticipated losses on value-based-care contracts reassessed by management when it becomes probable that future losses will be incurred. The reserve balance is the sum of expected future costs, claims adjustment expenses, and maintenance costs that exceed future premiums under contracts excluding consideration from investment income. Losses or gains from these reassessments are recorded in the period in which such losses were identified and reflected within the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Other Comprehensive Loss. If a premium deficiency occur, future changes in the liability is based on the revised assumptions. No loss is reported if it results in creating future income. The liability for future policy benefits using revised assumptions based on actual and anticipated experience is estimated periodically for comparison with the liability for future policy benefits (reduced by unamortized acquisition costs) at the valuation date. Premium deficiency reserves are amortized over the period in which loses are expected to be incurred and expected to have an offsetting impact on operating losses in that period. Premium deficiency reserve process is applicable for both life and non-life insurance policies.
Use of Estimates in Premium Deficiency Reserves. The Group's Premium deficiency reserve may fluctuate from period to period as a percentage of total revenue and value-based care revenue. This is due to the significant uncertainty and varying nature of key inputs into the measurement of the reserves, driving the income or expense in the period. These key inputs include the contractual rates within value-based care contracts, forecasted benefit and member population changes, contractual periods, risk adjustments and claims costs forecasts associated with the Group's member populations and allocation of operating costs to these contracts.
Non-life and general insurance
Loss reserves are a summary of estimates of ultimate losses, and include both claims reported but not settled (RBNS) and claims incurred but not reported (IBNR). RBNS is created for existing reported claims not settled at the reporting date. Estimates are made on the basis of information received by the Group during its investigation of insured events. IBNR is estimated by the Group based on its previous history of reported/settled claims using actuarial methods of calculation, which include claim development triangles.
Reinsurance assets in IBNR are estimated applying the same actuarial method used in IBNR estimation.
Life insurance
Not incurred claims reserves (NIC) on life insurance contracts equal the NIC amount for all life insurance contracts valid as at the reporting date. NIC reserve on a separate contract of life insurance is equal to the maximum value of the net level premium reserve and gross-premium reserve. Net level premium reserve is the present value of future benefits (excluding survival benefits) less present value of future net premiums. Gross-premium reserve is present value of benefits, expenses of the Group that are directly related to consideration, settlement, and determination of the benefit amount, operating expenses of the Group related to conducting of the business, less present value of future gross-premiums. The Group excludes terminations of the contracts from the statistics which is then used for NIC reserves, given the inclusion of terminations will result lower level of NIC reserves which may not be sufficient.
Annuity insurance
NIC reserve on annuity contracts is the sum of the present value of future benefits, the claims for annuity insurance and administrative expenses on annuity insurance contracts maintenance, less the present value of insurance contributions (in case of lump sum - insurance premium), which the Group is due to receive after the settlement date.
The reserves are either based on current assumptions or calculated using the assumptions established at the time the contract was issued, in which case a margin for risk and adverse deviation is generally included.
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Segment information
The Company used management approaches to identify its reportable segments, as required by ASC 280. The management approach is based on the way the Company's management organizes and evaluates its operations, and based on the way the Company's operations are managed and reported in its internal financial reporting system.
The Company identified the following segments:
1. Central Asia and Eastern Europe
2. Europe, Excluding Eastern Europe
3. United States
4. Middle East/Caucasus
The Company evaluated whether its segments met the quantitative thresholds to be reportable separately. The quantitative thresholds require that a segment's revenue is 10% or more of the combined revenue of all segments, or its absolute profit or loss is 10% or more of the greater of the combined absolute profit of all segments that have a positive profit or the combined absolute loss of all segments that have a loss. The Company's Central Asia and Eastern Europe and Europe Excluding Eastern Europe segments were identified under the quantitative thresholds.
Under the management approach, the Company identified the United States and Middle East/Caucasus regions as its reportable segments as they are managed separately from other regions. Both regions are led by a separate management team that are responsible for its operations, and its performance is regularly reviewed by the CODM.
The Company determined that the United States and Middle East/Caucasus regions met the qualitative threshold of being managed separately and did not need to rely on the quantitative thresholds.
Factors Used in Determining Reportable Segments
The Company considered several factors when determining its reportable segments. These factors include similarities and differences among its products, services, and geographical locations, economic factors, and internal reporting.
The Company considered the similarities and differences among its products, services, and geographical locations to determine whether they should be aggregated or reported separately. Each region was determined to be sufficiently different from other regions and therefore should be reported separately.
The Company also considered the economic factors that affect its operating segments, such as the regulatory environment, competitive landscape, and market conditions, to determine whether they should be reported separately. Reportable regions were determined to have unique economic factors that warranted separate reporting.
The information that is regularly reviewed by the CODM, including but not limited to the revenue, profit or loss, and assets, was also considered by the Company when determining its reportable segments. Each reportable segment was determined to be regularly reviewed by the CODM and therefore should be reported separately.
Recent accounting pronouncements
In June 2016 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (ASC 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", which introduced an expected credit loss methodology for the impairment of financial assets measured at amortized cost basis. That methodology replaces the probable, incurred loss model for those assets. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (ASC 326). The Board developed a philosophy to extend and simplify how effective dates are staggered between larger public companies (bucket one) and all other entities (bucket two). Those other entities include private companies, smaller public companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans. Under this philosophy, a major update would first be effective for bucket-one entities, that is, public business entities that are SEC filers, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting companies (SRCs) under the SEC's definition. All other entities, including SRCs, other public business entities, and nonpublic business entities (private companies, not-for-profit organizations, and employee benefit plans) would compose bucket two. For those entities, the Board considered requiring an effective date staggered at least two years after bucket one for major updates. When ASU 2019-10 was issued, it provided SRCs with the option to defer the implementation of the standard. As the Company qualified as an SRC at the time of the standard's release, it chose not to adopt the update on January 1, 2020. Since then, the Company has grown and became a Larger Public Company as of
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March 31, 2022, and following ASU 2019-10, qualifies for bucket one. Accordingly, ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted ASC 326 starting from April 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective transition approach for its financial assets in scope.
The results for reporting periods beginning on or after April 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326, while prior periods amount continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The following table illustrates the impact of ASC 326.

| March 31, 2023 |  | ASC 326 Adoption Impact |  | April 1, 2023
Allowance for credit losses for loans |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans | $ | 554 |  |  | $ | 2,216 |  |  | $ | 2,770 |
Car loans | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 6,462 |  |  | $ | 7,221 |
Collateralized bank customer loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Uncollateralized banks customer loans | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 7,436 |  |  | $ | 7,669 |
Right of claim for purchased retail loans | 1,246 |  |  | 9,046 |  |  | 10,292 |
Allowance for credit losses for other financial assets | — |  |  | 249 |  |  | 249 |
Total allowance for credit losses | $ | 2,792 |  |  | $ | 25,444 |  |  | $ | 28,236 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |
Total allowance increase |  |  | $ | 25,444 |  |  |
Decrease to retained earnings, pre-tax |  |  | $ | 25,444 |  |  |
Tax effect |  |  | $ | (2,671) |  |  |
Forex effect |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  |
Decrease to retained earnings, net of tax effect |  |  | $ | 22,772 |  |  |

In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842)".
In August 2021 the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update No 2021-06 "Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Financial Services — Depository and Lending (Topic 942), and Financial Services — Investment Companies (Topic 946)" which amends various SEC paragraphs pursuant to the issuance of SEC Release No. 33-10786, Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses. SEC issued Final Rulemaking Release No. 33-10786, Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses, which modified the disclosure and presentation requirements concerning acquisitions and disposals of businesses. Primarily, the new rules amended (1) Rule 1-02(w) of Regulation S-X, Definition of Terms Used in Regulation S-X, Significant Subsidiary, (2) Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X, Financial Statements of Businesses Acquired or to Be Acquired, (3) Rule 8-05 of Regulation S-X, Pro Forma Financial Information (which covers smaller reporting companies), and (4) Article 11 of Regulation S-X, Pro Forma Financial Information. In addition, new Rule 6-11 of Regulation S-X, Financial Statements of Funds Acquired or to Be Acquired, covering acquisitions specific to investment companies, was added. Corresponding changes were made to other Regulation S-X rules, various Securities Act and Securities Exchange Act rules, and Forms 8-K and 10-K. Compliance with the amended rules is required from the beginning of a registrant's fiscal year commencing after December 31, 2020 (i.e., the mandatory compliance date). Acquisitions and dispositions that are probable or consummated after the mandatory
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compliance date are required to be evaluated for significance pursuant to the amended rules. Early compliance is permitted, provided that all the amended rules are applied in their entirety from the early compliance date. ASU No. 2021-06 amends SEC material in the Codification to give effect to Release No. 33-10786. The new rules apply to fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2021 (i.e., calendar-year 2021). Early voluntary compliance is allowed. Note that the rescission of Industry Guide 3 is effective on January 1, 2023. ASU No. 2021-06 amends SEC material in the Codification to give effect to Release No. 33-10835. The Company does not expect that ASU 2021-06 will have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In October 2021, The SEC issued the amendment of Business Combinations (Topic 805), No. 2021-08, which related to Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The main amendments were concentrated in paragraphs 805-20-25-16 through 25-17 and add paragraph 805-20-25-28C and its related heading, with a link to transition paragraph 805-20-65-3, where the topic provides limited exceptions to the recognition and measurement principles applicable to business combinations. Moreover, the topic amends paragraphs 805-20-30-10 through 30-12 and add paragraphs 805-20-30-27 through 30-30 and their related heading, with a link to transition paragraph 805-20-65-3. Paragraph 805-20-25-16 notes that the Business Combinations Topic provides limited exceptions to the recognition and measurement principles applicable to business combinations. In the topic has been added paragraph 805-20-65-3, in which the following represents the transition and effective date information related to Accounting Standards Update No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. For public business entities, the pending content that links to this paragraph shall be effective for fiscal years, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company does not expect that ASU 2021-08 will have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In March 2022 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2022-01, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging-Portfolio Layer Method", which introduces the amendments, which targeted on improvements to the optional hedge accounting model with the objective of improving hedge accounting to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in its financial statements. The amendments in this Update apply to the Company that elect to apply the portfolio layer method of hedge accounting in accordance with Table of Contents Topic 815. For a closed portfolio of prepayable financial assets or one or more beneficial interests secured by a portfolio of prepayable financial instruments, the last-of-layer method allows an entity to hedge a stated amount of the asset or assets in the closed portfolio that is anticipated to be outstanding for the designated hedge period. If the requirements for the last-of-layer method are met, prepayment risk is not incorporated into the measurement of the hedged item. Accordingly, ASU 2022-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company does not expect that ASU 2022-01 will have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In March 2022 the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2022-02, "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures", which introduces the amendments on solving two issues of creditors related to troubled debt restructurings and gross write-offs of vintage debt disclosures. The amendments in Update 2016-13 require that an entity measure and record the lifetime expected credit losses on an asset that is within the scope of the Update upon origination or acquisition, and, as a result, credit losses from loans modified as troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) have been incorporated into the allowance for credit losses. Investors and preparers observed that the additional designation of a loan modification as a TDR and the related accounting are unnecessarily complex and no longer provide decision-useful information. Moreover, Investors and other financial statement users observed that disclosing gross writeoffs by year of origination provides important information that allows them to better understand changes in the credit quality of an entity's loan portfolio and underwriting performance. Accordingly, ASU 2022-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted ASC 326 starting from April 1, 2023.
In June 2022, FASB Issued Accounting Standard Updated No. 2022-03 “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The FASB has issued this standard to (1) clarify the guidance in Topic 820 – Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) to amend a related illustrative example, and (3) to introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. The amendments in this update affects all entities that have investments in equity securities measured at fair value that are subject to a contractual sale restriction. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2022-03 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2022, FASB Issued Accounting Standard Updated No. 2022-05 “Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts (LDTI)”. The amendments in Update 2018-12
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require that an insurance entity apply a retrospective transition method as of the beginning of the earliest period presented or the beginning of the prior fiscal year if early application is elected. It amends in this Update the LDTI transition guidance to allow an insurance entity to make an accounting policy election on a transaction-by-transaction basis. The Board is issuing this Update to reduce implementation costs and complexity associated with the adoption of LDTI for contracts that have been derecognized in accordance with the amendments in this Update before the LDTI effective date. Without the amendments an insurance entity would be required to reclassify a portion of the previously recognized gains or losses to the LDTI transition adjustment because of the adoption of a new accounting standard. This Update affects insurance entities that have derecognized contracts before the LDTI effective date. For public business entities that meet the definition of a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filer and are not smaller reporting companies, LDTI is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application is permitted. The Company evaluated the impact that ASU 2022-05 has on the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, as a result of the evaluation the impact of the adoption is not material.
In December 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2022-06 “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting”, which provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The objective of the guidance in Topic 848 is to provide temporary relief during the transition period. The Board included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) would cease being published. At the time that Update 2020-04 was issued, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) had established its intent that it would no longer be necessary to persuade, or compel, banks to submit to LIBOR after December 31, 2021. As a result, the sunset provision was set for December 31, 2022—12 months after the expected cessation date of all currencies and tenors of LIBOR. The amendments in this Update apply to all entities, subject to meeting certain criteria, that have contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities upon issuance of this Update. The Company has evaluated that the Update No. 2022-06 did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In March 2023, FASB Issued Accounting Standard Updated No. 2023-01 “Lease (Topic 842)”. Topic 842 requires that entities determine whether a related party arrangement between entities under common control (hereinafter referred to as a common control arrangement) is a lease. If the arrangement is determined to be a lease, an entity must classify and account for the lease on the same basis as an arrangement with an unrelated party (on the basis of legally enforceable terms and conditions).That represents a change from the requirements of Topic 840, Leases, which required that an entity classify and account for an arrangement on the basis of economic substance when those terms and conditions were affected by the related party nature of the arrangement. The amendments in this Update affect all lessees that are a party to a lease between entities under common control in which there are leasehold improvements. The amendments apply to all entities (that is, public business entities, private companies, not-for-profit entities, and employee benefit plans). The amendments in this Update for both Issue 1 and Issue 2 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities in any interim period. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it shall adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company considers that ASU No. 2023-01 did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In March 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-02 “Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects”, which amended Subtopic 323-740, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures—Income Taxes, introduced the option to apply the proportional amortization method to account for investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits and other income tax benefits when certain requirements are met. The amendments in this Update apply to all reporting entities that hold (1) tax equity investments that meet the conditions for and elect to account for them using the proportional amortization method or (2) an investment in a LIHTC structure through a limited liability entity that is not accounted for using the proportional amortization method and to which certain LIHTC-specific guidance removed from Subtopic 323-740 has been applied. The amendments in this Update permit reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities in any interim period. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it shall adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company considers that the Update No. 2023-02 will not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
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In August 2023, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-05 “Business Combinations— Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60)” that provides a new basis of accounting upon formation of a joint venture to reduce diversity in practice and provide investors with decision-useful information. The amendments in Update 2023-05 require that a joint venture, upon formation, initially measures its assets and liabilities at fair value (with exceptions to fair value measurements that are consistent with other new combinations guidance). It requires that a joint venture apply the following key adaptations from business combinations guidance upon formation: (1) a joint venture is the formation of a new entity without the accounting acquirer, (2) a joint venture measures its identifiable net assets and goodwill if any, at the formation date, (3) initial measurement of a joint venture’s total net assets is equal to the fair value of 100 percent of the joint venture’s equity, (4) a joint venture provides relevant disclosures, the requirements for joint venture disclosures upon formation are different from the requirements for business combinations. In case that the formation is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the formation occurs, the amendments in this Update permit a joint venture to apply measurement period guidance in Subtopic 805-10.
The amendments in this Update are effective for all joint venture formations with formation dates on or after January 1, 2025, and may be used retrospectively if sufficient information is available. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period in which financial statements have not yet been issued, either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU No. 2023-05 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
NOTE 3 – CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents consisted of the following:

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Short term deposits in National Bank (Kazakhstan) | $ | 201,718 |  |  | $ | 357,454 |
Cash in commercial banks | 94,274 |  |  | 83,755 |
Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements | 72,112 |  |  | 29,812 |
Petty cash in bank vault and on hand | 44,362 |  |  | 35,998 |
Short term deposits in stock exchanges | 27,119 |  |  | 31,691 |
Short term deposits on brokerage accounts | 18,999 |  |  | 37,417 |
Cash in transit | 4,013 |  |  | 3,364 |
Overnight deposits | 1,597 |  |  | 1,926 |
Allowance for Cash and cash equivalents | $ | (319) |  |  | $ | — |
Total cash and cash equivalents | $ | 463,875 |  |  | $ | 581,417 |

As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents were not insured. As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, the cash and cash equivalents balance included short-term collateralized securities received under reverse repurchase agreements on the terms presented below:
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| September 30, 2023
| Interest rates and remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
| Average interest rate |  | Up to 30 days |  | 30-90 days |  | Total
Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate equity | 17.35 | % |  | $ | 42,403 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,403 |
US sovereign debt | 4.52 | % |  | 21,963 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,963 |
Corporate debt | 2.50 | % |  | 7,210 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,210 |
Non-US sovereign debt | 15.50 | % |  | 536 |  |  | — |  |  | 536 |
Total |  |  | $ | 72,112 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,112 |

| March 31, 2023
| Interest rates and remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
| Average interest rate |  | Up to 30 days |  | 30-90 days |  | Total
Securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US sovereign debt | 2.06 | % |  | $ | 17,102 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,102 |
Corporate equity | 17.17 | % |  | 6,963 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,963 |
Non-US sovereign debt | 6.12 | % |  | 3,483 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,483 |
Corporate debt | 2.52 | % |  | 2,079 |  |  | 185 |  |  | 2,264 |
Total |  |  | $ | 29,627 |  |  | $ | 185 |  |  | $ | 29,812 |

The securities received by the Group as collateral under reverse repurchase agreements are liquid trading securities with market quotes and significant trading volume. The fair value of collateral received by the Group under reverse repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, was $72,160 and $31,165, respectively.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements included accrued interest in the amount of $38 and $11, with a weighted average maturity of 5 days and 9 days, respectively. All securities repurchase agreements transactions were executed through the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange.
NOTE 4 – RESTRICTED CASH
Restricted cash for the periods ended September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, consisted of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Brokerage customers’ cash | $ | 290,021 |  |  | $ | 328,435 |
Guaranty deposits | 99,050 |  |  | 116,628 |
Restricted bank accounts | 10,733 |  |  | 10,436 |
Deferred distribution payment | 23 |  |  | 23 |
Allowance for restricted cash | (12,953) |  |  | (9,994) |
Total restricted cash | $ | 386,874 |  |  | $ | 445,528 |

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As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, part of the Group’s restricted cash is segregated in a special custody account for the exclusive benefit of the relevant brokerage customers.
NOTE 5 – TRADING AND AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES AT FAIR VALUE
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, trading and available-for-sale securities consisted of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Non-U.S. sovereign debt | $ | 2,323,178 |  |  | 1,029,857 |
Corporate debt | 1,135,870 |  |  | 1,269,879 |
Corporate equity | 97,718 |  |  | 65,741 |
U.S. sovereign debt | 44,778 |  |  | 45,022 |
Exchange traded notes | 2,340 |  |  | 2,057 |
Total trading securities | $ | 3,603,884 |  |  | $ | 2,412,556 |

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Corporate debt | $ | 133,093 |  |  | $ | 191,082 |
Non-U.S. sovereign debt | 47,363 |  |  | 40,162 |
U.S. sovereign debt | 12,090 |  |  | 7,809 |
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value | $ | 192,546 |  |  | $ | 239,053 |

The following tables present maturity analysis for available-for-sale securities as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023:

| September 30, 2023
| Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
| Up to 1 year |  | 1-5 years |  | 5-10 years |  | More than 10 years |  | Total
Corporate debt | 8,579 |  |  | 72,941 |  |  | 51,563 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 133,093 |
Non-US sovereign debt | — |  |  | 35,935 |  |  | 5,316 |  |  | 6,112 |  |  | 47,363 |
US sovereign debt | 1,990 |  |  | 7,334 |  |  | 1,624 |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | 12,090 |
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value | $ | 10,569 |  |  | $ | 116,210 |  |  | $ | 58,503 |  |  | $ | 7,264 |  |  | $ | 192,546 |

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| March 31, 2023
| Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
| Up to 1 year |  | 1-5 years |  | 5-10 years |  | More than 10 years |  | Total
Corporate debt | 77,006 |  |  | 82,579 |  |  | 31,486 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 191,082 |
Non-US sovereign debt | — |  |  | 33,143 |  |  | 820 |  |  | 6,199 |  |  | 40,162 |
US sovereign debt | 1,947 |  |  | 2,805 |  |  | 1,725 |  |  | 1,332 |  |  | 7,809 |
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value | $ | 78,953 |  |  | $ | 118,527 |  |  | $ | 34,031 |  |  | $ | 7,542 |  |  | $ | 239,053 |

As of September 30, 2023, the Group held debt securities of two issuers each of which individually exceeded 10% of the Group’s total trading securities - the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan (S&P Global: BBB- credit rating) in the amount of $2,310,780 and Kazakhstan Sustainability Fund JSC (Fitch: BBB credit rating) in the amount of $612,363. As of March 31, 2023, the Group held debt securities of two issuers each of which individually exceeded 10% of the Group’s total trading securities - the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kazakhstan Sustainability Fund JSC in the amounts of $1,015,161 and $834,917, respectively. The debt securities issued by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan Sustainability Fund JSC are categorized as non-US sovereign debt and corporate debt, respectively.
The Group recognized no other-than-temporary impairment in accumulated other comprehensive loss.
The fair value of securities is determined using observable market data based on recent trading activity. Where observable market data is unavailable due to a lack of trading activity, the Group utilizes internally developed models to estimate fair value and independent third parties to validate assumptions, when appropriate. Estimating fair value requires significant management judgment, including benchmarking to similar instruments with observable market data and applying appropriate discounts that reflect differences between the securities that the Group is valuing and the selected benchmark. Depending on the type of securities owned by the Group, other valuation methodologies may be required.
Measurement of fair value is classified within a hierarchy based upon the transparency of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability. Classification within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The valuation hierarchy contains three levels:
•Level 1 - Valuation inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
•Level 2 - Valuation inputs are quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and other observable inputs directly or indirectly related to the asset or liability being measured.
•Level 3 - Valuation inputs are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

The following tables present securities assets in the Сondensed Сonsolidated Balance Sheets or disclosed in the Notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023:

| Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Total |  | Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2023 using
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Units
|  |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Non-U.S. sovereign debt | 12.48 | % |  | $ | 2,323,178 |  |  | $ | 2,287,959 |  |  | $ | 35,219 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate debt | 15.31 | % |  | 1,135,870 |  |  | 595,392 |  |  | 524,268 |  |  | 16,210 |
Corporate equity | — | % |  | 97,718 |  |  | 75,154 |  |  | 2,233 |  |  | 20,331 |
U.S. sovereign debt | 5.18 | % |  | 44,778 |  |  | 44,778 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exchange traded notes | — | % |  | 2,340 |  |  | 907 |  |  | 1,433 |  |  | — |
Total trading securities |  |  | $ | 3,603,884 |  |  | $ | 3,004,190 |  |  | $ | 563,153 |  |  | $ | 36,541 |
Corporate debt | 17.68 | % |  | $ | 133,093 |  |  | $ | 74,194 |  |  | $ | 58,899 |  |  | $ | — |
Non-US sovereign debt | 13.81 | % |  | 47,363 |  |  | 46,539 |  |  | 824 |  |  | — |
US sovereign debt | 5.36 | % |  | 12,090 |  |  | 12,090 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  |  | $ | 192,546 |  |  | $ | 132,823 |  |  | $ | 59,723 |  |  | $ | — |

| Weighted Average Interest Rate |  | Total |  | Fair Value Measurements as of March 31, 2023 using
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs |  | Significant Unobservable Units
|  |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3)
Corporate debt | 15.62 | % |  | $ | 1,269,879 |  |  | $ | 1,106,584 |  |  | $ | 162,895 |  |  | $ | 400 |
Non-U.S. sovereign debt | 12.04 | % |  | 1,029,857 |  |  | 971,762 |  |  | 54,319 |  |  | 3,776 |
Corporate equity | — |  |  | 65,741 |  |  | 62,971 |  |  | 1,808 |  |  | 962 |
U.S. sovereign debt | 4.22 | % |  | 45,022 |  |  | 45,022 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exchange traded notes | — |  |  | 2,057 |  |  | 447 |  |  | 1,610 |  |  | — |
Total trading securities |  |  | $ | 2,412,556 |  |  | $ | 2,186,786 |  |  | $ | 220,632 |  |  | $ | 5,138 |
Corporate debt | 15.78 | % |  | $ | 191,082 |  |  | $ | 129,504 |  |  | $ | 61,578 |  |  | $ | — |
Non-U.S. sovereign debt | 13.64 | % |  | 40,162 |  |  | 39,624 |  |  | 538 |  |  | — |
U.S. sovereign debt | 4.24 | % |  | 7,809 |  |  | 7,809 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  |  | $ | 239,053 |  |  | $ | 176,937 |  |  | $ | 62,116 |  |  | $ | — |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

The tables below present the valuation techniques and significant level 3 inputs used in the valuation as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023. The tables are not intended to be all inclusive, but instead capture the significant unobservable inputs relevant to determination of fair value.

