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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Consolidation and Interim Financial Information
Consolidation and Interim Financial Information
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Molina Healthcare, Inc., and its subsidiaries. In the opinion of management, these financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments, which are considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results as of the dates and for the interim periods presented. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The consolidated results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the entire year ending December 31, 2022.
The unaudited consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared under the assumption that users of the interim financial data have either read or have access to our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Accordingly, certain disclosures that would substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in our December 31, 2021, audited consolidated financial statements have been omitted. These unaudited consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.
Use of Estimates Use of EstimatesThe preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. Estimates also affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and Cash EquivalentsCash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible into known amounts of cash and have a maturity of three months or less on the date of purchase.
Receivables
Receivables
Receivables consist primarily of premium amounts due from government agencies, which are subject to potential retroactive adjustments. Because substantially all of our receivable amounts are readily determinable and substantially all of our creditors are governmental authorities, our allowance for credit losses is insignificant. Any amounts determined to be uncollectible are charged to expense when such determination is made.
Premium Revenue Recognition and Amounts Due Government Agencies and Contractual Provisions That May Adjust or Limit Revenue or Profit
Premium Revenue Recognition and Amounts Due Government Agencies
Premium revenue is generated from our contracts with state and federal agencies, in connection with our participation in the Medicaid, Medicare, and Marketplace programs. Premium revenue is generally received based on per member per month (“PMPM”) rates established in advance of the periods covered. These premium revenues are recognized in the month that members are entitled to receive healthcare services, and premiums collected in advance are deferred. State Medicaid programs and the federal Medicare program periodically adjust premium rates.
Certain components of premium revenue are subject to accounting estimates and are described in further detail below, and in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” under “Contractual Provisions That May Adjust or Limit Revenue or Profit,” and “Quality Incentives.”
Contractual Provisions That May Adjust or Limit Revenue or Profit
Many of our contracts contain provisions that may adjust or limit revenue or profit, as described below. Consequently, we recognize premium revenue as it is earned under such provisions.
Medicaid Program
Minimum MLR and Retroactive Premium Adjustments. State Medicaid programs periodically adjust premium rates on a retroactive basis. In these cases, we adjust our premium revenue in the period in which we determine that the adjustment is probable and reasonably estimable, based on our best estimate of the ultimate premium we expect to realize for the period being adjusted.
Beginning in 2020, various states enacted temporary risk corridors in response to the reduced demand for medical services stemming from COVID-19, which have resulted in a reduction of our medical margin. In some cases, these risk corridors were retroactive to earlier periods in 2020, or as early as the beginning of the states’ fiscal years in 2019. Since the second quarter of 2020, we have recognized risk corridors that we believe to be probable, and where the ultimate premium amount is reasonably estimable. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized approximately $34 million and $156 million, respectively, related to such risk corridors, primarily in the Medicaid segment, compared to $17 million and $183 million, respectively, recognized in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021. The decrease is due to the elimination of several of the COVID-19 risk corridors.
It is possible that certain states could change the structure of existing risk corridors, implement new risk corridors in the future or discontinue existing risk corridors. Due to these uncertainties, the ultimate outcomes could differ materially from our estimates as a result of changes in facts or further developments, which could have an adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Marketplace Program
Risk Adjustment. Under this program, our health plans’ composite risk scores are compared with the overall average risk score for the relevant state and market pool. Generally, our health plans will make a risk adjustment payment into the pool if their composite risk scores are below the average risk score (risk adjustment payable), and will receive a risk adjustment payment from the pool if their composite risk scores are above the average risk score (risk adjustment receivable). We estimate our ultimate premium based on insurance policy year-to-date experience, and recognize estimated premiums relating to the risk adjustment program as an adjustment to premium revenue in our consolidated statements of income.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments, receivables, and restricted investments. Our investments and a portion of our cash equivalents are managed by professional portfolio managers operating under documented investment guidelines. Our portfolio managers must obtain our prior approval before selling investments where the loss position of those investments exceeds certain levels. Our investments consist primarily of investment-grade debt securities with final maturities of less than 15 years, or less than 15 years average life for structured securities. Restricted investments are invested principally in cash, cash equivalents, and U.S. Treasury securities. Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited because our payors consist principally of the federal government, and governments of each state in which our health plan subsidiaries operate.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes is determined using an estimated annual effective tax rate, which generally differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily because of foreign and state taxes, and nondeductible expenses such as certain compensation and other general and administrative expenses.
The effective tax rate may be subject to fluctuations during the year as new information is obtained. Such information may affect the assumptions used to estimate the annual effective tax rate, including projected pretax earnings, the mix of pretax earnings in the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate, valuation allowances against deferred tax assets, the recognition or the reversal of the recognition of tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions, and changes in or the interpretation of tax laws in jurisdictions where we conduct business. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities, along with net operating loss and tax credit carryovers.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its Emerging Issues Task Force), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) did not have, nor does management expect such pronouncements to have, a significant impact on our present or future consolidated financial statements.