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Significant Accounting Policies | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies | Significant Accounting Policies Revenue Recognition – Health Plans Segment Premium revenue is fixed in advance of the periods covered and, except as described below, is not generally subject to significant accounting estimates. Premium revenues are recognized in the month that members are entitled to receive health care services, and premiums collected in advance are deferred. Certain components of premium revenue are subject to accounting estimates and fall into two broad categories discussed in further detail below: 1) “Contractual Provisions That May Adjust or Limit Revenue or Profit;” and 2) “Quality Incentives.” Contractual Provisions That May Adjust or Limit Revenue or Profit Medicaid Medical Cost Floors (Minimums), and Medical Cost Corridors: A portion of our premium revenue may be returned if certain minimum amounts are not spent on defined medical care costs. In the aggregate, we recorded a liability under the terms of such contract provisions of $262 million and $272 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, to amounts due government agencies. Approximately $245 million and $244 million of the liability accrued at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, relates to our participation in Medicaid Expansion programs. In certain circumstances, our health plans may receive additional premiums if amounts spent on medical care costs exceed a defined maximum threshold. Receivables relating to such provisions were insignificant at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Profit Sharing and Profit Ceiling: Our contracts with certain states contain profit-sharing or profit ceiling provisions under which we refund amounts to the states if our health plans generate profit above a certain specified percentage. In some cases, we are limited in the amount of administrative costs that we may deduct in calculating the refund, if any. Liabilities for profits in excess of the amount we are allowed to retain under these provisions were insignificant at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Retroactive Premium Adjustments: State Medicaid programs periodically adjust premium rates on a retroactive basis. In these cases, we must adjust our premium revenue in the period in which we learn of the adjustment, rather than in the months of service to which the retroactive adjustment applies. In the first quarter of 2016, we recorded a retroactive increase to Medicaid premium revenue of approximately $18 million relating to dates of service prior to 2016. Medicare Risk Adjustment: Our Medicare premiums are subject to retroactive increase or decrease based on the health status of our Medicare members (measured as a member risk score). We estimate our members’ risk scores and the related amount of Medicare revenue that will ultimately be realized for the periods presented based on our knowledge of our members’ health status, risk scores and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) practices. Consolidated balance sheet amounts related to anticipated Medicare risk adjustment premiums and Medicare Part D settlements were insignificant at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Minimum MLR: Additionally, federal regulations have established a minimum annual medical loss ratio (Minimum MLR) of 85% for Medicare. The medical loss ratio represents medical costs as a percentage of premium revenue. Federal regulations define what constitutes medical costs and premium revenue. If the Minimum MLR is not met, we may be required to pay rebates to the federal government. We recognize estimated rebates under the Minimum MLR as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income. Marketplace Premium Stabilization Programs: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) established Marketplace premium stabilization programs effective January 1, 2014. These programs, commonly referred to as the “3R’s,” include a permanent risk adjustment program, a transitional reinsurance program, and a temporary risk corridor program. We record receivables or payables related to the 3R programs and the Minimum MLR when the amounts are reasonably estimable as described below, and, for receivables, when collection is reasonably assured. Our receivables (payables) for each of these programs, as of the dates indicated, were as follows:
| March 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Current Benefit Year |  | Prior Benefit Years |  | Total |
| (In millions)
Risk adjustment | $ | (247 | ) |  | $ | (522 | ) |  | $ | (769 | ) |  | $ | (522 | )
Reinsurance | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 55 |
Risk corridor | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (1 | )
Minimum MLR | (37 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (40 | ) |  | (1 | )
• | Risk adjustment: Under this permanent program, our health plans’ composite risk scores are compared with the overall average risk score for the relevant state and market pool. Generally, our health plans will make a risk transfer payment into the pool if their composite risk scores are below the average risk score, and will receive a risk transfer payment from the pool if their composite risk scores are above the average risk score. We estimate our ultimate premium based on insurance policy year-to-date experience, and recognize estimated premiums relating to the risk adjustment program as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income.
• | Reinsurance: This program was designed to provide reimbursement to insurers for high cost members and ended December 31, 2016; we expect to settle the outstanding receivable balance in 2017.
• | Risk corridor: This program was intended to limit gains and losses of insurers by comparing allowable costs to a target amount as defined by CMS, and ended December 31, 2016; we expect to settle the outstanding payable balance in 2017.