Type |  | Valuation Technique |  | FV as of September 30, 2023 |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | %
Corporate debt |  | DCF |  | $ | 15,816 |  |  | Discount rate |  | 11.1%
|  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 2 years
Corporate debt |  | DCF |  | 394 |  |  | Discount rate |  | 74.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 3 months
Corporate equity |  | DCF |  | 19,996 |  |  | Discount rate |  | 13.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 4 years, 6 months
Corporate equity |  | DCF |  | 335 |  |  | Discount rate |  | 58.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 9 years
Total |  |  |  | $ | 36,541 |  |  |  |  |

Type |  | Valuation Technique |  | FV as of March 31, 2023 |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | %
Non-US sovereign debt |  | DCF |  | $ | 3,776 |  |  | Discount rate |  | 48.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 11 years
Corporate debt |  | DCF |  | 400 |  |  | Discount rate |  | 74.0%
|  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 3 months
Corporate equity |  | DCF |  | 962 |  |  | Discount rate |  | 58.8%
|  |  |  |  |  | Estimated number of years |  | 9 years
Total |  |  |  | $ | 5,138 |  |  |  |  |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for investments that use Level 3 inputs for the six months ended September 30, 2023, and the year ended March 31, 2023:

|  | Trading securities
Balance as of March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 5,138 |
Purchase of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  | 35,805 |
Reclassification to level 2 |  | (32) |
Deconsolidation of Freedom UA securities |  | (3,927) |
Revaluation of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  | 113 |
Reclassification to investment in associate |  | (556) |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 36,541 |
Balance as of March 31, 2022 |  | $ | 9,142 |
Reclassification to level 2 |  | (1,339) |
Sale of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  | (5,213) |
Purchase of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  | 2,604 |
Revaluation of investments that use Level 3 inputs |  | (56) |
Balance as of March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 5,138 |

The table below presents the amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses accumulated in other comprehensive income, and fair value of available-for-sale securities as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023:

| September 30, 2023 |  |
|  | Assets measured at amortized cost |  | Recognized impairment loss in Income Statement |  | Unrealized loss accumulated in other comprehensive loss |  | Assets measured at fair value |  | Maturity Date
Corporate debt |  | $ | 132,781 |  |  | $ | (50) |  |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 133,093 |  |  | 2023-2035
Non-US sovereign debt |  | 49,843 |  |  | (309) |  |  | (2,171) |  |  | 47,363 |  |  | 2024-indefinite
U.S. sovereign debt |  | 12,969 |  |  | — |  |  | (879) |  |  | 12,090 |  |  | 2023-2044
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  | $ | 195,593 |  |  | $ | (359) |  |  | (2,688) |  |  | $ | 192,546 |  |  |

|  | March 31, 2023 |  |
|  | Assets measured at amortized cost |  | Recognized impairment loss in Income Statement |  | Unrealized loss accumulated in other comprehensive income/(loss) |  | Assets measured at fair value |  | Maturity Date
Corporate debt |  | $ | 192,167 |  |  | $ | (402) |  |  | $ | (683) |  |  | $ | 191,082 |  |  | 2023-2035
Non-U.S. sovereign debt |  | 42,456 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,294) |  |  | 40,162 |  |  | 2024-indefinite
U.S. sovereign debt |  | 8,391 |  |  | — |  |  | (582) |  |  | 7,809 |  |  | 2023-2044
Total available-for-sale securities, at fair value |  | $ | 243,014 |  |  | $ | (402) |  |  | $ | (3,559) |  |  | $ | 239,053 |  |  |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 6 – MARGIN LENDING, BROKERAGE AND OTHER RECEIVABLES, NET
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, consisted of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Margin lending receivables | $ | 1,002,549 |  |  | $ | 361,684 |
Bank commissions receivable | 8,381 |  |  | 6,035 |
Receivables from brokerage clients | 4,572 |  |  | 7,302 |
Bonds coupon receivable | 2,215 |  |  | — |
Dividends accrued | 1,232 |  |  | 486 |
Receivable from sale of securities | 480 |  |  | 613 |
Receivable for underwriting and market-making services | 461 |  |  | 2,317 |
Long-term installments receivables | 203 |  |  | 895 |
Other receivables | 16,345 |  |  | 9,504 |
Allowance for receivables | (11,633) |  |  | (12,507) |
Total margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net | $ | 1,024,805 |  |  | $ | 376,329 |

Margin lending receivables are amounts owed to the Group from customers as a result of borrowings by such customers against the value of qualifying securities, primarily for the purpose of purchasing additional securities. Amounts may fluctuate from period to period as overall client balances change as a result of market levels, client positioning and leverage. Credit exposures arising from margin lending activities are generally mitigated by their short-term nature, the value of collateral held and the Group's right to call for margin when collateral values decline.
The fair value of collateral received by the Group under margin loans as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023 was $4,741,937 and $1,418,129, respectively. Collateral from single counterparty comprised $2,750,901, 44% from total collateral. Where margin lending receivables from single counterparty comprised $29,170, balance $1,002,549, not related party.
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, amounts due from a single related party customer were $396,470 and $290,195, respectively or 39% and 78% respectively, of total margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net. Approximately 96% and 98% of these balances were due from FST Belize, a company owned by the Company's controlling shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer, Timur Turlov. Based on historical data, the Group considers receivables due from related parties fully collectible.
For both individual and institutional brokerage clients, the Group may enter into arrangements for securities financing transactions in respect of financial instruments held by the Group on behalf of the client or may use such financial instruments for its own account or the account of another client. The Group maintains omnibus brokerage accounts for certain institutional brokerage clients, in which transactions of the underlying clients of such institutional clients are combined in a single account with us. As noted above, the Group may use the assets within the omnibus accounts to finance, lend, provide credit or provide debt financing or otherwise use and direct the order or manner of assets for financing of other clients of ours.
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, the margin lending receivable balance from FST Belize was fully collateralized by its customer-owned cash and market securities held by the Group, including a $340,697 and $37,101 margin lending receivable collateralized by FRHC securities. Customers’ required margin levels and established credit limits are monitored continuously by the Group's risk management staff. Pursuant to the Company’s policy, customers are required to deposit additional collateral or reduce positions, when necessary, to avoid liquidation of their positions.
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, using historical and statistical data, the Group recorded an allowance for brokerage receivables in the amounts of $11,633 and $12,507, respectively.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 7 – LOANS ISSUED
Loans issued as of September 30, 2023, consisted of the following:

| Amount Outstanding |  | Due Dates |  | Average Interest Rate |  | Fair Value of Collateral |  | Loan Currency
Mortgage loans | 621,096 |  |  | January, 2024 - September, 2048 |  | 10.00% |  | 613,460 |  |  | KZT
Car loans | 245,662 |  |  | October, 2023 - September, 2030 |  | 24.00% |  | 239,170 |  |  | KZT
Uncollateralized bank customer loans | 191,953 |  |  | October, 2023 - September 2043 |  | 26.00% |  | — |  |  | KZT
Right of claim for purchased retail loans | 135,132 |  |  | October, 2023 - September 2028 |  | 15.00% |  | 135,132 |  |  | KZT
Collateralized bank customer loans | 16,474 |  |  | January, 2024 - July 2043 |  | 24.00% |  | 15,345 |  |  | KZT
Subordinated loan | 5,113 |  |  | December, 2025 |  | 3.00% |  | — |  |  | USD
Loans to policyholders | 1,428 |  |  | November, 2023 - September, 2024 |  | 15.00% |  | 1,494 |  |  | KZT
Other | 4,835 |  |  | October, 2023 - March, 2048/December, 2023 |  | 2.00%/14.00% |  | — |  |  | EUR/KZT
Allowance for loans issued | (44,961) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans issued | $ | 1,176,732 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The Group provides mortgage loans to borrowers on behalf of the JSC Kazakhstan Sustainability Fund ("Program Operator") related to the state mortgage program "7-20-25" and transfers the rights of claim on the loans to the Program Operator. Under this program, borrowers can receive a mortgage at an interest rate of 7%, for 20 years. In accordance with the program and trust management agreement, the Group carries out trust management of transferred mortgage loans, and transfers all repayments of principal amounts of mortgages plus 4% of the 7% interest to the Program Operator. The remaining 3% of the 7% interest is retained by the Group as profit margin. Under the program and trust management agreement, the Group is required to repurchase the rights of claims on transferred mortgage loans, when the loan principal amount and interest payments are overdue 90 days or more. The repurchase of delinquent loans is performed at the loan nominal value.
Since the Group transfers the right of claim with recourse for uncollectible amounts, retains part of interest from those loans, and agrees to service those loans after the sale, the Group has determined that it retains control over the mortgage loans transferred and continues recognizing the loans. As the Group continues to recognize the loans, it also recognizes the associated liability in the amount of $458,608 as of September 30, 2023, which is presented separately as liability arising from continuing involvement in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of March 31, 2023 the corresponding liability amounted to $440,805.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, mortgage loans include loans under the state mortgage program "7-20-25" with an aggregate principal amount of $469,612 and $463,114, respectively.
The Group has an agreement with FFIN Credit, a company established and controlled by FRHC's controlling shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer, Timur Turlov, to purchase uncollateralized retail loans. FFIN Credit is a non-bank credit institution that issues loans in Kazakhstan under simplified lending procedures. FFIN Credit was created as a pilot project to test and improve the scoring models used for qualifying and issuing loans. The principal operation of FFIN Credit is to provide loans to customers online using biometric identification and its proprietary scoring process. After completion of the pilot launch, it is anticipated that the ownership of FFIN Credit will be sold by Mr. Turlov to the Company. The bank has legal ownership over purchase from FFIN Credit uncollateralized retail loans, however, in accordance with U.S. GAAP requirements, the Group does not recognize those loans, since effective control over the transferred loans are maintained by FFIN Credit. Instead, the Group recognizes the loans receivable from FFIN Credit presented on the consolidated balance sheets within the loans issued. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, right of claims for purchased retail loans in the amount of $135,132 and $121,177, respectively.
The total accrued interest for loans issued amounted $7,853 as of September 30, 2023 and $3,548 as of March 31, 2023.
Loans issued as of March 31, 2023, consisted of the following:

| Amount Outstanding |  | Due Dates |  | Average Interest Rate |  | Fair Value of Collateral |  | Loan Currency
Mortgage loans | 534,154 |  |  | April, 2023 - March, 2048 |  | 9.00 | % |  | 534,154 |  |  | KZT
Right of claims for purchased retail loans | 121,177 |  |  | January, 2023 - March, 2027 |  | 15.00 | % |  | 121,177 |  |  | KZT
Car loans | 102,269 |  |  | April, 2023- April, 2030 |  | 25.00 | % |  | 102,247 |  |  | KZT
Uncollateralized bank customer loans | 46,970 |  |  | January, 2023 - March, 2043 |  | 25.00 | % |  | — |  |  | KZT
Collateralized bank customer loans | 17,653 |  |  | May, 2023 - March, 2028 |  | 2.00 | % |  | 17,636 |  |  | KZT/RUB
Subordinated loan | 5,039 |  |  | December, 2025 |  | 3.00 | % |  | — |  |  | USD
Loans to policyholders | 1,488 |  |  | June, 2023 - February, 2024 |  | 15.00 | % |  | 1,752 |  |  | KZT
Other | 300 |  |  | March, 2024-September, 2029 |  | 2.00 | % |  | — |  | EUR
Allowance for loans issued | (2,792) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans issued | $ | 826,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Credit quality indicators
Freedom Bank KZ uses a loan portfolio quality classification system that indicates signs of a significant increase in credit risk and contractual impairment, depending on the analysis of reasonable and supportable information available at the reporting date. The loan portfolio is classified into “not credit impaired”, “with significant increase in credit risk” and “credit impaired” agreements.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

Loans “not credit impaired” under the agreement are serviced as usual, there are no primary signs of an increase in credit risk. Agreements classified as “with significant increase in credit risk” represent loans for which there is an increase in the credit risk expected over the life of the agreement compared to the initial risk at the date of recognition of the loan. In practice, the presence of overdue debt on principal and interest for a period of more than 30 days or the absolute probability of default threshold PD exceeds 20%. Agreements classified as “credit impaired” represent loans for which at the reporting date there are signs of impairment, the borrower has been in default for 90 or more days for individuals and 60 or more days for legal entities, the borrower for the last 12 months restructured the contract due to the deterioration of the financial condition, the presence of a sign of default, a sign of bankruptcy, the deterioration of the financial performance of the borrower, a significant deterioration in the quality and cost of collateral, the presence of other information indicating the presence of a high credit risk.
The table below presents the Group's loan portfolio by credit quality classification and origination year as of September 30, 2023. Current vintage disclosure is the requirement due to first adoption of ASC 326.

| Term Loans by Origination Year
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving loans |  | Total
Mortgage loans | 131,220 |  |  | 448,018 |  |  | 41,858 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 621,096 |
that are not credit impaired | 131,045 |  |  | 445,485 |  |  | 41,339 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 617,869 |
with significant increase in credit risk | 175 |  |  | 1,999 |  |  | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,616 |
that are credit impaired | — |  |  | 534 |  |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 611 |
Car loans | 167,683 |  |  | 77,979 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 245,662 |
that are not credit impaired | 166,768 |  |  | 70,771 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 237,539 |
with significant increase in credit risk | 810 |  |  | 2,488 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,298 |
that are credit impaired | 105 |  |  | 4,720 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,825 |
Uncollateralized bank customer loans | 153,924 |  |  | 38,020 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191,953 |
that are not credit impaired | 152,747 |  |  | 36,425 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 189,173 |
with significant increase in credit risk | 963 |  |  | 904 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,867 |
that are credit impaired | 214 |  |  | 691 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 913 |
Right of claim for purchased retail loans | 92,053 |  |  | 41,349 |  |  | 1,730 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135,132 |
that are not credit impaired | 92,053 |  |  | 41,349 |  |  | 1,730 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135,132 |
with significant increase in credit risk | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
that are credit impaired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Collateralized bank customer loans | 16,066 |  |  | 408 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,474 |
that are not credit impaired | 16,066 |  |  | 408 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,474 |
with significant increase in credit risk | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

that are credit impaired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subordinated loan | — |  |  | 5,113 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,113 |
that are not credit impaired | — |  |  | 5,113 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,113 |
with significant increase in credit risk | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
that are credit impaired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans issued to policyholders | 1,428 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,428 |
that are not credit impaired | 1,428 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,428 |
with significant increase in credit risk | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
that are credit impaired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | 1,704 |  |  | 116 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,015 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,835 |
that are not credit impaired | 1,704 |  |  | 116 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,820 |
with significant increase in credit risk | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
that are credit impaired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,015 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,015 |
Total | 564,078 |  |  | 611,003 |  |  | 43,596 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3,015 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,221,693 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

The table below presents the Group's loan portfolio by credit quality classification as of March 31, 2023.

| March 31, 2023
| That are not credit impaired |  | With significant increase in credit risk |  | That are credit impaired |  | Total
Mortgage loans | 532,621 |  |  | 1,505 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 534,154 |
Collateralized bank customer loans | 121,055 |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | 121,177 |
Right of claim for purchased retail loans | 102,269 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102,269 |
Uncollateralized bank customer loans | 46,882 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 46,970 |
Car loans | 17,653 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,653 |
Subordinated loan | 5,039 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,039 |
Loans issued to policyholders | 1,488 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,488 |
Other | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |
Total loans | 827,307 |  |  | 1,708 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 829,050 |

Aging analysis of past due loans as of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, is as follows:

| September 30, 2023
| Loans 30-59 Days past due |  | Loans 60-89 days past due |  | Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing |  | Current loans |  | Total
Mortgage loans | 1,961 |  |  | 656 |  |  | 611 |  |  | 617,868 |  |  | 621,096 |
Car loans | 1,849 |  |  | 1,449 |  |  | 4,825 |  |  | 237,539 |  |  | 245,662 |
Uncollateralized bank customer loans | 1,177 |  |  | 719 |  |  | 913 |  |  | 189,144 |  |  | 191,953 |
Right of claim for purchased retail loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135,132 |  |  | 135,132 |
Collateralized bank customer loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,474 |  |  | 16,474 |
Subordinated loan | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,113 |  |  | 5,113 |
Loans issued to policyholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,428 |  |  | 1,428 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,015 |  |  | 1,820 |  |  | 4,835 |
Total | 4,987 |  |  | 2,824 |  |  | 9,364 |  |  | 1,204,518 |  |  | 1,221,693 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

| March 31, 2023
| Loans 30-59 days past due |  | Loans 60-89 days past due |  | Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing |  | Current loans |  | Total
Mortgage loans | 1,265 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 532,621 |  |  | 534,154 |
Collateralized bank customer loans | 123 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,054 |  |  | 121,177 |
Right of claim for purchased retail loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102,269 |  |  | 102,269 |
Uncollateralized bank customer loans | 73 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 46,882 |  |  | 46,970 |
Car loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,653 |  |  | 17,653 |
Subordinated loan | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,039 |  |  | 5,039 |
Loans issued to policyholders | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,488 |  |  | 1,488 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | 300 |
Total | 1,461 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 827,306 |  |  | 829,050 |

The activity in the allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 is summarized in the following tables.

| Allowance for credit losses
| Mortgage loan |  | Uncollateralized bank customer loans |  | Collateralized bank customer loans |  | Car loans |  | Right of claim for purchased retail loans |  | Other |  | Total
March 31, 2023 | (554) |  |  | (233) |  |  | — |  |  | (758) |  |  | (1,247) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,792) |
Adjustment to allowance for adoption of ASU 2016-13 | (2,216) |  |  | (7,436) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (6,462) |  |  | (9,046) |  |  | — |  |  | (25,195) |
Charges | (665) |  |  | (13,482) |  |  | (71) |  |  | (8,851) |  |  | (11,073) |  |  | (3,283) |  |  | (37,425) |
Recoveries | 1,599 |  |  | 6,384 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 2,558 |  |  | 7,746 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,323 |
Forex | 91 |  |  | 739 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 637 |  |  | 657 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,128 |
September 30, 2023 | (1,745) |  |  | (14,028) |  |  | (66) |  |  | (12,876) |  |  | (12,963) |  |  | (3,283) |  |  | (44,961) |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

| Allowance for credit losses
| Mortgage loan |  | Uncollateralized bank customer loans |  | Collateralized bank customer loans |  | Car loans |  | Right of claim for purchased retail loans |  | Other |  | Total
April 1, 2022 | (305) |  |  | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,308) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,629) |
Charges | (1,186) |  |  | (16) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (288) |  |  | (4,869) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,368) |
Recoveries | 224 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1,888 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,140 |
Forex | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | 178 |
September 30, 2022 | (1,245) |  |  | (16) |  |  | — |  |  | (281) |  |  | (4,137) |  |  | — |  |  | — |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 8 – PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES
The Group is subject to taxation in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Cyprus, Uzbekistan, Germany and the United States of America.
The tax rates used for deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, were 21% for the United States, 20% for Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, 10% for Kyrgyzstan, 31% for Germany, 12.5% for Cyprus, 25% for United Kingdom, 18% for Armenia and 15% for Uzbekistan.
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, the effective tax rate was equal to 16.4% and 18.9%, respectively.
NOTE 9 – SECURITIES REPURCHASE AGREEMENT OBLIGATIONS
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, trading securities included collateralized securities subject to repurchase agreements as described in the following table:

| September 30, 2023
| Interest rates and remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
| Average interest rate |  | Up to 30 days |  | 30-90 days |  | Total
Securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-US sovereign debt | 16.73 | % |  | $ | 1,974,635 |  |  | $ | 95,806 |  |  | $ | 2,070,441 |
Corporate debt | 16.17 | % |  | 679,666 |  |  | — |  |  | 679,666 |
US sovereign debt | 1.92 | % |  | 3,766 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,766 |
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | $ | 2,658,067 |  |  | $ | 95,806 |  |  | $ | 2,753,873 |

| March 31, 2023
| Interest rate and remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
| Average interest rate |  | Up to 30 days |  | 30-90 days |  | Total
Non-US sovereign debt | 15.98 | % |  | $ | 826,196 |  |  | $ | 55,265 |  |  | $ | 881,461 |
Corporate debt | 16.07 | % |  | 597,559 |  |  | 5,375 |  |  | 602,934 |
US sovereign debt | 1.52 | % |  | 17,637 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,637 |
Corporate equity | 12.24 | % |  | 15,384 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,384 |
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements |  |  | $ | 1,456,776 |  |  | $ | 60,640 |  |  | $ | 1,517,416 |

The fair value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, was $2,747,111 and $1,519,926, respectively.
Securities pledged as collateral by the Group under repurchase agreements are liquid trading securities with market quotes and significant trading volume.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, securities repurchase agreement obligations included accrued interest in the amount of $8,361 and $25,179, with a weighted average maturity of 6 days and 11 days, respectively. All securities repurchase agreements transactions were executed through the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 10 – CUSTOMER LIABILITIES
The Group recognizes customer liabilities associated with deposit funds of its brokerage and bank customers. As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, customer liabilities consisted of:

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
| Amount |  | Interest |  | Amount |  | Interest
Interest bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term deposits | 1,062,614 |  |  | 0.1% - 16.9% |  | 832,751 |  |  | 0.1% - 16.9%
Total Interest bearing deposits | $ | 1,062,614 |  |  |  |  | $ | 832,751 |  |  |
Non-interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current customer accounts | 430,129 |  |  |  |  | 458,954 |  |  |
Brokerage customers | 946,444 |  |  |  |  | 633,542 |  |  |
Total non-interest-bearing accounts | $ | 1,376,573 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,092,496 |  |  |
Total customer liabilities | 2,439,187 |  |  |  |  | 1,925,247 |  |  |

In accordance with Kazakhstan law requirements, commercial banks conclude agreements with JSC Kazakhstan Deposit Insurance Fund ("KDIF"), under which banks have to pay commissions to KDIF on a recurring basis, the amount of which depends on the term and demand deposits received by banks from the customers. Under the agreement, KDIF insures the term and demand deposits up to $42 to each customer. As at September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, respectively, the Group had total amounts in excess of insured bank time deposits of $608,937 and $539,411 for all customers.
NOTE 11 – MARGIN LENDING AND TRADE PAYABLES
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, margin lending and trade payables of the Group were comprised of the following:

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Margin lending payable | $ | 155,698 |  |  | $ | 117,144 |
Payables to suppliers of goods and services | 5,901 |  |  | 2,965 |
Trade payable for securities purchased | 464 |  |  | 482 |
Other | 4,438 |  |  | 2,309 |
Total margin lending and trade payables | $ | 166,501 |  |  | $ | 122,900 |

On September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, margin lending payable due to a single re lated party were $— or 0% of total margin lending payable an d $3,239 or 3% of margin lending payable, respectively.
The fair value of collateral by the Group under margin loans as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023 was $979,647 and $164,861, respectively.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 12 – DEBT SECURITIES ISSUED
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, outstanding debt securities issued by the Group included the following:

Debt securities issued by: | September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Freedom SPC | $ | 64,418 |  |  | $ | 58,582 |
Accrued interest | 1,585 |  |  | 1,443 |
Total debt securities issued | $ | 66,003 |  |  | $ | 60,025 |

As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, the Company’s outstanding debt securities had a fixed annual coupon rate of 5.5% and maturity date in October 2026.
The Group’s debt securities as of September 30, 2023, include $64,418 of Freedom SPC bonds issued in October 2021. The Freedom SPC bonds are denominated in U.S. dollars, bear interest at an annual rate of 5.5% and are due in October 2026. The Freedom SPC bonds were issued under Astana International Financial Centre law and trade on the AIX. The Company is a guarantor of the Freedom SPC bonds. The proceeds from the issuance of the Freedom SPC bonds were loaned to the Company pursuant to a loan agreement dated November 22, 2021. The interest rate under the loan agreement is 5.5% per annum. Interest payments are duly semi-annually in April and October. Repayment of the loan is due October 2026. Debt securities issued are initially recognized at the fair value of the consideration received, less directly attributable transaction costs. The Group has no covenants to comply with in its debt securities.
NOTE 13 – INSURANCE CONTRACTS ASSETS AND LIABILITIES FROM INSURANCE ACTIVITIES
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, insurance and reinsurance receivables of the Group was comprised of the following:

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Assets: |  |  |
Amounts due from policyholders | $ | 6,094 |  |  | $ | 9,699 |
Claims receivable from reinsurance | 1,193 |  |  | 1,087 |
Amounts due from reinsured | 289 |  |  | 555 |
Advances received from agent | 82 |  |  | — |
Allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance | (1,372) |  |  | (1,325) |
Insurance and reinsurance receivables: | 6,286 |  |  | 10,016 |
Unearned premium reserve, reinsurers’ share | 1,418 |  |  | 2,379 |
Reserves for claims and claims’ adjustment expenses, reinsurers’ share | 1,657 |  |  | 1,390 |
Total | $ | 9,361 |  |  | $ | 13,785 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, insurance and reinsurance payable of the Group was comprised of the following:

