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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)

☐ | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) or (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 001-35505
Brookfield Property Partners L.P.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Bermuda
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

73 Front Street, 5th Floor, Hamilton, HM 12 Bermuda

(Address of principal executive office)
Bryan K. Davis
Brookfield Property Partners L.P.
73 Front Street, 5th Floor
Hamilton, HM 12, Bermuda
Tel: +441-294-3309

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
6.50% Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 1 |  | BPYPP |  | Nasdaq Stock Market
6.375% Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 2 |  | BPYPO |  | Nasdaq Stock Market
5.750% Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 3 |  | BPYPN |  | Nasdaq Stock Market
6.25% Class A Cumulative Redeemable Units, Series 1 |  | BPYPM /BPYP.PR.A |  | Nasdaq Stock Market / Toronto Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.
None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: As of December 31, 2022, there were outstanding 7,360,000 6.50% Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 1, 10,000,000 6.375% Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 2, 11,500,000 5.750% Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 3, and 26,844,556 6.25% Class A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Units, Series 1.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ¨ | No x

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ¨ | No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x | No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes x | No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ¨ | Accelerated filer ¨ | Non-accelerated Filer x | Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ¨

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ¨ | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board | ☒ | Other ¨

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

Item 17 ¨ | Item 18 ¨

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ¨ | No ☒

Table of Contents

|  | Page
INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CERTAIN TERMS | 7
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | 10
PART I |  | 11
ITEM 1. | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 11
ITEM 2. | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE | 11
ITEM 3. | KEY INFORMATION | 11
3.A. | [RESERVED] | 11
3.B. | CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS | 11
3.C. | REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 11
3.D. | RISK FACTORS | 11
ITEM 4. | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY | 40
4.A. | HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY | 40
4.B. | BUSINESS OVERVIEW | 41

4.C. | ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE | 47
4.D. | PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT | 51
ITEM 4A. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 51
ITEM 5. | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS | 52
5.A. | OPERATING RESULTS | 52
5.B. | LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES | 82
5.C. | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC. | 86
5.D. | TREND INFORMATION | 86
5.E. | CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES | 87
ITEM 6. | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES | 87
6.A. | DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT | 87
6.B. | COMPENSATION | 89
6.C. | BOARD PRACTICES | 89
6.D. | EMPLOYEES | 92
6.E. | SHARE OWNERSHIP | 92
6.F | DISCLOSURE OF A REGISTRANT’S ACTION TO RECOVER ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION | 92
ITEM 7. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 93
7.A. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS | 93
7.B. | RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 93
7.C. | INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL | 104
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 104
8.A. | CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 104
8.B. | SIGNIFICANT CHANGES | 104

- 4 -

ITEM 9. | THE OFFER AND LISTING | 104
9.A. | OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS | 104
9.B. | PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION | 104
9.C. | MARKETS | 104
9.D. | SELLING SHAREHOLDERS | 104
9.E. | DILUTION | 105
9.F. | EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE | 105
ITEM 10. | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 105
10.A. | SHARE CAPITAL | 105
10.B. | MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION | 105
10.C. | MATERIAL CONTRACTS | 127
10.D. | EXCHANGE CONTROLS | 129
10.E. | TAXATION | 129
10.F. | DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS | 148
10.G. | STATEMENT BY EXPERTS | 148
10.H | DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY | 148
10.I. | SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION | 149
ITEM 11. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 149
ITEM 12. | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES | 149
PART II |  | 149
ITEM 13. | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES | 149
ITEM 14. | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 149
ITEM 15. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 149

- 5 -

ITEM 16. | [RESERVED] | 150
16A. | AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERTS | 150
16B. | CODE OF ETHICS | 150
16C. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 150
16D. | EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES | 151
16E. | PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS | 151
16F. | CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT | 151
16G. | CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 151
16H. | MINING SAFETY DISCLOSURE | 151
16I. | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 182
PART III |  | 152
ITEM 17. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 152
ITEM 18. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 152
ITEM 19. | EXHIBITS | 152
SIGNATURES | 155
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | F-1