Additionally, the ACA established a Minimum MLR of 80% for the Marketplace. The medical loss ratio represents medical costs as a percentage of premium revenue. Federal regulations define what constitutes medical costs and premium revenue. If the Minimum MLR is not met, we may be required to pay rebates to our Marketplace policyholders. Each of the 3R programs is taken into consideration when computing the Minimum MLR. We recognize estimated rebates under the Minimum MLR as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income. Quality Incentives At several of our health plans, revenue ranging from approximately 1% to 3% of certain health plan premiums is earned only if certain performance measures are met. The following table quantifies the quality incentive premium revenue recognized for the periods presented, including the amounts earned in the periods presented and prior periods. Although the reasonably possible effects of a change in estimate related to quality incentive premium revenue as of March 31, 2017 are not known, we have no reason to believe that the adjustments to prior years noted below are not indicative of the potential future changes in our estimates as of March 31, 2017.
| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2017 |  | 2016
| (In millions)
Maximum available quality incentive premium - current period | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 40 |
Amount of quality incentive premium revenue recognized in current period: |  |  |
Earned current period | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Earned prior periods | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Total | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Quality incentive premium revenue recognized as a percentage of total premium revenue | 0.5 | % |  | 0.6 | %
Income Taxes The provision for income taxes is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, which is generally greater than the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily because of state taxes, nondeductible expenses such as the Health Insurer Fee (HIF), certain compensation, and other general and administrative expenses. The effective tax rate in the first quarter of 2017 decreased significantly, compared with prior year levels, due primarily to the 2017 HIF moratorium. The effective tax rate may be subject to fluctuations during the year, particularly as a result of the level of pretax earnings, and also as new information is obtained. Such information may affect the assumptions used to estimate the annual effective tax rate, including factors such as the mix of pretax earnings in the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate, valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, the recognition or the reversal of the recognition of tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions, and changes in or the interpretation of tax laws in jurisdictions where we conduct business. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities, along with net operating loss and tax credit carryovers. Premium Deficiency Reserves on Loss Contracts We assess the profitability of our medical care policies to identify groups of contracts where current operating results or forecasts indicate probable future losses. If anticipated future variable costs exceed anticipated future premiums and investment income, a premium deficiency reserve is recognized. We recorded a premium deficiency reserve of $30 million as of December 31, 2016 relating to our Marketplace program, which decreased to $22 million as of March 31, 2017. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Goodwill Impairment. In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, an impairment charge will be the excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, over the fair value of the reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 is effective beginning January 1, 2020; early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. We intend to early adopt ASU 2017-04 and will apply the provisions of this standard in our interim or annual goodwill impairment tests subsequent to January 1, 2017. We are unable to quantify the impact of adoption to future quarters because the impact of this standard is dependent on the fair value of our reporting units at the time an impairment assessment is performed. Stock Compensation. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which amends ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, statutory tax and classification in the statement of cash flows. We adopted ASU 2016-09 in the first quarter of 2017; such adoption did not significantly impact our consolidated financial statements in the first quarter of 2017. In addition, the prior period presentation in the statement of cash flows was not adjusted because such adjustments were insignificant. We are unable to quantify the impact of adoption to future quarters, however, because such impact is dependent on future stock prices which we cannot predict. Leases. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), as modified by ASU 2017-03, Transition and Open Effective Date Information. Under ASU 2016-02, an entity will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by leases on the entity’s balance sheet for both finance and operating leases. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, an entity can elect to not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities and expense the lease over a straight-line basis for the term of the lease. ASU 2016-02 will require new disclosures that depict the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows pertaining to an entity’s leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for us beginning January 1, 2019 and must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. Under this guidance, we will record assets and liabilities relating primarily to our long-term office leases, and are currently evaluating the effect to our consolidated financial statements. Revenue Recognition. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). We intend to adopt this standard and the related modifications on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach. Under this approach, the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance will be reflected as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings. We have determined that the insurance contracts of our Health Plans segment, which comprises the vast majority of our operations, are excluded from the scope of ASU 2014-09 because the recognition of revenue under these contracts is dictated by other accounting standards governing insurance contracts. For our Molina Medicaid Solutions segment, we have determined that certain service revenue and cost of service revenue will no longer be deferred and recognized over the service delivery period. Rather, service revenue will be recognized based on the expected cost plus gross margin method, and cost of service revenue will be recognized as incurred. As of March 31, 2017, we expect the cumulative adjustment for historical periods through March 31, 2017, to increase retained earnings by no more than $50 million. This estimate will be updated in each quarterly and annual report until adoption. We are currently quantifying the effect of adoption in connection with our Other segment. Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its Emerging Issues Task Force), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) did not have, or are not believed by management to have, a significant impact on our present or future consolidated financial statements.

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