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Liabilities: |  |  |
Amounts payable to agents and brokers | 3,251 |  |  | 2,466 |
Amounts payable to reinsurers | 1,761 |  |  | 2,002 |
Amounts payable to insured | 712 |  |  | 1,807 |
Insurance and reinsurance payables: | 5,724 |  |  | 6,275 |
Unearned premium reserve | 47,084 |  |  | 43,082 |
Reserves for claims and claims’ adjustment expenses | 156,414 |  |  | 133,145 |
Total | $ | 209,222 |  |  | $ | 182,502 |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 14 – FEE AND COMMISSION INCOME
Fee and commission income is recognized when, or as, the Group satisfies its performance obligations by transferring the promised services to the customers. A service is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that the Group determines the customer obtains control over the promised service. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring the Group’s progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the services to the customer. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration the Group expects to receive in exchange for those promised services (i.e., the “transaction price”). In determining the transaction price, the Group considers multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration, if any.
The Company’s revenues from contracts with customers are recognized when the performance obligations are satisfied at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for such services. The majority of the Group’s performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time and are typically collected from customers by debiting their brokerage account with the Group.
Brokerage Services and Bank services
Commissions from brokerage services — The Group earns commission revenue by executing, settling and clearing transactions with clients primarily in exchange-traded and over-the-counter corporate equity and debt securities, money market instruments and exchange-traded options and futures contracts. Commissions from bank services — The Group earns bank commissions by executing client order for money transfer, purchase and sale of foreign currency, and other bank services. A substantial portion of the Group's revenue is derived from commissions from private clients through accounts with transaction-based pricing. Trade execution and clearing services, when provided together, represent a single performance obligation, as the services are not separately identifiable in the context of the contract. Commission revenue associated with combined trade execution and clearing services, as well as trade execution services on a standalone basis, are recognized at a point in time on trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied.
Commission revenue is generally paid on settlement date, which is generally two business days after trade date for equity securities and corporate bond transactions and one day for government securities, options and commodities transactions. The Group records a receivable on the trade date and receives a payment on the settlement date.
Investment Banking
The Group earns underwriting revenues by providing capital raising solutions for corporate clients through initial public offerings, follow-on offerings, equity-linked offerings, private investments in public entities, and private placements. Underwriting revenues are recognized at a point in time on placement date, as the client obtains the control and benefit of the capital markets offering at that point. These fees are generally received within 90 days after the placement date. Transaction-related expenses, primarily consisting of legal, travel and other costs directly associated with the transaction, are included in underwriting revenues. These costs are deferred and recognized in the same period as the related investment banking transaction revenue. However, if the transaction is abandoned and does not close, the accounting treatment for the transaction-related costs may differ. In such cases, the accounting principles typically require the immediate recognition of the transaction-related expenses as an expense in the period in which the decision to abandon the transaction is made. This ensures that the costs associated with the abandoned transaction are recognized and reflected accurately in the financial statements of the entity.
Receivables and Contract Balances
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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

Receivables arise when the Group has an unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer and are derecognized when the cash is received. Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables are disclosed in Note 6 in the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Contract assets arise when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized before the Group’s unconditional right to receive payment under a contract with a customer (i.e., unbilled receivable) and are derecognized when either it becomes a receivable or the cash is received. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, contract asset balances were not material.
Contract liabilities arise when customers remit contractual cash payments in advance of the Group satisfying its performance obligations under the contract and are derecognized when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized either when a milestone is met triggering the contractual right to bill the customer or when the performance obligation is satisfied. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, contract liability balances were not material.
During the three months ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022, fee and commission income was comprised of:

| Three months ended September 30, 2023
| Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe excluding Eastern Europe |  | The Unites States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Brokerage services | $ | 58,603 |  |  | $ | 24,038 |  |  | $ | 959 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 84,713 |
Commission income from payment processing | 10,299 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,299 |
Bank services | 9,308 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,308 |
Underwriting and market-making services | 1,771 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,139 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,910 |
Other fee and commission income | 4,246 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,473 |
Total fee and commission income | $ | 84,227 |  |  | $ | 24,247 |  |  | $ | 2,116 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 111,703 |

| Three months ended September 30, 2022
| Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe excluding Eastern Europe |  | The Unites States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Brokerage service | $ | 11,512 |  |  | $ | 62,781 |  |  | $ | 1,050 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,343 |
Bank services | 5,779 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,779 |
Underwriting and market-making services | 1,587 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,587 |
Other fee and commission income | 189 |  |  | 259 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 448 |
Total fee and commission income | $ | 19,067 |  |  | $ | 63,040 |  |  | $ | 1,050 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,157 |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

| Six months ended September 30, 2023
| Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe excluding Eastern Europe |  | The Unites States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Brokerage service | $ | 93,621 |  |  | $ | 42,989 |  |  | $ | 2,072 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 139,795 |
Commission income from processing | 28,341 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,341 |
Bank services | 22,149 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,149 |
Underwriting and market-making services | 6,469 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,272 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,741 |
Other fee and commission income | 7,032 |  |  | 424 |  |  | 924 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,380 |
Total fee and commission income | $ | 157,612 |  |  | $ | 43,413 |  |  | $ | 8,268 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 210,406 |

| Six months ended September 30, 2022
| Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe excluding Eastern Europe |  | The Unites States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Brokerage service | $ | 15,115 |  |  | $ | 141,644 |  |  | $ | 2,184 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 158,943 |
Bank services | 9,592 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,592 |
Underwriting and market-making services | 3,230 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,230 |
Other fee and commission income | 322 |  |  | 516 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 838 |
Total fee and commission income | $ | 28,259 |  |  | $ | 142,160 |  |  | $ | 2,184 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 172,603 |

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 15 – NET GAIN ON TRADING SECURITIES
During the three months ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022, net gain on trading securities was comprised of:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Net gain recognized during the period on trading securities sold during the period | $ | 41,058 |  |  | $ | 3,498 |
Net unrealized gain recognized during the reporting period on trading securities still held at the reporting date | 9,713 |  |  | 5,507 |
Net gain recognized during the period on trading securities | $ | 50,771 |  |  | $ | 9,005 |

| Six Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Six Months Ended September 30, 2022
Net gain/(loss) recognized during the period on trading securities sold during the period | $ | 51,923 |  |  | $ | (8,232) |
Net unrealized gain recognized during the reporting period on trading securities still held at the reporting date | 30,664 |  |  | 21,671 |
Net gain recognized during the period on trading securities | $ | 82,587 |  |  | $ | 13,439 |

During the three months ended September 30, 2023 the Group recognized net gain on trading securities of $50,771, which included $9,713 of unrealized net gain and $41,058 of realized gain. The majority of realized gain was attributable to debt securities of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan sold in three months ended September 30, 2023. During the three months ended September 30, 2022 the Group sold securities for a gain of $3,498 and recognized unrealized gain in amount of $5,507.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 16 - NET INTEREST INCOME/EXPENSE
Net interest income/expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022 includes:

| Three months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Three months ended September 30, 2022
Interest income: |  |  |
Interest income on trading securities | $ | 114,039 |  |  | $ | 33,787 |
Interest income on loans to customers | 42,868 |  |  | 7,203 |
Interest income on margin loans to customers | 42,573 |  |  | 9,966 |
Interest income on securities available-for-sale | 9,653 |  |  | 6,553 |
Interest income on reverse repurchase agreements and amounts due from banks | 3,930 |  |  | 1,349 |
Other interest income | — |  |  | 141 |
Total interest income | $ | 213,063 |  |  | $ | 58,999 |
Interest expense: |  |  |
Interest expense on securities repurchase agreement obligations | $ | 117,009 |  |  | $ | 32,328 |
Interest expense on customer accounts and deposits | 17,864 |  |  | 7,569 |
Interest expense on margin lending payable | 3,467 |  |  | — |
Interest expense on debt securities issued | 961 |  |  | 848 |
Interest expense on loans received | 26 |  |  | 118 |
Other interest expense | 54 |  |  | — |
Total interest expense | $ | 139,381 |  |  | $ | 40,863 |
Net interest income | $ | 73,682 |  |  | $ | 18,136 |

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Net interest income/expense for the six months ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022 includes:

| Six months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Six months ended September 30, 2022
Interest income: |  |  |
Interest income on trading securities | $ | 200,880 |  |  | $ | 65,302 |
Interest income on loans to customers | 74,201 |  |  | 14,880 |
Interest income on margin loans to customers | 59,753 |  |  | 11,830 |
Interest income on securities available-for-sale | 17,997 |  |  | 13,231 |
Interest income on reverse repurchase agreements and amounts due from banks | 6,987 |  |  | 2,136 |
Other interest income | 2,594 |  |  | 183 |
Total interest income | $ | 362,412 |  |  | $ | 107,562 |
Interest expense: |  |  |
Interest expense on securities repurchase agreement obligations | $ | 192,464 |  |  | $ | 65,508 |
Interest expense on customer accounts and deposits | 33,467 |  |  | 13,633 |
Interest expense on margin lending payable | 6,460 |  |  | — |
Interest expense on debt securities issued | 1,896 |  |  | 1,615 |
Interest expense on loans received | 53 |  |  | 178 |
Other interest expense | 87 |  |  | — |
Total interest expense | $ | 234,427 |  |  | $ | 80,934 |
Net interest income | $ | 127,985 |  |  | $ | 26,628 |

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NOTE 17 - NET GAIN/(LOSS) ON DERIVATIVES

| Three months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Three months ended September 30, 2022
Net realized loss on derivatives | (2,168) |  |  | (2,320) |
Net unrealized gain on derivatives | 3,546 |  |  | — |
Total net gain/(loss) on derivatives | $ | 1,378 |  |  | $ | (2,320) |

| Six months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Six months ended September 30, 2022
Net realized loss on derivatives | (29,661) |  |  | (1,054) |
Net unrealized gain on derivatives | 434 |  |  | — |
Total net loss on derivatives | $ | (29,227) |  |  | $ | (1,054) |

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Group recognized net gain on derivatives in amount of $1,378, which included unrealized gain on derivatives in the amount of $3,546 and realized loss on derivatives in amount of $2,168 as a result of engaging in currency swaps. During the quarter ended September 30, 2022, the Group recognized net realized loss on derivatives in amount of $2,320.
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NOTE 18 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Group engaged in various related party transactions, a substantial amount of which were conducted with FST Belize, a Belize company which is wholly owned personally by the Company’s chief executive officer, chairman and majority shareholder, Timur Turlov, and is not part of the FRHC group of companies. FST Belize has its own brokerage customers, which include individuals and market-maker institutions and conducts business with the Group through a client omnibus account at Freedom EU.
Fee and commission income earned from related parties is comprised primarily of brokerage commissions principally FST Belize. Fee and commission income earned from FST Belize principally consists of fees and commissions paid by FST Belize to Freedom EU to execute trades requested by brokerage customers of FST Belize, as well as commissions paid by FST Belize for order flow, which is net compensation received from firms to which the Company's broker-dealer subsidiaries send equity and options orders, and fees for outstanding short sale positions. During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Group earned fee and commission income from related parties in the amounts of $20,022 and $61,149, respectively. Fee and commission income generated from FST Belize accounted for approximately 97% and 100% of the Company's total related party fee and commission income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, 1% of fee and commission income relates to management, and 2% to companies controlled by management. During the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Group earned fee and commission income from related parties in the amounts of $35,917 and $136,749, respectively. Fee and commission income generated from FST Belize accounted for approximately 95% and 100% of the Company's total related party fee and commission income for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. For the six months ended September 30, 2023, 1% of fee and commission income relates to management, 4% to companies controlled by management.
Interest income earned from related parties is comprised entirely of interest income from FST Belize, principally interest income from margin lending. During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Group earned interest income from related parties in the amounts of $9,731 and $7,392, respectively. Interest income generated from FST Belize accounted for approximately 97% and 100% of the Company's total related party interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. During the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Group earned interest income from related parties in the amounts of $15,084 and $10,920, respectively. Interest income generated from FST Belize accounted for approximately 98% and 99% of the Company's total related party interest income for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Group paid fee and commission expense for brokerage services to FST Belize in the amount of $81 and $196, respectively. During the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Group paid fee and commission expense for brokerage services to FST Belize in the amount of $179 and 353, respectively.
During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Group had general and administrative expense in the amount of $5,229 and $0. General and administrative expense to Chess Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan accounted approximately 92% and 0% of the Company's total related party general and administrative expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. During the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Group had general and administrative expense in the amount of $7,561 and $0. General and administrative expense to Chess Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan accounted approximately 88% and 0% of the Company's total related party general and administrative expense for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
Margin lending, brokerage and other receivables from related parties result principally from borrowings made under margin loans by related parties, principally FST Belize. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had margin lending receivables with related parties totaling $413,560 and $294,985, respectively. 96% and 98% of these balances were due from FST Belize. Margin lending receivables from FST Belize principally represent margin loans granted by Freedom EU to FST Belize. As of September 30, 2023, 2% of margin lending, brokerage and other receivables relates to management, and 2% to companies controlled by management. As of March 31, 2023, 1.5% of margin lending, brokerage and other receivables relates to management, and 0.5% to companies controlled by management. As of
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September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had bank commission receivables and receivables from brokerage clients from related parties totaling $154 and $626, respectively.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had a prepayment on acquisition of Internet Tourism LLP and Aviata LLP in the amoun t of $0 and $16,089, respectively.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had a payable for acquisition of Internet Tourism LLP and Aviata LLP from Chocofamily Holding Ltd in the amount of $15,769 and $0, respectively.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had customer liabilities to related parties totaling $121,974 and $130,210, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, 81% and 18%, respectively, of these balances were deposits from FST Belize held by Freedom EU related to brokerage services provided by Freedom EU to FST Belize, whereas 1% and 37%, respectively, were from Fresh Start Trading LTD, a company outside of the FRHC group which is primarily owned by Denis Matafonov, who is an executive director and board member of Freedom EU. As of September 30, 2023, 5% of customer liabilities relates to management, and 13% to companies controlled by management. As of March 31, 2023, 11% of customer liabilities relates to management, and 34% to companies controlled by management.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had restricted customer cash deposited in current and brokerage accounts with related parties in the amounts of $62,965 and $114,885. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, 100% and 40%, respectively, of these balances were from FST Belize.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had loans issued which includes uncollateralized bank customer loans purchased from a related party, FFIN Credit a company outside of the FRHC group which is controlled by Timur Turlov, in the amount of $135,132 and $121,177, respectively.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had loans received in the amount of $7,621 and $0, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, 97% and 0%, respectively, of these balances were loans from Timur Turlov. The proceeds of such loans were contributed by the Group to the capital of its Arbuz subsidiary.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had other liabilities in the amount of $4,108 and $46, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, 63% and 0%, respectively, of these balances were to FST Belize.
As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, the Group had trading securities in the amount of $15,816 and $556, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and March 31, 2023, 100% and 0%, respectively, of these balances were from Chocofamily Holding Ltd.
Margin lending, brokerage and related banking services were provided to related parties pursuant to standard client account agreements and at standard market rates.
NOTE 19 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
During the three months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, no outstanding non-qualified stock options were exercised.
On March 10, 2023 and on October 11, 2022, the Company awarded stock grants totaling 18,974 and 18,242 shares of its common stock, respectively, to key employees of the Company's subsidiaries, which vested on the date of the awards, and on October 20, 2022, the Company awarded a stock grant totaling 8,000 shares of its common stock to a consultant of the Company, which vested on the date of the award.
On October 6, 2022, the Company awarded a restricted stock grant totaling 20,000 shares of its common stock to key employees of the Company. Of the 20,000 shares awarded pursuant to the restricted stock grant awards, 4,000 shares vested on the date of the award, 4,000 shares vest on May 18, 2023, 4,000 shares vest on May 18, 2024, 4,000 shares vest on May 18, 2025 and 4,000 shares vest on May 18, 2026.
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On March 30, 2022, the Company awarded a restricted stock grant totaling 7,500 shares of its common stock to one executive officer of the Company. Of the 7,500 shares awarded pursuant to the restricted stock grant awards, 3,000 shares vest on May 18, 2023, 1,500 shares vest on May 18, 2024, 1,500 shares vest on May 18, 2025 and 1,500 shares vest on May 18, 2026.
NOTE 20 – STOCK BASED COMPENSATION
During the six months ended September 30, 2023 no restricted shares were awarded to key employees.
The compensation expense related to restricted stock grants was $1,031 during the three months ended September 30, 2023, and $3,103 during the three months ended September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2023 there was $5,656 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested shares of common stock granted. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.60 years. There are no compensation expense related to stock grants, which vested on the date of the award during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022.
The Company has determined the fair value of restricted shares awarded as of grant date, using the Monte Carlo valuation model based on the following key assumptions:

Term (years) | 3.62
Volatility | 47.9 | %
Risk-free rate | 3.24 | %

The table below summarizes the activity for the Company’s restricted stock outstanding during the six months ended September 30, 2023:

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Fair Value
Outstanding, at March 31, 2023 | 467,058 |  |  | 18,035 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |
Vested | (134,558) |  | (5,138) |
Forfeited/cancelled/expired | (4,500) |  | (235) |
Outstanding, at September 30, 2023 | 328,000 |  |  | 12,662 |

NOTE 21 – LEASES
At March 31, 2023, the Group was obligated under a number of noncancellable leases, predominantly operating leases of office space, which expire at various dates through 2033. The Group's primary involvement with leases is in the capacity as a lessee where a Group company leases premises to support its business.
The Group determines whether a contract is or contains a lease at inception of the contract and whether that lease meets the classification criteria of a finance or operating lease. Operating lease liabilities and ROU assets are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. The future lease payments are discounted at a rate that estimates the Company’s collateralized borrowing rate for financing instruments of a similar term and are included in accounts payable and other liabilities. The operating lease ROU asset, included in premises and equipment, also includes any lease prepayments made, plus initial direct costs incurred, less any lease incentives received. Rental expense associated with operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and generally included in occupancy expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Certain of these leases also have extension or termination options, and the Company assesses the likelihood of exercising such options. If it is reasonably
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certain that the Group will exercise the options to extend, then the Company includes the impact in the measurement of its right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.
When readily determinable, the Company uses the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, the rate implicit on most of the Group's leases are not readily determinable. Therefore, the Company must discount lease payments based on an estimate of its incremental borrowing rate.
The table below presents the lease related assets and liabilities recorded on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2023:

| Classification on Balance Sheet |  | September 30, 2023
Assets |  |  |
Operating lease assets | Right-of-use assets |  | $ | 34,212 |
Total lease assets |  |  | $ | 34,212 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Operating lease liability | Operating lease obligations |  | $ | 34,186 |
Total lease liability |  |  | $ | 34,186 |

The following table presents as of September 30, 2023, the annual maturities of the lease liabilities:

Leases maturing during twelve months ended March 31, |  |
2024 |  | $ | 6,324
2025 |  | 10,546 |
2026 |  | 9,983 |
2027 |  | 8,188 |
2028 |  | 5,430 |
Thereafter |  | 4,384 |
Total payments |  | 44,855 |
Less: amounts representing interest |  | (10,669) |
Lease liability, net |  | $ | 34,186 |
Weighted average remaining lease term (in months) |  | 33
Weighted average discount rate |  | 14 | %

Lease commitments for short-term operating leases as of September 30, 2023 was approximately $222. The Group's rent expense for office space was $759 and $1,619 for the three and six months ended September 30, 2023, $573 and $1,116 for the three and six months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.
The Group has leases that involve variable payments tied to an index, which are considered in the measurement of operating lease right-of-use (ROU) assets and operating lease liabilities.
NOTE 22 – ACQUISITIONS OF SUBSIDIARIES
Acquisition of Aviata
Aviata's preeminent position in the air and rail ticketing sectors makes it an important strategic asset to us as we work to develop our comprehensive digital ecosystem.
On April 26, 2023 , the Company completed the acquisition of Aviata by purchasing 100% of its outstanding shares. The Company acquired Aviata to expand its presence in the digital services ecosystem.
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As of April 26, 2023, the date of the acquisition of Aviata, the fair value of net assets of Aviata was $9,523. The total purchase price was allocated as follows:

| As of April 26, 2023
ASSETS |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 448 |
Restricted cash | 105 |
Brokerage and other receivables | 1,313 |
Loans issued | 1,078 |
Fixed assets | 63 |
Intangible assets | 8,779 |
Other assets | 1,221 |
TOTAL ASSETS | 13,007 |
LIABILITIES |
Trade payables | 1,606 |
Current tax liabilities | 14 |
Other liabilities | 1,864 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 3,484 |
Net assets acquired | 9,523 |
Goodwill | 21,231 |
Total purchase price | $ | 30,754 |

Acquisition of Internet-Tourism
As of April 26, 2023 the Company completed the acquisition of Internet-Tourism by purchasing 100% of its authorized capital. The Company acquired Internet-Tourism in order to accelerate its growth in digital sector.
As of April 26, 2023, the date of the acquisition of Internet Tourism LLP, the fair value of net assets of Internet-Tourism was $1,359 . The total purchase price was allocated as follows:
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| As of April 26, 2023
ASSETS |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 523 |
Brokerage and other receivables | 838 |
Loans issued | 62 |
Fixed assets | 89 |
Intangible assets | 959 |
Other assets | 591 |
TOTAL ASSETS | 3,062 |
LIABILITIES |
Trade payables | 644 |
Other liabilities | 1,059 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 1,703 |
Net assets acquired | 1,359 |
Goodwill | 568 |
Total purchase price | $ | 1,927 |

Acquisition of Arbuz
As of March 31, 2023, the Company held a 25% equity interest in Arbuz. On April 14, 2023, the Company acquired an additional 5.42% of Arbuz's shares. On May 22, 2023, the Company purchased a further 8.36% of Arbuz's shares, resulting in a total equity interest of 38.78% in Arbuz. With the inclusion of Timur Turlov's individual ownership interest in Arbuz of 18.08% that was acquired before March 31, 2023, the Company effectively obtained control over Arbuz with its purchase on May 22, 2023.
The fair value of Arbuz on the date of the acquisition was $11,685. The total purchase price was allocated as follows:
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| As of May 22, 2023
ASSETS |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 731 |
Brokerage and other receivables | 591 |
Fixed assets | 2,383 |
Intangible assets | 15,154 |
Loans issued | 157 |
Right-of-use asset | 1,097 |
Other assets | 5,002 |
TOTAL ASSETS | 25,115 |
LIABILITIES |
Trade payables | 2,559 |
Current tax liabilities | 11 |
Lease liability | 1,186 |
Other liabilities | 9,674 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 13,430 |
Net assets acquired | 11,685 |
Goodwill | 14,961 |
Purchase price | $ | 13,281 |
Revaluation of purchase price previously held interest | $ | 1,040 |
Fair value of NCI | $ | 12,325 |
Total purchase price | $ | 26,646 |

Acquisition of ReKassa
As of July 26, 2023 the Company completed the acquisition of ReKassa by purchasing 90% of its authorized capital. The Company acquired ReKassa in order to accelerate its growth in digital sector.
As of July 26, 2023, the date of the acquisition of ReKassa, the fair value of net assets of ReKassa was $2,555. The total purchase price was allocated as follows:
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| As of July 26, 2023 |
ASSETS |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 654 |  |
Brokerage and other receivables | 125 |  |
Loans issued | 177 |  |
Fixed assets | 14 |  |
Intangible assets | 1,680 |  |
Other assets | 11 |  |
TOTAL ASSETS | 2,660 |  |
LIABILITIES |  |
Trade payables | 15 |  |
Lease liabilities | 42 |  |
Other liabilities | 48 |  |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 105 |  |
Net assets acquired | 2,555 |  |
Goodwill | 560 |  |
Purchase price | 2,601 |  |
Non-cash consideration | 259 |  |
Fair value of NCI | 256 |  |
Total purchase price | 3,115 |  |

NOTE 23 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Freedom Bank KZ is a party to certain off-balance sheet financial instruments. These financial instruments include guarantees and unfunded commitments under existing lines of credit. These commitments expose the Company to varying degrees of credit and market risk which are essentially the same as those involved in extending loans to customers, and are subject to the same credit policies used in underwriting loans. Collateral may be obtained based on Freedom Bank KZ's credit evaluation of the counterparty. The Company's maximum exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual amount of these commitments.
Unfunded commitments under lines of credit
Unfunded commitments under lines of credit include commercial, commercial real estate, home equity and consumer lines of credit to existing customers. These commitments may mature without being fully funded.
Unfunded commitments under guarantees
Unfunded commitments under guarantees are conditional commitments issued by Freedom Bank KZ to provide bank guarantees to customers. These commitments may mature without being fully funded.
Bank guarantees
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Bank guarantees are conditional commitments issued by Freedom Bank KZ to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These guarantees are primarily issued to support trade transactions or guarantee arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing guarantees is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. A significant portion of the issued guarantees are collateralized by cash. Total lending related commitments outstanding as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, were as follows:

| As of September 30, 2023 |  | As of March 31, 2023
Unfunded commitments under lines of credits and guarantees | $ | 97,379 |  |  | $ | 20,617 |
Bank guarantees | 7,855 |  |  | 7,001 |
Total | $ | 105,234 |  |  | $ | 27,618 |