- 6 -

INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CERTAIN TERMS
We have prepared this Form 20-F using a number of conventions, which you should consider when reading the information contained herein. Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, in this Form 20-F:
•all operating and other statistical information is presented as if we own 100% of each property in our portfolio, regardless of whether we own all of the interests in each property; and
•all information on financial results is presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), other than certain non-IFRS financial measures which are defined under “Use of Non-IFRS Measures” below.
In this Form 20-F, unless the context suggests otherwise, references to “we”, “us” and “our” are to Brookfield Property Partners L.P., the Property Partnership, the Holding Entities and the operating entities, each as defined below, taken together on a consolidated basis. Unless the context suggests otherwise, in this Form 20-F references to:
•“AO LTIP Units” are to the BPY AO LTIP Units of the Property Partnership;
•“Asset Management Company” are to Brookfield Asset Management ULC, which is owned 75%, directly and indirectly, by Brookfield Corporation and 25% by Brookfield Asset Management;
•“assets under management” are to assets managed by us or by Brookfield on behalf of our third-party investors, as well as our own assets, and also include capital commitments that have not yet been drawn. Our calculation of assets under management may differ from that employed by other asset managers and, as a result, this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers;
•“BN” are to Brookfield Corporation;
•“BPYU” are to Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC, formerly known as Brookfield Property REIT Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of our company;
•“BPYU Units” are to the shares of Class A Stock of BPYU;
•“BPY General Partner” are to the general partner of our company, which is Brookfield Property Partners Limited, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation;
•“Brookfield” are to Brookfield Corporation (formerly Brookfield Asset Management Inc.) and any subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation, other than us and, unless the context otherwise requires, includes Brookfield Asset Management;
•“Brookfield Asset Management” or “BAM” or “the Manager” are to Brookfield Asset Management Ltd.;
•“Class A Preferred Unitholder” are to the third-party holder of the Class A Preferred Units;
•“Class A Preferred Units” are to the Class A preferred limited partnership units of the Property Partnership, Series 1, 2 and 3, that were exchangeable for LP Units of our company pursuant to the Preferred Unit Exchange Mechanism;
•“commercial property” or “commercial properties” are to commercial and other real property that generates or has the potential to generate income, including office, retail, multifamily, logistics, hospitality, triple net lease, manufactured housing, mixed-use and student housing, but does not include, among other things, residential land development, home building, construction, real estate advisory and other similar operations or services;
•“fully-exchanged basis” assume the exchange of certain issued and outstanding securities that are exchangeable into LP Units, including the exchange of the issued and outstanding Redemption-Exchange Units in accordance with the Redemption-Exchange Mechanism;
•“FV LTIP Units” are to the FV LTIP Units of the Property Partnership;
•“Guarantee” means the subordinated guarantee given by the Guarantors with respect to the New LP Preferred Units and certain related obligations;
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•“Guarantors” means our partnership, the Property Partnership, Brookfield BPY Holdings Inc., Brookfield BPY Retail Holdings II Inc., BPY Bermuda Holdings Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings II Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings IV Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings V Limited and BPY Bermuda Holdings VI Limited;
•“Holding Entities” are to the primary holding subsidiaries of the Property Partnership, from time to time, through which it indirectly holds all of our interests in our operating entities;
•“LP Units” are to the non-voting limited partnership units of our company, other than Preferred Units;
•“Master Services Agreement” are to the third amended and restated master services agreement among the Service Recipients, the Service Providers, and certain other subsidiaries of Brookfield who are parties thereto, as may be amended from time to time;
•“New LP” means Brookfield Property Preferred L.P.;
•“New LP General Partner” are to the general partner of New LP, which is the Property Partnership, whose managing general partners is BPY, whose general partner is Brookfield Property Partners Limited, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation;
•“New LP Preferred Units” are to the Class A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Units, Series 1 of Brookfield Property Preferred L.P.;
•“New LP Preferred Unitholders” are to the holders of New LP Preferred Units;
•“operating entities” are to the entities in which the Holding Entities hold interests and that directly or indirectly hold our real estate assets or that perform real estate management services for our real estate assets other than entities in which the Holding Entities hold interests for investment purposes only of less than 5% of the equity securities;
•“our business” are to our business of owning, operating and investing in commercial property, both directly and through our operating entities;
•“our company”, “BPY” or “our partnership” are to Brookfield Property Partners L.P., a Bermuda exempted limited partnership;
•“our limited partnership agreement” are to the second amended and restated limited partnership agreement of our company;
•“our portfolio” are to the commercial property assets in our Core Office, Core Retail and LP Investments segments, as applicable;
•“our preferred unitholders” are to the holders of Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units;
•“our units” are to the non-voting limited partnership units in our company, including LP Units and Preferred Units and references to “our unitholders” are to the holders of our units. References to “Unitholders” are to holders of general partnership units of our partnership (“GP Units”), LP Units, Redemption-Exchange Units, special limited partnership units of the Property Partnership (“Special LP Units”), AO LTIP Units and FV LTIP Units;
•“Preferred Units” or “Preferred Equity Units” are to the preferred limited partnership units in the capital of BPY, currently consisting of the Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 1 (“Preferred Units, Series 1”), the Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 2 (“Preferred Units, Series 2”), and the Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 3 (“Preferred Units, Series 3”);
•“Preferred Unit Exchange Mechanism” are to the mechanism by which the Class A Preferred Unitholder may exchange the Class A Preferred Units, as more fully described in Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement - Preferred Unit-Exchange Mechanism”;
•“Preferred Unitholders” are to the holders of Preferred Units;
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•“Privatization” means the acquisition by Brookfield Corporation on July 26, 2021 of all LP Units and limited partnership units of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP (“Exchange LP”) Units that it did not previously own;
•“Property Partnership” or the “Operating Partnership” are to Brookfield Property L.P., a Bermuda exempted limited partnership;
•“Property Partnership Preferred Units” are to the preferred limited partnership units of the Property Partnership, currently consisting of the Class A Preferred Units and the Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 5, 6 and 7;
•“Property Special LP” are to Brookfield Property Special L.P., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Asset Management Company, which is the sole special limited partner of the Property Partnership;
•“Redemption-Exchange Mechanism” are to the mechanism by which Brookfield may request redemption of its Redemption-Exchange Units in whole or in part in exchange for cash, subject to the right of our company to acquire such interests (in lieu of such redemption) in exchange for LP Units of our company, as more fully described in Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement - Redemption-Exchange Mechanism”;
•“Redemption-Exchange Units” or “Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units” are to the non-voting limited partnership interests in the Property Partnership that are redeemable for cash, subject to the right of our company to acquire such interests (in lieu of such redemption) in exchange for LP Units of our company, pursuant to the Redemption-Exchange Mechanism;
•“Service Providers” are to the subsidiaries of Brookfield Asset Management that provide services to us pursuant to our Master Services Agreement, and unless the context otherwise requires, any other affiliate of Brookfield that is appointed from time to time to act as a service provider pursuant to our Master Services Agreement or to whom any Service Provider has subcontracted for the provision of such services;
•“Service Recipients” are to our company, the Property Partnership, the Holding Entities and, at the option of the Holding Entities, any wholly-owned subsidiary of a Holding Entity excluding any operating entity; and
•“Spin-off” are to the special dividend of LP Units by Brookfield Corporation on April 15, 2013 as described under Item 4.A. “Information on the Company - History and Development of the Company”.
Financial Information
The financial information contained in this Form 20-F is presented in U.S. Dollars and, unless otherwise indicated, has been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Amounts in “$” are to U.S. Dollars and amounts in Canadian Dollars (“C$”), Australian Dollars (“A$”), British Pounds (“£”), Euros (“€”), Brazilian Reais (“R$”), Indian Rupees (“₨”), Chinese Yuan (“C¥”), South Korean Won (“₩”) and United Arab Emirates Dirham (“AED”) are identified where applicable.
Use of Non-IFRS Measures
To measure our performance, we focus on net operating income (“NOI”), funds from operations (“FFO”), Company FFO (“CFFO”) and equity attributable to Unitholders. These performance metrics do not have standardized meanings prescribed by IFRS as issued by the IASB and therefore may differ from similar metrics used by other companies. We define each of these measures as described under Item 5.A. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Non-IFRS Financial Measures”.
Under Item 5.A. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Operating Results - Reconciliation of Non-IFRS Measures”, we provide a reconciliation to net income (loss) for the periods presented. We urge you to review the IFRS financial measures in this Form 20-F, including the financial statements, the notes thereto and the other financial information contained herein, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our company.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Form 20-F contains “forward-looking information” within the meaning of applicable securities laws and regulations. Forward-looking statements include statements that are predictive in nature, depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, include statements regarding our operations, business, financial condition, expected financial results, performance, prospects, opportunities, priorities, targets, goals, ongoing objectives, strategies and outlook, as well as the outlook for North American and international economies for the current fiscal year and subsequent periods, and include words such as “expects”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “believes”, “estimates”, “seeks”, “intends”, “targets”, “projects”, “forecasts”, “likely”, or negative versions thereof and other similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “would” and “could”.
Although we believe that our anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements and information are based upon reasonable assumptions and expectations, the reader should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements and information because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from anticipated future results, performance or achievement expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements and information.
Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated or implied by forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: risks incidental to the ownership and operation of real estate properties including local real estate conditions; the impact or unanticipated impact of general economic, political and market factors in the countries in which we do business; the ability to enter into new leases or renew leases on favorable terms; business competition; dependence on tenants’ financial condition; the use of debt to finance our business; the behavior of financial markets, including fluctuations in interest and foreign exchanges rates; uncertainties of real estate development or redevelopment; global equity and capital markets and the availability of equity and debt financing and refinancing within these markets; risks relating to our insurance coverage; risks relating to trends in the office real estate industry including employee work-from-home arrangements; the possible impact of international conflicts and other developments including terrorist acts; potential environmental liabilities; changes in tax laws and other tax related risks; dependence on management personnel; illiquidity of investments; the ability to complete and effectively integrate acquisitions into existing operations and the ability to attain expected benefits therefrom; operational and reputational risks; risks related to climate change; catastrophic events, such as earthquakes, hurricanes or pandemics/epidemics; and other risks and factors detailed from time to time in our documents filed with the securities regulators in Canada and the United States, as applicable.
We caution that the foregoing list of important factors that may affect future results is not exhaustive. When relying on our forward-looking statements or information, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements or information, whether written or oral, that may be as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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PART I
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT, AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
3.A.
[Reserved]
3.B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS
Not applicable.
3.C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not applicable.
3.D. RISK FACTORS
The following summarizes some, but not all, of the risks provided below. You should carefully consider the following factors in addition to the other information set forth in this Form 20-F. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations and the value of our units and the New LP Preferred Units would likely suffer.
Risks Relating to Our Business
•Risks relating to the risks incidental to the ownership and operation of real estate assets.
•Risks relating to changes in our credit rating, current and future indebtedness, refinancing risks and compliance with restrictive covenants.
•Risks relating to reliance on significant tenants and tenant defaults, bankruptcies or insolvencies.
•Risks relating to our ability to renew or enter into new leases with tenants for space that is subject to expiring leases.
•Risks relating to force majeure events, uninsurable losses and higher insurance premiums.
•Risks relating to trends in the office real estate industry, including employees working from home, flexible work schedules, open workspaces, video conferences and teleconferences.
•Risks relating to the factors that affect the retail environment, including unemployment, weak income growth, lack of available consumer credit, industry slowdowns, increased consumer debt, poor housing market conditions and the need to pay down existing obligations.
•Risks relating to business disruptions and the performance of our information technology systems.
•Risks relating to businesses and properties that we are invested in, either solely or in connection with co-venturers, partners, fund investors or co-tenants.
•Risks relating to disputes, governmental and regulatory policies and investigations and possible litigation.
•Risks relating to climate change and its impact on our operations and markets.
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• Risks relating to the phasing out of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”).
Risks Relating to Us and Our Structure
•Risks relating to our reliance on the Property Partnership and, indirectly, the Holding Entities and our operating entities to provide us with funds.
Risks Relating to Our Relationship with Brookfield
•Risks relating to our dependence on Brookfield and the Service Providers, and conflicts of interests therewith.
•Risks relating to our inability to have access to all investment opportunities that Brookfield identifies.
•Risks relating to the departure of some or all of Brookfield’s professionals.
•Risks relating to Brookfield’s 100% ownership of our LP Units.
•Risks relating to the significantly limited fiduciary obligations imposed on Brookfield to act in the best interests of our preferred unitholders or our best interest.
•Risks relating to our inability to terminate the Master Services Agreement.
•Risks relating to our indemnification of the Service Providers.
Risks Relating to Our Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units
•Risks relating to redemption of our Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units.
•Risks related to the issuance of additional Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units.
•Risks related to the payment and priority of payment of distributions of our Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units.
•Risks related to the ratings, extremely limited voting rights, and transferability of our Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units.
Risks Relating to Taxation
•Risks related to United States, Canadian and Bermudan taxation, and the effects thereof on our business and operations.
Risks Relating to Our Business
Our economic performance and the value of our assets are subject to the risks incidental to the ownership and operation of real estate assets.
Our economic performance, the value of our assets and, therefore, the value of our units and the New LP Preferred Units are subject to the risks normally associated with the ownership and operation of real estate assets, including but not limited to:
•downturns and trends in the national, regional and local economic conditions where our properties and other assets are located;
•the cyclical nature of the real estate industry;
•local real estate market conditions, such as an oversupply of commercial properties, including space available by sublease, or a reduction in demand for such properties;
•changes in interest rates and the availability of financing;
•competition from other properties;
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•changes in market rental rates and our ability to rent space on favorable terms;
•the bankruptcy, insolvency, credit deterioration or other default of our tenants;
•the need to periodically renovate, repair and re-lease space and the costs thereof;
•increases in maintenance, insurance and operating costs;
•civil disturbances, earthquakes and other natural disasters, pandemics or terrorist acts or acts of war, or firearm-related violence which may result in uninsured or underinsured losses;
•the decrease in the attractiveness of our properties to tenants;
•the decrease in the underlying value of our properties; and
•certain significant expenditures, including property taxes, maintenance costs, mortgage payments, insurance costs and related charges that must be made regardless of whether a property is producing sufficient income to service these expenses.
We are dependent upon the economic conditions of the markets where our assets are located.
We are affected by local, regional, national and international economic conditions and other events and occurrences that affect the markets in which we own assets. Some key impacts of general economic turmoil include contraction in credit markets resulting in a widening of credit spreads, devaluations and enhanced volatility in global equity, commodity and foreign exchange markets and a general lack of market liquidity. A slowdown in the financial markets or other key measures of the global economy or the local economies of the regions in which we operate, including, but not limited to, employment rates, business conditions, inflation, fuel and energy costs, commodity prices, lack of available credit, the state of the financial markets, interest rates and tax rates may adversely affect our growth and profitability.
A protracted decline in economic conditions will cause downward pressure on our operating margins and asset values as a result of lower demand for space. A prolonged downturn in the markets in which we operate would result in reduced demand for space and number of prospective tenants and will affect the ability of our properties to generate significant revenue.
Adverse changes in economic conditions will also make it more challenging to forecast our operating results and make business decisions, including regarding prioritization of investments in our business. An economic downturn or increased uncertainty may also materially impact revenues, profits and cash flow; volatile energy, commodity input and consumables prices and currency exchange rates could materially impact costs; and poor local or regional economic conditions could materially impact the level of traffic to our properties. An economic downturn would also lead to higher borrowing costs or reduced availability of capital markets, reduced liquidity, adverse impacts on our service providers, failures of counterparties including financial institutions and insurers, asset impairments and declines in the value of our financial instruments. The devaluation and volatility of global stock markets could also materially impact the valuation of our units.
We are subject to interest rate risk and the rise in interest rates has and will continue to adversely affect us and the value of an investment in our units, the New LP Preferred Units and our operational cash flows.
A number of our assets are interest rate sensitive: increases in long-term interest rates will, absent all else, increase our interest rate expense, impacting profitability, and decrease the value of these assets by reducing the present value of the cash flows expected to be produced by the asset. An increase in interest rates could decrease the amount buyers may be willing to pay for our properties, thereby reducing the market value of our properties and limiting our ability to sell properties or to obtain mortgage financing secured by our properties. Further, increased interest rates may effectively increase the cost of properties we acquire to the extent we utilize leverage for those acquisitions and may result in a reduction in our acquisitions to the extent we reduce the amount we offer to pay for properties, due to the effect of increased interest rates, to a price that sellers may not accept. Although interest rates have remained at relatively low levels on a historical basis, in many jurisdictions in which we operate, a period of sharply rising interest rates may cause certain market dislocations that could negatively impact our financial performance, increase the cost of debt financing and thereby negatively impact the ability of our managed assets to obtain attractive financing or refinancing and could increase the cost of such financing if obtained. Interest rate increases would impact the amount of revenue generated by our managed assets and may lead to an increase in the amount of cash required to service our obligations. Although we attempt to manage interest rate risk, there can be no assurance that we will hedge such exposure
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effectively or at all in the future. Accordingly, increases in interest rates above that which we anticipate based upon historical trends would adversely affect our cash flows.
We face risks associated with the use of debt to finance our business, including refinancing risk.
We incur debt in the ordinary course of our business and therefore are subject to the risks associated with debt financing. The risks associated with our debt financing, including the following, may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations:
•cash flows may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest;
•payments of principal and interest on borrowings may leave insufficient cash resources to pay operating expenses;
•we may not be able to refinance indebtedness on our properties at maturity due to business and market factors, including: disruptions in the capital and credit markets (including the rise in interest rates); the estimated cash flows of our properties and other assets; the value of our properties and other assets; and financial, competitive, business and other factors, including factors beyond our control; and
•if refinanced, the terms of a refinancing may not be as favorable as the original terms of the related indebtedness.
Our operating entities have a significant degree of leverage on their assets. Highly leveraged assets are inherently more sensitive to declines in revenues, increases in expenses and interest rates, and adverse market conditions. A leveraged company’s income and net assets also tend to increase or decrease at a greater rate than would otherwise be the case if money had not been borrowed. As a result, the risk of loss associated with a leveraged company, all other things being equal, is generally greater than for companies with comparatively less debt. Leverage may also result in a requirement for liquidity, which may force the sale of assets at times of low demand and/or prices for such assets and may adversely affect our ability to make distributions or payments to our preferred unitholders and lenders.
We rely on our operating entities to provide our company with the funds necessary to make distributions on our units and the New LP Preferred Units as well as to meet our financial obligations. The leverage on our assets may affect the funds available to our company if the terms of the debt impose restrictions on the ability of our operating entities to make distributions to our company. In addition, our operating entities generally have to service their debt obligations before making distributions to our company or their parent entity. The Property Partnership is also required to make distributions to preferred unitholders before making distributions to us.
We are subject to foreign currency risk and our risk management activities may adversely affect the performance of our operations.
Some of our assets and operations are in countries where the U.S. Dollar is not the functional currency. These operations pay distributions in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar which we must convert to U.S. Dollars prior to making distributions on our units and the New LP Preferred Units. A significant depreciation in the value of such foreign currencies may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
When managing our exposure to such market risks, we may use forward contracts, options, swaps, caps, collars and floors or pursue other strategies or use other forms of derivative instruments. The success of any hedging or other derivative transactions that we enter into generally will depend on our ability to structure contracts that appropriately offset our risk position. As a result, while we may enter into such transactions in order to reduce our exposure to market risks, unanticipated market changes may result in poorer overall investment performance than if the transaction had not been executed. Such transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the value of a hedged position increases.
