Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The determination of fair value may require the use of estimates when quoted market prices are not available. Fair value estimates made at a specific point in time are based on management’s judgments regarding future expected losses, current economic conditions, the risk characteristics of each financial instrument, and other subjective factors that cannot be determined with precision.

The framework for measuring fair value provides a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The three levels within the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•Level 2: Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, rate volatility, prepayment speeds, and credit ratings), or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by market data, correlation or other means.

Available-for-Sale Securities. When unadjusted quoted prices are available in an active market, the Company classifies its available-for-sale securities within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. When quoted market prices are not available, the Company employs an independent pricing service that utilizes matrix pricing to calculate fair value. These fair value measurements consider observable data, such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the respective terms and conditions for debt instruments. Management maintains procedures to monitor the pricing service’s results and has a process in place to challenge their valuations and methodologies. Government agency debentures, Municipal bonds and notes, Agency CMO, Agency MBS, Agency CMBS, CMBS, Corporate debt, Private label MBS, and Other available-for-sale securities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative Financial Instruments. The fair values presented for derivative financial instruments include any accrued interest. Foreign exchange contracts are valued based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and, accordingly, are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Except for mortgage banking derivatives, all other derivative financial instruments are valued using third-party valuation software, which considers the present value of cash flows discounted using observable forward rate assumptions. The resulting fair value is then validated against valuations performed by dealer counterparties. Credit valuation adjustments, which are included in the fair value of derivative financial instruments, utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by its counterparties. When credit valuation adjustments are significant to the overall fair value of a derivative financial instrument, the Company classifies that derivative financial instrument in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Otherwise, derivative financial instruments are generally classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2025, and 2024, these credit valuation adjustments were not considered significant to the overall fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments.

Mortgage Banking Derivatives. The Company uses forward sales of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities to manage the risk of loss associated with its mortgage loan commitments and mortgage loans held for sale. Prior to closing and funding certain single-family residential mortgage loans, an interest rate lock commitment is generally extended to the borrower. During this in-between time period, the Company is subject to the risk that market interest rates may change. If rates rise, investors generally will pay less to purchase mortgage loans, which would result in a reduction in the gain on sale of the loans, or possibly a loss. In an effort to mitigate this risk, forward delivery sales commitments are established in which the Company agrees to either deliver whole mortgage loans to various investors or issue mortgage-backed securities. The fair value of mortgage banking derivatives is determined based on current market prices for similar assets in the secondary market. Accordingly, mortgage banking derivatives are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Loans Originated For Sale. The Company has elected to measure residential mortgage loans originated for sale at fair value under the fair value option per ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments. Electing to measure residential mortgage loans originated for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better reflects the price the Company would expect to receive from the sale of these loans. The fair value of residential mortgage loans originated for sale is based on quoted market prices of similar loans sold in conjunction with securitization transactions. Accordingly, residential mortgage loans originated for sale are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Rabbi Trust Investments. Investments held in each of the Company’s Rabbi Trusts reported at fair value consist primarily of mutual funds that invest in equity and fixed income securities. Shares of these mutual funds are valued based on the NAV as reported by the trustee of the funds, which represents quoted prices in active markets. Accordingly, these Rabbi Trusts’ investments are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2025, and 2024, the total cost basis of the investments held in these Rabbi Trusts was $11.2 million and $9.2 million, respectively.

Alternative Investments. Equity investments have a readily determinable fair value when unadjusted quoted prices are available in an active market for identical assets. Accordingly, these alternative investments are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. In 2024, the Company sold its equity investments with a readily determinable fair value for proceeds of $1.2 million. Prior to the sale, these alternative investments experienced total write-ups in fair value of $0.3 million. There were no equity investments with a readily determinable fair value at December 31, 2025, and 2024.

Equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value may qualify for the NAV practical expedient if they meet certain requirements. The Company’s alternative investments measured at NAV consist of investments in non-public entities that cannot be redeemed since investments are distributed as the underlying equity is liquidated. Alternative investments measured at NAV are not classified within the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2025, and 2024, these alternative investments had a total carrying amount of $57.5 million and $43.4 million, respectively, and a remaining unfunded commitment of $52.2 million and $30.1 million, respectively.

Contingent Consideration. The Company recorded contingent consideration at fair value related to one earn‑out agreement associated with the SecureSave acquisition completed in December 2025. The earn‑out is based on total program deposits measured as of three future measurement dates, with a payment due only if total program deposits exceed the program deposit threshold and, if so, (i) equal to total program deposits multiplied by the applicable earn-out rate for the measurement dates on December 31, 2026, and December 31, 2027, and (ii) equal to the total program deposits in excess of the program deposit threshold multiplied by the earn-out rate for the measurement date on December 31, 2028. The contingent consideration is payable in cash up to an aggregate maximum of $35.0 million.