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NOTE 24 – SEGMENT REPORTING
The Company historically organized its operations in a single operating segment. Following the divestiture of the Company's Russian subsidiaries and the related corporate restructuring, the Company elected to reorganize its operations geographically into regional segments. The Company currently organizes its operations into the following four regional segments: Central Asia and Eastern Europe, Europe Excluding Eastern Europe, the United States and Middle East/Caucasus. These operating segments are based on how the Company's CODM makes decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance.
The following tables summarize the Company's Statement of Operations by its geographic segments. There are no revenues from transactions between the segments and intercompany balances have been eliminated for separate disclosure:

| Three months ended September 30, 2023
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS | Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe, excluding Eastern Europe |  | The United States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Fee and commission income (1) | $ | 84,227 |  |  | $ | 24,247 |  |  | $ | 2,116 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 111,703 |
Net gain/(loss) on trading securities | 51,078 |  |  | 221 |  |  | (528) |  |  | — |  |  | 50,771 |
Interest income | 194,009 |  |  | 10,551 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 8,040 |  |  | 213,063 |
Insurance underwriting income | 57,976 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,976 |
Net (loss)/gain on foreign exchange operations | (3,990) |  |  | 626 |  |  | (410) |  |  | 78 |  |  | (3,696) |
Net gain on derivative | 981 |  |  | 397 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,378 |
Other income/(expense) | 2,918 |  |  | 1,487 |  |  | (23) |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4,386 |
TOTAL REVENUE, NET | 387,199 |  |  | 37,529 |  |  | 1,618 |  |  | 9,235 |  |  | 435,581 |
Fee and commission expense | 26,377 |  |  | 4,910 |  |  | 284 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 31,614 |
Interest expense | 131,868 |  |  | 7,346 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 139,381 |
Insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance | 33,988 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,988 |
Payroll and bonuses | 30,221 |  |  | 4,345 |  |  | 4,746 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 39,998 |
Professional services | 588 |  |  | 1,597 |  |  | 9,687 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 11,951 |
Stock compensation expense | 700 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 249 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,031 |
Advertising expense | 3,888 |  |  | 4,402 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 8,639 |
General and administrative expense | 22,039 |  |  | 5,057 |  |  | 2,213 |  |  | 321 |  |  | 29,630 |
Allowance for credit losses | 4,067 |  |  | 594 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,662 |
TOTAL EXPENSE | 253,736 |  |  | 28,333 |  |  | 17,508 |  |  | 1,317 |  |  | 300,894 |
INCOME/(LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAX FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | $ | 133,463 |  |  | $ | 9,196 |  |  | $ | (15,890) |  |  | $ | 7,918 |  |  | $ | 134,687 |
Income tax expense | (161) |  |  | (7,295) |  |  | (11,204) |  |  | (548) |  |  | (19,208) |
INCOME/(LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | $ | 133,302 |  |  | $ | 1,901 |  |  | $ | (27,094) |  |  | $ | 7,370 |  |  | $ | 115,479 |

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| Six months ended September 30, 2023
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS | Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe, excluding Eastern Europe |  | The United States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Fee and commission income (1) | 157,612 |  |  | 43,413 |  |  | 8,268 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 210,406 |
Net gain/(loss) on trading securities | 82,672 |  |  | 435 |  |  | (701) |  |  | 181 |  |  | 82,587 |
Interest income | 336,046 |  |  | 16,465 |  |  | 1,851 |  |  | 8,050 |  |  | 362,412 |
Insurance underwriting income | 102,865 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102,865 |
Net gain/(loss) on foreign exchange operations | 15,931 |  |  | 307 |  |  | (772) |  |  | 139 |  |  | 15,605 |
Net (loss)/gain on derivative | (29,797) |  |  | 570 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29,227) |
Other income/(expense) | 4,648 |  |  | 1,705 |  |  | 815 |  |  | (25) |  |  | 7,143 |
TOTAL REVENUE, NET | 669,977 |  |  | 62,895 |  |  | 9,461 |  |  | 9,458 |  |  | 751,791 |
Fee and commission expense | 50,175 |  |  | 9,483 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 60,298 |
Interest expense | 218,532 |  |  | 14,158 |  |  | 1,719 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 234,427 |
Insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance | 55,502 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,502 |
Payroll and bonuses | 54,388 |  |  | 9,099 |  |  | 7,039 |  |  | 1,102 |  |  | 71,628 |
Professional services | 1,150 |  |  | 4,336 |  |  | 12,967 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 18,576 |
Stock compensation expense | 1,529 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 562 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,264 |
Advertising expense | 7,620 |  |  | 8,427 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 418 |  |  | 16,739 |
General and administrative expense | 38,066 |  |  | 9,086 |  |  | 6,327 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 54,105 |
Allowance for credit losses | 17,837 |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,988 |
TOTAL EXPENSE | 444,799 |  |  | 55,909 |  |  | 29,440 |  |  | 2,379 |  |  | 532,527 |
INCOME/(LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAX FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 225,178 |  |  | 6,986 |  |  | (19,979) |  |  | 7,079 |  |  | 219,264 |
Income tax expense | (188) |  |  | (9,724) |  |  | (25,403) |  |  | (549) |  |  | (35,864) |
INCOME/(LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 224,990 |  |  | (2,738) |  |  | (45,382) |  |  | 6,530 |  |  | 183,400 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

| Three months ended September 30, 2022
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS | Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe, excluding Eastern Europe |  | The United States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Fee and commission income (1) | $ | 19,067 |  |  | $ | 63,040 |  |  | $ | 1,050 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 83,157 |
Net gain/(loss) on trading securities | 15,828 |  |  | (7,210) |  |  | 387 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,005 |
Interest income | 46,275 |  |  | 10,177 |  |  | 2,547 |  |  | — |  |  | 58,999 |
Insurance underwriting income | 26,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,200 |
Net gain/(loss) on foreign exchange operations | 7,601 |  |  | (2,400) |  |  | (665) |  |  | 19 |  |  | 4,555 |
Net loss on derivative | (2,320) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,320) |
Other income/(expense) | 622 |  |  | (101) |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 524 |
TOTAL REVENUE, NET | 113,273 |  |  | 63,506 |  |  | 3,322 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 180,120 |
Fee and commission expense | 11,812 |  |  | 6,474 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 18,439 |
Interest expense | 34,562 |  |  | 2,964 |  |  | 3,337 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,863 |
Insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance | 17,475 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,475 |
Payroll and bonuses | 12,301 |  |  | 2,830 |  |  | 1,838 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 17,229 |
Professional services | 757 |  |  | 1,481 |  |  | 1,738 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 4,018 |
Stock compensation expense | 1,035 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 533 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,703 |
Advertising expense | 1,250 |  |  | 660 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,912 |
General and administrative expense | 6,372 |  |  | 5,428 |  |  | 982 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 12,898 |
Allowance for credit losses/(recoveries) | 3,732 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,726 |
TOTAL EXPENSE | 89,296 |  |  | 19,971 |  |  | 8,569 |  |  | 427 |  |  | 118,263 |
INCOME/(LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAX FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | $ | 23,977 |  |  | $ | 43,535 |  |  | $ | (5,247) |  |  | $ | (408) |  |  | $ | 61,857 |
Income tax (expense)/benefit | (534) |  |  | (6,623) |  |  | (5,472) |  |  | 10 |  |  | (12,619) |
INCOME/(LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | $ | 23,443 |  |  | $ | 36,912 |  |  | $ | (10,719) |  |  | $ | (398) |  |  | $ | 49,238 |

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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

| Six months ended September 30, 2022
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS | Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe, excluding Eastern Europe |  | The United States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Fee and commission income (1) | 28,259 |  |  | 142,160 |  |  | 2,184 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 172,603 |
Net gain/(loss) on trading securities | 37,417 |  |  | (22,634) |  |  | (1,344) |  |  | — |  |  | 13,439 |
Interest income | 85,185 |  |  | 15,388 |  |  | 6,989 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,562 |
Insurance underwriting income | 50,440 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,440 |
Net gain/(loss) on foreign exchange operations | 11,869 |  |  | (1,830) |  |  | (899) |  |  | 8 |  |  | 9,148 |
Net gain on derivative | (1,054) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,054) |
Other (expense)/income | 530 |  |  | (97) |  |  | 8 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 491 |
TOTAL REVENUE, NET | 212,646 |  |  | 132,987 |  |  | 6,938 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 352,629 |
Fee and commission expense | 22,527 |  |  | 18,901 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 41,754 |
Interest expense | 66,530 |  |  | 5,660 |  |  | 8,744 |  |  | — |  |  | 80,934 |
Insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance | 34,167 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,167 |
Payroll and bonuses | 24,031 |  |  | 5,562 |  |  | 3,583 |  |  | 466 |  |  | 33,642 |
Professional services | 1,478 |  |  | 2,753 |  |  | 3,944 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 8,273 |
Stock compensation expense | 2,136 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 1,152 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,579 |
Advertising expense | 3,399 |  |  | 2,341 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,749 |
General and administrative expense | 11,438 |  |  | 11,152 |  |  | 1,672 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 24,516 |
Allowance for credit losses/(recoveries) | 6,164 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | 6,154 |
TOTAL EXPENSE | 171,870 |  |  | 46,658 |  |  | 19,393 |  |  | 847 |  |  | 238,768 |
INCOME/(LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAX FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | $ | 40,776 |  |  | $ | 86,329 |  |  | $ | (12,455) |  |  | $ | (789) |  |  | $ | 113,861 |
Income tax (expense)/benefit | (596) |  |  | (13,846) |  |  | (7,077) |  |  | 21 |  |  | (21,498) |
INCOME/(LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 40,180 |  |  | 72,483 |  |  | (19,532) |  |  | (768) |  |  | 92,363 |

(1) All trading of U.S. and European exchange traded and OTC securities by all Freedom securities brokerage firms, excluding PrimeEx, are routed to and executed through Freedom EU and all fee and commission income for those transactions is recognized at subsidiary received the initial order from external client.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

The following tables summarize the Company's total assets and total liabilities by its geographic segments. Intercompany balances have been eliminated for separate disclosure:

| September 30, 2023
| Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe, excluding Eastern Europe |  | The United States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Total assets | $ | 5,878,010 |  |  | $ | 733,404 |  |  | $ | 86,732 |  |  | $ | 440,159 |  |  | $ | 7,138,305 |
Total liabilities | 5,690,420 |  |  | 491,016 |  |  | 31,298 |  |  | 11,140 |  |  | 6,223,874 |
Net assets | $ | 187,590 |  |  | $ | 242,388 |  |  | $ | 55,434 |  |  | $ | 429,019 |  |  | $ | 914,431 |

| March 31, 2023
| Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | Europe, excluding Eastern Europe |  | The United States |  | Middle East/Caucasus |  | Total
Total assets | $ | 4,303,126 |  |  | $ | 677,425 |  |  | $ | 101,365 |  |  | $ | 2,642 |  |  | $ | 5,084,558 |
Total liabilities | 3,868,326 |  |  | 384,921 |  |  | 60,198 |  |  | 377 |  |  | 4,313,822 |
Net assets | $ | 434,800 |  |  | $ | 292,504 |  |  | $ | 41,167 |  |  | $ | 2,265 |  |  | $ | 770,736 |

Central Asia and Eastern Europe Segment
Operations in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, along with the Company's headquarters in Kazakhstan, form the Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment. Within this segment, the Group conducts business under different securities licenses as required by the respective jurisdictions in the Central Asia and Eastern Europe region.
Group companies in the Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment provide comprehensive financial solutions, including lending such as digital auto loans and digital mortgage loans, payments, asset management products, bank guarantees, on demand and time deposits, various types of insurance coverage to meet the needs of the Group's customers and small businesses. The Group's insurance offerings include life insurance, obligatory insurance, tourist medical health insurance and auto insurance. These insurance products are designed to offer comprehensive coverage and tailored solutions to protect individuals, property, auto and businesses in the event of unforeseen events or risks.
Europe Excluding Eastern Europe Segment
Operations in Cyprus, United Kingdom and Germany. Companies in the Europe Excluding Eastern Europe segment offer a broad suite of market-making, prime brokerage, lending, and treasury and securities products and services to a global client base of corporations, investors, financial institutions, merchants, government and municipal entities.
Companies in this segment cater to clients from the European Union by offering comprehensive solutions to support their investment needs. The Group's services in this segment encompass direct access to the world's largest stock exchanges, providing its clients with a gateway to global investment opportunities. Additionally, the Group's offerings in this segment include professional securities analytics, empowering clients with valuable insights and market intelligence to make informed investment decisions. To ensure a seamless experience, it provides user-friendly trading applications that offer convenience and flexibility.
United States Segment
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

Companies in the United States segment offer a full array of investment banking and capital markets advisory services, including initial public offerings, mergers, and acquisitions, debt and equity financing, corporate banking, trading, hedging, and research, equity research, delivering in-depth analysis, insights into individual stocks and sectors. It provides macro-economic strategy research to help clients navigate the broader economic landscape and make informed investment decisions.
To ensure clients are well-informed, companies in this segment offer a daily morning note that covers key market updates, trends, and potential opportunities. It also provides technical research, focusing on chart patterns and technical indicators to assist clients in identifying potential entry and exit points in the market.
In addition, companies in the United States segment conduct research in specific sectors such as energy and consumer, offering valuable insights into industry trends and company analysis. It facilitates corporate access research, enabling clients to gain access to top management and industry experts for a deeper understanding of specific companies or sectors.
Middle East/Caucasus Segment
Companies in the Middle East/Caucasus segment offer securities broker-dealer services, financials educational center services, financial intermediary center services and financial consulting services. The segment is currently in the developmental stage and does not generate profit at the moment. As a developing segment, the focus is on establishing a strong presence, building strategic relationships, and expanding client base in the region.
As of September 30, 2023, the Group has provided its brokerage clients with margin lending in Middle East/Caucasus segment in the total amount of $433,368. This margin lending balance was financed through the Europe, excluding Eastern Europe segment of the Group, and upon collection of this receivable, funds will be transferred to the European segment.
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FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) (All amounts in thousands of United States dollars, except share data, unless otherwise stated)