We are subject to risks relating to liquidity requirements.
Our partnership has significant liquidity requirements. Adverse market and economic conditions may negatively impact the sources of liquidity necessary or desirable to effectively operate our business. Reduced or restricted liquidity could impact our ability to continue to grow and expand our business, diversify our assets promptly in response to changing economic or investment conditions, fund our capital commitments, deleverage our portfolio and make cash distributions. Our liquidity is substantially dependent on the pace and size of investments and realizations in our LP Investments segment. Large commercial properties like the ones that we own can be hard to sell, especially if local market conditions are poor. Additionally, financial difficulties of other property owners resulting in distressed sales could depress real estate values in the markets in which we
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operate in times of illiquidity. These restrictions reduce our ability to respond to changes in the performance of our assets and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in our credit ratings may have an adverse effect on our financial position and ability to raise capital.
We cannot assure you that any credit rating assigned to our partnership, any of our subsidiaries or any of our subsidiaries’ securities will remain in effect for any given period of time or that any rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by the relevant rating agency. A lowering or withdrawal of such ratings may have an adverse effect on our financial position and ability to raise capital.
We face potential adverse effects from tenant defaults, bankruptcies or insolvencies.
A commercial tenant may experience a downturn in its business, which could cause the loss of that tenant as a tenant or weaken its financial condition and result in its inability to make rental payments when due or, for retail tenants, a reduction in percentage rent payable. If a tenant defaults, we may experience delays and incur costs in enforcing our rights as landlord and protecting our investments.
We cannot evict a tenant solely because of its bankruptcy. In addition, in certain jurisdictions where we own properties, a court may authorize a tenant to reject and terminate its lease. In such a case, our claim against the tenant for unpaid, future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent owed under the lease. In any event, it is unlikely that a bankrupt or insolvent tenant will pay the full amount it owes under a lease. The loss of rental payments from tenants and costs of re-leasing would adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations. In the case of our retail properties, the bankruptcy or insolvency of an anchor tenant or tenant with stores at many of our properties would cause us to suffer lower revenues and operational difficulties, including difficulties leasing the remainder of the property. In addition, the loss of a significant tenant (particularly if related to one of our signature projects, or if otherwise widely publicized) could cause harm to our reputation. Significant expenses associated with each property, such as mortgage payments, real estate taxes and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the property. In the event of a significant number of lease defaults and/or tenant bankruptcies, our cash flows may not be sufficient to pay cash distributions to our preferred unitholders and repay maturing debt or other obligations.
Our inability to enter into renewal or new leases with tenants on favorable terms or at all for all or a substantial portion of space that is subject to expiring leases would adversely affect our cash flows and operating results.
Our properties generate revenue through rental payments made by tenants of the properties. Upon the expiry of any lease, there can be no assurance that the lease will be renewed or the tenant replaced. The terms of any renewal or replacement lease may be less favorable to us than the existing lease. We would be adversely affected, in particular, if any major tenant ceases to be a tenant and cannot be replaced on similar or better terms or at all. Additionally, we may not be able to lease our properties to an appropriate mix of tenants. Retail tenants may negotiate leases containing exclusive rights to sell particular types of merchandise or services within a particular retail property. These provisions may limit the number and types of prospective tenants for the vacant space in such properties.
Our competitors may adversely affect our ability to lease our properties which may cause our cash flows and operating results to suffer.
Each segment of the real estate industry is competitive. Numerous other developers, managers and owners of commercial properties compete with us in seeking tenants and, in the case of our multifamily properties, there are numerous housing alternatives which compete with our properties in attracting residents. Some of the properties of our competitors may be newer, better located or better capitalized. These competing properties may have vacancy rates higher than our properties, which may result in their owners being willing to make space available at lower prices than the space in our properties, particularly if there is an oversupply of space available in the market. Competition for tenants could have an adverse effect on our ability to lease our properties and on the rents that we may charge or concessions that we must grant, which may cause our cash flows and operating results to suffer.
Our ability to realize our strategies and capitalize on our competitive strengths are dependent on the ability of our operating entities to effectively operate our large group of commercial properties, maintain good relationships with tenants, and remain well-capitalized, and our failure to do any of the foregoing would affect our ability to compete effectively in the markets in which we do business.
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Our insurance may not cover some potential losses or may not be obtainable at commercially reasonable rates, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We maintain insurance on our properties in amounts and with deductibles that we believe are in line with what owners of similar properties carry; however, our insurance may not cover some potential losses or may not be obtainable at commercially reasonable rates in the future.
There also are certain types of risks (such as war, environmental contamination such as toxic mold, and lease and other contract claims) that are either uninsurable or not economically insurable. Should any uninsured or underinsured loss occur, we could lose our investment in, and anticipated profits and cash flows from, one or more properties, and we would continue to be obligated to repay any recourse mortgage indebtedness on such properties.
Possible terrorist activity and physical security issues could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and our insurance may not cover some losses due to such activities or may not be obtainable at commercially reasonable rates.
Possible terrorist attacks and physical security issues in the markets where our properties are located may result in declining economic activity, which could reduce the demand for space at our properties, reduce the value of our properties and harm the demand for goods and services offered by our tenants.
Additionally, terrorist activities and physical security issues could directly affect the value of our properties through damage, destruction or loss. Our Core Office portfolio is concentrated in large metropolitan areas, some of which have been or may be perceived to be subject to terrorist attacks. Many of our office properties consist of high-rise buildings, which may also be subject to this actual or perceived threat. Our retail properties in our Core Retail portfolio could be subject to actual or perceived threat of mass shootings and other firearm-related violence. Our insurance may not cover some losses due to such activities or may not be obtainable at commercially reasonable rates.
We may be adversely affected by trends in the office real estate industry.
Some businesses increasingly permit employee work from home, flexible work schedules, open workplaces, videoconferences and teleconferences and sustained hesitancy regarding return-to-office following COVID-19 related shutdowns could limit the amount of office leasing we are able to execute. There is also an increasing trend of businesses utilizing shared office and co-working spaces. These practices enable businesses to reduce their space requirements. These trends could over time erode the overall demand for office space and, in turn, place downward pressure on occupancy, rental rates and property valuations. A reduced demand for office space could have an adverse impact on our business, cash flow, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to risks that affect the retail environment.
We are subject to risks that affect the retail environment, including unemployment, weak income growth, inflation, lack of available consumer credit, industry slowdowns and plant closures, low consumer confidence, increased consumer debt, poor housing market conditions, adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and the need to pay down existing obligations. Any of these factors could negatively affect consumer spending and adversely affect the sales of our retail tenants. This could have an unfavorable effect on our operations and our ability to attract new retail tenants.
In addition, our retail tenants face competition from retailers at other regional malls, outlet malls and other discount shopping centers, discount shopping clubs, catalogue companies, and through internet sales and telemarketing. Competition of these types could reduce the percentage rent payable by certain retail tenants and adversely affect our revenues and cash flows. Additionally, our retail tenants are dependent on perceptions by retailers and shoppers of the safety, convenience and attractiveness of our retail properties. If retailers and shoppers perceive competing properties and other retailing options such as the internet to be more convenient or of a higher quality, our revenues may be adversely affected.
Some of our retail lease agreements include a co-tenancy provision which allows the mall tenant to pay a reduced rent amount and, in certain instances, terminate the lease, if we fail to maintain certain occupancy levels at the mall. In addition, certain of our tenants have the ability to terminate their leases prior to the lease expiration date if their sales do not meet agreed upon thresholds. Therefore, if occupancy, tenancy or sales fall below certain thresholds, rents we are entitled to receive from our retail tenants would be reduced and our ability to attract new tenants may be limited.
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The computation of cost reimbursements from our retail tenants for common area maintenance, insurance and real estate taxes is complex and involves numerous judgments including interpretation of lease terms and other tenant lease provisions. Most tenants make monthly fixed payments of common area maintenance, insurance, real estate taxes and other cost reimbursements and, after the end of the calendar year, we compute each tenant’s final cost reimbursements and issue a bill or credit for the full amount, after considering amounts paid by the tenant during the year. The billed amounts could be disputed by the tenant or become the subject of a tenant audit or even litigation. There can be no assurance that we will collect all or any portion of these amounts.
A business disruption may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is vulnerable to damages from any number of sources, including computer viruses, unauthorized access, energy blackouts, natural disasters, pandemics, terrorism, war and telecommunication failures. Any system failure or accident that causes interruptions in our operations could result in a material disruption to our business. If we are unable to recover from a business disruption on a timely basis, our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. We may also incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to risks associated with pandemics, epidemics and other public health emergencies, including COVID-19.
Our business could be exposed to effects of pandemics/epidemics such as COVID-19 (including the emergence and progression of new variants), which could materially adversely impact our operations.
A local, regional, national or international outbreak of a contagious disease, such as COVID-19, which spread across the globe at a rapid pace impacting global commercial activity and travel, or future public health crises, epidemics or pandemics, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition due to disruptions to commerce, reduced economic activity and other unforeseen consequences that are beyond our control.
The ongoing prevalence of COVID-19, the emergence and progression of new variants and the actions taken in response to COVID-19 by government authorities across various geographies in which we and our businesses operate have interrupted business activities and supply chains, disrupted travel, contributed to significant volatility in the financial markets, impacted social conditions and adversely affected local, regional, national and international economic conditions as well as the labor market. There can be no assurance that strategies that we employ to address potential disruptions in operations will mitigate the adverse impacts of any of these factors.
The longer-term economic impacts of COVID-19 will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, constantly evolving and difficult to predict. These developments may include the risk of new and potentially more severe variant strains of COVID-19. Additional actions that may be taken to contain COVID-19, such as reimposing previously lifted measures or putting in place additional restrictions, depending on their nature, duration and intensity, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Also, the pace, availability, distribution, acceptance and effectiveness of vaccines may affect the impact of the variant strains on our business.
In addition, the potential effects of COVID-19 on our employees or the employees of our operating companies or other companies with which we and they do business could disrupt our business operations. The effectiveness of external parties, including governmental and non-governmental organizations, in combating the spread and severity of the pandemic could have a material impact on the adverse effects we experience. These events, which are beyond our control, could cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations in any period and, depending on their severity, could also materially and adversely affect our financial condition.
The failure of our information technology systems, or an act of deliberate cyber terrorism, could adversely impact our reputation and financial performance.
We operate in businesses that are dependent on information systems and technology. Our information systems and technology may not continue to be able to accommodate our growth, and the cost of maintaining such systems may increase from its current level, either of which could have a material adverse effect on us.
We rely on third-party service providers to manage certain aspects of our business, including for certain information systems and technology, data processing systems, and the secure processing, storage and transmission of information. Any interruption or deterioration in the performance of these third parties or failures of their information systems and technology could impair the quality of our operations and could adversely affect our business and reputation.
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We rely on certain information technology systems which may be subject to cyber terrorism intended to obtain unauthorized access to our proprietary information, destroy data or disable, degrade or sabotage our systems, through the introduction of computer viruses, cyber-attacks and other means, and could originate from a variety of sources including our own employees or unknown third parties. Any such breach or compromise could also go undetected for an extended period. There can be no assurance that measures implemented to protect the integrity of our systems will provide adequate protection or enable us to detect and remedy any such breaches or compromises in a timely manner or at all. If our information systems are compromised, we could suffer a disruption in one or more of our businesses. This could have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations or result in reputational damage.
We face risks associated with property acquisitions.
Competition from other well-capitalized real estate investors, including both publicly traded real estate investment trusts and institutional investment funds, may significantly increase the purchase price of, or prevent us from acquiring, a desired property. Acquisition agreements will typically contain conditions to closing, including completion of due diligence to our satisfaction or other conditions that are not within our control, which may not be satisfied. Acquired properties may be located in new markets where we may have limited knowledge and understanding of the local economy, an absence of business relationships in the area or unfamiliarity with local government and applicable laws and regulations. We may be unable to finance acquisitions on favorable terms or newly acquired properties may fail to perform as expected. We may underestimate the costs necessary to bring an acquired property up to standards established for its intended market position or we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate new acquisitions into our existing operations. We may also acquire properties subject to liabilities and without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities. Each of these factors could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
We do not have sole control over the properties that we own with co-venturers, partners, fund investors or co-tenants or over the revenues and certain decisions associated with those properties, which may limit our flexibility with respect to these investments.
We participate in joint ventures, partnerships, funds and co-tenancies affecting many of our properties. Such investments involve risks not present were a third party not involved, including the possibility that our co-venturers, partners, fund investors or co-tenants might become bankrupt or otherwise fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. The bankruptcy of one of our co-venturers, partners, fund investors or co-tenants could materially and adversely affect the relevant property or properties. Pursuant to bankruptcy laws, we could be precluded from taking some actions affecting the estate of the other investor without prior court approval which would, in most cases, entail prior notice to other parties and a hearing. At a minimum, the requirement to obtain court approval may delay the actions we would or might want to take. If the relevant joint venture or other investment entity has incurred recourse obligations, the discharge in bankruptcy of one of the other investors might result in our ultimate liability for a greater portion of those obligations than would otherwise be required.
Additionally, our co-venturers, partners, fund investors or co-tenants might at any time have economic or other business interests or goals that are inconsistent with those of our company, and we could become engaged in a dispute with any of them that might affect our ability to develop or operate a property. In addition, we do not have sole control of certain major decisions relating to these properties, including decisions relating to: the sale of the properties; refinancing; timing and amount of distributions of cash from such properties; and capital improvements. For example, when we invest in Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds, there is often a finite term to the fund’s investments which could lead to certain investments being sold prior to the date we would otherwise choose.
In some instances, where we are the property manager for a joint venture, the joint venture retains joint approval rights over various material matters such as the budget for the property, specific leases and our leasing plan. Moreover, in certain property management arrangements the other venturer can terminate the property management agreement in limited circumstances relating to enforcement of the property manager’s obligations. In addition, the sale or transfer of interests in some of our joint ventures and partnerships is subject to rights of first refusal or first offer and some joint venture and partnership agreements provide for buy-sell or similar arrangements. Such rights may be triggered at a time when we may not want to sell but we may be forced to do so because we may not have the financial resources at that time to purchase the other party’s interest. Such rights may also inhibit our ability to sell an interest in a property or a joint venture or partnership within our desired time frame or on any other desired basis.
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We have significant interests in Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds, and poor investment returns in these funds could have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
We have significant interests in Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds, and poor investment returns in these funds, due to either market conditions or underperformance (relative to their competitors or to benchmarks), could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, interests in such funds are subject to the risks inherent in the ownership and operation of real estate and real estate-related businesses and assets generally.
We are subject to possible health and safety and environmental liabilities and other possible liabilities.
As an owner of real property, we are subject to various laws relating to environmental matters. We could be liable under these laws for the costs of removal and remediation of certain hazardous substances or wastes present in our buildings, released or deposited on or in our properties or disposed of at other locations. These costs could be significant and reduce the cash available for our business which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The failure to remove or remediate such substances could adversely affect our ability to sell our properties or our ability to borrow using real estate as collateral and could potentially result in claims or other proceedings against us, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Environmental laws and regulations can change rapidly and we may become subject to more stringent environmental laws and regulations in the future. Compliance with more stringent environmental laws and regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
The ownership and operation of our assets carry varying degrees of inherent risk or liability related to worker and tenant health and safety and the environment, including the risk of government imposed orders to remedy unsafe conditions and potential civil liability. Compliance with health, safety and environmental standards and the requirements set out in our licenses, permits and other approvals are important to our business. We have incurred and will continue to incur significant capital and operating expenditures to comply with health, safety and environmental standards and to obtain and comply with licenses, permits and other approvals and to assess and manage potential liability exposure. Nevertheless, we may be unsuccessful in obtaining or maintaining an important license, permit or other approval or become subject to government orders, investigations, inquiries or other proceedings (including civil claims) relating to health, safety and environmental matters. The occurrence of any of these events or any changes, additions to, or more rigorous enforcement of, health, safety and environmental standards, licenses, permits or other approvals could have a significant impact on our operations and/or result in material expenditures. As a consequence, no assurance can be given that additional environmental and health and safety issues relating to presently known or unknown matters will not require unanticipated expenditures, or result in fines, penalties or other consequences (including changes to operations) material to our business and operations.
Negative publicity could damage our reputation and business.
Our ability to attract and retain tenants, investors and employees is impacted by our reputation. Negative publicity can expose us to litigation and regulatory action could damage our reputation, adversely affect our ability to attract and retain tenants and employees, and divert management’s attention from day-to-day operations. The loss of significant tenants could also negatively impact our reputation. Significant harm to our reputation can also arise from employee misconduct, unethical behavior, environmental matters, litigation or regulatory outcomes, failing to deliver minimum or required standards of safety, service and quality, compliance failures, unintended disclosure of confidential information and the activities of our tenants and counterparties, including vendors.
We may be exposed to actual or alleged fraud, bribery, corruption, other illegal acts, inadequate or failed internal processes or systems or from external events which could lead to significant losses and harm to our reputation.
We may suffer a significant loss resulting from fraud, bribery, corruption, other illegal acts, inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, or from external events, such as security threats affecting our ability to operate. We operate in different markets and rely on our employees and certain third-parties to follow our policies and processes as well as applicable laws with respect to their activities. Risk of illegal acts or failed systems is managed through our infrastructure, controls, systems, policies and people, complemented by central groups focusing on enterprise-wide management of specific operational risks such as fraud, trading, physical security, outsourcing, and business disruption, as well as personnel and systems risks. Failure to adequately manage these risks could result in direct or indirect financial loss, reputational impact, regulatory censure or failure in the management of other risks such as credit or market risk.
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We are subject to a number of privacy laws and laws and regulations governing payments and contributions to public officials or other third parties. The global focus on anti-bribery and corruption enforcement may lead to investigations, both formal and informal, in this area, the results of which cannot be predicted. Different laws that are applicable to us may contain conflicting provisions, making our compliance more difficult. The policies and procedures we have implemented to protect against non-compliance with anti-bribery and corruption legislation and privacy legislation may be inadequate. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we could be exposed to claims for damages, financial penalties, reputational harm, incarceration of our employees, restrictions on our operations and other liabilities, which could negatively affect our operating results and financial condition. In addition, we may be subject to successor liability for violations under these laws or other acts of bribery committed by companies in which we or our funds invest.
