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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Presentation and Reclassification | Presentation and Reclassification We have reclassified certain amounts in the 2017 consolidated statement of cash flows to conform to the 2018 presentation, relating to the presentation of restricted cash and cash equivalents. The reclassification is a result of our adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-18, Restricted Cash effective January 1, 2018. See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” for further information, including the amount reclassified. We have combined certain line items in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For all periods presented, we have combined the presentation of:
• | Income taxes refundable with “Prepaid expenses and other current assets;”
• | Income taxes payable with “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities;”
• | Goodwill, and intangible assets, net to a single line; and
• | Deferred contract costs with “Other assets.”
Consolidation And Interim Financial Information | Consolidation and Interim Financial Information The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Molina Healthcare, Inc., its subsidiaries, and variable interest entities (VIEs) in which Molina Healthcare, Inc. is considered to be the primary beneficiary. Such VIEs are insignificant to our consolidated financial position and results of operations. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results as of the date and for the interim periods presented have been included; such adjustments consist of normal recurring adjustments. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The consolidated results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the entire year ending December 31, 2018. The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared under the assumption that users of the interim financial data have either read or have access to our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. Accordingly, certain disclosures that would substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in our December 31, 2017 audited consolidated financial statements have been omitted. These unaudited consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with our December 31, 2017 audited consolidated financial statements.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible into known amounts of cash and have a maturity of three months or less on the date of purchase. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents reported within the accompanying consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows. The restricted cash and cash equivalents presented below are included in non-current “Restricted investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition We adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) effective January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach. The insurance contracts of our Health Plans segment, which segment constitutes the vast majority of our operations, are excluded from the scope of Topic 606 because the recognition of revenue under these contracts is dictated by other accounting standards governing insurance contracts. The cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance, relating entirely to our Molina Medicaid Solutions segment contracts, resulted in an immaterial impact to beginning retained earnings, as presented in the accompanying consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity. Topic 606 was only applied to service contracts that were not completed as of December 31, 2017. Refer to “Molina Medicaid Solutions segment” and “Other segment” below for further information. Health Plans segment Premium revenue is fixed in advance of the periods covered and, except as described below, is not generally subject to significant accounting estimates. Premium revenues are recognized in the month that members are entitled to receive health care services, and premiums collected in advance are deferred. Certain components of premium revenue are subject to accounting estimates and fall into two broad categories discussed in further detail below: 1) “Contractual Provisions That May Adjust or Limit Revenue or Profit;” and 2) “Quality Incentives.” Liabilities recorded for such provisions are included in “Amounts due government agencies” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
1) | Contractual Provisions That May Adjust or Limit Revenue or Profit:
Medicaid
• | Medical Cost Floors (Minimums), and Medical Cost Corridors: A portion of our premium revenue may be returned if certain minimum amounts are not spent on defined medical care costs. In the aggregate, we recorded a liability under the terms of such contract provisions of $148 million and $135 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Approximately $97 million and $96 million of the liability accrued at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, relates to our participation in Medicaid Expansion programs.
• | Retroactive Premium Adjustments: State Medicaid programs periodically adjust premium rates on a retroactive basis. In these cases, we must adjust our premium revenue in the period in which we learn of the adjustment, rather than in the months of service to which the retroactive adjustment applies.
Medicare
• | Minimum MLR: Federal regulations have established a minimum annual medical loss ratio (Minimum MLR) of 85% for Medicare. The medical loss ratio represents medical costs as a percentage of premium revenue. Federal regulations define what constitutes medical costs and premium revenue. If the Minimum MLR is not met, we may be required to pay rebates to the federal government. We recognize estimated rebates under the Minimum MLR as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income.
Marketplace
• | Risk adjustment: Under this program, our health plans’ composite risk scores are compared with the overall average risk score for the relevant state and market pool. Generally, our health plans will make a risk transfer payment into the pool if their composite risk scores are below the average risk score, and will receive a risk transfer payment from the pool if their composite risk scores are above the average risk score. We estimate our ultimate premium based on insurance policy year-to-date experience, and recognize estimated premiums relating to the risk adjustment program as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income. As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017 the Marketplace risk adjustment payable amounted to $1,129 million and $912 million, respectively.
• | Minimum MLR: The ACA has established a Minimum MLR of 80% for the Marketplace. If the Minimum MLR is not met, we may be required to pay rebates to our Marketplace policyholders. The Marketplace risk adjustment program is taken into consideration when computing the Minimum MLR. We recognize estimated rebates under the Minimum MLR as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income.