NOTE 25 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
The Company has performed an evaluation of subsequent events through the time of filing this quarterly report on Form 10-Q with the SEC. Other than as disclosed below, during this period the Company did not have any additional material recognizable subsequent events.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis is intended to assist you in understanding the results of operations and present financial condition of Freedom Holding Corp. ("FRHC") and its consolidated subsidiaries. Except where the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated, references herein to the "Company," "Freedom," "we," "our," and "us") mean Freedom Holding Corp. together with its consolidated subsidiaries. References to "fiscal year(s)" means the 12-month periods ended March 31 for the referenced year. Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q contain additional information that should be referred to when reviewing this material and this document should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes contained elsewhere in this report and in our other filings with the Securities Exchange Commission ("SEC") including our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on August 4, 2023.
Special Note About Forward-Looking Information
All statements other than statements of historical fact included herein and in the documents incorporated by reference in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, if any, including without limitation, statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, potential acquisitions or divestitures, budgets, projected costs, and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “strategy,” “will,” “would,” and other similar expressions and their negatives.
Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which may be beyond our control. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof, and actual results could differ materially as a result of various factors. The following include some but not all of the factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from anticipated results or events:
•the direct and indirect effects on our business stemming from Russia's large-scale military action against Ukraine (the "Russia-Ukraine conflict");
•the impact of armed conflict in Israel and Gaza and any possible escalation of such conflict or contagion to neighboring countries or regions;
•economic sanctions and countersanctions that limit movement of funds, restrict access to capital markets or curtail our ability to service existing or potential new customers;
•economic and political conditions in the regions where we operate or in which we have customers;
•current and future conditions in the global financial markets, including fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates;
•the impact of legal and regulatory actions, investigations and disputes;
•the policies and actions of regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which we have operations, as well as the degree and pace of regulatory changes and new government initiatives generally;
•our inability to manage our growth effectively;
•our inability to complete planned acquisitions or successfully integrate businesses we acquire;
•the impact of competition, including downward pressures on fees and commissions;
•the unavailability of funds, or funds at reasonable rates, for use in our businesses;
•our inability to meet regulatory capital adequacy or liquidity requirements, or prudential norms;
•our failure to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights in our brands or proprietary technology;
•risks associated with being a "controlled company" within the meaning of the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market ("Nasdaq");
•the loss of key executives or failure to recruit and retain personnel;
•the impact of rapid technological change;
•information technology, trading platform and other system failures, cyber security threats and other disruptions;
•losses (whether realized or unrealized) on our proprietary investments;
•losses caused by non-performance by third parties with whom we have business relationships;
•the creditworthiness of our trading counterparties, and banking and brokerage customers;
•the impact of tax laws and regulations, and their changes, in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate;
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•non-compliance with laws and regulations in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate, particularly those relating to the brokerage, banking and insurance industries;
•the residual impacts of the Covid-19, including viral variants, future outbreaks and the effectiveness of measures implemented to contain its spread;
•unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of pandemics, terrorist attacks, extreme weather events or other natural disasters, political discord or armed conflict; and
•other factors discussed in this quarterly report, as well as in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on August 4, 2023.
Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs of management as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to management and apply only as of the date of this report or the respective dates of the documents from which they incorporate by reference. Neither we nor any other person assumes any responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of forward-looking statements. Further, except to the extent required by law, we undertake no obligations to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, a change in events, conditions, circumstances or assumptions underlying such statements, or otherwise. We may also make additional forward-looking statements from time to time. All such subsequent forward-looking statements, whether written or oral, made by us or on our behalf, are also expressly qualified by these cautionary statements.
OVERVIEW
Our Business
Freedom Holding Corp. is organized under the laws of the State of Nevada and acts as a holding company for all of our operating subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries engage in a broad range of activities in the securities industry, including retail securities brokerage, securities dealing, market making, investment research, investment counseling, investment banking and underwriting services. Additionally, we own a bank and two insurance companies operating in Kazakhstan as well as several ancillary businesses which complement our core financial services businesses.
Our business was founded in order to provide access to the international capital markets for retail brokerage clients in our core markets, the most important of which to date have been Kazakhstan and Russia. Our business has grown rapidly in recent years. We are pursuing a strategy to become a leader in the financial services industry, serving individuals and institutions desiring enhanced market access to international capital markets using state of the art technology platforms for their brokerage and banking needs.
Regional Segments
Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who is our CEO, views our business as comprising four regional geographic segments: Central Asia and Eastern Europe, Europe Excluding Eastern Europe, the United States, and Middle East/Caucasus.
Central Asia and Eastern Europe Segment
Our Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment consists of our operations in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, including our headquarters in Kazakhstan. We operate under various securities licenses in the jurisdictions making up our Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment. We also have banking licenses in Kazakhstan that allow us to provide a wider range of financial services to our Kazakhstan customers. We also own two insurance companies in Kazakhstan offering life insurance and general liability insurance. Freedom KZ and Freedom Bank KZ are members of the Association of Financiers of Kazakhstan.
The Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment accounted for approximately $387.2 million, or 89% of our total revenue, net and approximately $253.7 million, or 84.3% of our total expense, for the three months ended September 30, 2023.
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On November 9, 2022 the Ukrainian National Commission on Securities and the Stock Market suspended the licenses of our Ukrainian subsidiary Freedom UA. Accordingly, all assets of Freedom UA and its clients are blocked by the Ukrainian National Security and Defense Council. Given the ongoing uncertainty surrounding Freedom UA, the management of the Company determined that starting from April 1, 2023 the Company does not maintain effective control over Freedom UA. Accordingly, Freedom UA is not consolidated in the Company's consolidated financial statements in this quarterly report.
Central Asia and Eastern Europe region securities brokerage services
As of September 30, 2023, in our Central Asia and Eastern Europe region we had 43 offices that provided brokerage and financial services, investment consulting and education, including offices in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Our brokerage operations in the Central Asia and Eastern Europe region are conducted through our subsidiaries Freedom KZ, Freedom Global and Freedom UZ. Freedom KZ and Freedom Global are professional participants on the KASE and the Astana International Exchange ("AIX"), respectively. Freedom UZ is a professional participant on the Republican Stock Exchange of Tashkent ("UZSE") and the Uzbek Republican Currency Exchange ("UZCE").
As of September 30, 2023, we had 2,774 employees in the brokerage business area in our Central Asia and Eastern Europe region, including 2,338 full-time employees.
Central Asia and Eastern Europe region banking services
We provide banking services in Kazakhstan through our Freedom Bank KZ subsidiary. We have 17 office locations in Kazakhstan that provide banking services. As of September 30, 2023, we had 1,841 employees in the banking business area in our Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment, all of which were full-time employees.
Central Asia and Eastern Europe region consumer life and general insurance
We provide consumer life and general insurance products and services in Kazakhstan through our Freedom Life and Freedom Insurance subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2023, we had 38 offices and 661 employees, 641 of which were full-time employees, in our consumer life and general insurance businesses in Kazakhstan.
Europe Excluding Eastern Europe Segment
Our Cyprus subsidiary Freedom EU oversees our Europe Excluding Eastern Europe segment operations (covering Cyprus, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Greece, France and Poland). Our Cyprus operations are based in Limassol, Cyprus. In Cyprus, we are licensed to receive, transmit and execute customer orders, establish custodial accounts, engage in foreign currency exchange services and margin lending, and trade our own investment portfolio. Through Freedom EU we provide transaction processing and intermediary services to our regional customers and to institutional customers, including our affiliate Freedom Securities Trading Inc. (formerly known as FFIN Brokerage Services, Inc.) (“FST Belize”), that may seek access to the securities markets in the United States and Europe excluding Eastern Europe. FST Belize’s customers execute brokerage transactions indirectly through Freedom EU via several omnibus accounts held by FST Belize with Freedom EU. All trading of United States and European exchange traded and OTC securities by all Freedom group securities brokerage firms, excluding PrimeEx, are also routed to and executed through Freedom EU. Freedom EU is a member of the Association for Financial Markets in Europe ("AFME"). Our office in Germany is a tied agent of Freedom EU, and we have representative offices of Freedom EU in Greece, France and Spain. Prime UK, formed in 2021, is a financial intermediary company which was incorporated for the purposes of obtaining the necessary licenses to conduct brokerage operations in the United Kingdom, which licenses have not yet been obtained.
As of September 30, 2023, our business in the Europe Excluding Eastern Europe segment consisted of 9 total offices providing brokerage and financial services, investment consulting, education or that serve an administrative function, including offices in Cyprus, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain and Greece. As of September 30, 2023, we had 217 employees in our Europe Excluding Eastern Europe segment, of which 216 were full-time employees. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, our Europe Excluding Eastern Europe segment generated approximately $37.5 million, or 9%, of our total revenue, net and approximately $28.3 million, or 9%, of our total expense.
United States Segment
Our United States segment consists of Freedom Holding Corp. and our subsidiaries PrimeEx, Freedom U.S. Markets LLC and LD Micro. Freedom U.S. Markets LLC and LD Micro were added to this segment during fiscal 2023.We entered the U.S. market in December 2020 with the acquisition of PrimeEx, a New York corporation, that is a registered agency-only execution broker-dealer on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"). PrimeEx is a
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member of the NYSE, Nasdaq, FINRA and the Securities Investor Protection Corp ("SIPC"). In January 2022, PrimeEx received regulatory approval from FINRA to conduct investment banking and equity capital markets business. Such business is conducted under the name Freedom Capital Markets. PrimeEx provides its corporate and institutional customers with a full array of investment banking, corporate finance, and capital markets advisory services. In March 2023, our subsidiary Freedom U.S. Markets LLC, an administrative management company, acquired LD Micro, which had been owned by SRAX, Inc. Through LD Micro, we now own the largest conference platform for small-cap companies in the United States. As of September 30, 2023, we had 49 employees (48 of which were full-time) in our United States segment. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the United States segment generated approximately $1.6 million, or 0.4%, of our total revenue, net and approximately $17.5 million, or 5.8%, of our total expense.
Middle East/Caucasus Segment
As of September 30, 2023, our Middle East/Caucasus segment consisted of five o ffices, of which one office (located in Armenia) provided brokerage services. In fiscal 2022, we entered the Caucasus market by establishing subsidiaries in Azerbaijan and Armenia, and in fiscal 2023 we established a subsidiary in Turkey. In April 2022 we entered the Middle East market by establishing a subsidiary in the United Arab Emirates ("UAE"). As of September 30, 2023, we had 71 employees in our Middle East/Caucasus segment, of which 71 were full-time employees. The Middle East/Caucasus segment is in the developmental stage and does not currently generate profit. For three months ended September 30, 2023 total revenue of the Middle East/Caucasus segment was not material.
Credit Ratings
On October 31, 2023, S&P Global Ratings affirmed the long-term credit rating of Freedom Holding Corp. at the "B-" level and long-term and short-term credit ratings of Freedom Finance JSC, Freedom Finance Europe Ltd., Freedom Finance Global PLC and Freedom Finance Kazakhstan Bank JSC at the "B/B" level. The ratings of Freedom KZ and Freedom Bank KZ on the national scale were confirmed at the level of "kzBB+". S&P Global Ratings revised the outlook on Freedom Holding Corp. and its core subsidiaries to negative.
On August 24, 2023, S&P Global Ratings placed the ratings of FRHC, Freedom KZ, Freedom Europe, Freedom Global and Freedom Bank KZ on CreditWatch with negative implications. Reasons provided by S&P Global Ratings for the CreditWatch designation included the risk that certain disclosures in the Company's annual report and recently published allegations by a third party could lead to a loss of critical counterparties and potentially weaken the Company's franchise. On October 31, 2023, S&P Global Ratings removed the ratings of FRHC and its core subsidiaries from CreditWatch on the basis that the immediate fallout from the allegations published by a third party was relatively contained.
Freedom Life has a long-term issuer credit and financial strength rating of of "BB-" (stable outlook) and a rating on the Kazakhstan national scale of "kzA-" with a stable outlook, and Freedom Insurance has a "B+" rating (stable outlook) and "kzBBB" Kazakhstan national scale rating with stable outlook, in each case from Standard & Poor's. These ratings were affirmed by Standard & Poor's on August 24, 2023.
Key F actors Affecting Our Results of Operations
Our operations have been, and may continue to be, affected by certain key factors as well as certain historical events and actions. The key factors affecting our business and the results of operations include, in particular: the effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, market and economic conditions, the growth of retail brokerage activity in our key markets, acquisitions and divestitures, our transactions with our affiliate FST Belize, governmental policies and the impact of Covid-19. Each of these factors is discussed in more detail below.
Russia-Ukraine Conflict
In February 2022, Russia launched a military offensive against Ukraine, which has resulted in a protracted conflict. The war is ongoing, and it is difficult to predict how long it will last. The economies of Russia, Ukraine and the surrounding region, the global economy generally and the Company specifically have been adversely affected by the conflict.
In response to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, numerous governments, including those of the United States, the EU and the United Kingdom have imposed an extensive range of additional economic sanctions on Russia, certain financial institutions, business enterprises, and key persons in Russia or deemed to be enabling the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The imposed sanctions significantly expand the sanctions first imposed on Russia following the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine and its annexation of the Crimea region of Ukraine. In addition, many businesses are adopting a cautious approach to sanctions and export compliance matters, implementing internal policies that are more restrictive than strictly required
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by the applicable rules. The Russian government has issued countersanctions as a defensive measure targeted at "unfriendly states" which include the United States and most countries that have imposed sanctions on Russia, as well as imposed restrictions on currency transactions of its own citizens.
After careful consideration of the needs of our employees, customers and shareholders and the best interests of our company, shortly after the onset of the Russia-Ukraine conflict we decided to divest our Russian subsidiaries, Freedom RU and Freedom Bank RU. Prior to the divestiture of our Russian subsidiaries, our subsidiary Freedom RU owned approximately 90% of our Kazakhstan securities brokerage company, Freedom KZ, with the remaining interest in Freedom KZ being owned by us directly. In 2022, we decided to undertake a corporate restructuring as a result of which Freedom KZ (together with its wholly owned subsidiaries Freedom Bank KZ, Freedom Life and Freedom Insurance) became wholly owned by us directly. The transfer of ownership from Freedom RU to our direct ownership required approval by the Kazakhstan financial sector regulator, which was received on November 11, 2022. On October 17, 2022, we entered into an agreement with Maxim Povalishin for the divestiture of 100% of the share capital of our two Russian subsidiaries. Maxim Povalishin, the purchaser, was at the time of the transaction the Deputy General Director and a member of the Board of Directors of Freedom RU. The divestiture of our Russian subsidiaries was approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on February 10, 2023, and was completed on February 28, 2023.
Historically, a large portion of our trading volume has been derived from individuals and institutions in Russia, through accounts at our Russian subsidiaries and through accounts at our non-Russian subsidiaries, including indirectly through accounts they hold with FST Belize. Although we have divested our Russian subsidiaries, we continue to generate fee and commission income from trading activity engaged in by Russian persons (including former clients of our former Russian subsidiaries) who are not subject to any sanctions prohibitions or other legal restrictions through their accounts at our non-Russian subsidiaries or indirectly through accounts they hold with FST Belize. As of the date of this quarterly report, the Russia-related economic sanctions that have been imposed do not target our Russian client base, most of whom are members of the emerging Russian middle class population. Even before the Russia-Ukraine conflict began in February 2022, our clients were required to conform to strict anti-money laundering regulations and to undergo ongoing sanctions screening to assure us that they were subject to United States, EU or UK sanctions that would restrict our ability to do business with them or require us to take regulatory compliance actions in response to their activities. However, the evolving sanctions and countersanctions in connection with the Russia-Ukraine conflict expose us to heightened risks and challenges. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has also exposed us to a range of other heightened risks stemming from our actual or perceived connections with Russia, including risks related to our business relationships with counterparties outside of Russia, including commercial banks, settlement banks, stock exchanges and regulators. From time to time, we have been, and in the future may be, subject to investigations, audits, inspections and subpoenas, as well as regulatory proceedings and fines and penalties brought by regulators. We are subject to regulation from numerous regulators, which include, but are not limited to, the AFSA, the ARDFM, CySEC, OFAC and the SEC, from which we received various inquiries and formal requests for information on various matters, with which we have cooperated and will continue to do so. If we are found to have violated any applicable laws, rules or regulations, formal administrative or judicial proceedings may be initiated against us that may result in censure, fine, civil or criminal penalties.
The sanctions imposed in relation to the Russia-Ukraine conflict have had a significant impact on the global economy. They have led to an increase in the prices of hydrocarbons and agricultural products produced by both Russia and Ukraine, which has further fueled inflationary pressures in Europe and elsewhere. The sanctions have also had an indirect impact on consumer confidence and spending, which could potentially harm financial markets and businesses worldwide. The Russia-Ukraine conflict and responses to it have materially and adversely impacted the macroeconomic climate in Russia and the surrounding region, resulting in significant economic uncertainty, currency exchange rate volatility, the imposition of currency controls, capital flight, materially increased interest rates and inflation, and the withdrawal of or reduction of business by a number of Western businesses from the Russian market. The fluid and evolving nature of the current Russia-related sanctions gives rise to continuing political, economic and business risks for the Russian government, its economy, and its citizens, which may lead to reduced investment confidence and investment spending by affected Russians.
In addition, there is a risk that new international sanctions and new countersanctions measures may curtail the ability of our brokerage customers who are Russian persons to trade through non-Russian accounts or in non-Russian securities, or our ability to facilitate any trading through our non-Russian subsidiaries or indirectly via FST Belize. If investment activity by Russian holders of foreign trading accounts is restricted, this could have a material adverse effect on our revenues. For example, on November 2, 2023, OFAC imposed sanctions on a brokerage firm that provides access for investors to the international stock markets, a subsidiary of which entity has omnibus cash and/or brokerage accounts at our Freedom EU, Freedom Global and Freedom Bank KZ subsidiaries. These accounts currently hold a significant volume of securities but have not historically accounted for a material part of our revenue. We are currently taking appropriate action to identify and block and/or freeze the accounts which are affected by these sanctions where required and are evaluating and assessing the potential consequences of such sanctions for our business with this entity, including the implications of
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any applicable wind-down general license and other specific licenses or guidance in the form of FAQs or otherwise that may be issued by OFAC in the future.
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has also had, and may continue to have, adverse effects on our results of operations related to proprietary trading. For example, during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 we sold 7,500,000 shares in the SPB Exchange that we owned and realized a loss from the divestiture in the amount of $73.4 million. We attribute this loss to a combination of factors, including the heightened market uncertainty and increased volatility caused by the Russia-Ukraine conflict and its geopolitical consequences.
On October 19, 2022, the President of Ukraine signed a decree enacting a decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine (NSDC) on the application of personal special economic and other restrictive measures (sanctions) against more than 1,300 companies and more than 2,500 individuals. Freedom UA's brokerage license was suspended for a period of five years and its assets frozen by the Ukrainian authorities following its inclusion on the sanctions list. The lists of companies and individuals sanctioned included both Freedom UA and Timur Turlov, in his personal capacity. In addition, the list included our two former Russian subsidiaries, which have since been divested. We note that all persons on the Russian list of Forbes entrepreneurs for 2021 were included. In 2021 Mr. Turlov was on this Forbes list and still had Russian citizenship (in the appendix to the presidential decree there is a reference to Mr. Turlov’s Russian citizenship. We note that, prior to June 2022, Mr. Turlov was a Russian citizen. As from June 2022, Mr. Turlov renounced his Russian citizenship and is now a citizen of Kazakhstan. We have made a series of efforts seeking to have Freedom UA and Mr. Turlov removed from the sanctions list. In addition, we have contributed approximately $11.7 million to humanitarian relief efforts in Ukraine through charitable funds. In view of the ongoing uncertainty related to Freedom UA, the management of the Company has determined that starting from April 1, 2023 the Company does not maintain effective control over Freedom UA. Accordingly, Freedom UA has not been consolidated in the Company's consolidated financial statements in this quarterly report.
Other than the Ukrainian sanctions described above, none of FRHC, nor any of our group companies, nor any of our current directors or senior management, is a target of sanctions imposed by the United States, the EU or the UK. Nevertheless, we are indirectly impacted by the designation of numerous parties in Russia as sanctioned parties and the restrictions placed on international businesses in Russia as a result. The sanctions imposed on Russia in 2014 as well as the sanctions imposed beginning in 2022 make Russia a high-risk jurisdiction for potential sanctions. As a result, when doing business with Russian persons and legal entities it is necessary for us to conduct enhanced due diligence to ensure that no persons designated on any applicable sanctions lists conduct prohibited transactions with us or through our facilities, and to ensure that neither we nor any of our executive officers facilitate any prohibited business as defined under the laws and regulations to which we are subject.
In February 2023, we divested our Russian subsidiaries, including all of their offices and employees. As of March 31, 2022, our Russian subsidiaries had 43 offices and branches and 1,717 employees. Despite the divestiture of these subsidiaries, the scale of our overall business increased from fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2023. As of March 31, 2022, our total number of employees was 1,704 and our total number of offices was 66. As of March 31, 2023, the number of employees increased to 3,689 and the number of our offices increased to 126. The increase in the scale of our operations between the two fiscal years, despite the divestment of our Russian subsidiaries, was mainly attributable to our growth during fiscal 2023 through several acquisitions. In addition, in connection with divestment of our Russia subsidiaries, 19 analysts, 21 investment consultants, 18 Tradernet specialists and 13 public relations specialists moved from our former Russian subsidiaries to our Freedom Global subsidiary, and certain customers of our former Russian subsidiaries opened accounts at our non-Russian subsidiaries, which mitigated the effects of the divestment of our Russian subsidiaries.
As of the date of this quarterly report, the Russia-Ukraine conflict is ongoing and its effects on us continue to evolve. As such, we expect there will be further impacts and unknown risks related to our business, the substance and reach of which we cannot fully anticipate.
Market and Economic Conditions
Performance in the financial services industry is heavily influenced by the overall strength of economic conditions and financial market activity, which generally have a direct and material impact on our results of operations and financial condition. These conditions are a product of many factors, which are mostly unpredictable and beyond our control, and may affect the decisions made by financial market participants.
Changes in economic and political conditions, including economic output levels, interest and inflation rates, employment levels, prices of commodities including oil and gas, exogenous market events, consumer confidence levels, and fiscal and monetary policy can affect market conditions. While many global financial markets have shown signs of improvement in recent years, uncertainty remains. A period of sustained downturns and/or volatility in the securities
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markets, and/or prolonged levels of increasing interest rates, could lead to a return to increased credit market dislocations, reductions in the value of real estate, and other negative market factors which could significantly impair our revenues and profitability.
Financial markets may also be impacted by political and civil unrest occurring in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia, South America and Asia. Hostilities between Russia and Ukraine have created global uncertainties around the spread of the conflict and the potential use of nuclear weapons and have impacted global supply chains of energy supplies and food supplies throughout the world. These issues could have unforeseen and negative impacts upon the financial markets and our company and its operations.
Growth of Retail Brokerage Activity in Our Key Markets
The retail brokerage markets in Kazakhstan and Russia are key markets for our business. We estimate that, as of September 30, 2023, we had approximately 170,282 retail brokerage customers who were Kazakhstan persons, or approximately 40% of our total number of customers, and we had approximately 50,106 retail brokerage customers who were Russian persons, or approximately 12% of our total number of customers. In addition, we serve Kazakhstan and Russian customers indirectly through their accounts with our affiliate FST Belize. The Kazakhstan and Russia markets have grown rapidly in recent years. The number of our total customer accounts increased from approximately 250,000 as of March 31, 2022, to approximately 370,000 as of March 31, 2023, to approximately 433,947 as of September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, approximately 57% of those customer accounts carried positive cash or asset account balances. Internally, we designate “active accounts” as those in which at least one transaction occurs per quarter. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had approximately 67,158 active accounts. The increases in the number of our customer accounts have in turn contributed to increases in our customer liabilities over these periods.
Acquisitions
Historically we have been active in pursuing non-organic growth through mergers and acquisitions. We expect this trend to continue in the future. Acquisitions and divestitures may have a material effect on our business and financial results.
Acquisition of Internet Tourism
On April 26, 2023, we completed the acquisition of 100% of Internet-Tourism LLP, a Kazakhstan-based online aggregator for buying air and railway tickets, in order to expand our presence in the digital services ecosystem in Kazakhstan. The purchase price paid for the acquisition was $1.9 million.
Acquisition of Aviata
On April 26, 2023, we completed the acquisition of 100% of Aviata LLP, a Kazakhstan-based online aggregator for buying air and railway tickets, in order to expand our presence in the digital services ecosystem in Kazakhstan. The purchase price paid for the acquisition was $30.8 million.
Acquisition of Arbuz
As of March 31, 2023, we held a 25% equity interest in Arbuz. On April 14, 2023, we acquired an additional 5.42% equity interest, and on May 22, 2023, we purchased a further 8.36%, resulting in a total equity interest of 38.78% in Arbuz. When combining our 38.78% stake with Timur Turlov's individual share of 18.08% in Arbuz, we effectively obtained control over Arbuz on May 222, 2023. Between May 22, 2023, and June 30, 2023, we acquired an additional 43.14% equity interest in Arbuz, as a result of which as of September 30, 2023, we had an 81.92% ownership interest in Arbuz, with Timur Turlov owning 18.08%. We acquired Arbuz to accelerate our growth in e-commerce sector. For more details please refer to Note 22 Acquisitions of Subsidiaries.
Acquisition of ReKassa
On July 27, 2023, we completed the acquisition of 90% of ReKassa LLP, a Kazakhstan-based digital service for cash transaction data management, in order to expand our presence in the digital services ecosystem in Kazakhstan. The purchase price paid for the acquisition was $3.1 million.
Signing and Termination of Agreement to Acquire Maxim Group
On February 16, 2023, we signed an agreement to acquire Maxim Group LLC and its registered investment advisory affiliate Maxim Financial Advisors LLC (together “Maxim Group”), for a combination of cash and common
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stock. Including deferred payments and retention bonuses, the total consideration for the acquisition would have been approximately $400 million. This planned acquisition was a continuation of our strategy of acquisitions following our 2020 acquisition of PrimeEx. Completion of the acquisition was subject to certain conditions and the receipt of required regulatory approvals. We and the sellers determined that the conditions to closing set out in the purchase agreement will not be fulfilled by December 31, 2023. Accordingly, effective November 6, 2023, we and the sellers terminated the purchase agreement by our mutual written consent and provided mutual releases. We and the sellers continue to believe that it may be possible to reach an agreement in respect of a combination transaction in relation to the Maxim Group with an alternative structure on mutually acceptable terms, and we have begun discussions regarding such a potential transaction. There can be no assurance that we will enter into a new agreement or, if we do enter into a new agreement, what the terms of such agreement or the underlying transaction will be. The terms of any new agreement and underlying transaction could be materially different from the terms contained in the original purchase agreement. See "Special Note About Forward-Looking Information" in this quarterly report.
Related Party Transactions with FST Belize
During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we engaged in various related party transactions, a substantial amount of which were conducted with FST Belize, a corporation registered in and licensed as a broker dealer in Belize. FST Belize was formed in 2014 and is 100% owned by the Company's controlling shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer, Timur Turlov. FST Belize is not part of our group of companies.
FST Belize has its own brokerage customers, which include individuals and market-maker institutions. A significant portion of our fee and commission income is derived from the customer relationship between Freedom EU and FST Belize. FST Belize has several omnibus brokerage accounts with Freedom EU. The majority of the order flow from FST Belize to Freedom EU represents transactions of customers of FST Belize, which are executed by FST Belize through its omnibus accounts at Freedom EU. Our margin lending receivables from FST Belize are related to margin trading by FST Belize's clients and are fully collateralized by highly-liquid financial assets. Our relationship with FST Belize has provided us and our customers with a substantial liquidity pool for trading. Our cross border omnibus brokerage agreement and sanctions compliance program agreement with FST Belize require FST Belize to conduct AML/CTF and sanctions screening on its individual and business entity customers whose trades are processed through its omnibus accounts at Freedom EU. Our omnibus brokerage arrangement with FST Belize dates from the time of the establishment of our company, and we intend to reduce the volume of business we conduct involving FST Belize over time and to ultimately eliminate such omnibus brokerage arrangement.
Our transactions with FST Belize are performed in the ordinary course of our brokerage and banking businesses and such transactions are made on substantially the same terms and conditions as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with similarly situated unaffiliated third parties. In accordance with our Audit Committee Charter, our audit committee, all members of which are independent, is responsible for reviewing, approving and overseeing any transaction between the Company, including its subsidiaries, and any related person and any other potential conflict of interest situations on an ongoing basis.
Fee and commission income generated from FST Belize accounted for approximately 17% of our total fee and commission income for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to approximately 73% of our total fee and commission income for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Fee and commission income generated from FST Belize accounted for approximately 16% of our total fee and commission income for the six months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to approximately 79% of our total fee and commission income for the six months ended September 30, 2022.
Interest income generated from FST Belize accounted for approximately 4% and 12% of our total interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Interest income generated from FST Belize accounted for approximately 4% and 10% of our total interest income for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, our margin lending receivables due from FST Belize were $396.5 million and $290.2 million, respectively. The increase in margin lending receivable is attributable to an increase in leveraged trading activity as a result of greater volatility in market conditions between the two dates. We have a policy of ensuring that margin positions are adequately collateralized by liquid market securities.
The decrease in fee and commission income generated from FST Belize as a percentage of our total fee and commission income between the quarters ending September 30, 2022 and 2023 was due a decrease in the volume of trading activity by FST Belize through its omnibus account with us between the two quarters, as a result of ongoing joint efforts by us and FST Belize to encourage clients of FST Belize to open accounts at Freedom Global and conduct ongoing
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trading through such Freedom Global accounts, consistent with our strategy to reduce the amount of transactions conducted under our omnibus arrangement with FST Belize. T he decrease in the volume of trading activity by FST Belize was also due to deteriorating stock exchange market conditions and increased macro-economic uncertainty between the two periods.
For additional information regarding our transactions with FST Belize, see Note 18 "Related Party Transactions" in the notes to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part I Item 1 of this quarterly report.
Governmental Policies
Our earnings are and will be affected by the monetary, fiscal and foreign policies of the governments of the jurisdictions in which we operate, in particular Kazakhstan, the European Union and the United States. The monetary policies of these countries may have a significant effect upon our operating results. It is not possible to predict the nature and impact of future changes in monetary and fiscal policies.
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Key Income Statement Line Items
Revenue
We derive revenue primarily from fee and commission income earned from our retail brokerage and banking customers, fee and commission income from investment banking services, interest income and our proprietary trading activities.
Fee and Commission Income
Fee and commission income consists principally of brokerage fees from customer trading, related banking services, fees for payment processing services and fees for underwriting, market making and consulting services. A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from commissions from customers through accounts with transaction-based pricing. Brokerage commissions are charged on investment products in accordance with a schedule we have formulated that aligns with local practices. Fees received for banking services consist primarily of commissions earned from merchants on acquiring operations, commission on transfer and payment processing and commissions on cash operations. Fees for payment processing services are mainly related to the charges for the service of handling and processing particular cash transfer transactions or operations. Fee and commission income as a percentage of our total revenue was 26% and 46% in the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 respectively, and 28% and 49% for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 respectively. Retail brokerage service fee and commission income as a percentage of our total fee and commission income was 76% and 91% in the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 66% and 92% in the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Interest Income
We earn interest income from trading securities, margin lending, reverse repurchase transactions, and loans to customers. Interest income on trading securities consists of interest earned from investments in debt securities and dividends earned on equity securities held in our proprietary trading account.
Net Gain/(Loss) on Trading Securities
Net gain/(loss) on trading securities reflects the change in value of the securities held in our proprietary trading portfolio during the relevant period. A net gain or loss is comprised of both realized and unrealized gains and losses during the period. Realized gains or losses are recognized when we close an open position in a security and recognize a gain or a loss on that position. U.S. GAAP requires that we also reflect in our financial statements any unrealized gain or loss on each open securities positions as of the end of each period based on whether the value of the open position is higher or lower at the period end than it was at either: (i) the beginning of the period, if the position was held for the full period; or (ii) at the time the position was opened, if the position was opened during the period. Fluctuations in unrealized gains or losses from one period to another can occur as a result of factors beyond our control, such as fluctuations in the market prices of the open securities positions we hold resulting from market and economic uncertainty arising from global or local events that cause significant market volatility, or even halting of trading in certain markets, all of which occurred as a result of the Russia Ukraine conflict. Fluctuations might also result from factors within our control, such as when we elect to close an open securities position, which would have the effect of reducing our open positions and, thereby potentially reducing or increasing the amount of unrealized gains or losses in a period. These fluctuations can adversely affect the ultimate value we realize from our proprietary trading activities. Unrealized gains or losses in a particular period may or may not be indicative of the gain or loss we will ultimately realize on a securities position when the position is closed. As a result, we might realize significant swings in net gains and losses realized on our trading securities year-over-year and quarter-to-quarter.
Insurance Underwriting Income
Life insurance premiums are recognized as revenue when due; accident and health insurance premiums are recognized as revenue over the premium paying period and property; and casualty insurance premiums are recognized as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided.
Net Gain on Foreign Exchange Operations
Net gain on foreign exchange operations reflects the net gain from: (i) the change in value resulting from currency fluctuations of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in any currency other than the functional currency of the entity holding such asset or liability; and (ii) purchases and sales of foreign currency. Under U.S. GAAP, we are required to
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revalue assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into our reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, which can result in gains or losses on foreign exchange operations. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates are beyond the Company's control, and the Company may suffer losses as a result of such fluctuations.
Net (Loss)/Gain on Derivatives
The Company enters into various derivative financial instruments, including forwards and swaps, in the foreign exchange markets. These financial instruments are held for trading and are initially recognized at fair value. Fair value is determined based on quoted market prices or valuation models that consider the current market and contractual values of the relevant underlying instruments, along with other factors. Derivative financial instruments with a positive fair value are recorded as assets, while those with a negative fair value are recorded as liabilities. Gains and losses on these instruments are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income as net (loss)/gain on derivatives.
Fee and Commission Expense
We incur fee and commission expense in our brokerage, banking, and insurance activities. Fee and commission expense consists of expenses related to brokerage, banking, stock exchange, clearing, depository and agent services. Generally, we expect fee and commission expense from brokerage and banking activities to increase and decrease corresponding to increases and decreases in fee and commission income. For our insurance operations, fee and commission expense arises from the deferral and subsequent amortization of the costs of acquiring business, which are referred to as “deferred acquisition costs” (principally commissions, and other incremental direct costs of issuing policies). Deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) for traditional life insurance and long-duration health insurance are amortized over the estimated premium-paying period of the related policies. DAC for property insurance, accident insurance and health insurance is amortized over the effective period of the related insurance policies.
Interest Expense
Interest expense includes the expenses associated with our short-term and long-term financing, which consist of interest on securities repurchase agreement obligations, customer accounts and deposits, debt securities issued, and loans received.
Payroll and Bonus
Payroll and bonuses represent the costs incurred by a company in compensating its employees for their services and providing performance-based incentives.
Professional Services
Professional services represents the costs associated with engaging external experts and consultants.
Stock Compensation Expense
Stock compensation expense represents the cost associated with issuing stock grants to employees and executives as part of their compensation packages.
Advertising Expense
Advertising expense represents a component of operating expenses. It signifies the investments made to promote products, services, or the overall brand to a targeted audience, ultimately driving customer acquisition and revenue growth.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense includes lease cost, depreciation and amortization, communications services, software support, representative expenses, business travel expenses, utilities, charity, and other expenses.
Insurance Claims Incurred, Net of Reinsurance
Insurance claims incurred are expenses directly associated with our insurance activity, and represent actual amounts paid or to be paid to policyholders when insurable events occur, less any amounts we receive from reinsurers related to the insurable event. This amount is adjusted for changes in loss reserves, including claims reported but not settled (RBNS), claims incurred but not reported (IBNR) and not incurred claims reserve (NIC).
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Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Net of Tax
The functional currencies of our operating subsidiaries are the Kazakhstan tenge, the euro, the U.S. dollar, the Uzbekistan som, Kyrgyzstani som, the Azerbaijani manat, the Armenian dram, the British pound sterling and the United Arab Emirates dirham. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Pursuant to U.S. GAAP we are required to revalue our assets from our functional currencies to our reporting currency for financial reporting purposes.
Net Income/(Loss) Attributable to Non-controlling Interest
Net income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interest includes our net income/(loss) attributable to our non-controlling interests in Arbuz and ReKassa. As of September 30, 2023 we held 81.92% of the ownership interest in Arbuz and 90% of the ownership interest in ReKassa. The remaining 18.08% of the ownership interest in Arbuz and 10.00% of the ownership interest in ReKassa are considered as non-controlling interests in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income.
Prior to April 1, 2023, the Company reflected Mr. Tashtitov's ownership interest in Freedom UA as a non-controlling interest in its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Given the ongoing uncertainty regarding the status of Freedom UA, the management of the Company determined that starting from April 1, 2023 the Company does not maintain effective control over Freedom UA and it is no longer consolidated in the Company's financial statements. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2023 there are no non-controlling interests in relation to Freedom UA.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Comparison of the Three-month Periods Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following comparison of our financial results for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is not necessarily indicative of future results.
Revenue
The following table sets out information or our total revenue, net for the periods presented.