Instances of bribery, fraud, accounting irregularities and other improper, illegal or corrupt practices can be difficult to detect, and fraud and other deceptive practices can be widespread in certain jurisdictions. We invest in emerging market countries that may not have established stringent anti-bribery and corruption laws and regulations, or where existing laws and regulations may not be consistently enforced or that are perceived to have materially higher levels of corruption according to international rating standards. For example, we invest in jurisdictions that are perceived to have materially higher levels of corruption according to international rating standards, such as China, India and Brazil. Due diligence on investment opportunities in these jurisdictions is frequently more challenging because consistent and uniform commercial practices in such locations may not have developed or do not meet international standards. Bribery, fraud, accounting irregularities and corrupt practices can be especially difficult to detect in such locations.
We may be subject to litigation.
In the ordinary course of our business, we may be subject to litigation from time to time. The outcome of any such proceedings may materially adversely affect us and may continue without resolution for long periods of time. Any litigation may consume substantial amounts of our management’s time and attention, and that time and the devotion of these resources to litigation may, at times, be disproportionate to the amounts at stake in the litigation.
The acquisition, ownership and disposition of real property expose us to certain litigation risks which could result in losses, some of which may be material. Litigation may be commenced with respect to a property we have acquired in relation to activities that took place prior to our acquisition of such property. In addition, at the time of disposition of an individual property, a potential buyer may claim that it should have been afforded the opportunity to purchase the asset or alternatively that such buyer should be awarded due diligence expenses incurred or statutory damages for misrepresentation relating to disclosures made, if such buyer is passed over in favor of another as part of our efforts to maximize sale proceeds. Similarly, successful buyers may later sue us under various damage theories, including those stemming from tort, for losses associated with latent defects or other problems. We may also be exposed to litigation resulting from the activities of our tenants or their customers.
Climate change may adversely impact our operations and markets.
There is general consensus among members of the scientific community and the general public that human-induced activity is affecting many weather and climate patterns across the globe, and that evidence of observed changes in extremes such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones, and their attribution to human influence, has strengthened. Climate change, including the impact of global warming, creates physical and transition risk.
Physical risks from climate change include an increase in sea level and changes in weather conditions, such as an increase in intense precipitation and extreme heat events, as well as tropical and non-tropical storms. We own buildings in locations that may be particularly susceptible to climate stress events or adverse localized effects of climate change, including but not limited to sea-level rise and increased storm frequency or intensity. The occurrence of one or more natural disasters, such as hurricanes, fires, floods, and earthquakes (whether or not caused by climate change), could cause considerable damage to our properties, disrupt our operations or the operations of our tenants and negatively impact our financial performance. To the extent these events result in significant damage to or closure of one or more of our buildings, our operations and financial performance could be adversely affected through lost tenants and an inability to lease or re-lease the space. Although we work to mitigate these risks by securing adequate insurance to cover damage that may be incurred through adverse weather incidents or business interruption, through our annual capital planning processes that assess resiliency factors related to climate change such as mitigating potential physical risks, increasing our properties’ energy efficiency, evaluating equipment end of life, increasing asset competitiveness and by taking up technologies that seek to lower our overall greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions , we can provide no assurance that such efforts will be effective.
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Transition risk refers to economic, societal and technological challenges resulting from the shift to a low carbon economy that may be seen in changes to climate and energy policies, shifts to low-carbon technologies and liability issues that can vary substantially depending on scenarios for policy and technology changes. Although we work to mitigate these risks by undertaking internal climate change transition risk reviews within parts of our business and developing awareness and competency in other parts, we can provide no assurance that such efforts will be effective.
We believe, to address climate change, the world will have to transition to a net zero-carbon economy. We are proactively evolving our portfolio of investments consistent with this imperative. As demand and needs shift, our investment strategy will continue to adapt in line with broader trends and opportunities to ensure we continue to perform for our investors. Although we are incorporating climate change implications as part of underwriting, focusing on assets that are essential for the economies in which we invest, meet societal needs and that we believe will appreciate in value over time and driving efficiencies across our businesses, contributing to lower environmental impact and improved operations, we can provide no assurance that such efforts will be effective.
We have launched various initiatives to formalize our commitment to achieving net zero GHG emissions and better understand our climate change risks and incorporate these considerations into risk management activities. We support Brookfield’s commitment to the Net Zero Asset Managers initiative and the goal of achieving net zero GHG emissions by 2050 or sooner. In the second quarter of 2022, Brookfield submitted its 2030 net-zero interim target, setting out its commitment to reduce emissions by two-thirds by 2030 across $147 billion (approximately one-third) of its assets under management from a 2020 base-line year. We can provide no assurance that such efforts will be effective.
In 2021, we undertook a phase one climate change risk analysis, and through this exercise, have identified certain assets that due to their geographical location may have heightened exposure to physical or transition risk. In 2022, we conducted several asset level analyses at properties identified as higher risk through the phase one climate change risk analysis, to validate this initial assessment, and have begun to execute strategies to mitigate potential climate change related risks at certain properties, however, we can provide no assurance that such efforts will be effective. We also continue to align with the recommendations from the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures to better measure and communicate risks, and are building up to a formal report for the 2022 reporting year.
Uncertainty regarding LIBOR may adversely affect the interest we pay under certain of our indebtedness
The Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) in the United Kingdom ceased compelling banks to submit rates for calculation of LIBOR in 2021. In response, the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York organized the Alternative Reference Rates Committee which identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its preferred alternative to USD-LIBOR in derivatives and other financial contracts. In November 2020, the ICE Benchmark Administration Limited, the benchmark administrator for USD LIBOR rates, proposed extending the publication of certain commonly-used USD LIBOR settings until June 30, 2023 and the FCA issued a statement supporting such proposal. It is not possible to predict the effect of these changes, including when LIBOR will cease to be available or when there will be sufficient liquidity in the SOFR markets.
We have certain outstanding debt and derivatives with variable rates that are indexed to LIBOR. The discontinuance of, or changes to, benchmark interest rates may require adjustments to agreements to which we and other market participants are parties, as well as to related systems and processes. In the transition from the use of LIBOR to SOFR or other alternatives, uncertainty exists as to the extent and manner of future changes may result in interest rates and/or payments that are higher than or lower than or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the interest rates and/or payments that would have been made on our obligations if LIBOR was available in its current form. Use of alternative interest rates or other LIBOR reforms could result in increased volatility or a tightening of credit markets which could adversely affect our ability to obtain cost-effective financing. In addition, the transition of our existing LIBOR financing agreements to alternative benchmarks may result in unanticipated changes to the overall interest rate paid on our liabilities.
Risks Relating to Us and Our Structure
Our company relies on the Property Partnership and, indirectly, the Holding Entities and our operating entities to provide us with the funds necessary to pay distributions and meet our financial obligations.
Our company’s sole direct investments are its managing general partnership interest in the Property Partnership, which owns almost all of the common shares or equity interests, as applicable, of the Holding Entities, through which we hold our interests in the operating entities. Our company has no independent means of generating revenue. As a result, we depend on distributions and other payments from the Property Partnership and, indirectly, the Holding Entities and our operating entities to
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provide us with the funds necessary to pay distributions on our units, the New LP Preferred Units, as well as to meet our financial obligations. The Property Partnership, the Holding Entities and our operating entities are legally distinct from our company and they are generally required to service their debt obligations before making distributions to us, New LP, or their parent entity, as applicable, thereby reducing the amount of our cash flow available to pay distributions on our units, the New LP Preferred Units, fund working capital and satisfy other needs. In addition, the Property Partnership is required to make distributions to its preferred unitholders before making distributions to us. Any other entities through which we may conduct operations in the future will also be legally distinct from our company and may be restricted in their ability to pay dividends and distributions or otherwise make funds available to our company under certain conditions.
We anticipate that the only distributions our company will receive in respect of our managing general partnership interests in the Property Partnership will consist of amounts that are intended to assist our company in making distributions to the holders of our Preferred Units in accordance with our company’s distribution policy and to allow our company to pay expenses as they become due.
Our company is not, and does not intend to become, regulated as an investment company under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”) (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions) and if our company were deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act applicable restrictions would make it impractical for us to operate as contemplated.
The Investment Company Act and the rules thereunder (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions) provide certain protections to investors and impose certain restrictions on companies that are registered as investment companies. Among other things, such rules limit or prohibit transactions with affiliates, impose limitations on the issuance of debt and equity securities and impose certain governance requirements. Our company has not been and does not intend to become regulated as an investment company and our company intends to conduct its activities so it will not be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions). In order to ensure that our company is not deemed to be an investment company, we may be required to materially restrict or limit the scope of our operations or plans, we will be limited in the types of acquisitions that we may make and we may need to modify our organizational structure or dispose of assets that we would not otherwise dispose of. Moreover, if anything were to happen that would potentially cause our company to be deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act, it would be impractical for us to operate as intended, agreements and arrangements between and among us and Brookfield would be impaired and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. Accordingly, we would be required to take extraordinary steps to address the situation, such as the amendment or termination of our Master Services Agreement, the restructuring of our company and the Holding Entities, the amendment of our limited partnership agreement or the termination of our company, any of which would materially adversely affect the value of our units. In addition, if our company were deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, it would be taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and such treatment would materially adversely affect the value of our units. See Item 10.E. “Additional Information - Taxation - U.S. Tax Considerations - Partnership Status of Our Company and the Property Partnership”.
Risks Relating to Our Relationship with Brookfield
Brookfield exercises full control over us and we are highly dependent on the Service Providers.
On July 26, 2021, Brookfield Corporation acquired all of our LP Units. Since that time, our LP Units are no longer publicly traded and BPY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation. Brookfield is also the sole shareholder of the BPY General Partner. As a result of its ownership of BPY and the BPY General Partner, Brookfield fully controls our and their activities (including the appointment and removal of directors) and exercises controlling influence over Property Partnership, for which our company is the managing general partner. In addition, the Service Providers, which are subsidiaries of Brookfield, provide management and administration services to us pursuant to our Master Services Agreement. Our company and the Property Partnership depend on the management and administration services provided by or under the direction of the Service Providers. Brookfield personnel that provide services to us under our Master Services Agreement are not required to have as their primary responsibility the management and administration of our company or the Property Partnership or to act exclusively for either of us. Such Service Providers are also expected to exercise their discretionary authority over BPY’s assets and governance more broadly, taking into account Brookfield’s own broader business interests given that BPY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield, to cause BPY to enter into transactions that benefit Brookfield directly and that are likely to favor other Brookfield advisory clients over us. In seeking to manage business activities efficiently across all advisory clients, the Service Providers have discretion to apply certain restrictions to our investment and other activities, but not to those of other advisory clients, considering the relevant facts and circumstances it deems appropriate. As a result of the more limited protections under the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”) that will apply to BPY and our preferred
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unitholders compared to other Brookfield advisory clients, and due to Brookfield’s 100% ownership and control of BPY, Brookfield’s interests will significantly influence the Service Providers’ conduct and approach to these determinations. It is therefore possible that the outcome for BPY and our subsidiaries will be less favorable than otherwise would have been the case. Any failure to effectively manage our business operations or to implement our strategy could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Brookfield has no obligation to source acquisition opportunities for us and we may not have access to all investment opportunities that Brookfield identifies.
Our ability to grow depends in part on Brookfield’s ability to identify and present us with acquisition opportunities. However, Brookfield has no obligation to source acquisition opportunities specifically for us. In addition, Brookfield has not agreed to commit to us any minimum level of dedicated resources for the pursuit of acquisitions. There are a number of factors that could materially and adversely impact the extent to which suitable acquisition opportunities are made available to us by Brookfield. For example, it is an integral part of Brookfield’s (and our) strategy to pursue acquisitions through consortium arrangements with institutional investors, strategic partners and/or financial sponsors and to form partnerships (including private funds, joint ventures and similar arrangements) to pursue such acquisitions on a specialized or global basis. As noted elsewhere, given that we are a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield, it will take its broader interests into account when making acquisition decisions for BPY and will likely make recommendations and determinations that are different than those taken for other Brookfield advisory clients or that it would make under different circumstances. Additionally, the same professionals within Brookfield’s organization that are involved in sourcing and executing acquisitions that are suitable for us are responsible for sourcing and executing opportunities for the vehicles, consortiums and partnerships referred to above, as well as having other responsibilities within Brookfield’s broader asset management business. Limits on the availability of such individuals will likewise result in a limitation on the availability of acquisition opportunities for us.
In making determinations about acquisition opportunities and investments, consortium arrangements or partnerships, Brookfield will be influenced by factors that result in a misalignment or conflict of interest, including consideration of Brookfield’s own broader business interests given BPY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield. See Item 7.B., “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Conflicts of Interest and Significantly Limited Fiduciary Duties.”
The departure of some or all of Brookfield’s professionals could prevent us from achieving our objectives.
We depend on the diligence, skill and business contacts of Brookfield’s professionals and the information and opportunities they generate during the normal course of their activities. Our future success will depend on the continued service of these individuals, who are not obligated to remain employed with Brookfield. Brookfield has experienced departures of key professionals in the past and may do so in the future, and we cannot predict the impact that any such departures will have on our ability to achieve our objectives. The departure of a significant number of Brookfield’s professionals for any reason, or the failure to appoint qualified or effective successors in the event of such departures, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our objectives. Our limited partnership agreement and our Master Services Agreement do not require Brookfield to maintain the employment of any of its professionals or to cause any particular professionals to provide services to us or on our behalf.
Control of our company may be transferred directly or indirectly to a third party without preferred unitholder consent.
The BPY General Partner may transfer its general partnership interest to a third party, including in a merger or consolidation or in a transfer of all or substantially all of its assets. Furthermore, at any time, Brookfield, as the sole shareholder of the BPY General Partner, may sell or transfer all or part of its shares in the BPY General Partner or, as the sole holder of our LP Units, may sell or transfer all or part of its interest in BPY. Preferred unitholder consent will not be sought in either case. If a new owner were to acquire ownership of BPY or the BPY General Partner and to appoint new directors or officers of its own choosing, it would be able to exercise substantial influence over our policies and procedures and exercise substantial influence over our management and the types of acquisitions that we make. Such changes could result in our capital being used to make acquisitions in which Brookfield has no involvement or in making acquisitions that are substantially different from our targeted acquisitions. Additionally, we cannot predict with any certainty the effect that any transfer in the control of our company or the BPY General Partner would have on our ability to raise capital or make investments in the future, because such matters would depend to a large extent on the identity of the new owner and the new owner’s intentions. As a result, our future would be uncertain and our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.
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Our organizational and ownership structure, as well as our contractual arrangements with Brookfield, may create significant conflicts of interest that may be managed and resolved in a manner that is not in our best interests or the best interests of our preferred unitholders.
Operating as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield involves a number of relationships that will give rise to conflicts of interest between us and our preferred unitholders, on the one hand, and Brookfield, on the other hand. In certain instances, the interests of Brookfield may differ from the interests of our partnership and our preferred unitholders, including with respect to the types of acquisitions made, the timing and amount of distributions, the reinvestment of returns generated by our operations, the use of leverage when making acquisitions and the appointment of outside advisers and service providers. In addition, following the Privatization, BPY has begun a program of asset dispositions which includes asset sales to other Brookfield advisory clients, and the terms of such dispositions will be determined by Brookfield in its sole discretion, and Brookfield will generally not seek consent from our preferred unitholders for these dispositions unless required to do so under the Advisers Act. These conflicts of interest considerations are described in detail under Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Conflicts of Interest and Significantly Limited Fiduciary Duties”.
In addition, the Service Providers, affiliates of Brookfield, provide management services to us pursuant to our Master Services Agreement. Pursuant to our Master Services Agreement, we pay a management fee to the Service Providers equal to 1.05% of the sum of the following amounts, if any, calculated by the BPY General Partner, acting reasonably, as of the last day of the immediately preceding quarter: (i) the equity attributable to unitholders for Core Office, Core Retail and the Corporate segments of the business of BPY; and (ii) the carrying value of the outstanding non-voting common shares of Brookfield BPY Holdings Inc. (“CanHoldco”). Additionally, the Property Partnership pays a quarterly equity enhancement distr ibution to Property Special LP of 0.3125% of the amount by which the company’s total capitalization value at the end of each quarter exceeds its total capitalization value determined immediately following the Spin-off, subject to certain adjustments. Property Special LP also receives incentive distributions based on an amount by which quarterly distributions on the limited partnership units of the Property Partnership exceed specified target levels as set forth in the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement. For a further explanation of the equity enhancement and incentive distributions see Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement - Distributio ns”. This relationship may give rise to conflicts of interest between us and our preferred unitholders, on the one hand, and Brookfield, on the other, as Brookfield’s interests may differ from our interests and those of our preferred unitholders.
The BPY General Partner, the sole shareholder of which is Brookfield, has sole authority to determine whether our company will make distributions and the amount and timing of these distributions. The arrangements we have with Brookfield may create an incentive for Brookfield to take actions that would have the effect of increasing distributions and fees payable to it, which may be to the detriment of our company and our preferred unitholders. For example, Brookfield may take actions to increase our distributions in order to ensure it is paid incentive distributions in the near-term when other investments or actions may be more favorable to us or our preferred unitholders.
Our arrangements with Brookfield are managed in the context of a wholly-owned subsidiary relationship and may contain terms that are less favorable than those which otherwise might have been obtained from unrelated parties.
The terms of our arrangements with Brookfield were revised by Brookfield in the context of the Privatization. While the BPY General Partner’s independent directors are aware of the terms of these arrangements and approved the arrangements on our behalf, they did not negotiate the terms. These terms, including terms relating to compensation, contractual duties, conflicts of interest and Brookfield’s ability to engage in outside activities, including activities that compete with us, our activities and limitations on liability and indemnification, may be less favorable than otherwise might have resulted if the negotiations had involved unrelated parties. While we are an advisory client of Brookfield for purposes of the Advisers Act, and therefore Brookfield will have a fiduciary duty to us, that duty will be limited significantly by the terms of our advisory agreements with Brookfield and the disclosures herein. As a result, our preferred unitholders will not receive the full protections of the Advisers Act with respect to services provided by Brookfield. In particular, as noted elsewhere, given that we are a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield, it will take its broader interests into account when making decisions for BPY and will likely make recommendations and determinations that are different than those taken for other Brookfield advisory clients or that it would make under different circumstances.
Circumstances may arise in which these arrangements will need to be amended or new arrangements will need to be entered into, and conflicts of interest between our preferred unitholders and Brookfield will arise in negotiating such new or amended arrangements. Brookfield will generally not seek consent for these arrangements unless required to do so under the Advisers Act or otherwise determined appropriate in Brookfield’s discretion. For more information, see Item 7.B. “Major
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Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Conflicts of Interest and Significantly Limited Fiduciary Duties”.
The BPY General Partner may be unable or unwilling to terminate our Master Services Agreement.