The following table summarizes the significant inputs used to derive the estimated fair value of the Company’s contingent consideration liability associated with the SecureSave acquisition at December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):


	Contractual Inputs						Unobservable Inputs
Measurement date	Program Deposit Threshold		Earn-Out Rate		Aggregate Maximum Earn-Out		Projected Program Deposits		Earn-Out Metric Discount Rate		Deposit Volatility		Payout Present Value Factor	Fair Value
December 31, 2026	$	145,000	1.0	%	$	35,000	$	146,700	15.1	%	14.0	%	0.94	$	417
December 31, 2027	402,500		1.5		35,000		485,405		15.0		14.0		0.90	2,998
December 31, 2028	681,000		5.0		35,000		1,034,752		15.0		14.0		0.86	5,005

The estimated fair values of the SecureSave contingent consideration liabilities are measured on a recurring basis and determined using a Monte Carlo simulation which utilizes contractual inputs and management’s evaluation of unobservable inputs such as projected program deposits, an earn-out metric discount rate, deposit volatility, and the payout present value factor. The unobservable inputs, which are the responsibility of management and were calculated with the assistance of a third-party valuation specialist, are not observable, and accordingly, are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company also recorded contingent consideration at fair value related to two earn-out agreements associated with the acquisition of interLINK Insured Sweep LLC from StoneCastle Partners LLC in January 2023. The terms of the purchase agreement specified that the seller would receive earn-outs based on the ability of the Company to: (i) re-sign the existing broker dealers under contract, and (ii) generate $2.5 billion in new broker dealer deposit programs within three years of the acquisition date. As of the third quarter of 2025, the Company had settled all of its contingent consideration obligations with StoneCastle Partners LLC in accordance with the purchase agreement.

(2)During the first quarter of 2025, the Company re-evaluated its estimate of the forecasted achievement date (payment term) for the deposit program growth event earn-out, which resulted in a revised expected achievement date of April 30, 2025, instead of June 30, 2025. This change in estimate resulted in an increase in fair value of $0.9 million. The Company generated the required $2.5 billion in new broker dealer deposit programs in April 2025, which resulted in the cash payment of $12.5 million.

The estimated fair values of the interLINK contingent consideration liabilities are measured on a recurring basis and determined using an income approach considering management’s evaluation of the probability of achievement, forecasted achievement date (payment term), and a discount rate equivalent to the cost of debt. These significant inputs, which are the responsibility of management and were calculated with the assistance of a third-party valuation specialist, are not observable, and accordingly, are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Contingent consideration liabilities are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Any fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities are included in Other expense on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income.


	December 31, 2025
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets:
Available-for-sale securities:

Government agency debentures	$	—	$	197,650	$	—	$	197,650
Municipal bonds and notes	—		109,619		—		109,619
Agency CMO	—		24,856		—		24,856
Agency MBS	—		5,057,273		—		5,057,273
Agency CMBS	—		3,526,010		—		3,526,010
CMBS	—		718,412		—		718,412

Corporate debt	—		328,145		—		328,145
Private label MBS	—		38,052		—		38,052
Other	—		9,483		—		9,483
Total available-for-sale securities	—		10,009,500		—		10,009,500
Gross derivative instruments, before netting (1)	152		230,049		—		230,201
Originated loans held for sale	—		2,142		—		2,142
Investments held in Rabbi Trusts	15,415		—		—		15,415

Alternative investments measured at NAV (2)	—		—		—		57,549
Total financial assets	$	15,567	$	10,241,691	$	—	$	10,314,807
Financial Liabilities:
Gross derivative instruments, before netting (1)	$	417	$	223,297	$	—	$	223,714
Contingent consideration	—		—		8,420		8,420
Total financial liabilities	$	417	$	223,297	$	8,420	$	232,134


	December 31, 2024
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets:
Available-for-sale securities:

Government agency debentures	$	—	$	186,426	$	—	$	186,426
Municipal bonds and notes	—		110,876		—		110,876
Agency CMO	—		29,043		—		29,043
Agency MBS	—		4,519,785		—		4,519,785
Agency CMBS	—		3,034,392		—		3,034,392
CMBS	—		625,388		—		625,388

Corporate debt	—		452,266		—		452,266
Private label MBS	—		39,219		—		39,219
Other	—		9,205		—		9,205
Total available-for-sale securities	—		9,006,600		—		9,006,600
Gross derivative instruments, before netting (1)	1,263		300,879		—		302,142
Originated loans held for sale	—		297		—		297
Investments held in Rabbi Trust	13,438		—		—		13,438

Alternative investments measured at NAV (2)	—		—		—		43,360
Total financial assets	$	14,701	$	9,307,776	$	—	$	9,365,837
Financial Liabilities:
Gross derivative instruments, before netting (1)	$	43	$	311,518	$	—	$	311,561
Contingent consideration	—		—		11,750		11,750
Total financial liabilities	$	43	$	311,518	$	11,750	$	323,311