| Three months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Three months ended September 30, 2022 |  | Change
| Amount |  | %* |  | Amount |  | %* |  | Amount |  | %
Fee and commission income | $ | 111,703 |  |  | 25.6 | % |  | $ | 83,157 |  |  | 46.2 | % |  | $ | 28,546 |  |  | 34 | %
Net gain on trading securities | 50,771 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 9,005 |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | 41,766 |  |  | 464 | %
Interest income | 213,063 |  |  | 48.9 | % |  | 58,999 |  |  | 32.8 | % |  | 154,064 |  |  | 261 | %
Insurance underwriting income | 57,976 |  |  | 13.3 | % |  | 26,200 |  |  | 14.5 | % |  | 31,776 |  |  | 121 | %
Net (loss)/gain on foreign exchange operations | (3,696) |  |  | (0.8) | % |  | 4,555 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | (8,251) |  |  | (181) | %
Net loss on derivative | 1,378 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | (2,320) |  |  | (1.3) | % |  | 3,698 |  |  | (159) | %
Other income | $ | 4,386 |  |  | 1.0 | % |  | 524 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 3,862 |  |  | 737 | %
Total revenue, net | $ | 435,581 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 180,120 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 255,461 |  |  | 142 | %

* Percentage of total revenue, net.
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had total revenue, net of $435.6 million, a $255.5 million increase compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Revenue, net for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was significantly higher than the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to increases in interest income, net gain on trading securities, fee and commission income and insurance underwriting income between the two periods.
Fee and commission income
The following table sets forth information regarding our fee and commission income for the periods presented.
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| Three months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Brokerage services | $ | 84,713 |  |  | $ | 75,343 |  |  | $ | 9,370 |  |  | 12 | %
Commission income from payment processing | 10,299 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,299 |  |  | — | %
Bank services | 9,308 |  |  | 5,779 |  |  | 3,529 |  |  | 61 | %
Underwriting and market-making services | 2,910 |  |  | 1,587 |  |  | 1,323 |  |  | 83 | %
Other fee and commission income | 4,473 |  |  | 448 |  |  | 4,025 |  |  | 898 | %
Total fee and commission income | $ | 111,703 |  |  | $ | 83,157 |  |  | $ | 28,546 |  |  | 34 | %

The following table sets out the components of our fee and commission income as a percentage of total fee and commission income, net for the periods presented.

| Three months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (as a % of total revenue)
Brokerage services | 76 | % |  | 91 | %
Commission income from payment processing | 9 | % |  | — | %
Bank services | 8 | % |  | 7 | %
Underwriting and market-making services | 3 | % |  | 2 | %
Other fee and commission income | 4 | % |  | 1 | %
Total fee and commission income as a percentage of total revenue | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, total fee and commission income was $111.7 million, an increase of $28.5 million, or 34%, as compared to fee and commission income of $83.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022.
The increase in fee and commission income was due to an increase in each category of fee and commission income, which increases were principally due general growth of the Company's operations between the two quarters. In particular, there was an increase of $10.3 million in fee and commission income from payment processing at Paybox and its subsidiaries, which were acquired in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. There was also an increase of $3.5 million or 61% in fee and commission income from bank services from Freedom Bank KZ attributable mainly to the increase of servicing payment cards, which is due to the growing average turnover of merchants.
There was an increase of $9.4 million or 12% in fee and commission income from brokerage services between the two quarters. The increase in brokerage fee and commission income is attributable to an increase in such income from Freedom Global by approximately $47.2 million, which was mainly attributable to an increase in the volume of trading between the two quarters. Such increase in trading activity was a result of an increase in the size of Freedom Global's client base and ongoing joint efforts by us and FST Belize to encourage clients of FST Belize to open accounts at Freedom Global and conduct ongoing trading through Freedom Global accounts, consistent with our strategy to reduce the amount of transactions conducted under our omnibus arrangement with FST Belize. There was also an increase in brokerage service income from Freedom Armenia by approximately $1.1 million as it began to actively engage in brokerage activities. The foregoing increases in fee and commission income from brokerage services were offset in part by a decrease in fee and commission income from brokerage services at Freedom EU by approximately $38.9 million, which was attributable to a decrease in the volume of client trading activity by FST Belize as a result of the joint efforts discussed above as well as due to deteriorating stock exchange market conditions and increased macro-economic uncertainty between the two periods.
Net gain on trading securities
Net gain on trading securities was $50.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $41.8 million as compared to $9.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The following table sets forth information regarding our net gains and losses on trading activities for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and
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2022:

| Realized Net Gain |  | Unrealized Net Gain |  | Net Gain
Three months ended September 30, 2023 | $ | 41,058 |  |  | $ | 9,713 |  |  | $ | 50,771 |
Three months ended September 30, 2022 | $ | 5,507 |  |  | $ | 3,498 |  |  | $ | 9,005 |

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had a realized gain on trading securities of $41.1 million, which is attributable to debt securities of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan sold during the three months ended September 30, 2023. We had an unrealized net gain in the three months ended September 30, 2023, due to securities positions we continued to hold at September 30, 2023, having appreciated by $9.7 million. The majority of the unrealized net gain comes from the appreciated shares of KazMunayGaz and debt securities of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, KazMunayGas shares increased in value due to an increase in oil prices during such quarter. The sharp decline in the National Bank of Kazakhstan's base interest rate was the key factor causing the appreciation of the debt securities of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan during the three months ended September 30, 2023.
During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we sold securities for a gain of $5.5 million, and securities positions we continued to hold at September 30, 2022, had appreciated $11.2 million. This unrealized gain was partially offset from recognizing an unrealized net loss on SPB Exchange (SPBX) shares held in our portfolio at September 30, 2022, in the amount of $7.7 million.
Interest income
The following tables set forth information regarding our revenue from interest income for the periods presented.

| Three months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Interest income on trading securities | $ | 114,039 |  |  | $ | 33,787 |  |  | $ | 80,252 |  |  | 238 | %
Interest income on loans to customers | 42,868 |  |  | $ | 7,203 |  |  | 35,665 |  |  | 495 | %
Interest income on margin loans to customers | 42,573 |  |  | $ | 9,966 |  |  | 32,607 |  |  | 327 | %
Interest income on securities available-for-sale | 9,653 |  |  | 6,553 |  |  | 3,100 |  |  | 47 | %
Interest income on reverse repurchase agreements and amounts due from banks | 3,930 |  |  | 1,349 |  |  | 2,581 |  |  | 191 | %
Other interest income | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | (141) |  |  | (100) | %
Total interest income | $ | 213,063 |  |  | $ | 58,999 |  |  | $ | 154,064 |  |  | 261 | %

| Three months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (as a % of total interest income)
Interest income on trading securities | 54 | % |  | 58 | %
Interest income on loans to customers | 20 | % |  | 12 | %
Interest income on margin loans to customers | 20 | % |  | 17 | %
Interest income on securities available-for-sale | 4 | % |  | 11 | %
Interest income on reverse repurchase agreements and amounts due from banks | 2 | % |  | 2 | %
Other interest income | — | % |  | — |
Total interest income | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, interest income was $213.1 million, representing an increase of $154.1 million, or 261%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in interest income was primarily attributable to a $80.3 million, or 238% increase in interest income from trading securities, as a result of an increase in the total size of our trading portfolio and an increase in the amount of bonds we held as a percentage of our total trading portfolio between the two periods. Interest income on loans to customers increased by $32.6 million, or 327% due to the growth of Freedom Bank KZ's loan portfolio, compared to the quarter ending September 30, 2022. In addition, we
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recognized a $35.7 million, or 495%, increase in interest income on margin loans to customers, resulting from an increase in the usage of margin loans for trades by our clients between the two periods.
Net gain on foreign exchange operations
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we realized a net loss on foreign exchange operations of $3.7 million compared to a net gain of $4.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The net loss was primarily due to a translation difference loss of $26.7 million mainly attributable to the depreciation of the tenge in comparison with the three months ended September 30, 2022. The translation difference loss was partly offset by a net gain of $23.0 million from the purchase and sale of foreign currency from our subsidiary Freedom Bank KZ, as the volume of our foreign currency transactions increased by 658% in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022.
Net (loss)/gain on derivatives
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had net gain on derivatives of $1.4 million compared to a net loss of $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The change was primarily attributable to positive revaluation of currency swaps of our subsidiary, Freedom Bank KZ, resulting in an unrealized gain of $3.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, Freedom Bank KZ entered into currency swaps to diversify its funding sources.
Insurance underwriting income
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had insurance underwriting income of $58.0 million, an increase of $31.8 million, or 121%, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a $31.4 million, or 110%, increase in insurance underwriting income from written insurance premiums for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, due to the expansion of our insurance operations between the two periods. The following table sets out information on our insurance underwriting income for the periods presented.

| Three months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Written insurance premiums | $ | 60,110 |  |  | $ | 28,664 |  |  | 31,446 |  |  | 110 | %
Reinsurance premiums ceded | (452) |  |  | (738) |  |  | 286 |  |  | (39) | %
Change in unearned premium reserve, net | (1,682) |  |  | (1,726) |  |  | 44 |  |  | (3) | %
Insurance underwriting income | $ | 57,976 |  |  | $ | 26,200 |  |  | $ | 31,776 |  |  | 121 | %

Expense
The following table sets out information on our total expense for the periods presented.

| Three months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Three months ended September 30, 2022 |  | Change
| Amount |  | %* |  | Amount |  |  |  | Amount |  | %
Fee and commission expense | $ | 31,614 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 18,439 |  |  | 16 | % |  | $ | 13,175 |  |  | 71 | %
Interest expense | 139,381 |  |  | 46 | % |  | 40,863 |  |  | 35 | % |  | 98,518 |  |  | 241 | %
Insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance | 33,988 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 17,475 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 16,513 |  |  | 94 | %
Payroll and bonuses | 39,998 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 17,229 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 22,769 |  |  | 132 | %
Professional services | 11,951 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 4,018 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 7,933 |  |  | 197 | %
Stock compensation expense | 1,031 |  |  | — | % |  | 1,703 |  |  | 1 | % |  | (672) |  |  | (39) | %
Advertising expense | 8,639 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 1,912 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 6,727 |  |  | 352 | %
General and administrative expense | 29,630 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 12,898 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 16,732 |  |  | 130 | %
Allowance for credit losses | 4,662 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 3,726 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 936 |  |  | 25 | %
Total expense | $ | 300,894 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 118,263 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 182,631 |  |  | 154 | %

______________
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* Percentage of total expense.
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred total expense of $300.9 million, a $182.6 million, or 154%, increase as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was mainly attributable to an increase in interest expense, payroll and bonuses, insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance, fee and commission expenses and general and administrative expenses.
Fee and commission expense
Fee and commission expense increased by $13.2 million or 71% in the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to three months ended September 30, 2022. The change is mainly attributable to an increase in agency fees expense of $14.9 million or 100% compared to September 30, 2022. This is due to the increase of insurance products sales by Freedom Finance Life, which are outsourced to outside sales agents. This increase was offset in part by a decrease in fee and commission expense in the amount of $1.4 million between the two quarters. Such decrease was attributable to a decrease in pricing levels as a result of a change of our prime broker in Europe between the two quarters, with more favorable terms and different composition of order flow transactions, and an increase in the volume of transactions between the two quarters.
Interest expense
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had a $98.5 million, or 241%, increase in interest expense as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in interest expense was primarily attributable to a $84.7 million, or 262%, increase in interest expense on short-term financing through securities repurchase agreements due to an increase in the volume of such financing, and a $10.3 million, or 136%, increase in interest expense on customer deposits. Compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, we increased our volume of short-term financing through securities repurchase agreements primarily in order to fund our investment portfolio. The increase in interest on customer deposits was a result of growth of our banking client base due to the expansion of the operations of Freedom Bank KZ between the two periods.
Insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had a $16.5 million, or 94%, increase in insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a $14.5 million or 213% increase in expenses for insurance reserve, which increase correlates with the premiums received for the period, and a $1.8 million or 27%, increase in other expenses, which are mainly represented by redemption amounts under the pension annuity upon termination of the contract. The increase was also attributable to a $0.2 million or 6%, increase in expenses for claims for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, in each case due to the expansion of our insurance operations between the two periods.
Payroll and bonuses
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had payroll and bonuses expense of $40.0 million, representing an increase of $22.8 million or 132% compared to payroll and bonuses expense of $17.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase can be attributed to the expansion of our operations generally and expansion of our workforce through hiring and acquisitions.
Professional services
For the three months ended September 30, 2023, our professional services expense was $12.0 million, representing an increase by $7.9 million or 197% compared to $4.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was attributable to an increase in audit services expense of approximately $7.7 million due to the accruals for the annual external audit of the previous fiscal year and the prepayment for the current fiscal year. There was also an increase in legal services expense in connection with the acquisition of new companies, the general expansion of our business and operations and regulatory matters.
Stock compensation expense
In the three months ended September 30, 2023, our stock compensation expense was $1.0 million, representing a decrease of $0.7 million or 39% compared to stock compensation expense of $1.7 million for the three months ended
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September 30, 2022. The decrease is attributable to the fact that we sold our Russian subsidiaries in February 2023, decreasing the number of upper management employees who are awarded stock based compensation.
Advertising expense
Advertising expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was $8.6 million, representing an increase of $6.7 million or 352% compared to $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. In the three months ending September 30, 2023, there was an increase in advertising expense from Freedom EU by $4.1 million, including an increase of marketing expenditure of $2.2 million on brand promotion on social networks and $1.0 million increase on general advertising. There was also an increase of $0.5 million by Freedom EU due to the marketing promotion through FC Krasava and North Sails Cyprus Limited Championship in the three months ended September 30, 2023. The overall increase in advertising expenses can also be attributed to the growth of the Company and addition of new subsidiaries.
General and administrative expense
General and administrative expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was $29.6 million, representing an increase of $16.7 million or 130% compared to general and administrative expense of $12.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, there was an increase of $3.0 million in depreciation and amortization expense and an increase of $3.1 million in taxes, other than income tax, mainly due to the general growth of the Company, including the addition of new companies. The Company's charity and sponsorship expense increased by $2.7 million between the two quarters. The Company made several charitable contributions to several organizations through its subsidiaries during the three months ended September 30, 2023. The most significant contributions were made to the Kazakhstan Chess Federation. The increase of $1.6 million in software support expense is mainly due to the overall increased need of software support resulting from the overall growth of Company's operations and personnel. The increase of $1.5 million in other operating expenses is mainly attributable to an increase of other operating expenses at Freedom Bank KZ from banking and other overhead costs. There was also an increase of $1.4 million in communication services expense to $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 from $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 which was mainly attributable to Freedom Bank KZ having employed telecommunications contractors to provide SMS-informing services on banking products during the three months ended September 30, 2023.
Allowance for credit losses
We recognized allowance for credit losses in the amount of $4.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to allowance for credit losses of $3.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to adoption of ASC 326 starting from April 1, 2023, which requires us to measure expected credit losses. The increase was also due to growth of the loan portfolio of Freedom Bank KZ between the two quarters, as the majority of allowance for credit losses is accrued on loan products.
Income tax expense
We had income before income tax of $134.7 million and $61.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022, respectively. Income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022 was $19.2 million and $12.6 million, respectively. Our effective tax rate during the three months ended September 30, 2023, increased to 14.3%, from 20.4% during the three months ended September 30, 2022, as a result of changes in the composition of the revenues we realized from our operating activities, the tax treatment of those revenues in the various jurisdictions where our subsidiaries operate, and the incremental U.S. GILTI tax.
Net income
As a result of the foregoing factors, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had net income of $115.5 million compared to $27.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of 324%.
Non-controlling interest
As of September 30, 2023, the Company holds 81.92% of the ownership interest in Arbuz and 90% of the ownership interest in ReKassa. The remaining 18.08% of the ownership interest in Arbuz and 10.00% of the ownership interest in ReKassa are recognized as non-controlling interests in its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
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Prior to April 1, 2023, the Company reflected Mr. Tashtitov's ownership interest in Freedom UA as a non-controlling interest in its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Given the ongoing uncertainty regarding the status of Freedom UA, the management of the Company determined that starting from April 1, 2023 the Company does not maintain effective control over Freedom UA and it is no longer consolidated in the Company's financial statements. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2023 there are no non-controlling interests in relation to Freedom UA.
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest was $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, and net income attributable to non-controlling interest was $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022.
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax
Due to a 4.9% depreciation of the Kazakhstan tenge against the U.S. dollar during the three months ended September 30, 2023, we realized a foreign currency translation loss of $29.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to a foreign currency translation loss of $16.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022.
Comparison of the Six-month Periods Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
The following comparison of our financial results for the six-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is not necessarily indicative of future results.
Revenue
The following table sets out information or our total revenue, net for the periods presented.

| Six months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Six months ended September 30, 2022 |  | Change
| Amount |  | %* |  | Amount |  | %* |  | Amount |  | %
Fee and commission income | $ | 210,406 |  |  | 28 | % |  | $ | 172,603 |  |  | 49 | % |  | $ | 37,803 |  |  | 22 | %
Net gain on trading securities | 82,587 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 13,439 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 69,148 |  |  | 515 | %
Interest income | 362,412 |  |  | 48 | % |  | 107,562 |  |  | 31 | % |  | 254,850 |  |  | 237 | %
Insurance underwriting income | 102,865 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 50,440 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 52,425 |  |  | 104 | %
Net gain on foreign exchange operations | 15,605 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 9,148 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 6,457 |  |  | 71 | %
Net (loss)/gain on derivative | (29,227) |  |  | (4) | % |  | (1,054) |  |  | — | % |  | (28,173) |  |  | 2,673 | %
Other income | 7,143 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 491 |  |  | — | % |  | 6,652 |  |  | 1,355 | %
Total revenue, net | $ | 751,791 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 352,629 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 399,162 |  |  | 113 | %

* Percentage of total revenue, net.
For the six months ended September 30, 2023, we had total revenue, net of $751.8 million, a $399.2 million or 113% increase compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increases in interest income, net gain on trading securities and insurance underwriting income between the two periods. These increases were offset in part by an increase in net loss on derivative.
Fee and commission income
The following table sets forth information regarding our fee and commission income for the periods presented.
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| Six months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Brokerage services | 139,795 |  |  | 158,943 |  |  | (19,148) |  |  | (12) | %
Commission income from payment processing | 28,341 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,341 |  |  | — | %
Bank services | 22,149 |  |  | 9,592 |  |  | 12,557 |  |  | 131 | %
Underwriting and market-making services | 11,741 |  |  | 3,230 |  |  | 8,511 |  |  | 263 | %
Other fee and commission income | 8,380 |  |  | 838 |  |  | 7,542 |  |  | 900 | %
Total fee and commission income | $ | 210,406 |  |  | $ | 172,603 |  |  | $ | 37,803 |  |  | 22 | %

The following table sets out the components of our fee and commission income as a percentage of total fee and commission income, net for the periods presented.

| Six months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (as a % of total revenue)
Brokerage services | 66 | % |  | 92 | %
Commission income from payment processing | 13 | % |  | — | %
Bank services | 11 | % |  | 6 | %
Underwriting and market-making services | 6 | % |  | 2 | %
Other fee and commission income | 4 | % |  | — | %
Total fee and commission income as a percentage of total revenue | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

For the six months ended September 30, 2023, total fee and commission income was $210.4 million, an increase of $37.8 million, or 22%, as compared to fee and commission income of $172.6 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022.
There was a decrease of $19.1 million or 12% in fee and commission income from brokerage services between the two periods. The decrease in brokerage fee and commission income is attributable to a decrease in such income from Freedom EU by approximately $99.6 million, which was mainly attributable to a decrease in the volume of trading activity by FST Belize through its omnibus account at Freedom EU between the two periods. Such decrease in trading activity by FST Belize between the two periods was a result of ongoing joint efforts by us and FST Belize to encourage clients of FST Belize to open accounts at Freedom Global and conduct ongoing trading through such Freedom Global accounts, consistent with our strategy to reduce the amount of transactions conducted under our omnibus arrangement with FST Belize. The decrease in fee and commission income from brokerage services at Freedom EU was also attributable to an overall decrease in the volume of client trading activity by FST Belize in part caused by deteriorating stock exchange market conditions and increased macro-economic uncertainty between the two periods. The decrease in such income from Freedom EU was offset in part by an approximately $79.4 million increase in such income from Freedom Global which was due to an increase in the size of its client base between the two six months periods, in part due to the addition of new customers from FST Belize, as described above. Additionally, there was an increase of the brokerage commission income from Freedom Armenia, by approximately $1.1 million, as the subsidiary began to actively engage in brokerage activities in the six months ended September 30, 2023.
The decrease in fee and commission income from brokerage services was offset by increases in each other categories of fee and commission income. In particular, there was an increase of $28.3 million in fee and commission income from payment processing at Paybox and its subsidiaries, which were acquired in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. There was also an increase of $12.6 million or 33% in fee and commission income from bank services from Freedom Bank KZ attributable mainly to the increase of servicing payment cards, which is due to the growing average turnover of merchants.
Net gain on trading securities
Net gain on trading securities was $82.6 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $69.1 million as compared to $13.4 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The following table sets forth information regarding our net gains and losses on trading activities during the six months ended September 30, 2023 and
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2022:

| Realized Net Gain |  | Unrealized Net Gain/(Loss) |  | Net Gain
Six months ended September 30, 2023 | $ | 51,923 |  |  | $ | 30,664 |  |  | $ | 82,587 |
Six months ended September 30, 2022 | $ | 21,671 |  |  | $ | (8,232) |  |  | $ | 13,439 |

During the six months ended September 30, 2023, we had a realized gain on trading securities of $51.9 million, which is attributable to debt securities of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan sold during the six months ended September 30, 2023. We had an unrealized net gain in the six months ended September 30, 2023, due to securities positions we continued to hold at September 30, 2023, having appreciated by $30.7 million. The majority of the unrealized net gain was attributable to appreciated debt securities of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which appreciation was primarily due to a decline in the National Bank's base interest rate during the six months ended September 30, 2023.
During the six months ended September 30, 2022, we sold securities for a gain of $21.7 million. This net gain was offset in part by an unrealized net loss of $8.2 million, which was attributable to an unrealized net loss on SPBX shares held in our portfolio at September 30, 2022, in the amount of $22.4 million, which was offset in part by an unrealized net gain of $14.1 million due to appreciation of securities positions we continued to hold at September 30, 2022.
Interest income
The following tables set forth information regarding our revenue from interest income for the periods presented.

| Six months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Interest income on trading securities | 200,880 |  |  | 65,302 |  |  | 135,578 |  |  | 208 | %
Interest income on loans to customers | 74,201 |  |  | 14,880 |  |  | 59,321 |  |  | 399 | %
Interest income on margin loans to customers | 59,753 |  |  | 11,830 |  |  | 47,923 |  |  | 405 | %
Interest income on securities available-for-sale | 17,997 |  |  | 13,231 |  |  | 4,766 |  |  | 36 | %
Interest income on reverse repurchase agreements and amounts due from banks | 6,987 |  |  | 2,136 |  |  | 4,851 |  |  | 227 | %
Other interest income | 2,594 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 2,411 |  |  | 1317 | %
Total interest income | $ | 362,412 |  |  | 107,562 |  |  | 254,850 |  |  | 237 | %

| Six months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
| (as a % of total interest income)
Interest income on trading securities | 55 | % |  | 61 | %
Interest income on loans to customers | 21 | % |  | 14 | %
Interest income on margin loans to customers | 16 | % |  | 11 | %
Interest income on securities available-for-sale | 5 | % |  | 12 | %
Interest income on reverse repurchase agreements and amounts due from banks | 2 | % |  | 2 | %
Other interest income | 1 | % |  | — | %
Total interest income | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