Our Master Services Agreement provides that the Service Recipients may terminate the agreement only if: (i) the Service Providers default in the performance or observance of any material term, condition or covenant contained in the agreement in a manner that results in material harm to the Service Recipients and the default continues unremedied for a period of 60 days after written notice of the breach is given to the Service Providers; (ii) the Service Providers engage in any act of fraud, misappropriation of funds or embezzlement against any Service Recipient that results in material harm to the Service Recipients; (iii) the Service Providers are grossly negligent in the performance of their duties under the agreement and such negligence results in material harm to the Service Recipients; or (iv) upon the happening of certain events relating to the bankruptcy or insolvency of the Service Providers. In addition, because the BPY General Partner is an affiliate of Brookfield, it likely will be unwilling to terminate our Master Services Agreement, even in the case of a default.
Brookfield’s obligations and fiduciary duties to us are significantly limited and we will not receive the same protections and benefits as other advisory clients of Brookfield receive.
While we are an advisory client of Brookfield for purposes of the Advisers Act, and therefore Brookfield will have a fiduciary duty to us, that duty will be limited significantly by the terms of our advisory agreements with Brookfield and the disclosures herein. As a result, our preferred unitholders will not receive the full protections of the Advisers Act with respect to services provided by Brookfield. Accordingly, our preferred unitholders will bear additional risks and Brookfield will address potential and actual conflicts of interest differently when managing us in comparison to other advisory clients of Brookfield. In particular, given that we are a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield, it will take its broader interests into account when making decisions for BPY and will likely make recommendations and determinations that are different than those taken for other Brookfield advisory clients or that it would make under different circumstances. The outcome for BPY and certain of our subsidiaries therefore could be less favorable than otherwise would have been the case.
Additionally, Brookfield will manage our investments and other activities taking into account Brookfield’s own interests given we are a wholly-owned subsidiary. Among other things, Brookfield expects to manage our investments and other activities in a manner that benefits Brookfield directly and that favors its broader business activities, including other Brookfield advisory clients. This management approach will affect, among other things, the type of investment opportunities that are allocated to us, the services that we provide Brookfield-held assets (including via other Brookfield advisory clients), how Brookfield addresses conflicts of interest that will arise in managing our investments and other activities, including through transactions, such as cross trades, the provision of operational services (including property management, development and construction management, and other services) and financing arrangements, and/or other transactions between Brookfield, other Brookfield advisory clients, or portfolio companies, on the one hand, and BPY, on the other hand. Among other things, Brookfield will generally not seek consent for these transactions unless required to do so under the Advisers Act or otherwise determined appropriate in Brookfield’s sole discretion. This approach to managing conflicts will be different than the approach Brookfield takes for its other advisory clients, for example because consent will be sought for a more limited set of conflicted transactions and, given Brookfield’s ownership of 100% of our limited partnership interests, Brookfield will take its broader interests (i.e., which extend beyond our partnership) into account in managing such conflicts of interest. Among other things, this will result in certain decisions being made (and restrictions applied) with respect to our investments and other activities that would not otherwise be made (or that would be made in a different manner) than if our limited partnership interests were held by third party investors. Brookfield’s own broader interests (including its interests in other Brookfield advisory clients) will significantly influence its conduct and approach to these determinations, including in a manner that is potentially adverse to our preferred unitholders. It is therefore likely that the outcome for BPY and certain of our subsidiaries will be less favorable than otherwise would have been the case.
The liability of the Service Providers is limited under our arrangements with them and we have agreed to indemnify the Service Providers against claims that they may face in connection with such arrangements, which may lead them to assume greater risks when making decisions relating to us than they otherwise would if acting solely for their own account.
Under our Master Services Agreement, the Service Providers have not assumed any responsibility other than to provide or arrange for the provision of the services described in our Master Services Agreement in good faith and will not be responsible for any action that the BPY General Partner takes in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. In addition, under our limited partnership agreement, the liability of the BPY General Partner and its affiliates, including the Service Providers, is limited to the fullest extent permitted by law to conduct involving bad faith, fraud,
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gross negligence or willful misconduct or, in the case of a criminal matter, action that was known to have been unlawful. The liability of the Service Providers under our Master Services Agreement is similarly limited. In addition, we have agreed to indemnify the Service Providers to the fullest extent permitted by law from and against any claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses incurred by them or threatened in connection with our business, investments and activities or in respect of or arising from our Master Services Agreement or the services provided by the Service Providers, except to the extent that such claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the conduct in respect of which such persons have liability as described above. These protections may result in the Service Providers tolerating greater risks when making decisions than otherwise would be the case, including when determining whether to use and the extent of leverage in connection with acquisitions. The indemnification arrangements to which the Service Providers are a party may also give rise to legal claims for indemnification that are adverse to us and our preferred unitholders.
Risks Relating to Our Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units
Investors should not expect BPY or New LP to redeem any Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, on any date that such preferred units become redeemable or on any particular date thereafter.
The Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units are not redeemable at the option of the preferred unitholders under any circumstances. The Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units may be redeemed by their issuer at the issuer’s option (i) following the occurrence of a change of control triggering event, a delisting transaction triggering event, and/or a change in tax law, in whole, out of funds legally available for such redemption, at a redemption price in cash of $25.00 per unit plus an amount equal to all accumulated and unpaid distributions thereon to, but excluding, the date of redemption, whether or not declared, (ii) prior to certain specified dates, following the occurrence of a ratings event, in whole but not in part, out of funds legally available for such redemption, at a redemption price in cash of $25.50 per unit plus an amount equal to all accumulated and unpaid distributions thereon to, but excluding, the date of redemption, whether or not declared, or (iii) at any time on or after certain specified dates, at the issuer’s option, in whole or in part, out of funds legally available for such redemption, at a redemption price in cash of $25.00 per unit plus an amount equal to all accumulated and unpaid distributions thereon to, but excluding, the date of redemption, whether or not declared. Any decision the issuer of such preferred units makes at any time to redeem the preferred units will depend upon, among other things, such issuer’s evaluation of its capital position, the terms and circumstances of any change of control, ratings event or delisting transaction, as applicable, and general market conditions at that time. As a result, the holders of the Preferred Units may be required to bear the financial risks of an investment in the Preferred Units for an indefinite period of time. Unless redeemed by New LP prior to July 26, 2081, the New LP Preferred Units will mature on July 26, 2081 at which time each New LP Preferred Unitholder will be entitled to receive $25.00 per New LP Preferred Unit, together with all accrued (whether or not declared) and unpaid distributions up to but excluding such date of maturity (less any tax required to be deducted and withheld by New LP). As a result, the holders of the New LP Preferred Units may be required to bear the financial risks of an investment in the New LP Preferred Units until their maturity on July 26, 2081.
The Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units will also rank junior to all existing and future indebtedness of their respective issuer with respect to assets available to satisfy claims against such issuer, and rank pari passu with certain parity securities as further described in the terms of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units. Any decision the issuer may make at any time to redeem the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units will be determined by the general partner of BPY or New LP, as applicable, in its sole discretion and will depend upon, among other things, an evaluation of the capital position of the issuer, the composition of its equity, its outstanding indebtedness and general market conditions at that time.
The Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units are subordinated to the existing and future debt obligations of their issuer and the securities ranking senior to them, as well as existing and future debt obligations of the partnership’s subsidiaries that are not guarantors of the New LP Preferred Units and any capital stock of the partnership’s subsidiaries that are not guarantors held by others. The interests of the holders of preferred units could be diluted by the issuance of additional units of the issuer of such preferred units, including additional Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, and by other transactions.
The Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units are subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness of their issuer and the securities ranking senior to them, and rank pari passu with certain parity securities as further described in the terms of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units. BPY and New LP may incur debt under credit facilities, or other existing or future debt arrangements. The payment of principal and interest on such debt will reduce cash available for distribution to its limited partners, including the preferred unitholders. In addition, the New LP Preferred Units will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future debt obligations of the partnership’s subsidiaries that are not guarantors of
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the New LP Preferred Units and any capital stock of the partnership’s subsidiaries that are not guarantors held by others as to the payment of distributions and amounts payable upon liquidation.
The issuance of any senior securities or additional parity securities (including additional series of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units and any other obligations of BPY or New LP, as applicable, that rank on parity with such preferred units) would dilute the interests of the preferred unitholders and could affect the ability of the issuer to pay distributions on, redeem, or pay the liquidation preference on the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units as applicable. Future issuances and sales of senior securities, parity securities or junior securities, or the perception that such issuances and sales could occur, may cause prevailing market prices for the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units to decline and may adversely affect the ability of the issuer of such preferred units to raise additional capital in the financial markets at times and prices favorable to it.
The declaration of distributions on the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units will be at the discretion of the applicable general partner.
The declaration of distributions on the Preferred Units will be at the discretion of the BPY General Partner and the declaration of distributions on the New LP Preferred Units will be at the discretion of the New LP General Partner. The preferred unitholders will not have a right to distributions on their units unless declared by the applicable general partner. The declaration of distributions will be at the discretion of such general partner even if BPY or New LP, as applicable, has sufficient funds, net of its liabilities, to pay such distributions. This may result in preferred unitholders not receiving the full amount of distributions that they expect to receive, or any distributions, and may make it more difficult to resell their preferred units or to do so at a price that the holder finds attractive. The applicable general partner will not allow payment of a distribution (i) unless there is sufficient cash available, (ii) which would render the issuer unable to pay its debts as and when they come due, or (iii) which, in the opinion of the general partner, would or might leave the issuer with insufficient funds to meet any future or contingent obligations. In addition, although unpaid distributions are cumulative, none of BPY or New LP is required to accumulate cash for the purpose of making distributions to the preferred units issued by it or any other preferred units it may issue, which may limit the cash available to make distributions on the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units, as applicable.
The payment of distributions under the Guarantee is limited and uncertain.
The payment of distributions under the Guarantee is limited to certain circumstances. Although the New LP Preferred Units carry cumulative dividends, New LP may not be in a position pursuant to law to declare and pay such distributions. While the payment of such distributions has been guaranteed by BPY, such Guarantee is only triggered when such distributions are declared by the general partner of New LP or, upon the redemption, retraction or liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of New LP. The tax treatment of a payment under the Guarantee may differ from the tax treatment of the payment if it had been made by New LP.
Payment under the Guarantee will also depend, to a large extent, on the receipt by BPY of sufficient funds from its indirect subsidiaries as BPY does not have any significant assets of its own. Each Guarantor has agreed pursuant to the Guarantee that, as long as distributions on New LP Preferred Units are in arrears, such Guarantor will not declare, pay, or set apart for payment, any dividends or distributions on any of its preferred securities if the full, cumulative distributions payable on the New LP Preferred Units are in arrears. A failure by a Guarantor to pay such distributions or dividends may have an adverse effect on BPY, New LP and the market value of the New LP Preferred Units.
The Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units have extremely limited voting rights.
Except as set forth in the respective partnership agreements of BPY and New LP or as otherwise required by law, the preferred unitholders generally will have no voting rights. For example, New LP may sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its assets in a single transaction or a series of related transactions without the approval of the holders of New LP Preferred Units. Although the holders of New LP Preferred Units are entitled to limited protective voting rights with respect to certain matters, the New LP Preferred Units will generally vote as a separate class, or along with all other classes or series of the parity securities of New LP or other preferred units that New LP may issue upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable. As a result, the voting rights of holders of New LP Preferred Units may be significantly diluted, and the holders of such other classes or series of parity securities of New LP that New LP may issue in the future, may be able to control or significantly influence the outcome of any vote.
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The terms of the current and future indebtedness of BPY and/or New LP and our operating entities or their subsidiaries currently do or may, among other things, restrict such entity’s ability to make distributions on the preferred units issued by it or to redeem the preferred units issued by it.
Distributions will only be paid if the distribution is not restricted or prohibited by law or the terms of any senior securities of the issuer of the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, including current and future indebtedness. The instruments governing the terms of current or future financing or the refinancing of any borrowings of BPY and/or New LP and our operating entities or their subsidiaries currently do or may contain covenants that restrict, among other things, such issuer’s ability to make distributions on or redeem the preferred units issued by it. The Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units place no restrictions on the ability of their respective issuer to incur indebtedness containing such restrictive covenants.
Your ability to transfer the Preferred Units and/or the New LP Preferred Units at a time or price you desire may be limited by the absence of an active trading market.
Since the Preferred Units have no stated maturity date, holders seeking liquidity of their Preferred Units as well as holders seeking liquidity of their New LP Preferred Units prior to their maturity date will be limited to selling their preferred units in the secondary market absent redemption by the issuer of such units. We may not be able to maintain an active trading market on the Nasdaq Stock Market (the “Nasdaq”) and/or the Toronto Stock Exchange (the “TSX”) for the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units may not develop or, even if it develops, may not last, in which case the trading price of such preferred units could be adversely affected and your ability to transfer your preferred units will be limited. Additionally, the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units may trade at prices lower than $25.00. The trading price of such preferred units would depend on many factors, including:
•prevailing interest rates;
•the market for similar securities;
•general economic and financial market conditions;
•the corporate credit ratings of BPY and New LP, as applicable, the credit ratings of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units and the corporate credit ratings of the Guarantors and their securities;
•BPY’s, New LP’s and any of the Guarantor’s issuance of debt or other preferred securities or the incurrence of additional indebtedness; and
•BPY’s, New LP’s and any of the Guarantor’s financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Market interest rates may adversely affect the value of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units.
One of the factors that will influence the price of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units will be the distribution yield on the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units (as a percentage of the price of such preferred units) relative to market interest rates. An increase in market interest rates may lead holders of such preferred units to expect a higher distribution yield, and higher interest rates would likely increase the issuer’s borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available for distribution to the limited partners of such issuer, including the holders of the applicable preferred units. Accordingly, higher market interest rates could cause the market price of the preferred units to decrease. None of BPY or New LP has control over a number of factors, including economic, financial and political events, that impact market fluctuations in interest rates, which have in the past and may in the future experience volatility.
Redemption may adversely affect your return on the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units.
On or after certain specified dates, BPY and New LP will have the right, at their option, to redeem at a price of $25.00 per preferred unit, plus an amount equal to all accumulated and unpaid distributions thereon to, but excluding, the date fixed for redemption, whether or not declared, some or all of the preferred units issued by them, in accordance with the terms of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units. In addition, prior to a certain specified date, BPY and New LP may redeem the preferred units issued by them after the occurrence of a ratings event, in accordance with the terms of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units, at a price of $25.50 per unit, plus declared and unpaid distributions. BPY and New LP will also be able to redeem all but not less than all of the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, following the occurrence of a change of control triggering event, a delisting transaction triggering event and/or a change in tax law out of funds legally available for such redemption, at a redemption price in cash of $25.00 per unit plus an amount equal to all
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accumulated and unpaid distributions thereon to, but excluding, the date of redemption, whether or not declared. To the extent that the issuer redeems the preferred units issued by it at times when prevailing interest rates may be relatively low compared to rates at the time of issuance of the such preferred units, you may not be able to reinvest the redemption proceeds in a comparable security at an effective interest rate as high as the distribution rate of the applicable preferred units.
Upon a change of control triggering event or a delisting transaction triggering event, the issuer is not required to redeem the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units, and it may not be able to redeem such preferred units or pay the increased distribution rate per annum if it fails to redeem them.
The respective issuer of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units is not required to redeem them, and even if it should decide to redeem them, since such preferred units rank pari passu with the parity securities of such issuer, and junior to the senior securities of such issuer and to all of the existing and future indebtedness of such issuer, upon a change of control triggering event or a delisting transaction triggering event, the issuer may not have sufficient financial resources available or be permitted under its existing and future indebtedness to redeem its preferred units, or pay the increased distribution rate per annum in accordance with the terms of such preferred units. Even if the issuer is able to pay the increased distribution rate per annum, increasing the per annum distribution rate by 5.00% may not be sufficient to compensate the preferred unitholders for the impact of the change of control triggering event or a delisting transaction triggering event on the market price of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units.
BPY’s and New LP’s ability to issue parity securities and ability to incur additional indebtedness in the future could adversely affect the rights of the preferred unitholders.
The Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units rank pari passu with parity securities issued by their respective issuer. Such issuer is allowed to issue parity securities without any vote of the holders of the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, except where the cumulative distributions on such preferred units or any parity securities issued by such issuer are in arrears. The issuance of any parity securities would have the effect of reducing the amounts available to the holders of the preferred units upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up if it does not have sufficient funds to pay all liquidation preferences of the applicable preferred units and other parity securities in full. It also would reduce amounts available to make distributions if the issuer does not have sufficient funds to pay distributions on all outstanding parity securities. In addition, future issuances and sales of parity securities by the issuer or the perception that such issuances and sales or entry could occur, may cause prevailing market prices for the Preferred Units and/or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, to decline and may adversely affect BPY’s and/or New LP’s ability to raise additional capital in the financial markets at times and prices favorable to it.
In addition, the terms of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units do not limit the ability of their respective issuers to incur indebtedness. As a result, BPY, New LP and their respective subsidiaries may incur indebtedness that will rank senior to the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units, respectively. The incurrence of indebtedness or other liabilities that will rank senior to the applicable preferred units may reduce the amount available for distributions and the amount recoverable by holders of such preferred units.
Under certain limited circumstances, the terms of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units may change without your consent or approval.
Under the terms of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units, at any time following a tax event, the issuer of such preferred units may, without the consent of any holders, vary the terms of such preferred units such that they remain securities, or exchange such preferred units for new securities, which would eliminate the substantial probability that their issuer or any successor entity would be required to pay any additional amounts with respect to such preferred units as a result of a change in tax law in accordance with the terms of such preferred units. However, the exercise by the issuer of this right is subject to certain conditions, including that the terms considered in the aggregate cannot be less favorable to the applicable holders of such preferred units than the terms of the preferred units prior to being varied or exchanged.
A change in the rating of the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units could adversely affect their market price.
Rating agencies revise their ratings from time to time and could lower or withdraw any rating issued with respect to the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units. Any real or anticipated downgrade or withdrawal of any ratings could have an adverse effect on the market price or liquidity of such Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Ratings reflect only the views of the issuing rating agency or agencies and are not recommendations to purchase, sell or hold any particular security, and there is no assurance that any rating will apply for any given period of time or that a rating
