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Income Taxes | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $17,766 and $15,532, respectively, exclusive of interest and penalties, of which $17,604 and $14,878 would affect the effective tax rate if the Company were to recognize the tax benefit. The Company classifies interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the combined amount of accrued interest and penalties related to tax positions taken on tax returns was $2,232 and $1,385, respectively.
| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits, exclusive of interest and penalties | $ | 17,766 |  |  | $ | 15,532 |
Interest and penalties on unrecognized benefits | 2,232 |  |  | 1,385 |
Total gross uncertain tax positions | $ | 19,998 |  |  | $ | 16,917 |
Amount included in Current liabilities | $ | 3,713 |  |  | $ | 3,837 |
Amount included in Other long-term liabilities | 16,285 |  |  | 13,080 |
| $ | 19,998 |  |  | $ | 16,917 |
The effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 differs from the federal income tax statutory rate due to the following:
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Statutory rate |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.8 |
Foreign tax expense and tax rate differential |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.1) |
Tax benefit from stock option exercises |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.3) |
Other, net |  | (0.4) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.2) |
|  | 23.5 | % |  | 22.5 | % |  | 23.4 | % |  | 23.2 | %
The Company files income tax returns in the United States on a consolidated basis and in many U.S. state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is subject to examination of income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other domestic and foreign tax authorities. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examination for years before 2020 and is no longer subject to state, local or foreign income tax examinations by authorities for years before 2018. The Company estimates it will recognize $3,713 of gross unrecognized tax benefits. This amount is expected to be paid within one year or to be removed at the expiration of the statute of limitations and resolution of income tax audits and is netted against the current payable account. These unrecognized tax benefits are related to tax positions taken on certain federal, state, and foreign tax returns. However, the timing of the resolution of income tax examinations is highly uncertain, and the amounts ultimately paid, if any, upon resolution of the issues raised by the taxing authorities may differ materially from the amounts accrued for each year. While it is reasonably possible that some issues under examination could be resolved in the next twelve months, based upon the current facts and circumstances, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the timing of such resolution or the total range of potential changes as it relates to the current unrecognized tax benefits that are recorded as part of the Company’s financial statements. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has a framework to implement a global minimum corporate tax of 15% for companies with global revenues and profits above certain thresholds (referred to as Pillar Two). Certain aspects of Pillar Two are effective January 1, 2024 and other aspects are effective January 1, 2025. While it is uncertain whether the U.S. will enact legislation to adopt Pillar Two, certain countries in which we operate have adopted legislation, and other countries are in the process of introducing legislation to implement Pillar Two. The Company has determined Pillar Two will not have a material impact on the Company's effective tax rate, consolidated results of operation, financial position, or cash flows.

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