For the six months ended September 30, 2023, interest income was $362.4 million, representing an increase of $254.9 million, or 237%, compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in interest income was primarily attributable to a $135.6 million, or 208% increase in interest income from trading securities, as a result of an increase in the total size of our trading portfolio and an increase in the amount of debt securities we held as a percentage of our total trading portfolio between the two periods. Interest income on loans to customers increased by $47.9 million, or 405%, due to the growth of Freedom Bank KZ's loan portfolio, compared to the six months ending September 30, 2022. In
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addition, we had a $59.3 million, or 399%, increase in interest income on margin loans to customers, resulting from an increase in the usage of margin loans for trades by our clients between the two periods.
Net gain on foreign exchange operations
For the six months ended September 30, 2023 , we realized a net gain on foreign exchange operations of $15.6 million compared to a net gain of $9.1 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The net gain in the six months ended September 30, 2023 is attributable to a net gain of $38.7 million by our subsidiary Freedom Bank KZ in the six months ended September 30, 2023 from the purchase and sale of foreign currency, as the volume of currency transactions conducted by such subsidiary increased by 694% compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The gain was partly offset by a net loss of the $23.1 million from translation difference due to the depreciation of the tenge in the six months ended September 30, 2023.
Net (loss)/gain on derivatives
For the six months ended September 30, 2023, we realized net loss on derivatives of $29.2 million compared to a realized net loss of $1.1 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The change was primarily attributable to our subsidiary, Freedom Bank KZ, which realized a net loss on derivatives of $30.1 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023. During the six months ended September 30, 2023, Freedom Bank KZ entered into currency swaps to diversify its funding sources.
Insurance underwriting income
For the six months ended September 30, 2023, we had insurance underwriting income of $103 million, an increase of $52 million, or 104%, as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a $57 million, or 100%, increase in insurance underwriting income from written insurance premiums for the six months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022, due to the expansion of our insurance operations between the two periods. This increase in income from written insurance premiums was partially offset by a $3 million decrease in reinsurance premiums ceded for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The following table sets out information on our insurance underwriting income for the periods presented.

| Six months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Written insurance premiums | $ | 113,758 |  |  | $ | 56,980 |  |  | $ | 56,778 |  |  | 100 | %
Reinsurance premiums ceded | $ | (3,607) |  |  | $ | (800) |  |  | (2,807) |  |  | 351 | %
Change in unearned premium reserve, net | $ | (7,286) |  |  | $ | (5,740) |  |  | (1,546) |  |  | 27 | %
Insurance underwriting income | $ | 102,865 |  |  | $ | 50,440 |  |  | $ | 52,425 |  |  | 104 | %

Expense
The following table sets out information on our total expense for the periods presented.
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| Six months ended September 30, 2023 |  | Six months ended September 30, 2022 |  | Change
| Amount |  | %* |  | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | %
Fee and commission expense | $ | 60,298 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 41,754 |  |  | 17.5 | % |  | $ | 18,544 |  |  | 44 | %
Interest expense | 234,427 |  |  | 44 | % |  | 80,934 |  |  | 33.9 | % |  | 153,493 |  |  | 190 | %
Insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance | 55,502 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 34,167 |  |  | 14.3 | % |  | 21,335 |  |  | 62 | %
Payroll and bonuses | 71,628 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 33,642 |  |  | 13.6 | % |  | 37,986 |  |  | 113 | %
Professional services | 18,576 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 8,273 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 10,303 |  |  | 125 | %
Stock compensation expense | 2,264 |  |  | — | % |  | 3,579 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | (1,315) |  |  | (37) | %
Advertising expense | 16,739 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 5,749 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 10,990 |  |  | 191 | %
General and administrative expense | 54,105 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 24,516 |  |  | 10.3 | % |  | 29,589 |  |  | 121 | %
Allowance for credit losses | 18,988 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 6,154 |  |  | 2.6 | % |  | 12,834 |  |  | 209 | %
Total expense | $ | 532,527 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 238,768 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 293,759 |  |  | 123 | %

______________
* Percentage of total expense.
For the six months ended September 30, 2023, we had total expense of $532.5 million, a $293.8 million, or 123%, increase as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was mainly attributable to an increase in interest expense, payroll and bonuses and general and administrative expenses. The increase in general and administrative expense is attributable to the growth of our business primarily in connection with increases in administrative costs and fees from the growth in our revenue generating activities and integrating acquisitions.
Fee and commission expense
Fee and commission expense increased by $18.5 million or 44% in the six months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase is mainly attributable to an increase of agency fees expense of $31.9 million or 172% compared to September 30, 2022. This is due to the increase of insurance products sales by Freedom Finance Life, which are outsourced to outside agents. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in fee and commission expense by $8.8 million, which is the net result of the effect of a decrease in pricing levels as a result of a change of our prime broker in Europe with more favorable terms and different composition of order flow transactions, and an increase in the volume of transactions between the two periods. There was also a decrease in other commission expense by $4.7 million or 26%.
Interest expense
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, we had a $153.5 million or 190%, increase in interest expense as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in interest expense was primarily attributable to a $127.0 million, or 194%, increase in interest expense on short-term financing through securities repurchase agreements due to an increase in the volume of such financing, and a $19.8 million or 145% increase in interest expense on customer deposits. Compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022, we increased our volume of short-term financing through securities repurchase agreements primarily in order to fund our investment portfolio. The increase in interest on customer deposits was a result of growth of our banking client base due to the expansion of the operations of Freedom Bank KZ between the two periods.
Insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance
For the six months ended September 30, 2023, we had a $21 million, or 62%, increase in insurance claims incurred, net of reinsurance, as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a $14 million or 85% increase in expenses for insurance reserve, which increase correlates with the premium received for the period, and a $6 million or 64% increase in other expenses, which are mainly represented by redemption amounts under the pension annuity upon termination of the contract. The increase was also attributable to a $1 million or 14%, increase in expenses for claims for the six months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022, in each case due to the expansion of our insurance operations between the two periods.
Payroll and bonuses
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For the six months ended September 30, 2023, we had payroll and bonuses expense of $$72 million, representing an increase of $38 million or 113% compared to payroll and bonuses expense of $34 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase is attributable to the expansion of our operations generally and expansion of our workforce through hiring and acquisitions.
Professional services
For the six months ended September 30, 2023, our professional services expense was $18.6 million, representing an increase of $10.3 million or 125% compared to $8.3 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was attributable to an increase in audit services expense, due to the accruals for the annual audit of the previous fiscal year and prepayment on the current fiscal year. There was also an increased use of consulting and legal services in connection with the acquisition of new companies, the general expansion of our business and operations and regulatory matters.
Stock compensation expense
In the six months ended September 30, 2023, our stock compensation expense was $2.3 million, representing a decrease of $1.3 million or 37% compared to stock compensation expense of $3.6 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease is attributable to the fact that we sold our Russian subsidiaries in February 2023, decreasing the number of upper management employees who are awarded stock based compensation.
Advertising expense
Advertising expense for the six months ended September 30, 2023, was $16.7 million, representing an increase of $11.0 million or 191% compared to $5.7 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022. There was a significant increase of $4.3 million attributable to brand promotions on social networks. There was also an increase of $1.6 million attributable to new marketing expense related to promoting the cycling team "Astana Qazaqstan Team S.A.", FC Krasava and North Sails Cyprus Limited Championship. Moreover, there was an increase in marketing expenses related to loan products, such as Digital Car Loan and Loan for Small and Middle-sized Business which amounted to $2.0 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, representing an increase of $1.4 million on advertising expense from Freedom Bank KZ compared to $1.4 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022.
General and administrative expense
General and administrative expense for the six months ended September 30, 2023, was $54.1 million, representing an increase of $29.6 million or 121% compared to general and administrative expense of $24.5 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022. In the six months ended September 30, 2023, there was an increase of $4.8 million in depreciation and amortization expense and an increase of $4.1 million in taxes, other than income tax, mainly due to the general growth of our company, including the addition of new subsidiaries. Our charity and sponsorship expense increased by $4.9 million. We made several charitable contributions to several organizations through its subsidiaries during the six months ended September 30, 2023. The most significant contributions were made to the Kazakhstan Chess Federation, International Chess Federation, Football Club Elimay and to Ukraine for humanitarian aid. The increase of $3.2 million in other operating expenses is mainly attributable to an increase of other operating expenses at Freedom Bank KZ from banking and other overhead costs. The increase of $2.8 million in communication services expense was mainly attributable to Freedom Bank KZ having employed telecommunication contractors to provide SMS-informing services on banking products during the six months ended September 30, 2023. The was also an increase of $2.4 million in software support expense is mainly due to the overall increased need of software support that result from the growth of our operations and personnel.
Allowance for credit losses
We recognized allowance for credit losses in the amount of $19.0 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to allowance for credit losses of $6.2 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to adoption of ASC 326 starting from April 1, 2023, which requires us to measure expected credit losses. The increase was also due to growth of the loan portfolio of Freedom Bank KZ by approximately $653.7 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023 in comparison to the six months ended September 30, 2022, as the majority of allowance for credit losses is accrued on loan products.
Income tax expense
We had income before income tax of $219.3 million and $113.9 million during the six months ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022, respectively. Income tax expense for the six months ended September 30, 2023, and September 30, 2022 was $35.9 million and $21.5 million, respectively. Our effective tax rate during the six
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months ended September 30, 2023, increased to 16.4%, from 18.9% during the six months ended September 30, 2022, as a result of changes in the composition of the revenues we realized from our operating activities, the tax treatment of those revenues in the various jurisdictions where our subsidiaries operate, and the incremental U.S. GILTI tax.
Net income
As a result of the foregoing factors, for the six months ended September 30, 2023, we had net income of $183.4 million compared to $86.3 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of 113% .
Non-controlling interest
As of September 30, 2023, we held an 81.92% ownership interest in Arbuz and a 90% ownership interest in ReKassa. The remaining 18.08% of the ownership interest in Arbuz and 10.00% of the ownership interest in ReKassa are recognized as non-controlling interests in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Prior to April 1, 2023, we reflected Mr. Tashtitov's ownership interest in Freedom UA as a non-controlling interest in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income, Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Given the ongoing uncertainty regarding the status of Freedom UA, our management determined that starting from April 1, 2023 we do not maintain effective control over Freedom UA and it is no longer consolidated in our financial statements. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2023 there are no non-controlling interests in relation to Freedom UA.
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest was $0.5 million and $1.0 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively.
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax
Due to a 5% depreciation of the Kazakhstan tenge against the U.S. dollar during the six months ended September 30, 2023, we realized a foreign currency translation loss of $31.7 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to a foreign currency translation gain of $5.3 million for the six months ended September 30, 2022, which was mainly attributable to an approximately 31% appreciation of the Russian ruble against the U.S. dollar during the six months ended September 30, 2022.
Segment Results of Operations
We organize our operations geographically into four regional segments: Central Asia and Eastern Europe; Europe excluding Eastern Europe; the United States; and Middle East/Caucasus. These operating segments are based on how our CODM makes decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. The total revenue, net associated with our segments is summarized in the following table:

|  | Three months ended September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | $ | 387,199 |  |  | $ | 113,273 |  |  | $ | 273,926 |  |  | 242 | %
Europe Excluding Eastern Europe |  | 37,529 |  |  | 63,506 |  |  | (25,977) |  |  | (41) | %
United States |  | 1,618 |  |  | 3,322 |  |  | (1,704) |  |  | (51) | %
Middle East/Caucasus |  | 9,235 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 9,216 |  |  | 48505 | %
Total revenue, net |  | $ | 435,581 |  |  | $ | 180,120 |  |  | $ | 255,461 |  |  | 142 | %

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, total revenue, net increased in our Central Asia and Eastern Europe and Middle East/Caucasus segments and decreased in our Europe Excluding Eastern Europe and United States segments. The changes in total net revenue, net for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, were driven by the following:
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•Total revenue, net in our Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment increased by 242% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in revenue was mainly attributable to an increase in interest income, as a result of an increase in interest received on securities held in our trading portfolio and an increase in interest accrued on loans issued. In addition, fee and commission income from brokerage and banking services increased due to general growth in brokerage activity and banking services in the Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment between the two quarters. The increase in revenue was also driven by an increase in net gain on trading securities due to the growth of trading portfolio and an increase in income from insurance activities as a result of the expansion of our insurance business between the two quarters. The foregoing increases in revenue in this segment were partially offset by a net loss on foreign exchange operations.
•Total revenue, net in our Europe Excluding Eastern Europe segment decreased by 41% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2022. This decrease was mainly due to a decrease in fee and commission income in this segment by 61.5% in the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in fee and commission income was largely due to a decrease in fee and commission income from brokerage services, due to a decrease in trading activity by FST Belize between the two quarters was a result of ongoing joint efforts by us and FST Belize to encourage clients of FST Belize to open accounts at Freedom Global and conduct ongoing trading through such Freedom Global accounts, consistent with our strategy to reduce the amount of transactions conducted under our omnibus arrangement with FST Belize. The decrease in fee and commission income from brokerage services at Freedom EU was also attributable to an overall decrease in the volume of client trading activity by FST Belize in part caused by deteriorating stock exchange market conditions and increased macro-economic uncertainty between the two periods.
•Total revenue, net in our the United States segment decreased by 51% during the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This decrease was driven mainly by a decrease in interest income, as a result of a lower interest income from trading securities held by FRHC. The decrease in interest income from trading securities was due to the sale by FRHC during the three months ended June 30, 2023 of its trading securities mainly comprising Kazakhstan debt securities.
•We had total revenue, net in the Middle East/Caucus segment of $9.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This revenue was attributable to interest income from margin loans to customers, brokerage services income and net gain on foreign exchange operations.
The following table sets out total expense, net by segment for the three month periods presented (not including discontinued operations):

|  | Three months ended September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | $ | 253,736 |  |  | $ | 89,296 |  |  | $ | 164,440 |  |  | 184 | %
Europe Excluding Eastern Europe |  | 28,333 |  |  | 19,971 |  |  | 8,362 |  |  | 42 | %
United States |  | 17,508 |  |  | 8,569 |  |  | 8,939 |  |  | 104 | %
Middle East/Caucasus |  | 1,317 |  |  | 427 |  |  | 890 |  |  | 208 | %
Total expense, net |  | $ | 300,894 |  |  | $ | 118,263 |  |  | $ | 182,631 |  |  | 154 | %

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, total expense increased across each of our regional operating segments compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The changes in total expense, net, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, were driven by the following:
•Total expense, net, in our Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment increased by 184% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in interest expense on securities repurchase agreements obligations and customer deposits due to growth of the securities and customer liabilities portfolios between the two quarters. In addition, there was an increase of fee and commission expense by 123% during three months ended September 30, 2023, in comparison with the three months ended September 30, 2022, which was mainly attributable to an increase of execution of client trading orders in this segment. Such increase in trading orders was a result of an increase in the size of Freedom Global's client base and ongoing joint efforts by us and FST Belize to encourage clients of FST Belize to open accounts at Freedom Global and conduct ongoing trading through Freedom Global accounts, consistent with our strategy to reduce the amount of transactions conducted under our omnibus arrangement with FST Belize. The increase in expense is also attributable to increased expense
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from insurance activity caused by expansion of our insurance activities between the two quarters. There was also an increase in payroll and bonuses expenses, resulting from expansion of our workforce in this segment through hiring and acquisitions. General and administrative expense increased due to general expansion of our operations in this segment.
•Total expense in our Europe Excluding Eastern Europe segment increased by 42% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2022. This increase was mainly due to an increase in interest expense primarily from an increase in interest paid on securities repurchase agreements and growth in customer deposits and an increase in operating expenses.
•Total expense in our United States segment increased by 104% during the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was driven mainly by an increase in professional services expenses due to the payment for audit services and the increase in payroll and bonuses expense, due to an increase in the number of personnel in this segment between the two quarters.
•Total expense, net in our Middle East/Caucasus segment increased by 208% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was attributable to an increase in payroll and bonuses, general and administrative expenses and advertising expenses. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, total expense, net in our Middle East/Caucasus segment was insignificant and mainly was represented by payroll and bonuses, general and administrative expenses.
The following table presents total revenue, net by segment for the six month periods presented:

|  | Six months ended September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | 669,977 |  |  | 212,646 |  |  | 457,331 |  |  | 215 | %
Europe Excluding Eastern Europe |  | 62,895 |  |  | 132,987 |  |  | (70,092) |  |  | (53) | %
The United States. |  | 9,461 |  |  | 6,938 |  |  | 2,523 |  |  | 36 | %
Middle East/Caucasus |  | 9,458 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 9,400 |  |  | 16207 | %
Total revenue, net |  | $ | 751,791 |  |  | $ | 352,629 |  |  | $ | 399,162 |  |  | 16406 | %

During the six months ended September 30, 2023, total revenue, net increased across each of our regional operating segments, except Europe excluding Eastern Europe and the United States. The changes in total net revenue, net for the six months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022, were driven by the following:
•Total revenue, net in our Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment increased by 215% for the six months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in revenue was mainly attributable to an increase in interest income, as a result of an increase in interest received on securities held in our trading portfolio and an increase in interest accrued on loans issued. Moreover, commission fees from brokerage and banking services increased due to growth in brokerage activity and banking services in the Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment. The rise in revenue was also driven by an income from insurance activities, caused by expansion of our insurance business and an increase in net gain on trading securities, related to growth of our trading portfolio. The increase in total revenue was partially offset by a net loss on derivative.
•Total revenue, net in our Europe Excluding Eastern Europe segment decreased by 53% for the six months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. This decrease was mainly due to a decrease in fee and commission income in this segment by 69% in the six months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in fee and commission income was largely due to a decrease in fee and commission income from brokerage services, due to a decrease in trading activity by FST Belize between the two quarters was a result of ongoing joint efforts by us and FST Belize to encourage clients of FST Belize to open accounts at Freedom Global and conduct ongoing trading through such Freedom Global accounts, consistent with our strategy to reduce the amount of transactions conducted under our omnibus arrangement with FST Belize. The decrease in fee and commission income from brokerage services at Freedom EU was also attributable to an overall decrease in the volume of client trading activity by FST Belize in part caused by deteriorating stock exchange market conditions and increased macro-economic uncertainty between the two periods.
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•Total revenue, net in our the United States segment increased by $2.5 million during the six months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was driven mainly by an increase in fee and commission income, as a result of an increase of underwriting and market-making services income.
•We had total revenue, net in the Middle East/Caucus segment of $9.5 million for the six months ended September 30, 2023. This revenue was attributable to interest income from margin loans to customers, brokerage services income and net gain on foreign exchange operations.
The following table sets out total expense, net by segment for the six month periods presented (not including discontinued operations):

|  | Six months ended September 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Amount Change |  | % Change
Central Asia and Eastern Europe |  | $ | 444,799 |  |  | $ | 171,870 |  |  | $ | 272,929 |  |  | 159 | %
Europe excluding Eastern Europe |  | $ | 55,909 |  |  | $ | 46,658 |  |  | $ | 9,251 |  |  | 20 | %
The United States |  | $ | 29,440 |  |  | $ | 19,393 |  |  | $ | 10,047 |  |  | 52 | %
Middle East/Caucasus |  | $ | 2,379 |  |  | $ | 847 |  |  | $ | 1,532 |  |  | 181 | %
Total expense, net |  | $ | 532,527 |  |  | $ | 238,768 |  |  | $ | 293,759 |  |  | 411 | %

For the six months ended September 30, 2023, total expense increased across each of our regional operating segments, except Europe excluding Eastern Europe, compared to the six months ended September 30, 2022. The changes in total expense, net, for the six months ended September 30, 2023, were driven by the following:
•Total expense, net, in our Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment increased by 159% for the six months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily driven by rise in interest expense on securities repurchase agreements obligations and customer deposits due to growth of securities and customer liabilities portfolios. In addition, there was an increase of fee and commission expense by 123% during six months ended September 30, 2023, in comparison with the six months ended September 30, 2022, which was mainly attributable to an increase of execution of client trading orders in this segment. Such increase in trading orders was a result of an increase in the size of Freedom Global's client base and ongoing joint efforts by us and FST Belize to encourage clients of FST Belize to open accounts at Freedom Global and conduct ongoing trading through Freedom Global accounts, consistent with our strategy to reduce the amount of transactions conducted under our omnibus arrangement with FST Belize. There was an increase in expense from insurance activity during this quarter caused by our insurance activities. This segment also experienced an increase in payroll and bonuses, resulting from expansion of our workforce through hiring and acquisitions. Moreover, general and administrative expense rose due to expansion of our operations. An increase in allowance for credit losses was primarily attributable to adoption of ASC 326 since 1 April 2023, which requires to measure expected credit losses, and due to the growth of the loan portfolio of Freedom Bank KZ, as the majority of allowance for credit losses is accrued on loan products.
•Total expense in our Europe excluding Eastern Europe segment increased by 20% for the six months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was mainly due to an increase in interest expense primarily from growth in interest paid on securities repurchase agreements and growth in customer deposits and an increase in operating expenses, mainly due to payroll and bonuses, professional services, provision for impairment losses and advertising expenses.
•Total expense in our United States segment increased by $10.0 million during the six months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was driven mainly by an increase in professional services due to the payment for the audit services. There was also an increase in payroll and bonuses expenses and general and administrative expenses, mainly due to the overall growth of personnel and overhead expenses.
•Total expense, net in our Middle East/Caucasus segment increased by 181% for the six months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was attributable to an increase in payroll and bonuses, general and administrative expenses and advertising expenses. For the six months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, total expense, net in our Middle East/Caucasus segment were insignificant and mainly were represented by payroll and bonuses, general and administrative expenses.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet our potential cash requirements for general business purposes. During the periods covered in this report our operations were primarily funded through a combination of existing cash on hand, cash generated from operations, returns generated from our proprietary trading and proceeds from the sale of bonds and other borrowings.
We regularly monitor and manage our leverage and liquidity risk through various committees and processes we have established to maintain compliance with net capital and capital adequacy requirements imposed on securities brokerages and banks in jurisdictions where we do business. We assess our leverage and liquidity risk based on considerations and assumptions of market factors, as well as other factors, including the amount of available liquid capital (i.e., the amount of cash and cash equivalents not invested in our operating business). While we are confident in the risk management monitoring and processes we have in place, a significant portion of our trading securities and cash and cash equivalents are subject to collateralization agreements. This significantly enhances our risk of loss in the event financial markets move against our positions. When this occurs our liquidity, capitalization and business can be negatively impacted. Certain market conditions can impact the liquidity of our assets, potentially requiring us to hold positions longer than anticipated. Our liquidity, capitalization, projected return on investment and results of operations can be significantly impacted by market events over which we have no control, and which can result in disruptions to our investment strategy for our assets.
We maintain a majority of our tangible assets in cash and securities that are readily convertible to cash, including governmental and quasi-governmental debt and highly liquid corporate equities and debt. Our financial instruments and other inventory positions are stated at fair value and should generally be readily marketable in most market conditions. The following sets out certain information regarding our assets as of the dates presented:

| September 30, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents(1) | $ | 463,875 |  |  | $ | 581,417 |
Trading securities | $ | 3,603,884 |  |  | $ | 2,412,556 |
Total assets | $ | 7,138,305 |  |  | $ | 5,084,558 |
Net liquid assets(2) | $ | 2,338,691 |  |  | $ | 1,852,886 |

(1)Of the $463.9 million in cash and cash equivalents we held at September 30, 2023, $72.1 million, or approximately 16%, was subject to reverse repurchase agreements. By comparison, at March 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $581.4 million, of which $29.8 million, or approximately 5%, was subject to reverse repurchase agreements. The amount of cash and cash equivalents we hold is subject to minimum levels set by regulatory bodies to comply with required rules and regulations, including adequate capital and liquidity levels for each entity.
(2)Consists of cash and cash equivalents, trading securities, and margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, net of securities repurchase agreement obligations. It includes liquid assets possessed after deducting securities repurchase agreement obligations.
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, we had total liabilities of $6,223.9 million and $4,313.8 million, respectively, including customer liabilities of $2,439.2 million and $1,925.2 million, respectively.
We finance our assets primarily from revenue-generating activities and short-term and long-term financing arrangements.
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CASH FLOWS
The following table presents information from our statement of cash flows for the periods indicated. Our cash and cash equivalents include restricted cash, which principally consists of cash of our brokerage customers which are segregated in a special custody accounts for the exclusive benefit of our brokerage customers.