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may not be adjusted or withdrawn. In addition, ratings do not reflect market prices or suitability of a security for a particular investor, and any future rating of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units may not reflect all risks related to BPY and New LP and their respective business or the structure or market value of the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units, as applicable. The assignment of a new rating that is lower than the existing rating or a downgrade or potential downgrade in the rating assigned to BPY, New LP, their respective subsidiaries, the Preferred Units, the New LP Preferred Units or any of its other securities could adversely affect the trading price and liquidity of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units.
None of BPY or New LP can be sure that any rating agency will maintain its rating once issued. None of BPY or New LP undertakes any obligation to obtain a rating, maintain the rating once issued or to advise the preferred unitholders of any change in ratings. A failure to obtain a rating or a negative change in a rating once issued could have an adverse effect on the market price or liquidity of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units.
Rating agencies may change rating methodologies, and their ratings may not reflect all risks.
The rating agencies that currently or may in the future publish a rating for BPY, New LP, the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units may from time to time in the future change the methodologies that they use for analyzing securities with features similar to the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units. If the rating agencies change their practices for rating securities in the future, and the ratings of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units are subsequently lowered, the trading price and liquidity of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units could be adversely affected.
In addition, credit ratings may not reflect the potential impact of all risks related to structure, market, additional factors discussed above and other factors that may affect the value of the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be revised or withdrawn by the rating agency at any time. In addition, prior to certain specified dates, the Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units are redeemable by their respective issuer upon occurrence of a ratings event as specified in the terms of such securities.
Preferred unitholders may have liability to repay distributions.
Under certain circumstances, the preferred unitholders may have to repay amounts wrongfully returned or distributed to them. Under Section 11 of the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act, the issuer of the preferred units may not return (or release) any part of a limited partner’s capital contribution (a “Capital Withdrawal”) nor make a distribution from the assets of the issuer if the issuer has reasonable grounds for believing that the Capital Withdrawal or distribution would cause the issuer to be unable to repay its liabilities as they become due (“Impermissible Capital Withdrawal”).
Bermuda law provides that for a period of six years from the date of an Impermissible Capital Withdrawal, limited partners who received the Impermissible Capital Withdrawal will be liable to the limited partnership (or where the partnership is dissolved to its creditors) for the amount of the contribution wrongfully returned or released. Bermuda law also provides that for a period of one year from the date of a Capital Withdrawal made in accordance with the provisions of the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act, a limited partner who received the Capital Withdrawal will be liable to the limited partnership (or where the partnership is dissolved to its creditors) for the amount of the contribution returned or released.
Our company is a Bermuda exempted limited partnership and it may not be possible for our investors to serve process on or enforce U.S. or Canadian judgments against us.
Our company is a Bermuda exempted limited partnership and a substantial portion of our assets are located outside the United States and Canada. In addition, certain of the directors of the BPY General Partner and certain members of the senior management team of the Service Providers who are principally responsible for providing us with management services reside outside of the United States and Canada. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. or Canadian investors to effect service of process within the United States or Canada upon us or our directors and management of the Service Providers, or to enforce, against us or these persons, judgments obtained in the U.S. or Canadian courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws or Canadian securities laws. We believe that there is doubt as to the enforceability in Bermuda, in original actions or in actions to enforce judgments of U.S. or Canadian courts, of claims predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws or Canadian securities laws. See Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement - Our Units”.
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Risks Relating to Taxation
General
Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders may be subject to non-U.S. and U.S. state and local taxes and return filing requirements as a result of owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Based on the expected assets and method of operation of each of BPY and New LP, the BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner do not expect any Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder, solely as a result of owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred units, to be subject to any additional income taxes imposed on a net basis or additional tax return filing requirements in any jurisdiction in which either partnership or its subsidiaries conducts activities or own property. However, the method of operation and current structure of either of BPY or New LP may change, and there can be no assurance that holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, solely as a result of owning such partnership interests, will not be subject to certain taxes, including non-U.S. and state and local income taxes, unincorporated business taxes and estate, inheritance, or intangible taxes imposed by the various jurisdictions in which BPY, New LP, or any of their subsidiaries do business or own property now or in the future, even if such holders do not reside in any of these jurisdictions. Consequently, Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders may also be required to file non-U.S. or state and local income tax returns in some or all of these jurisdictions and may also be subject to penalties for the failure to comply with these requirements. It is the responsibility of each Preferred Unitholder and New LP Preferred Unitholder to file all non-U.S. and U.S. federal and state and local tax returns that may be required of the holder.
The U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) may not agree with certain assumptions and conventions used by BPY or New LP to comply with applicable U.S. and Canadian federal income tax laws or to report income, gain, loss, deduction, and credit to Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders.
BPY and New LP apply certain assumptions and conventions to comply with applicable tax laws and to report income, gain, deduction, loss, and credit to Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders, taking into account variation in ownership interests during each taxable year because of trading activity. However, the IRS or CRA may not agree that these assumptions and conventions comply with all aspects of the applicable tax requirements. A successful IRS or CRA challenge to such assumptions or conventions could adversely affect the amount of tax benefits available to Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders and could require that items of income, gain, deduction, loss, or credit, including interest deductions, be adjusted, reallocated, or disallowed in a manner that adversely affects such holders. See Item 10.E. “Taxation”.
United States
U.S. backup withholding tax may apply if any Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder fails to comply with U.S. tax reporting rules, and such excess withholding tax cost may be an expense borne by BPY or New LP (as applicable) and, therefore, by all holders of partnership interests in BPY or New LP on a pro rata basis.
U.S. backup withholding tax may apply with respect to any Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder who fails to timely provide BPY or New LP (or the applicable broker, clearing agent, nominee, or other intermediary) with an IRS Form W-9 or an appropriate IRS Form W-8, as applicable. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – U.S. Tax Considerations – Administrative Matters – Backup Withholding”. To the extent that any Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder fails to timely provide the applicable form (or such form is not properly completed), BPY or New LP (as applicable) might treat such U.S. backup withholding taxes as an expense, which generally would be borne indirectly by all holders of partnership interests in BPY or New LP on a pro rata basis (including holders of equity interests who fully comply with their U.S. tax reporting obligations).
The BPY and New LP partnership structures involves complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. The tax characterization of each partnership structure is also subject to potential legislative, judicial, or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders depends, in some instances, on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders should be aware that the U.S. federal income tax rules, particularly those applicable to partnerships, are constantly under review (including currently) by the Congressional tax-writing committees and other persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the courts, frequently resulting in revised interpretations of established concepts, statutory changes, revisions to regulations, and other modifications and interpretations, any of which could adversely affect the value of the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units and be effective on a retroactive basis. For example, changes to the U.S. federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could make it more difficult or impossible for BPY or New LP to be treated as a partnership that is not
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taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, change the character or treatment of portions of BPY’s or New LP’s income, reduce the net amount of distributions available to holders of partnership interests in BPY or New LP, or otherwise affect the tax considerations of owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units. In addition, the organizational documents and agreements of BPY and New LP permit the BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner to modify their respective partnership agreements from time to time, without the consent of Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders, to address such changes. These modifications could have a material adverse effect on Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – U.S. Tax Considerations – Administrative Matters – New Legislation or Administrative or Judicial Action”.
The delivery of required tax information by BPY or New LP for a taxable year may be subject to delay, which could require a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder who is a U.S. taxpayer to request an extension of the due date for such holder’s income tax return.
Each of BPY and New LP has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to provide U.S. tax information (including IRS Schedule K-1 information needed to determine the share of any income, gain, loss, and deduction of BPY or New LP, respectively, allocable to a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder) no later than 90 days after the close of each calendar year. However, providing this U.S. tax information to Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders will be subject to delay in the event of, among other reasons, the late receipt of any necessary tax information from other entities. It is therefore possible that, in any taxable year, a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder that is a U.S. taxpayer will need to apply for an extension of time to file such taxpayer’s tax returns. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – U.S. Tax Considerations – Administrative Matters – Information Returns and Audit Procedures”.
Under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance provisions of the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act of 2010 (“FATCA”), certain payments made or received by BPY or New LP may be subject to a 30% federal withholding tax, unless certain requirements are met.
Under FATCA, a 30% withholding tax may apply to certain payments of U.S.-source income made to BPY, New LP, or their non-U.S. subsidiaries, or by BPY or New LP to Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders, respectively, unless certain requirements are met, as described in greater detail in Item 10.E “Taxation – U.S. Tax Considerations – Administrative Matters – Foreign Account Tax Compliance”. To ensure compliance with FATCA, information regarding ownership of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units may be reported to the IRS or to a non-U.S. governmental authority. Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the consequences under FATCA of owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
The treatment of distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as guaranteed payments for the use of capital gives rise to uncertain U.S. federal income tax consequences.
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units is uncertain. The BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner will treat Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders as partners entitled to a guaranteed payment for the use of capital on their Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, although the IRS may disagree with this treatment. If the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units are not partnership interests, they would likely constitute indebtedness for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and distributions on such units would constitute ordinary interest income.
Based on the treatment of the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as partnership interests, the BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner will treat distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as guaranteed payments for the use of capital that generally will be taxable to U.S. Holders (as defined below) as ordinary income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Although a U.S. Holder will recognize taxable income from the accrual of such a guaranteed payment even in the absence of a contemporaneous cash distribution, BPY and New LP anticipate accruing and making the guaranteed payment distributions on a quarterly basis. Otherwise, Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders generally are not expected to share in BPY’s or New LP’s items of income, gain, loss, or deduction, nor will BPY or New LP allocate any share of their nonrecourse liabilities, if any, to Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders. Upon the sale of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, a U.S. Holder will be required to recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized by the holder and the holder’s tax basis in the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units sold. The amount realized generally will equal the sum of the cash and the fair market value of other property the holder receives in exchange for such units. The initial tax basis of a U.S. Holder in Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units generally will be equal to the sum of the cash and the fair market value of other property paid by the holder to acquire such units, plus the U.S. Holder’s share, if any, of BPY’s or New LP’s liabilities (as applicable).
The ownership and disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units by U.S. Holders that are tax-exempt organizations raises tax issues unique to them. The treatment of guaranteed payments for the use of capital to tax-exempt
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investors is not certain. Depending on the circumstances, such payments may be treated as unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
A U.S. Holder of Preferred Units of BPY may face adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences arising from the ownership of an indirect interest (by reason of holding Preferred Units) in a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) or “controlled foreign corporation” (“CFC”). Based on BPY’s treatment of distributions on Preferred Units as guaranteed payments for the use of capital, BPY intends to take the position that the PFIC and CFC rules generally do not apply to a U.S. Holder whose indirect interest in a PFIC or CFC arises solely by reason of owning Preferred Units. However, the treatment of preferred partnership interests under the PFIC and CFC rules is uncertain. There can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not treat a U.S. Holder as subject to the PFIC or CFC rules that apply to U.S. holders of partnership interests in BPY generally. In such case, under the PFIC rules, any gain realized by a U.S. Holder upon the direct or indirect sale of, and certain “excess distributions” from, a PFIC would be taxable at ordinary income rates and subject to an additional tax equivalent to an interest charge on the deferral of income inclusions from the PFIC, unless the holder had made an election, if available, for current inclusions. Further, all or a portion of any gain realized upon the direct or indirect sale of a CFC might be taxable at ordinary income rates. For these and other PFIC and CFC consequences generally applicable to U.S. Holders, see “– Consequences to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units – Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY” and “– Consequences to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units – Controlled Foreign Corporation Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY” in Item 10.E “Taxation – U.S. Tax Considerations”.
The ownership of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units by Non-U.S. Holders (as defined below) gives rise to tax issues unique to such holders. BPY and New LP will treat distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as guaranteed payments made from sources outside the United States for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and BPY and New LP generally do not expect to withhold U.S. federal income tax on such guaranteed payments made to Non-U.S. Holders, provided that BPY and New LP are not engaged in a trade or business within the United States. However, the tax treatment of guaranteed payments for source and withholding tax purposes is uncertain, and the IRS may disagree with this treatment. As a result, it is possible that the IRS could assert that Non-U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units would be subject to U.S. federal income and withholding tax on their share of BPY’s or New LP’s ordinary income from sources within the United States, even if distributions on the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units are treated as guaranteed payments. If, contrary to expectation, distributions on the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units are not treated as guaranteed payments, then a Non-U.S. Holder might be subject to a withholding tax of up to 30% on the gross amount of certain U.S.-source income of BPY or New LP (as applicable), including dividends and certain interest income, which is not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business.
Based on BPY’s and New LP’s organizational structure, as well as their expected income and assets, the BPY General Partner and New LP General Partner currently believe that BPY and New LP are unlikely to earn income treated as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, including effectively connected income attributable to the sale of a “United States real property interest”, as defined in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. If, contrary to expectation, BPY or New LP were deemed to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business, then a Non-U.S. Holder of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units (as applicable) generally would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return, and distributions to such holder might be treated as “effectively connected income” (which would subject such holder to U.S. net income taxation and possibly “branch profits” tax in the case of a corporate Non-U.S. Holder) and might be subject to withholding tax imposed at the highest effective tax rate applicable to the Non-U.S. Holder. If BPY or New LP were engaged in a U.S. trade or business, then gain or loss from the sale of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units (as applicable) by a Non-U.S. Holder generally would be treated as effectively connected with such trade or business to the extent that the Non-U.S. Holder would have had effectively connected gain or loss had the applicable partnership sold all of its assets at their fair market value as of the date of such sale. In such case, any such effectively connected gain generally would be taxable at regular U.S. federal income tax rates, and the amount realized from such sale generally would be subject to a 10% U.S. federal withholding tax. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – U.S. Tax Considerations – Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units”.
Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units should consult their own tax advisers regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units in light of their particular circumstances.
Canada
If the corporate subsidiaries of the Property Partnership (“non-resident subsidiaries”) that are not resident or deemed to be resident in Canada for purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada) (together with the regulations thereunder, the “Tax Act”), and that are “controlled foreign affiliates” (“CFAs”) (as defined in the Tax Act) in which the Property Partnership directly holds an equity interest earn income that is “foreign accrual property income” (“FAPI”) (as defined in the Tax Act), Preferred Unitholders may be required to include amounts allocated from BPY in computing their income for Canadian federal income tax purposes even though there may be no corresponding cash distribution.
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Any of the non-resident subsidiaries in which the Property Partnership directly holds an equity interest are expected to be CFAs of the Property Partnership. If any CFA of the Property Partnership or any direct or indirect subsidiary thereof that is itself a CFA of the Property Partnership (an “Indirect CFA”) earns income that is characterized as FAPI in a particular taxation year of the CFA or Indirect CFA, the FAPI allocable to the Property Partnership must be included in computing the income of the Property Partnership for Canadian federal income tax purposes for the fiscal period of the Property Partnership in which the taxation year of that CFA or Indirect CFA ends, whether or not the Property Partnership actually receives a distribution of that FAPI. BPY will include its share of such FAPI of the Property Partnership in computing its income for Canadian federal income tax purposes and Preferred Unitholders will be required to include their proportionate share of such FAPI allocated from BPY in computing their income for Canadian federal income tax purposes. As a result, Preferred Unitholders may be required to include amounts in their income for Canadian federal income tax purposes even though they have not and may not receive an actual cash distribution of such amounts. The Tax Act contains anti-avoidance rules to address certain foreign tax credit generator transactions (the “Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules”). Under the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules, the “foreign accrual tax” (as defined in the Tax Act) applicable to a particular amount of FAPI included in the Property Partnership’s income in respect of a particular “foreign affiliate” (as defined in the Tax Act) of the Property Partnership may be limited in certain specified circumstances. See Item 10.E. “Additional Information – Taxation – Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations”.
Preferred Unitholders may be required to include imputed amounts in their income for Canadian federal income tax purposes in accordance with section 94.1 of the Tax Act.
Section 94.1 of the Tax Act contains rules relating to interests in entities that are not resident or deemed to be resident in Canada for purposes of the Tax Act or not situated in Canada (and certain exempt foreign trusts, as defined in subsection 94(1) of the Tax Act), other than a CFA of the taxpayer (“Non-Resident Entities”), that could in certain circumstances cause income to be imputed to Preferred Unitholders for Canadian federal income tax purposes, either directly or by way of allocation of such income imputed to the Property Partnership or BPY. See Item 10.E. “Additional Information – Taxation – Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations”.
The foreign tax credits for Canadian federal income tax purposes of Preferred Unitholders will be limited if the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules apply in respect of the foreign “business income tax” or “non-business income tax” (each as defined in the Tax Act) paid to the government of a foreign country by BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP, in the case of Preferred Unitholders, or by New LP, in the case of New LP Preferred Unitholders.
Under the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules, the foreign “business-income tax” or “non-business-income tax” for Canadian federal income tax purposes for any taxation year may be limited in certain circumstances. If the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules apply in respect of the foreign “business income tax” or “non-business income tax” paid to the government of a foreign country by BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP, the allocation to a Preferred Unitholder of foreign “business income tax” or “non-business income tax” paid by BPY, the Property Partnership, or New LP, and therefore, such holder’s foreign tax credits for Canadian federal income tax purposes, will be limited. Similarly, if the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules apply in respect of the foreign “business income tax” or “non-business income tax” paid to the government of a foreign country by New LP, the allocation to a New LP Preferred Unitholder of foreign “business income tax” or “non-business income tax” paid by New LP, and therefore, such holder’s foreign tax credits for Canadian federal income tax purposes, will be limited. See Item 10.E. “Additional Information – Taxation – Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations”.
Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders who are not and are not deemed to be resident in Canada for purposes of the Tax Act and who do not use or hold, and are not deemed to use or hold, their Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, in connection with a business carried on in Canada (in this Section 3.D. referred to as “Non-Canadian Holders”), may be subject to Canadian federal income tax with respect to any Canadian source business income earned by (1) in the case of a Non-Canadian Holder that holds Preferred Units, BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP if those entities were considered to carry on business in Canada, or (2) in the case of a Non-Canadian Holder that holds New LP Preferred Units, New LP if New LP were considered to carry on business in Canada.
If BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP were considered to carry on business in Canada for purposes of the Tax Act, Non-Canadian Holders that hold Preferred Units would be subject to Canadian federal income tax on their proportionate share of any Canadian source business income earned or considered to be earned by BPY, subject to the potential application of the safe harbour rule in section 115.2 of the Tax Act and any relief that may be provided by any relevant income tax treaty or convention. Similarly, if New LP were considered to carry on business in Canada for purposes of the Tax Act, Non-Canadian Holders that hold New LP Preferred Units would be subject to Canadian federal income tax on their proportionate share of any Canadian source business income earned or considered to be earned by New LP, subject to the potential application of the safe
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harbour rule in section 115.2 of the Tax Act and any relief that may be provided by any relevant income tax treaty or convention.
The BPY General Partner intends to manage the affairs of BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP, to the extent possible, so that they do not carry on business in Canada and are not considered or deemed to carry on business in Canada for purposes of the Tax Act. Nevertheless, because the determination of whether BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP is carrying on business and, if so, whether that business is carried on in Canada, is a question of fact that is dependent upon the surrounding circumstances, the CRA might contend successfully that any or all of BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP carries on business in Canada for purposes of the Tax Act.
If BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP is considered to carry on business in Canada or is deemed to carry on business in Canada for the purposes of the Tax Act, Non-Canadian Holders that hold Preferred Units and that are corporations would be required to file a Canadian federal income tax return for each taxation year in which they are a limited partner of BPY regardless of whether relief from Canadian taxation is available under an applicable income tax treaty or convention. Similarly, if New LP is considered to carry on business in Canada or is deemed to carry on business in Canada for the purposes of the Tax Act, Non-Canadian Holders that hold New LP Preferred Units and that are corporations would be required to file a Canadian federal income tax return for each taxation in which they are a limited partner of New LP regardless of whether relief from Canadian taxation is available under an applicable income tax treaty or convention. However, Non-Canadian Holders who are individuals would only be required to file a Canadian federal income tax return for any taxation year in which they are allocated income from BPY, or New LP, as applicable, from carrying on business in Canada that is not exempt from Canadian taxation under the terms of an applicable income tax treaty or convention.
Non-Canadian Holders may be subject to Canadian federal income tax on capital gains realized by BPY or the Property Partnership on dispositions of “taxable Canadian property” (as defined in the Tax Act).
A Non-Canadian Holder that holds Preferred Units will be subject to Canadian federal income tax on its proportionate share of capital gains realized by BPY or the Property Partnership on the disposition of “taxable Canadian property” other than “treaty protected property” (as defined in the Tax Act). “Taxable Canadian property” includes, but is not limited to, property that is used or held in a business carried on in Canada and shares of corporations that are not listed on a “designated stock exchange” (as defined in the Tax Act) if more than 50% of the fair market value of the shares is derived from certain Canadian properties during the 60-month period immediately preceding the particular time. Property of BPY and the Property Partnership generally will be “treaty-protected property” to a Non-Canadian Holder if the gain from the disposition of the property would, because of an applicable income tax treaty or convention, be exempt from tax under the Tax Act. BPY and the Property Partnership are not expected to realize capital gains or losses from dispositions of “taxable Canadian property”. However, no assurance can be given in this regard. Non-Canadian Holders that hold Preferred Units will be required to file a Canadian federal income tax return in respect of a disposition of “taxable Canadian property” by BPY or the Property Partnership unless the disposition is an “excluded disposition” for the purposes of section 150 of the Tax Act. However, Non-Canadian Holders that are corporations will still be required to file a Canadian federal income tax return in respect of a disposition of “taxable Canadian property” that is an “excluded disposition” for the purposes of section 150 of the Tax Act if tax would otherwise be payable under Part I of the Tax Act by such Non-Canadian Holders in respect of the disposition but is not because of an applicable income tax treaty or convention (otherwise than in respect of a disposition of “taxable Canadian property” that is “treaty-protected property” of the corporation). In general, an “excluded disposition” is a disposition of property by a taxpayer in a taxation year where: (a) the taxpayer is a non-resident of Canada at the time of the disposition; (b) no tax is payable by the taxpayer under Part I of the Tax Act for the taxation year; (c) the taxpayer is not liable to pay any amounts under the Tax Act in respect of any previous taxation year (other than certain amounts for which the CRA holds adequate security); and (d) each “taxable Canadian property” disposed of by the taxpayer in the taxation year is either: (i) “excluded property” (as defined in subsection 116(6) of the Tax Act); or (ii) property in respect of the disposition of which a certificate under subsection 116(2), (4) or (5.2) of the Tax Act has been issued by the CRA. Non-Canadian Holders that hold Preferred Units should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the requirements to file a Canadian federal income tax return in respect of a disposition of “taxable Canadian property” by BPY or the Property Partnership.
Non-Canadian Holders may be subject to Canadian federal income tax on capital gains realized on the disposition of Preferred Units, if such Preferred Units are “taxable Canadian property”.
Any capital gain arising from the disposition or deemed disposition of Preferred Units by a Non-Canadian Holder will be subject to taxation in Canada, if, at the time of the disposition or deemed disposition, the Preferred Units are “taxable Canadian property” of the Non-Canadian Holder, unless the Preferred Units are “treaty-protected property” to such Non-Canadian Holder. In general, Preferred Units will not constitute “taxable Canadian property” of a Non-Canadian Holder at the time of disposition or deemed disposition, unless (a) at any time during the 60-month period immediately preceding the
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disposition or deemed disposition, more than 50% of the fair market value of the Preferred Units was derived, directly or indirectly (excluding through a corporation, partnership or trust, the shares or interests in which were not themselves “taxable Canadian property”), from one or any combination of: (i) real or immovable property situated in Canada; (ii) “Canadian resource properties” (as defined in the Tax Act; (iii) “timber resource properties” (as defined in the Tax Act); and (iv) options in respect, of or interests in, or for civil law rights in, such property, whether or not such property exists, or (b) the Preferred Units are otherwise deemed to be “taxable Canadian property”. The BPY General Partner does not expect the Preferred Units to be “taxable Canadian property” of any Non-Canadian Holder at any time but no assurance can be given in this regard. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations”. Even if the Preferred Units constitute “taxable Canadian property”, the Preferred Units will be “treaty protected property” if the gain on the disposition of Preferred Units is exempt from tax under the Tax Act under the terms of an applicable income tax treaty or convention. If the Preferred Units constitute “taxable Canadian property”, Non-Canadian Holders will be required to file a Canadian federal income tax return in respect of a disposition of Preferred Units unless the disposition is an “excluded disposition” (as discussed above). If Preferred Units constitute “taxable Canadian property”, Non-Canadian Holders should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the requirement to file a Canadian federal income tax return in respect of a disposition of Preferred Units.
Non-Canadian Holders may be subject to Canadian federal income tax on capital gains realized on the disposition of Preferred Units, if such Preferred Units are “taxable Canadian property”.
Any capital gain arising from the disposition or deemed disposition of Preferred Units by a Non-Canadian Holder will be subject to taxation in Canada, if, at the time of the disposition or deemed disposition, the Preferred Units are “taxable Canadian property” of the Non-Canadian Holder, unless the Preferred Units are “treaty-protected property” to such Non-Canadian Holder. In general, Preferred Units will not constitute “taxable Canadian property” of a Non-Canadian Holder at the time of disposition or deemed disposition, unless (a) at any time during the 60-month period immediately preceding the disposition or deemed disposition, more than 50% of the fair market value of the Preferred Units was derived, directly or indirectly (excluding through a corporation, partnership or trust, the shares or interests in which were not themselves “taxable Canadian property”), from one or any combination of: (i) real or immovable property situated in Canada; (ii) “Canadian resource properties” (as defined in the Tax Act); (iii) “timber resource properties” (as defined in the Tax Act); and (iv) options in respect, of or interests in, or for civil law rights in, such property, whether or not such property exists, or (b) the Preferred Units are otherwise deemed to be “taxable Canadian property”. The BPY General Partner does not expect the Preferred Units to be “taxable Canadian property” of any Non-Canadian Holder at any time but no assurance can be given in this regard. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations”. Even if the Preferred Units constitute “taxable Canadian property”, the Preferred Units will be “treaty protected property” if the gain on the disposition of Preferred Units is exempt from tax under the Tax Act under the terms of an applicable income tax treaty or convention. If the Preferred Units constitute “taxable Canadian property”, Non-Canadian Holders will be required to file a Canadian federal income tax return in respect of a disposition of Preferred Units unless the disposition is an “excluded disposition” (as discussed above). If Preferred Units constitute “taxable Canadian property”, Non-Canadian Holders should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the requirement to file a Canadian federal income tax return in respect of a disposition of Preferred Units.
Non-Canadian Holders may be subject to Canadian federal income tax reporting and withholding tax requirements on the disposition of “taxable Canadian property”.
Non-Canadian Holders who dispose of “taxable Canadian property”, other than “excluded property” and certain other property described in subsection 116(5.2) of the Tax Act (or who are considered to have disposed of such property on the disposition of such property by BPY or the Property Partnership), are obligated to comply with the procedures set out in section 116 of the Tax Act and obtain a certificate pursuant to the Tax Act. In order to obtain such certificate, the Non-Canadian Holder is required to report certain particulars relating to the transaction to CRA not later than 10 days after the disposition occurs. Preferred Units are not expected to be “taxable Canadian property” and neither BPY nor the Property Partnership is expected to dispose of property that is “taxable Canadian property”, but no assurance can be given in this regard.
Payments of dividends or interest (other than interest not subject to Canadian federal withholding tax) by residents of Canada to the Property Partnership or New LP will be subject to Canadian federal withholding tax and payors may be unable to apply a reduced rate taking into account the residency or entitlement to relief under an applicable income tax treaty or convention of our preferred unitholders.
BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP will each be deemed to be a non-resident person in respect of certain amounts paid or credited or deemed to be paid or credited to them by a person resident or deemed to be resident in Canada, including dividends or interest. Interest (other than interest not subject to Canadian federal withholding tax) paid or deemed to be paid by a person resident or deemed to be resident in Canada to the Property Partnership or New LP, or dividends paid or deemed to be paid by a person resident or deemed to be resident in Canada to the Property Partnership, will be subject to
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withholding tax under Part XIII of the Tax Act at the rate of 25%. However, the CRA’s administrative practice in similar circumstances is to permit the rate of Canadian federal withholding tax applicable to such payments to be computed by looking through the partnership and taking into account the residency of the partners (including partners who are resident in Canada) and any reduced rates of Canadian federal withholding tax that any non-resident partners may be entitled to under an applicable income tax treaty or convention, provided that the residency status and entitlement to treaty benefits can be established. In determining the rate of Canadian federal withholding tax applicable to amounts paid by the Holding Entities to the Property Partnership or New LP, the BPY General Partner expects the Holding Entities to look-through New LP and the Property Partnership and BPY to the residency of the partners of BPY and New LP (including partners who are resident in Canada) and to take into account any reduced rates of Canadian federal withholding tax that any partners that are not resident or deemed to be resident in Canada for Canadian federal income tax purposes (including any Non-Canadian Holders) may be entitled to under an applicable income tax treaty or convention in order to determine the appropriate amount of Canadian federal withholding tax to withhold from interest paid to the Property Partnership or New LP or from dividends paid to the Property Partnership. However, there can be no assurance that the CRA will apply its administrative practice in this context. If the CRA’s administrative practice is not applied and the Holding Entities withhold Canadian federal withholding tax from applicable payments on a look-through basis, the Holding Entities may be liable for additional amounts of Canadian federal withholding tax plus any associated interest and penalties. Under the Canada-United States Tax Convention (1980) (the “Treaty”), a Canadian resident payer is required in certain circumstances to look-through fiscally transparent partnerships, such as BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP, to the residency and Treaty entitlements of their partners and to take into account the reduced rates of Canadian federal withholding tax that such partners may be entitled to under the Treaty.
While the BPY General Partner expects the Holding Entities to look-through BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP in determining the rate of Canadian federal withholding tax applicable to amounts paid or deemed to be paid by the Holding Entities to the Property Partnership or New LP, BPY or New LP may be unable to accurately or timely determine the residency of their partners for purposes of establishing the extent to which Canadian federal withholding taxes apply or whether reduced rates of withholding tax apply to some or all of the partners. To the extent that BPY or New LP are unable to accurately or timely determine the residency of their partners, the Holding Entities will withhold Canadian federal withholding tax from payments made to the Property Partnership or New LP that are subject to Canadian federal withholding tax at the rate of 25%. Canadian resident partners will be entitled to claim a credit for their proportionate share of such withholding taxes against their Canadian federal income tax liability, but Non-Canadian Holders will need to take certain steps to receive a refund or credit in respect of their proportionate share of such withholding taxes equal to the difference between the 25% withholding tax rate and the reduced withholding tax rate they are entitled to under an applicable income tax treaty or convention. See Item 10.E. “Taxation – Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations” for further detail. Non-Canadian Holders should consult their own tax advisors concerning all aspects of Canadian federal withholding taxes.
The Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, may or may not continue to be “qualified investments” under the Tax Act for Registered Plans.
Provided that the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, are listed on a “designated stock exchange” (which currently includes the Nasdaq and the TSX), the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, will be “qualified investments” under the Tax Act for a trust governed by a registered retirement savings plan (“RRSP”), deferred profit sharing plan, registered retirement income fund (“RRIF”), registered education savings plan (“RESP”), registered disability savings plan (“RDSP”) and a tax-free savings account (“TFSA”) (all as defined in the Tax Act and collectively referred to herein as “Registered Plans”). However, there can be no assurance that Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, will continue to be listed on a “designated stock exchange”. There can also be no assurance that tax laws relating to “qualified investments” will not be changed. Taxes may be imposed in respect of the acquisition or holding of non-qualified investments by such registered plans and certain other taxpayers and with respect to the acquisition or holding of “prohibited investments” (as defined in the Tax Act) by a RRSP, RRIF, TFSA, RDSP or RESP.
Generally, Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, will not be a “prohibited investment” for a trust governed by an RRSP, RRIF, TFSA, RDSP or RESP provided that (i) the annuitant under the RRSP or RRIF, the holder of the TFSA or RDSP or the subscriber of the RESP, as the case may be, deals at arm’s length with BPY or New LP, as applicable, for purposes of the Tax Act and does not have a “significant interest” (as defined in the Tax Act) for purposes of the prohibited investment rules, in BPY or New LP, as applicable, or (ii) the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, are “excluded property” for purposes of the prohibited investment rules. Preferred Unitholders who will hold Preferred Units in an RRSP, RRIF, TFSA, RDSP or RESP should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the application of the foregoing prohibited investment rules having regard to their particular circumstances.
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The Canadian federal income tax consequences to Preferred Unitholders and/or New LP Preferred Unitholders could be materially different in certain respects from those described in this Form 20-F if BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP is a “SIFT partnership” (as defined in the Tax Act).
Under the rules in the Tax Act applicable to a “SIFT partnership” (the “SIFT Rules”) certain income and gains earned by a “SIFT partnership” will be subject to income tax at the partnership level at a rate similar to a corporation, and allocations of such income and gains to its partners will be taxed as a dividend from a “taxable Canadian corporation” (as defined in the Tax Act). In particular, a “SIFT partnership” will generally be required to pay a tax on the total of its income from businesses carried on in Canada, income from “non-portfolio properties” (as defined in the Tax Act), other than taxable dividends, and taxable capital gains from dispositions of “non-portfolio properties”. “Non-portfolio properties” include, among other things, equity interests or debt of corporations, trusts or partnerships that are resident in Canada, and of non-resident persons or partnerships the principal source of income of which is one or any combination of sources in Canada (other than a “portfolio investment entity”, as defined in the Tax Act), that are held by the “SIFT partnership” and that have a fair market value that is greater than 10% of the equity value of such entity, or that have, together with debt or equity that the “SIFT partnership” holds of entities affiliated (within the meaning of the Tax Act) with such entity, an aggregate fair market value that is greater than 50% of the equity value of the “SIFT partnership”. The tax rate that is applied to the above mentioned sources of income and gains is set at a rate equal to the “net corporate income tax rate”, plus the “provincial SIFT tax rate” (each as defined in the Tax Act).
A partnership will be a “SIFT partnership” throughout a taxation year if at any time in the taxation year (i) it is a “Canadian resident partnership” (as defined in the Tax Act), (ii) “investments” (as defined in the Tax Act) in the partnership are listed or traded on a stock exchange or other public market and (iii) it holds one or more “non-portfolio properties”. For these purposes, a partnership will be a “Canadian resident partnership” at a particular time if (a) it is a “Canadian partnership” (as defined in the Tax Act) at that time, (b) it would, if it were a corporation, be resident in Canada (including, for greater certainty, a partnership that has its central management and control located in Canada) or (c) it was formed under the laws of a province. A “Canadian partnership” for these purposes is a partnership all of whose members are resident in Canada or are partnerships that are “Canadian partnerships”.
Under the SIFT Rules, BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP could each be a “SIFT partnership” if it is a “Canadian resident partnership”. However, the Property Partnership would not be a “SIFT partnership” if BPY is a “SIFT partnership” regardless of whether the Property Partnership is a “Canadian resident partnership” if the Property Partnership qualifies as an “excluded subsidiary entity” (as defined in the Tax Act). BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP will be a “Canadian resident partnership” if their central management and control is located in Canada. This determination is a question of fact and is expected to depend on where the BPY General Partner is located and exercises the central management and control of these partnerships. The BPY General Partner will take appropriate steps so that the central management and control of these entities is not located in Canada such that the SIFT Rules should not apply to BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP at any relevant time. However, no assurance can be given in this regard. If BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP is a “SIFT partnership”, the Canadian federal income tax consequences to Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders, as applicable, could be materially different in certain respects from those described in Item 10.E. “Taxation – Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations”. In addition, there can be no assurance that the SIFT Rules will not be revised or amended in the future such that the SIFT Rules will apply.
General Risks
Our failure to maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Any failure to maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting or to implement required, new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to report material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting and could result in errors or misstatements in our consolidated financial statements that could be material. If we were to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information. Our failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business in the future, our access to the capital markets and investors’ perception of us. In addition, material weaknesses in our internal controls could require significant expense and management time to remediate. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us, we conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Effective December 31, 2022, we are a non-accelerated filer and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 is not subject to attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm.
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We face risks relating to the jurisdictions of our operations.
Our operations are subject to significant political, economic and financial risks, which vary by jurisdiction, and may include:
•changes in government policies or personnel;
•restrictions on currency transfer or convertibility;
•changes in labor relations;
•less developed or efficient financial markets than in North America;
•the absence of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and disclosure requirements;
•less government supervision and regulation;
•a less developed legal or regulatory environment;
•heightened exposure to corruption risk;
•political hostility to investments by foreign investors; and
•difficulty in enforcing contractual obligations and expropriation or confiscation of assets.
We are subject to risk relating to inflation.
Our company is impacted by rising inflationary pressures. As the COVID-19 economic recovery continues, inflation rates in jurisdictions that we operate in increased significantly in 2022, rising above the target inflation rate ranges set by governing central banks. A significant portion of the upward pressure on prices has been attributed to the rising costs of labor, energy, food, motor vehicles and housing, as well as overall challenges involved in reopening and managing the economy throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and continuing global supply-chain disruptions. Inflation increases may or may not be transitory and future inflation may be impacted by labor market constraints reducing, supply-chain disruptions easing and commodity prices moderating. However, any sustained upward trajectory in the inflation rate will impact our ability to source suitable investment opportunities and we may not be able to offset inflationary increases in operating costs for our properties by increasing rents. Decreased consumer confidence and discretionary spending stemming from inflation may also reduce demand for our multifamily, student housing and hospitality businesses and negatively impact performance at our retail properties.
Political instability and unfamiliar cultural factors could adversely impact the value of our investments.
We are subject to geopolitical uncertainties in all jurisdictions in which we operate. We make investments in businesses that are based outside of North America and we may pursue investments in unfamiliar markets, which may expose us to additional risks not typically associated with investing in North America. We may not properly adjust to the local culture and business practices in such markets, and there is the prospect that we may hire personnel or partner with local persons who might not comply with our culture and ethical business practices; either scenario could result in the failure of our initiatives in new markets and lead to financial losses for us and our operating entities. There are risks of political instability in several of our major markets and in other parts of the world in which we conduct business, including, for example, the Korean Peninsula, from factors such as political conflict, income inequality, refugee migration, terrorism, the potential break-up of political or economic unions (or the departure of a union member) and political corruption; the materialization of one or more of these risks could negatively affect our financial performance.