Alternative Investments. The measurement alternative has been elected for alternative investments without readily determinable fair values that do not qualify for the NAV practical expedient. The measurement alternative requires investments to be measured at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. Accordingly, these alternative investments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2025, and 2024, the carrying amount of these alternative investments was $86.1 million and $61.5 million, respectively, of which $7.5 million and $8.3 million, respectively, were considered to be measured at fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2025, there were $2.0 million in total write-ups due to observable price changes and $0.5 million of total write-downs due to impairment. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company sold alternative investments with a carrying amount of $4.6 million, for which the measurement alternative was elected, for proceeds of $13.4 million, resulting in total gains on sale of $8.8 million.

Loans Transferred to Held for Sale. Once a decision has been made to sell loans that were not previously classified as held for sale, these loans are transferred into the held for sale category and carried at the lower of cost or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At the time of transfer and classification as held for sale, any amount by which cost exceeds fair value is accounted for as a valuation allowance. This activity generally pertains to loans with observable inputs and, therefore, are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. However, should these loans include adjustments for changes in loan characteristics based on unobservable inputs, the loans would then be classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2025, and 2024, there were $12.7 million and $27.3 million, respectively, of loans on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets that had been transferred to held for sale.

Collateral Dependent Loans and Leases. Loans and leases for which repayment is substantially expected to be provided through the operation or sale of collateral are considered collateral dependent, and are valued based on the estimated fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell at the reporting date, using customized discounting criteria. Accordingly, collateral dependent loans and leases are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets. OREO and repossessed assets are held at the lower of cost or fair value and are considered to be measured at fair value when recorded below cost. The fair value of OREO is calculated using independent appraisals or internal valuation methods, less estimated selling costs, and may consider available pricing guides, auction results, and price opinions. Certain repossessed assets may also require assumptions about factors that are not observable in an active market when determining fair value. Accordingly, OREO and repossessed assets are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2025, and 2024, the total carrying value of OREO and repossessed assets was $1.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively. In addition, the amortized cost of consumer loans secured by residential real estate property that were in the process of foreclosure at December 31, 2025, was $9.0 million.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Given the short time frame to maturity, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, which is comprised of Cash and due from banks and Interest-bearing deposits, approximates fair value. Cash and cash equivalents are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Held-to-Maturity Securities. When quoted market prices are not available, the Company employs an independent pricing service that utilizes matrix pricing to calculate fair value. These fair value measurements consider observable data, such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, yield curves, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the respective terms and conditions for debt instruments. Management maintains procedures to monitor the pricing service’s results and has a process in place to challenge their valuations and methodologies. Held-to-maturity securities, which include Agency CMO, Agency MBS, Agency CMBS, Municipal bonds and notes, and CMBS, are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Loans and Leases, net. Except for collateral dependent loans and leases, the fair value of loans and leases held for investment is estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology, based on future prepayments and market interest rates inclusive of an illiquidity discount for comparable loans and leases. The associated cash flows are then adjusted for associated credit risks and other potential losses, as appropriate. Loans and leases, net are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Deposit Liabilities. The fair value of deposit liabilities, which is comprised of non-interest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing checking, health savings, money market, and savings accounts, reflects the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. Deposit liabilities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Time Deposits. The fair value of fixed-maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by discounting contractual cash flows using current market rates for financial instruments with similar maturities. Time deposits are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase and Federal Funds Purchased. The fair value of securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased that mature within 90 days approximates their carrying value. The fair value of securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased that mature after 90 days is estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology based on current market rates and adjusted for associated credit risks, as appropriate. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased are each classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Long-Term Debt. The fair value of FHLB advances and long-term debt is estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology in which discount rates are matched with the time period of the expected cash flows and adjusted for associated credit risks, as appropriate. FHLB advances and long-term debt are each classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts, estimated fair values, and classifications within the fair value hierarchy of selected financial instruments:


	December 31,
	2025				2024
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Assets:
Level 1
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,449,525	$	2,449,525	$	2,074,434	$	2,074,434
Level 2
Held-to-maturity investment securities, net	7,969,575		7,168,583		8,444,191		7,453,123
Level 3
Loans and leases, net	55,877,699		54,892,526		51,815,602		50,245,305

Liabilities:
Level 2
Deposit liabilities	$	60,189,495	$	60,189,495	$	56,518,126	$	56,518,126
Time deposits	8,570,318		8,553,998		8,234,954		8,211,582
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased	596,738		596,872		344,168		344,166
FHLB advances	2,980,718		2,978,201		2,110,108		2,107,790
Long-term debt (1)	739,454		791,945		909,185		860,200