2) | Quality Incentives:
At many of our health plans, revenue ranging from approximately 1% to 3% of certain health plan premiums is earned only if certain performance measures are met. The following table quantifies the quality incentive premium revenue recognized for the periods presented, including the amounts earned in the periods presented and prior periods. Although the reasonably possible effects of a change in estimate related to quality incentive premium revenue as of March 31, 2018 are not known, we have no reason to believe that the adjustments to prior years noted below are not indicative of the potential future changes in our estimates as of March 31, 2018.
| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
| (Dollars in millions)
Maximum available quality incentive premium - current period | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Quality incentive premium revenue recognized in current period: |  |  |
Earned current period | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Earned prior periods | 11 |  |  | 5 |
Total | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 24 |
Quality incentive premium revenue recognized as a percentage of total premium revenue | 0.8 | % |  | 0.5 | %
Molina Medicaid Solutions segment Molina Medicaid Solutions is under contract with Medicaid agencies in six states and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Our existing contracts have terms that currently extend to 2018 through 2025, before renewal options. As of March 31, 2018, the aggregate amount of service revenue relating to unsatisfied performance obligations amounted to $571 million. Business process outsourcing services are billed immediately following the end of the month in which such services are performed, with payment received soon thereafter. Payments for the design, development and implementation (DDI) of Medicaid management information systems milestones are received following our performance, and the customer’s acceptance, of the milestone deliverable. However, DDI revenue is deferred until the system ‘go-live’ date, and is amortized over the initial contract hosting period. Other segment Our Pathways behavioral health subsidiary’s revenue is variable, and generally invoiced after services are rendered; customer payment follows invoicing. We have concluded that there is no change to revenue recognition under Topic 606 for our Pathways behavioral health subsidiary, and therefore no impact to retained earnings effective January 1, 2018. The following table presents the opening and closing balances of receivables, deferred contract costs (contract assets), and deferred revenue (contract liabilities) from contracts with customers, by segment.
| March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
| (In millions)
Receivables: |  |  |
Molina Medicaid Solutions | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 30 |
Other | 46 |  |  | 44 |
Deferred contract costs (contract assets) – Molina Medicaid Solutions | 103 |  |  | 101 |
Deferred revenue (contract liabilities) – Molina Medicaid Solutions | 41 |  |  | 49 |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The provision for income taxes is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, which generally differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily because of state taxes, nondeductible expenses such as the Health Insurer Fee (HIF), certain compensation, and other general and administrative expenses. The effective tax rate was not impacted by HIF in 2017 given the 2017 HIF moratorium. The effective tax rate may be subject to fluctuations during the year, particularly as a result of the level of pretax earnings, and also as new information is obtained. Such information may affect the assumptions used to estimate the annual effective tax rate, including factors such as the mix of pretax earnings in the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate, valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, the recognition or the reversal of the recognition of tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions, and changes in or the interpretation of tax laws in jurisdictions where we conduct business. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities, along with net operating loss and tax credit carryovers.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted Revenue Recognition (Topic 606). See discussion above, in “Revenue Recognition.” Comprehensive Income. In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the TCJA. ASU 2018-02 is effective beginning January 1, 2019; we early adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2018. The effect of applying the guidance resulted in an immaterial impact to beginning retained earnings, as presented in the accompanying consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity. Restricted Cash. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which requires us to include in our consolidated statements of cash flows the balances of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. When these items are presented in more than one line item on the balance sheet, the new guidance requires a reconciliation of the totals in the statement of cash flows to the related captions in the balance sheet. Transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are no longer presented in the statement of cash flows. We adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018. We have applied the guidance retrospectively to all periods presented. Such retrospective adoption resulted in a $95 million reclassification of restricted cash and cash equivalents from “Investing activities” to the beginning and ending balances of cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated statements of cash flows for the quarter ended March 31, 2017. There was no impact to our consolidated statements of income, balance sheets, or stockholders’ equity. The reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents to cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents is presented at the beginning of this note. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted Credit Losses. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Rather than generally recognizing credit losses when it is probable that the loss has been incurred, the revised guidance requires companies to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the company expects to collect over the instrument’s contractual life. ASU 2016-13 is effective for us beginning January 1, 2020, and must be adopted as a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings; early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the effect of this guidance. Leases. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), as modified by ASU 2017-03, Transition and Open Effective Date Information. Under ASU 2016-02, an entity will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by leases on the entity’s balance sheet for both financing and operating leases. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, an entity may elect to not recognize lease assets and lease liabilities and expense the lease over a straight-line basis for the term of the lease. ASU 2016-02 will require new disclosures that depict the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows pertaining to an entity’s leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for us beginning January 1, 2019, and must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. Under this guidance, we will record assets and liabilities relating primarily to our long-term office leases. We are currently updating the configuration of our lease database management system for the adoption of Topic 842, and we are in the early stages of computing the impact of Topic 842 on our consolidated financial statements.

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