| Six Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Six Months Ended September 30, 2022
Net cash flows used in operating activities | $ | (1,351,689) |  |  | $ | (25,407) |
Net cash flows used in investing activities | (450,153) |  |  | (323,187) |
Net cash flows from financing activities | 1,684,744 |  |  | 895,684 |
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | (59,098) |  |  | 184,186 |
NET CHANGE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH | $ | (176,196) |  |  | $ | 731,276 |

Net Cash Flows Used In Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities during the six months ended September 30, 2023, was comprised of net cash from operating activities and net income adjusted for non-cash movements (changes in deferred taxes, unrealized gain on trading securities, net change in accrued interest, change in insurance reserves, and allowance for receivables). Net cash used in operating activities resulted primarily from changes in operating assets and liabilities. Such changes included those set out in the following table.

| Six Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | Six Months Ended September 30, 2022
Increases in trading securities | $ | (1,264,940) |  | (1) | $ | (223,540) |
Increases in brokerage customer liabilities | $ | 354,720 |  | (2) | $ | 329,496 |
Increases in margin lending, brokerage and other receivables | $ | (656,755) |  | (3) | $ | (263,107) |
Increases in margin lending and trade payables | $ | 39,701 |  | (4) | $ | 20,490 |

______________
(1)Resulted from increased purchases of securities held in our proprietary account.
(2)Resulted from increased funds in brokerage accounts from new and existing customers.
(3)Resulted from increased volume of margin lending receivables.
(4)Resulted from increased volume of margin lending payables.
Net cash flow used in operating activities in the six months ended September 30, 2023, was attributable to net cash outflows attributable to increases in trading securities and increases in margin lending, brokerage and other receivables, which was offset in part primarily by an increase in customer liabilities related to an increase in customer accounts at our Freedom Global subsidiary.
Net Cash Flows Used In Investing Activities
During the six months ended September 30, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $450.2 million compared to net cash used in investing activities of $323.2 million during the six months ended September 30, 2022. During the six months ended September 30, 2023, cash used in investing activities was used for the issuance of loans, net of repayment by customers, in the amount of $443.9 million, consideration paid for the acquisitions of Aviata, Arbuz, Ticketon and Internet Tourism in the aggregate amount of $27.6 million and the purchase of fixed assets in the amount of $19.4 million. Cash used in investing activities was partially offset by the proceeds received from the sale of available for sale securities, net of purchase, in the amount of $40.3 million, and cash and cash equivalents received as part of the acquisitions of Aviata, Internet Tourism, Arbuz and ReKassa in the amount of $2.5 million.
Net Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Net cash from financing activities for the six months ended September 30, 2023, consisted principally of proceeds from securities repurchase agreement obligations in the amount of $1,367.9 million, bank customer deposits received in the
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amount of $279.9 million due to the growth of banking activity in the Central Asia and Eastern Europe segment, mortgage loans sold to JSC Kazakhstan Sustainability Fund as the Program Operator, net of repurchase, under the state mortgage program "7-20-25" in the amount of $33.9 million, proceeds from the issuance, net of repurchase, of debt securities in the amount of $5.8 million and proceeds from loans received of $0.4 million. These cash inflows were offset in part by a cash outflow for the purchase of a non-controlling interest in Arbuz in the amount of $3.2 million,
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
On May 10, 2023, our subsidiary Freedom EU signed a contract for the construction of Elysium Tower, a building in Limassol, Cyprus. The contract implies approximate capital expenditures in the amount of $7.5 million and $4.5 million for the 2023 and 2024 calendar years, respectively. These amounts are subject to VAT which is fully recoverable. The funding for this construction project will primarily come from our own funds. The building is planned to be a new office building for our Freedom EU subsidiary.
DIVIDENDS
We did not declare or pay a cash dividend on our common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2023. Any payment of cash dividends on stock in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our results of operations, earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, future prospects, contractual and legal restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the operation, development and expansion of our business, and therefore we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on common stock in the foreseeable future.
INDEBTEDNESS
Short-term
Securities Repurchase Arrangements. Our short-term financing is primarily obtained through securities repurchase arrangements entered into on the KASE. We use repurchase arrangements to, among other things, finance our inventory positions. As of September 30, 2023, $2,754 million, or 76%, of the trading securities held in our proprietary trading account were subject to securities repurchase obligations compared to $1,517 million, or 63%, as of March 31, 2023. The securities we pledge as collateral under repurchase agreements are liquid trading securities with market quotes and significant trading volume. For additional information regarding our securities repurchase agreement obligations, see Note 9 Securities Repurchase Agreement Obligations to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q .
Long-term
Freedom SPC Bonds. On November 16, 2021, Freedom SPC commenced an offering of up to $66 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.5% U.S. dollar denominated bonds due October 21, 2026 (the "Freedom SPC Bonds"), which are listed on the A IX. As of September 30, 2023, there were $64.4 million i n principal amount of the Freedom SPC Bonds outstanding. The Freedom SPC Bonds are guaranteed by FRHC and the proceeds from the issuance of the Freedom SPC Bonds are transferred to FRHC pursuant to an intercompany loan agreement that bears interest at a rate of 5.5% per annum.
NET CAPITAL AND CAPITAL ADEQUACY
A number of our subsidiaries are required to satisfy minimum net capital and capital adequacy requirements to conduct their brokerage, banking and insurance operations in the jurisdictions in which they operate. This is partially maintained by retaining cash and cash equivalent investments in those subsidiaries or jurisdictions. As a result, such subsidiaries may be restricted in their ability to transfer cash between different jurisdictions and to FRHC. Additionally, transfers of cash between international jurisdictions may have adverse tax consequences that could discourage such transfers.
At September 30, 2023, these minimum net capital and capital adequacy requirements ranged from approximately $49,318 to $21 million and fluctuate depending on various factors. At September 30, 2023, the aggregate net capital and capital adequacy requirements of our subsidiaries was approximately $61 million. Each of our subsidiaries that are subject to net capital or capital adequacy requirements exceeded the minimum required amount at September 30, 2023.
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Although we operate with levels of net capital and capital adequacy substantially greater than the minimum established thresholds, in the event we fail to maintain minimum net capital or capital adequacy, we may be subject to fines and penalties, suspension of operations, revocation of licensure and disqualification of our management from working in the industry. Our subsidiaries are also subject to various other rules and regulations, including liquidity and capital adequacy ratios. Our operations that require the intensive use of capital are limited to the extent necessary to meet our regulatory requirements.
Over the past several years, we have pursued an aggressive growth strategy both through acquisitions and organic growth efforts. While our active growth strategy has led to revenue growth it also results in increased expenses and greater need for capital resources. Additional growth and expansion may require greater capital resources than we currently possess, which could require us to pursue additional equity or debt financing from outside sources. We cannot assure that such financing will be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, at the time it is needed.
We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents, cash expected to be generated from operating activities, and forecasted returns from our proprietary trading, combined with our ability to raise additional capital will be sufficient to meet our present and anticipated financing needs.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Following are the accounting policies that reflect our more significant estimates, judgments and assumptions and which we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results
Allowance for credit losses
The Company has recently adopted a new accounting standard, ASC 326 - Current Expected Credit Losses (CECL), effective April 1, 2023. This standard has introduced significant changes to how we estimate and recognize credit losses for our financial assets. Management estimates and recognizes the CECL as an allowance for lifetime expected credit losses for loans and available-for-sale securities. This is a departure from the previous practice of recognizing allowances based on probable incurred losses.
Under CECL, the allowance for credit losses (ACL) primarily consists of two components:
Collective CECL Component: This component is used for estimating expected credit losses for pools of loans that share common risk characteristics.
Individual CECL Component: This component is applied to loans that do not share risk characteristics and require individual assessment.
The ACL is a valuation account that is subtracted from the amortized cost of total loans and available-for-sale securities to reflect the net amount expected to be collected. Our methodology for establishing the allowance for loan losses is based on a comprehensive assessment that considers relevant and available information from internal and external sources. This assessment takes into account past events, including historical trends in loan delinquencies and charge-offs, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Our processes and accounting policies for the CECL methodology are further described in Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.
Goodwill
We have accounted for our acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date as we allocate the purchase price to the estimated fair values of acquired tangible and intangible assets and the liabilities assumed. We also use our best estimates to determine the useful lives of the tangible and definite-lived intangible assets, which impact the periods over which depreciation and amortization of those assets are recognized. These best estimates and assumptions are inherently uncertain as they pertain to forward looking views of our businesses, customer behavior, and market conditions. In our acquisitions, we have also recognized goodwill at the amount by which the purchase price paid exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired.
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Our ongoing accounting for goodwill and the tangible and intangible assets acquired requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions as we exercise judgement to evaluate these assets for impairment. Our processes and accounting policies for evaluating impairments are further described in Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q . As of September 30, 2023, the Company had goodwill of $51.6 million.
Income taxes
We are subject to income taxes in both the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. These tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgement is required in determining the provision for income tax. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. As a result, actual future tax consequences relating to uncertain tax positions may be materially different than our determinations or estimates.
We recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets based on the difference between the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by the amount of any tax benefits that, based on available evidence, are not expected to be realized.
Income taxes are determined in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. As part of the process of preparing financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for tax consequences in future years based on differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements at each year-end and tax loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applicable to the differences that are expected to affect taxable income.
We periodically evaluate and establish the likelihood of tax assessments based on current and prior years' examinations, and unrecognized tax benefits related to potential losses that may arise from tax audits in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance. Once established, unrecognized tax benefits are adjusted when there is more information available or when an event occurs requiring a change.
Legal contingencies
We review outstanding legal matters at each reporting date, in order to assess the need for provisions and disclosures in our financial statements. Among the factors considered in making decisions on provisions are the nature of the matter, the legal process and potential legal exposure in the relevant jurisdiction, the progress of the matter (including the progress after the date of the financial statements but before those statements are issued), the opinions or views of our legal advisers, experiences on similar cases and any decision of our management as to how we will respond to the matter.
Consolidation of Freedom Securities Trading Inc.
We have assessed whether we should consolidate FST Belize under the variable interest entity (“VIE”) accounting method or the voting interest method ("VOE"). In July 2014, prior to our reverse acquisition transaction, Timur Turlov founded FST Belize, a Belize-based broker dealer. FST Belize is solely owned by Mr. Turlov and was not acquired by our company as part of our reverse acquisition transaction. Although FRHC and FST Belize are common control entities, under the control of an individual, there is no indication that FRHC should consolidate FST Belize given that:
(1) FST Belize is not a VIE and is not subject to further VIE analysis due to the fact it has sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional financial support and the control over its significant activities is held by its sole shareholder, Mr. Turlov who is also FRHC's controlling shareholder, chairman and chief executive officer; and
(2) Mr. Turlov has a controlling interest in FST Belize such that under the VOE model FRHC is not required to consolidate FST Belize.
FST Belize is a corporation and Mr. Turlov is the sole owner of FST Belize, holding 100% of the ownership interest in it. There are no other shareholders or parties with participating rights or the ability to remove Mr. Turlov from his ownership position. Mr.Turlov has the ability to make all decisions in respect of FST Belize. FRHC's management has also assessed the relationship between FRHC (through its subsidiary Freedom EU) and FST Belize. Other than the tariff rates stipulated in the Variation Agreement dated February 25, 2020 entered into between Freedom EU and FST Belize, including the General Terms and Conditions of Business, which sets out the specific terms and conditions of the
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relationship between Freedom EU and FST Belize, there are no other contractual agreements or other implicit arrangements between the two parties that provide FRHC the power to control the operations of FST Belize. The most recent VIE analysis was performed on December 2022 as a result of a change in certain contractual arrangements with FST Belize. Management will continue to assess for any modifications or reconsideration events including any material change to the contractual agreements or other implicit arrangements that affect the VIE analysis.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
For details of applicable new accounting standards refer to Recent accounting pronouncements in Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q .
Item 3. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market Risk
The following information, together with information included in "Overview" in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part I Item 2, describes our primary market risk exposures. Market risk is the risk of economic loss arising from the adverse impact of market changes to the market value of our trading and investment positions. We are exposed to a variety of market risks, including interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk and equity price risk.
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio and outstanding debt. While we are exposed to global interest rate fluctuations, we are most sensitive to fluctuations in Kazakhstan interest rates. Changes in Kazakhstan interest rates may have significant effect on the fair value of our securities.
Our investment policies and strategies are focused on preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity requirements. We typically invest in highly rated securities, with the primary objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss. Our investment policies generally require securities to be investment grade and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer (other than government and quasi-government securities). To provide a meaningful assessment of the interest rate risk associated with our investment portfolio, we performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the impact a change in interest rates would have on the value of the investment portfolio assuming a 100 basis point parallel sh ift in the yield curve. Based on investment positions as of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023 (not including assets held for sale), a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates across all maturities would have resulted in $129.9 million and $80.9 million incremental decline in the fair market value of the portfolio, respectively. Such losses would only be realized if we sold the investments prior to maturity. A hypothetical 100 basis point decrease in inter est rates across all maturities would have resulted in a $139.0 million and $87.0 million incremental rise in the fair market value of the portfolio (not including assets held for sale), respectively.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
We have a presence in Kazakhstan, Cyprus, Uzbekistan, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, the United States, Azerbaijan, Armenia, United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. The activities and accumulated earnings in our non-United States subsidiaries are exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rate between our functional currencies and our reporting currency, which is the U.S. dollar.
In accordance with our risk management policies, we manage foreign currency exchange risk on financial assets by holding or creating financial liabilities in the same currency, maturity and interest rate profile. This foreign exchange risk is calculated on a net foreign exchange basis for individual currencies. We may also enter into foreign currency forward, swap and option contracts with financial institutions to mitigate foreign currency exposures associated with certain existing assets and liabilities, firmly committed transactions and forecasted future cash flows.
An analysis of our September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023 (not including assets held for sale), balance sheets estimates the net impact of a 10% adverse change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to all other currencies, would have resulted in a decrease of income before income tax in the amount of $36.1 million, and $88.7 million, respectively.
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Equity Price Risk
Our equity investments are susceptible to market price risk arising from uncertainties about future values of such investment securities. Equity price risk results from fluctuations in price and level of the equity securities or instruments we hold. We also have equity investments in entities where the investment is denominated in a foreign currency, or where the investment is denominated in U.S. dollars but the investee primarily makes investments in foreign currencies. The fair values of these investments are subject to change at the spot foreign exchange rate between these currencies and our functional currency fluctuates. We attempt to manage the risk of loss inherent in our equity securities portfolio through diversification and by placing limits on individual and total equity instruments we hold. Reports on our equity portfolio are submitted to our management on a regular basis.
As of September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023, our exposure to equity investments at fair value was $97.7 million and $65.7 million, respectively. Based on an analysis of the September 30, 2023, and March 31, 2023 (not including assets held for sale), balance sheets, we estimate that a decrease of 10% in the equity price would have reduced the value of the equity securities or instruments we held by approximately $9.8 million and $6.6 million, respectively.
Credit Risk
Credit risk refers to the risk of loss arising when a borrower or counterparty does not meet its financial obligations to us. We are primarily exposed to credit risk from institutions and individuals through the brokerage services we offer. We incur credit risk in a number of areas, including margin lending.
Margin lending receivables risk
We extend margin loans to our customers. Margin lending is subject to various regulatory requirements of MiFID and of the AFSA and the NBK. Margin loans are collateralized by cash and securities in the customers' accounts. The risks associated with margin lending increase during periods of fast market movements, or in cases where collateral is concentrated and market movements occur. During such times, customers who utilize margin loans and who have collateralized their obligations with securities may find that the securities have a rapidly depreciating value and may not be sufficient to cover their obligations in the event of a liquidation. We are also exposed to credit risk when our customers execute transactions, such as short sales of options and equities that can expose them to risk beyond their invested capital.
We expect this kind of exposure to increase with the growth of our overall business. Because we indemnify and hold harmless our clearing houses and counterparties from certain liabilities or claims, the use of margin loans and short sales may expose us to significant off-balance-sheet risk in the event that collateral requirements are not sufficient to fully cover losses that customers may incur and those customers fail to satisfy their obligations. As of September 30, 2023, we had $1,002.5 million in margin lending receivables from our customers, 38.69% of which was due from FST Belize. The amount of risk to which we are exposed from the margin lending we extend to our customers and from short sale transactions by our customers is unlimited and not quantifiable as the risk is dependent upon analysis of a potential significant and undeterminable rise or fall in stock prices. As a matter of practice, we enforce real-time margin compliance monitoring and liquidate customers' positions if their equity falls below required margin requirements.
We have a comprehensive policy implemented in accordance with regulatory standards to assess and monitor the suitability of investors to engage in various trading activities. To mitigate our risk, we also continuously monitor customer accounts to detect excessive concentration, large orders or positions, patterns of day trading and other activities that indicate increased risk to us.
Our credit exposure is to a great extent mitigated by our policy of automatically evaluating each account throughout the trading day and closing out positions automatically for accounts that are found to be under-margined. While this methodology is effective in most situations, it may not be effective in situations where no liquid market exists for the relevant securities or commodities or where, for any reason, automatic liquidation for certain accounts has been disabled. We continually monitor and evaluate our risk management policies, including the implementation of policies and procedures to enhance the detection and prevention of potential events to mitigate margin loan losses.
Operational Risk
Operational risk generally refers to the risk of loss, or damage to our reputation, resulting from inadequate or failed operations or external events, including, but not limited to, business disruptions, improper or unauthorized execution and processing of transactions, deficiencies in our technology or financial operating systems and inadequacies or breaches in our control processes including cyber security incidents.
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For a description of related risks, see the information under the heading "Risks Related to Information Technology and Cyber Security" in "Risk Factors" in Part I Item 1A of our annual on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on August 4, 2023.
To mitigate and control operational risk, we have developed and continue to enhance policies and procedures that are designed to identify and manage operational risk at appropriate levels throughout the organization and within such departments. We also have business continuity plans in place that we believe will cover critical processes on a company-wide basis, and redundancies are built into our systems as we have deemed appropriate. These control mechanisms attempt to ensure that operational policies and procedures are being followed and that our various businesses are operating within established corporate policies and limits
Legal and Compliance Risk
We operate in a number of jurisdictions, each with its own legal and regulatory structure that is unique and different from the others. Legal and regulatory risk includes the risk of non-compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements and damage to our reputation as a result of failure to comply with laws, regulations, rules, related self-regulatory organization standards and codes of conduct applicable to our business activities. Legal and compliance risk includes compliance with AML, terrorist financing, anti-corruption and sanctions rules and regulations. It also includes contractual and commercial risk, such as the risk that a counterparty's performance obligations will be unenforceable.
From time to time, we have been, and in the future may be, subject to investigations, audits, inspections and subpoenas, as well as regulatory proceedings and fines and penalties brought by regulators. We are subject to regulation from numerous regulators, which include, but are not limited to, the AFSA, the ARDFM, CySEC, OFAC and the SEC. We have received various inquiries and formal requests for information on various matters from certain regulators, with which we have cooperated and will continue to do so. If we are found to have violated any applicable laws, rules or regulations, this could result in the imposition of legal or regulatory sanctions, material financial loss, including fines, penalties, judgments, damages and/or settlements, or loss to reputation that we may suffer as a result of compliance failures.
We have established and continue to enhance procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, such as public company reporting obligations, regulatory net capital and capital adequacy requirements, sales and trading practices, potential conflicts of interest, anti-money laundering, privacy, sanctions and recordkeeping. The legal and regulatory focus on the financial services industry presents a continuing business challenge for us.
Our business also subjects us to the complex income tax laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate, and these tax laws may be subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. We must make judgments and interpretations about the application of these inherently complex tax laws when determining the provision for income taxes.
Country Risk
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has led to disruptions in financial markets that has negatively impacted the global economy and created significant uncertainty. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has resulted in the imposition by many countries of economic sanctions and export controls against certain Russian industries, companies and individuals. In response, Russia has implemented its own countermeasures against countries, businesses and investors deemed "unfriendly". Partly as a result of the effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, businesses worldwide have experienced shortages in materials and increased costs for transportation, energy and raw materials. The continuation or escalation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict or other hostilities presents heightened risks relating to cyberattacks, supply chain disruptions, higher interest rates and greater frequency and volume of failures to settle securities transactions, as well as increase financial market volatility. The extent and duration of the war, sanctions and resulting market disruptions, as well as the potential adverse consequences for our business, liquidity and results of operations, are difficult to predict.
Effects of Inflation
Because our assets are primarily short-term and liquid in nature, they are generally not significantly impacted by inflation. The rate of inflation does, however, affect our expenses, including employee compensation, communications and information processing and office leasing costs, which may not be readily recoverable from our customers. To the extent inflation results in rising interest rates and has adverse impacts upon securities markets, it may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2023, due to the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Management identified a material weakness due to a deficiency in one of the principles associated with the Control Environment component of the COSO framework, specifically relating to a lack of a sufficient complement of qualified technical accounting and financial reporting personnel to perform control activities in support of preparing the financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
The Control Environment material weakness contributed to other material weaknesses, either individually or in the aggregate, related to the design of our controls over:
•the application of U.S. GAAP to complex transactions;
•the classification of certain loans and deposits from banking institutions within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows;
•the classification of certain interest income from margin lending within the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Other Comprehensive Income;
•the classification of funds received under the Kazakhstan state program for financing of mortgage loans “7-20-25” within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and
•the review and timely identification of misstatements in the notes to the Consolidation Financial Statements.
In light of these material weaknesses, we performed additional analysis as deemed necessary to ensure that our financial statements were prepared in accordance with the United States generally accepted principles. Accordingly, management concluded that the financial statements included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q present fairly in all material respects our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for each of the periods presented.
Remediation Plan for the Material Weaknesses
Management’s remediation plan to address the material weaknesses existing as of September 30, 2023, includes the following:
•Providing training on U.S. GAAP to employees responsible for preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements.
•Hiring qualified accounting professionals with the appropriate level of expertise in U.S. GAAP and ability to design, maintain and improve procedures and controls focused on the application of U.S. GAAP to complex transactions and preventing and detecting material misstatements in the presentation and disclosures of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
•Engaging an external consulting firm to assist the Company in maintaining compliance with its U.S. GAAP reporting requirements.
The material weaknesses cannot be considered remediated until the newly designed control activities operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that the controls are designed and operating effectively.
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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no changes in our internal control over financial reporting occurred that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The financial services industry is highly regulated. In recent years, there has been an increasing incidence of litigation involving the brokerage industry, including customer and shareholder class action suits that generally seek substantial damages, including in some cases punitive damages. Compliance and trading problems that are reported to federal, state and provincial regulators, exchanges or other self-regulatory organizations by dissatisfied customers are investigated by such regulatory bodies, and, if pursued by such regulatory body or such customers, may rise to the level of arbitration or disciplinary action. We are also subject to periodic governmental and regulatory audits and inspections that might result in fines or other charges.
From time to time, we or our subsidiaries may be named as defendants in various routine legal proceedings, claims, and regulatory inquiries arising out of the ordinary course of our business. Management believes that the results of these routine legal proceedings, claims, and regulatory matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, or on our operations and cash flows. However, we cannot estimate the legal fees and expenses to be incurred in connection with these routine matters and, therefore, are unable to determine whether these future legal fees and expenses will have a material impact on our operations and cash flows. It is our policy to expense legal and other fees as incurred.
Estate of Toleush Tolmakov Litigation
The Estate of Toleush Tolmakov (the “Estate”) commenced a legal action against Freedom Holding Corp., and our subsidiary FFIN Securities, Inc. in the Third Judicial District Court of Salt Lake County, State of Utah in December 2021. This proceeding relates to cash distributions arising from the 2011 sale of a subsidiary of BMB Munai, Inc. (the predecessor to Freedom Holding Corp.) and shares of common stock of the Company belonging to Toleush Tolmakov, who was a shareholder of the Company at the time he died in 2011, and a now defunct British Virgin Islands corporation, in which Mr. Tolmakov claimed to have an interest. The Company has held these assets since Mr. Tolmakov's death because of unresolved uncertainties about who these assets should be distributed to, and because to date no court has adjudicated legal right of ownership of the assets. On October 21, 2022, in accordance with an order entered into by the Third Judicial District Court of Salt Lake County, we deposited an amount of $8.4 million into the registry of the court, representing the amount of cash distributions claimed by the Estate. We also deposited with the court all of the subject shares that we previously held. The Company continues to deny any and all liability in this matter. The Company does not believe that the outcome of this litigation could be material to our financial condition.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We believe there have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in “Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on August 4, 2023.
Item 5. Other Information
During the period covered by this report, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers has adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (each as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).
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Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed or furnished, as applicable:

Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit Description
31.01 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
31.02 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
32.01 |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
101 |  | The following Freedom Holding Corp. financial information for the periods ended September 30, 2023, formatted in inline XBRL (eXtensive Business Reporting Language): (i) the Cover Page; (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Statements of Other Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.*
104 |  | Cover page formatted in inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101). *

*Filed herewith.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| FREEDOM HOLDING CORP. |
Date: November 9, 2023 | /s/ Timur Turlov |
| Timur Turlov Chief Executive Officer |
Date: November 9, 2023 | /s/ Evgeniy Ler |
| Evgeniy Ler Chief Financial Officer |

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