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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Provision for income taxes
ncome tax expense (benefit) consisted of the following:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
(In millions)
Current:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
$
272

 
$
(9
)
 
$
134

State
18

 
3

 
3

Foreign
8

 

 
(6
)
Total current
298

 
(6
)
 
131

Deferred:
 
 
 
 
 
Federal
(3
)
 
(85
)
 
19

State
(3
)
 
(9
)
 
2

Foreign

 

 
1

Total deferred
(6
)
 
(94
)
 
22

Income tax expense (benefit)
$
292

 
$
(100
)
 
$
153

Effective income tax rate reconciliation to the statutory federal income tax rate
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the combined effective income tax rate is as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Statutory federal tax (benefit) rate
21.0
 %
 
(35.0
)%
 
35.0
 %
State income provision (benefit), net of federal
1.2

 
(0.7
)
 
1.6

Nondeductible health insurer fee (“HIF”)
7.3

 

 
37.0

Nondeductible compensation
0.7

 
2.8

 
3.1

Nondeductible goodwill impairment

 
6.6

 

Worthless stock deduction
(1.0
)
 

 

Revaluation of net deferred tax assets
(0.4
)
 
8.8

 

Change in purchase agreement that increased tax basis in assets

 

 
(2.2
)
Other
0.4

 
1.1

 
0.3

Effective tax (benefit) rate
29.2
 %
 
(16.4
)%
 
74.8
 %
Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities
Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 
December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
(In millions)
Accrued expenses
$
32

 
$
15

Reserve liabilities
7

 
11

Other accrued medical costs
12

 
16

Net operating losses
16

 
27

Fixed assets and intangibles
30

 
23

Unearned premiums
9

 
19

Lease financing obligation
30

 
30

Tax credit carryover
12

 
15

Other
3

 
3

Valuation allowance
(28
)
 
(41
)
Total deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance
123

 
118

Prepaid expenses
(6
)
 
(6
)
Basis in debt

 
(9
)
Total deferred income tax liabilities
(6
)
 
(15
)
Net deferred income tax asset
$
117

 
$
103

Unrecognized tax benefits roll forward
The roll forward of our unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
(In millions)
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of period
$
(13
)
 
$
(11
)
 
$
(9
)
Increases in tax positions for current year
(9
)
 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Increases in tax positions for prior years

 
(4
)
 
(1
)
Decreases in tax positions for prior years

 
3

 

Lapse in statute of limitations
2

 

 

Gross unrecognized tax benefits at end of period
$
(20
)
 
$
(13
)
 
$
(11
)