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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The federal and state and foreign income tax provision is summarized as follows: 
Year Ended December 31,202020192018
Current
Federal$92,649 $100,986 $82,493 
State21,479 19,902 13,709 
Foreign8,256 11,722 8,405 
122,384 132,610 104,607 
Deferred
Federal(701)(1,635)2,550 
State(275)(960)1,166 
Foreign— — 15 
(976)(2,595)3,731 
Total income taxes$121,408 $130,015 $108,338 
Annual tax provisions include amounts considered sufficient to pay assessments that may result from examination of prior year tax returns; however, the amount ultimately paid upon resolution of issues raised may differ materially from the amount accrued. The examination and the resolution process may last longer than one year.
The components of Income before income taxes are summarized as follows:
Year Ended December 31,202020192018
Domestic$517,451 $565,842 $579,622 
Foreign51,243 65,599 34,584 
$568,694 $631,441 $614,206 

The Company's foreign income is primarily earned in Canada, the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. The increase in the Company's foreign income during 2019 is primarily due to the increase of income from certain foreign subsidiaries subject to tax in non-U.S. jurisdictions.
The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax statutory rate due to the following:
Year Ended December 31,202020192018
Statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit3.0 2.4 1.9 
Foreign tax expense and tax rate differential(0.4)— (0.1)
Tax benefit from stock option exercises(1.1)(1.9)(3.8)
Research and development tax credit(1.0)(1.1)(0.8)
Foreign-Derived Intangible Income Deduction (FDII)(0.3)(0.2)(0.2)
Other, net0.1 0.4 (0.4)
21.3 %20.6 %17.6 %
The increases in the Company's effective tax rates in 2020 and 2019 were primarily due to reduced tax benefits related to the lower volume of stock option exercises as compared to the prior year and an increase in the Company's state effective tax rate partially offset by a decrease in foreign tax expense mainly related to a one time change in method for the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI).
Deferred income taxes for 2020 and 2019 reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts as measured by tax laws and regulations. Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:
20202019
Deferred Tax Assets:
Stock-based compensation expense$26,893 $24,686 
State net operating loss carryforward 65,114 67,472 
Foreign net operating loss carryforward and other6,634 6,081 
Basis differences in investments3,965 4,436 
Federal benefit of state tax deduction for uncertain tax positions2,255 2,124 
Revenue and expense recognized in different periods for financial reporting and income tax purposes3,025 1,960 
Other assets
1,584 1,271 
Total deferred income tax assets109,470 108,030 
Less: State net operating loss valuation allowance(62,229)(64,737)
Less: Foreign net operating loss valuation allowance(6,547)(5,994)
Net deferred income tax assets$40,694 $37,299 
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Capitalized software currently deductible for tax purposes, net of amortization$(63,588)$(68,265)
Difference in financial reporting and income tax depreciation methods(11,422)(6,032)
Difference between book and tax basis of other assets(5,747)(4,593)
Goodwill and other intangibles (2,462)(2,170)
Foreign dividend withholding tax— (312)
Capitalized contract costs(7,762)(7,072)
Other liabilities(1,900)(1,755)
Total deferred income tax liabilities$(92,881)$(90,199)
Net deferred income tax liabilities$(52,187)$(52,900)
The valuation allowances against deferred tax assets at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are related to state net operating losses from certain domestic subsidiaries, foreign net operating losses from certain foreign subsidiaries and the restriction of the use of the foreign tax credits. Certain state and foreign tax statutes significantly limit the utilization of net operating losses for domestic and foreign subsidiaries. Furthermore, these net operating losses cannot be used to offset the net income of other subsidiaries.
The Company recognizes uncertain tax positions in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance and adjusts these liabilities when management’s judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from the Company's current estimate of the tax liabilities. The Company’s total unrecognized tax benefit, including interest and penalties, as of December 31, 2020 was $18,016, of which $15,761 would affect the effective tax rate if the Company were to recognize the tax benefit. The gross amount of uncertain tax liability of $6,546 is expected to be paid within one year is netted against the current payable account while the remaining amount of $11,470 is included in Other long-term liabilities on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized $3,033 of previously unrecognized tax benefits relating to the lapse of the statute of limitation.
The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return and separate income tax returns with various states. Certain subsidiaries of the Company file tax returns in foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examination for years before 2017 and is no longer subject to state, local or foreign income tax examinations by authorities for years before 2015.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefit is as follows:
202020192018
Balance as of January 1$15,356 $14,367 $14,480 
Tax positions related to current year:
Gross additions3,352 3,054 2,446 
Tax positions related to prior years:
Gross additions236 1,465 340 
Settlements— (145)(278)
Lapses on statute of limitations(3,033)(3,385)(2,621)
Balance as of December 31$15,911 $15,356 $14,367 
The above reconciliation of the gross unrecognized tax benefit will differ from the amount which would affect the effective tax rate because of the recognition of the federal and state tax benefits and interest and penalties.
The Company classifies all interest and penalties as income tax expense. The Company has recorded $2,105, $1,962 and $1,289 in liabilities for tax-related interest and penalties in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The Company estimates it will recognize $6,546 of unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months due to lapses on the statute of limitation.
The Company includes its direct and indirect subsidiaries in its U.S. consolidated federal income tax return. The Company’s tax sharing allocation agreement provides that any subsidiary having taxable income will pay a tax liability equivalent to what that subsidiary would have paid if it filed a separate income tax return. If the separately calculated federal income tax provision for any subsidiary results in a tax loss, the current benefit resulting from such loss, to the extent utilizable on a separate return basis, is accrued and paid to that subsidiary.