Unforeseen political events in markets where we own and operate assets and may look to for further growth of our businesses, such as the United States, Brazil, European and Asian markets, may create economic uncertainty that has a negative impact on our financial performance. Such uncertainty could cause disruptions to our businesses, including affecting the business of and/or our relationships with our customers and suppliers, as well as altering the relationship among tariffs and currencies, including the value of the British pound and the Euro relative to the U.S. dollar. Disruptions and uncertainties could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows. In addition, political outcomes in the markets in which we operate may also result in legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations, which can
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contribute to general economic uncertainty. Economic uncertainty impacting us and our managed entities could be exacerbated by near-term political events, including those in the United States, Brazil, Europe, Asia and elsewhere.
Our company is a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. securities laws and as a result is subject to disclosure obligations different from requirements applicable to U.S. domestic registrants listed on the Nasdaq.
Although our company is subject to the periodic reporting requirement of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the periodic disclosure required of foreign private issuers under the Exchange Act is different from periodic disclosure required of U.S. domestic registrants. Therefore, there may be less publicly available information about us than is regularly published by or about other public companies in the United States and our company is exempt from certain other sections of the Exchange Act that U.S. domestic registrants would otherwise be subject to, including the requirement to provide our unitholders with information statements or proxy statements that comply with the Exchange Act. In addition, certain of the governance rules imposed by the Nasdaq are inapplicable to our company.
Our company is a “SEC foreign issuer” under Canadian securities regulations and is exempt from certain requirements of Canadian securities laws.
Although our company is a reporting issuer in Canada, we are a “SEC foreign issuer” and exempt from certain Canadian securities laws relating to continuous disclosure obligations and proxy solicitation as long as we comply with certain reporting requirements applicable in the United States, provided that the relevant documents filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), are filed in Canada and sent to our unitholders in Canada to the extent and in the manner and within the time required by applicable U.S. requirements. Therefore, there may be less publicly available information in Canada about us than is regularly published by or about other reporting issuers in Canada.
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
4.A. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY
Our company was established on January 3, 2013 as a Bermuda exempted limited partnership registered under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883, as amended, and the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992, as amended. Our company’s head and registered office is 73 Front Street, 5th Floor, Hamilton HM 12, Bermuda, and our company’s telephone number is +441 294 3309.
Our company was established by Brookfield Corporation as its primary vehicle to make investments across all strategies in real estate. Our goal is to be the leading global owner and operator of high-quality real estate. Prior to the Privatization (described below), our LP Units were listed on the Nasdaq and the TSX under the symbols “BPY” and “BPY.UN”, respectively. Our Preferred Units are listed on the Nasdaq under the symbols “BPYPP”, “BPYPO” and “BPYPN”, respectively.
On April 15, 2013, Brookfield Corporation completed a spin-off of its commercial property operations to our partnership which was effected by way of a special dividend of units of our partnership to holders of Brookfield Corporation’s Class A and B limited voting shares. Each holder of the shares received one partnership unit for approximately every 17.42 shares with Brookfield Corporation retaining units of our partnership, Redemption-Exchange Units, and a 1% general partner interest in the Property Partnership through Property Special LP. Our general partner is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation and subsidiaries of Brookfield Asset Management provide management services to us pursuant to our Master Services Agreement.
On August 28, 2018, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of common stock of GGP Inc. (“GGP”) other than those shares previously held by our partnership and our affiliates (which represented a 34% interest in GGP prior to the acquisition). In connection with the acquisition, we formed BPYU, which prior to the Privatization, was an issuer of public securities that were intended to offer economic equivalence to an investment in our partnership in the form of a U.S. REIT stock.
On July 26, 2021, Brookfield Corporation acquired all of the LP Units and Exchange LP Units that it did not previously own (the “Privatization”). Pursuant to the terms of the transaction and subject to pro-ration, unitholders were able to elect to receive, per unit, $18.17 in cash, 0.4006 of a Brookfield Corporation class A limited voting share (“BN shares”) or 0.7268 of a New LP Preferred Unit. The New LP Preferred Units issued in the Privatization began trading on the TSX under the symbol “BPYP.PR.A” and Nasdaq under the symbol “BPYPM” on July 27, 2021. The LP Units were delisted from the TSX and Nasdaq at market close on July 26, 2021.
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The outstanding BPYU Units were acquired in connection with the transaction in accordance with the terms of the BPYU charter. The BPYU Units were delisted from Nasdaq at market close on July 26, 2021 and BPYU’s 6.375% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock was redeemed for cash on August 19, 2021 at its par value of $25.00 per share, plus accumulated and unpaid dividends.
On December 9, 2022, Brookfield Corporation completed the distribution of 25% of its asset management business, through Brookfield Asset Management, by way of a plan of arrangement (the “Manager Distribution”). The transaction resulted in the division of Brookfield into two publicly traded companies – Brookfield Asset Management under the stock ticker BAM and Brookfield Corporation under the stock ticker BN. In advance of the Manager Distribution, a reorganization took place within Brookfield Corporation wherein we redeemed $1 billion of preferred units issued by a BPY subsidiary and acquired certain LP interests in several real estate funds and other investment interests from the Corporation (“Manager Reorganization”) for net consideration of $2,475 million through the issuance of Class D junior preferred shares, Series 1 and 2 of a BPY subsidiary, Brookfield BPY Holdings Inc. (“CanHoldco Class D Junior Preferred Shares”), to the Corporation. The LP interests and other investment interests acquisitions were accounted for as a business acquisition under common control, as discussed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our annual 2022 financial statements, where the partnership records assets and liabilities recognized as a result of transfers of businesses or subsidiaries between entities under common control at carrying value. Differences between the consideration given or received and the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities transferred are recorded within ownership changes in equity.
For a description of our principal capital expenditures in the last three fiscal years and a discussion of our acquisitions and dispositions during the year ended December 31, 2022, please see Item 5.A. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Operating Results”.
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. In accordance with these requirements, we file reports and other information as a foreign private issuer with the SEC. You may also inspect reports and other information regarding registrants, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC without charge at a website maintained by the SEC at www.sec.gov. See Item 10.H “Documents on Display”. You may also obtain our SEC filings on our website bpy.brookfield.com. The information on our website is not part of this annual report.
4.B. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
Operations and Principal Activities
We are Brookfield Corporation’s primary vehicle to make investments across all strategies in real estate. Our goal is to be a leading global owner and operator of high-quality real estate. With approximately 29,600 employees involved in Brookfield Corporation’s real estate businesses around the globe, we have built operating platforms in various real estate sectors.
Core Office
Our Core Office portfolio consists of interests in 132 high-quality office properties totaling approximately 92 million square feet, which are located primarily in the world’s leading commercial markets such as New York, London, Washington, D.C., Sydney, Toronto, and Berlin, as well as approximately 4 million square feet of active office and multifamily developments, in some of the world’s most dynamic gateway markets. We target to earn core-plus total returns on this portfolio.
Represented within this portfolio are some of our most iconic assets, including Manhattan West in New York and Canary Wharf in London. We focus on high-quality real estate assets in some of the best locations around the world because we have found that these outperform over very long periods of time and through economic cycles. These iconic assets, which represent approximately 80% of the equity attributable to Unitholders in our Core Office portfolio, cover 33 million square feet across 64 properties. These assets have stable cash flows and retain their values very well over long periods of time, as a result of their long-term leases. Companies have begun to rethink the way they utilize their office space. Once again, the highest quality, best-located buildings continue to be in high demand as employers want to encourage workers to come into the office to interact and collaborate with one another. These properties are 94% leased.
The remaining 68 properties, covering 59 million square feet of space, represent properties with transitional operational uplift and realization potential. These assets earn attractive short-term rates of return, as we acquire underperforming assets and improve their operations. We add significant value during this transitional period before ultimately monetizing them and reinvesting the proceeds.
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Core Retail
Our Core Retail portfolio consists of 110 million square feet across 109 best-in-class malls and urban retail properties across the United States. We target to earn core-plus total returns on this portfolio.
Similar to our Core Office portfolio, 24 million square feet across 19 properties are represented by assets in which we intend to retain long-term ownership. These assets include trophy assets, such as Ala Moana in Honolulu and Fashion Show in Las Vegas, and collectively represent approximately 60% of the equity attributable to Unitholders in our Core Retail portfolio. Their stable and growing cash flows ensure that we can earn attractive compounding rates of return. As consumer tastes and buying patterns have evolved, we have redesigned our centers to focus on high-end luxury tenants, entertainment and food and beverage uses, which attract the shoppers of today. The type and nature of our tenants is constantly evolving; however, our properties enjoy prominent physical locations near large populations of affluent consumers, and as a result, space is in demand. They are highly productive, with average tenant sales currently exceeding $1,100 per square foot, 20% above their sales prior to the pandemic. These properties are 95% leased.
For the remaining 90 properties, covering 86 million square feet of space, we seek to maximize return through leasing, redevelopment of existing retail or in some cases through the addition of a mixed-use component like multifamily or office. We add significant values during this transitional period before ultimately monetizing them and reinvesting the proceeds.
LP Investments
Our LP Investments portfolio includes our equity invested in Brookfield-sponsored real estate opportunity funds, which target high-quality assets with operational upside across various real estate sectors, including office, retail, multifamily, logistics, hospitality, mixed-use and other alternative real estate. We target to earn opportunistic returns on our LP Investments portfolio. These investments have a defined hold period and typically generate the majority of profits from gains recognized from realization events, including the sale of an asset or portfolio of assets, or exit of the entire investment. As such, capital invested in our LP Investments recycles over time, as existing funds return capital, and we reinvest these proceeds in future vintages of Brookfield-sponsored funds.
Principal Markets
As of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 73% of our assets and 64% of our revenues originated from the United States with the remaining 27% of our assets and 36% of our revenues originating from Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Europe, Brazil and Asia.
Competitive Position
The nature and extent of competition we face varies from property to property and business to business. Our direct competitors include other office, retail, multifamily, logistics, hospitality, mixed-use and other alternative real estate operating companies; public and private real estate companies and funds; commercial property developers and other owners of real estate that engage in similar businesses. In addition, we face competition in our retail business from alternatives to traditional mall shopping, particularly online shopping.
We believe the principal factors that our tenants consider in making their leasing decisions include: rental rates; quality, design and location of properties; total number and geographic distribution of properties; management and operational expertise; and financial position of the landlord. Based on these criteria, we believe that the size and scope of our operating entities, as well as the overall quality and attractiveness of our individual properties, enable us to compete effectively for tenants in our local markets. We benefit from using the “Brookfield” name and the “Brookfield” logo in connection with our marketing activities in as Brookfield has a strong reputation throughout the global real estate industry.
Legal Proceedings
Our company has not been since its formation and is not currently subject to any material governmental, legal or arbitration proceedings which may have or have had a significant impact on our company’s financial position or profitability nor is our company aware of any such proceedings that are pending or threatened.
We are occasionally named as a party in various claims and legal proceedings which arise during the normal course of our business. We review each of these claims, including the nature of the claim, the amount in dispute or claimed and the availability of insurance coverage. Although there can be no assurance as to the resolution of any particular claim, we do not believe that the outcome of any claims or potential claims of which we are currently aware will have a material adverse effect on us.
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Regulation
Our business is subject to a variety of federal, state, provincial and local laws and regulations relating to the ownership and operation of real property, including the following:
•We are subject to various laws relating to environmental matters. We could be liable under these laws for the costs of removal and remediation of certain hazardous substances or wastes existing in, or released or deposited on or in our properties or disposed of at other locations.
•We must comply with regulations under building codes and human rights codes that generally require that public buildings be made accessible to disabled persons.
•We must comply with laws and regulations concerning zoning, design, construction and similar matters, including regulations which impose restrictive zoning and density requirements.
•We are also subject to state, provincial and local fire and life safety requirements.
These laws and regulations may change and we may become subject to additional and/or more stringent laws and regulations in the future. We have established policies and procedures for environmental management and compliance, and we have incurred and will continue to incur significant capital and operating expenditures to comply with health, safety and environmental laws and to obtain and comply with licenses, permits and other approvals and to assess and manage potential liability exposure.
Environmental, Social and Governance
As a leading global owner and operator of high-quality real estate, a strong environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) culture has always been an integral part of how we operate our business. Our partnership has a robust ESG strategy that is crucial for us to create long-term value.
ESG Principles
Brookfield encourages a common set of ESG principles across its business, while at the same time recognizing that the geographic and sector diversity of our portfolio requires tailored, local management and responsibility. The following are Brookfield’s and our partnership’s ESG principles:
•Mitigate the impact of our operations on the environment
▪Strive to minimize the environmental impact of our operations and improve our efficient use of resources over time.
▪Support the goal of net zero GHG emissions by 2050 or sooner.
•Ensuring the well-being and safety of employees
▪Foster a positive work environment based on respect for human rights, valuing diversity, and zero tolerance for workplace discrimination, violence or harassment.
▪Operate with leading health and safety practices to support the goal of zero serious safety incidents.
•Uphold strong governance practices
▪Operate to the highest ethical standards by conducting business activities in accordance with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”).
▪Maintain strong stakeholder relationships through transparency and active engagement.
•Be good corporate citizens
▪Ensure the interests, safety and well-being of the communities in which we operate are integrated into our business decisions.
▪Support philanthropy and volunteerism by our employees.
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ESG and the Investment Process
ESG culture is embedded throughout the investment process, starting with the due diligence of a potential investment through to the exit process. During the initial due diligence phase, Brookfield uses its investment and operating expertise and industry-specific guidelines that incorporate the International Financial Reporting Standards Foundation’s International Sustainability Standards Board framework, which is built off of Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (“SASB”) guidance framework, to identify material ESG risks and opportunities relevant to a potential investment. A potential risk is considered material if it can create, preserve or erode financial or reputational value for Brookfield, the partnership and/or its investors. Risks and opportunities may stem from a number of environmental, social or governance factors, including but not limited to, transition or physical climate change risk, energy use, water availability/stress, employee health and safety, ethics, integrity and transparency, data privacy, cybersecurity, vendor selection, human rights and modern slavery risks. Brookfield uses its experience in identifying particular risks specific to certain asset classes, geographical regions and operating environments to inform its view of the likelihood and severity of a potential risk, and completes an initial assessment of the potential risks and related potential mitigants posed by a certain investment using internal experts and, as needed, third-party consultants. Brookfield’s due diligence process utilizes the SASB Engagement Guide, which seeks to identify material ESG considerations and integrate these into the underwriting of potential investments. Brookfield performs a desktop review of each investment to screen for potential physical climate change risks through an online climate change risk modelling platform. Potential climate change risks that are identified through desktop review are considered in respect of the anticipated hold period of Brookfield’s investment. Brookfield also considers the potential costs to address physical risks that may materialize during Brookfield’s hold period, and ensures the asset obtains sufficient insurance coverage to address potential adverse incidents. Brookfield’s investment teams are responsible for coordinating all aspects of due diligence, including those related to ESG factors, and draws upon significant in-house expertise from our Service Providers and external consultants as required.
To ensure ESG considerations are fully integrated in the due diligence phase, the investment team prepares a detailed memorandum outlining the merits of the transaction and disclosing potential risks, mitigants and value creation opportunities. A summary of the specific ESG due diligence performed and potential ESG risks and opportunities are disclosed for each investment. Senior management of our Service Providers discuss material ESG issues and potential mitigation strategies, including bribery and corruption risks, health and safety risks, and legal risks, as well as environmental and social risks.
Post-acquisition, local management teams are accountable for the implementation of value-add ESG initiatives and management of potential ESG risk issues identified during due diligence and those that may arise during the investment hold period within their operations, in accordance with Brookfield’s and our partnership’s ESG principles. This ensures full alignment between responsibility, authority, experience and execution. This approach is particularly important given the wide range of industries and locations in which we invest that require tailored ESG risk identification and management systems to mitigate unique risks and capitalize on distinct opportunities.
Environmental Initiatives
We pride ourselves on contributing positively to the local communities in which we operate. This means we continually strive to minimize our impact on the environment, while balancing the need for economic growth. We demonstrate respect for the natural environment and take steps to protect it by investing in green technologies, encouraging environmentally sound construction methods, and promoting strategies to minimize our carbon footprint. Sustainability initiatives in our portfolio vary by investment but include measurement of GHG emissions and other key sustainability metrics, energy reduction strategies, use of alternative energy sources such as solar, water conservation, recycling, enhanced indoor air quality, respect and consideration of biodiversity, the provision of alternative transportation parking, use of environmentally friendly cleaning materials and erosion control. These initiatives are monitored by local management teams and the management team of our Service Provider, the former updating the latter at regular business intervals.
We seek to measure the success of our environmental initiatives and report on our progress, including by participating in the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (“GRESB”) and seeking certifications within our business:
•GRESB Reporting
•In 2022, 11 of Brookfield’s real estate business segments responded to GRESB, achieving an average score of 83%, which is 7% higher than the GRESB average global score.
•Brookfield’s real estate business excelled in the management and development components of the assessments, averaging 93% and 87%, respectively. In the performance component, it averaged 74%, exceeding the GRESB global average by 7%.
•Brookfield’s real estate business maintained green star status among all responding business segments.
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•Certifications
•Our commitment to sustainability and intelligent design has earned us global recognition. Across Brookfield’s real estate business it holds 190 WELL Health & Safety certifications, 100 LEED certifications, 51 Energy Star certifications in the United States, 60 BOMA 360 office certifications in the United States and Canada, 56 IREM certifications in our core retail business in the United States, 6 NABERS certifications in Australia, 36 Fitwel certifications internationally and 32 BREEM certifications in the United Kingdom.
Social Initiatives
Consistent with our ESG Principles, we aim to create sustainable value by acting responsibly while aligning the interest of our investors, stakeholders and employees. Our focus on stakeholder alignment, long-term horizon and fostering a collaborative culture are foundational to our achieving superior results. We remain actively involved in discussions aimed at advancing our awareness across various social considerations, including the following key focus areas:
•Human Capital Development
•We proactively recruit people who we believe are aligned with our culture and have the potential to grow and develop within Brookfield.
•We invest heavily in the development of our people. Our “grow-from-within” development approach prioritizes internal mobility to provide opportunities to expand professional experience and enhance collaboration across the business. This includes transfers between geographies, business groups, functions and to or from portfolio companies.
•We view our philanthropic activities as an opportunity to engage our people and support their development and be of benefit to the local communities in which we operate. Brookfield utilizes a two-pronged global approach to philanthropy, which includes a global matching program and a capital pool for each office to support philanthropic activities that are important to our people and facilitate relationship building in support of collaboration.
•Diversity & Inclusion
•Our approach to diversity and inclusion has been deliberate and is integrated into our human capital development processes and initiatives.
•Brookfield is committed to a positive, open and inclusive work environment. Our approach to ethnic and gender diversity in our human resources starts with a strong tone at the top and our Code and Positive Work Environment Policy set a consistently high standard for how we interact with each other across our global asset management business.
•In 2022, Brookfield’s Global Diversity Advisory Group continued to advance its mandate to provide insight into the concerns, challenges and successes around attracting and retaining members of the Black community and other underrepresented groups within our business and find ways to increase our engagement with these groups.
•As it relates to diversity and inclusion within our hiring practices, we take the time to require a diverse slate of candidates by gender and ethnic diversity. Additionally, we require gender and ethnic diversity from the Brookfield teams that interview candidates and ultimately make the hiring decision.
•Health & Safety
•Health and safety policies and procedures apply not only to employees, but also to contractors and subcontractors and take into consideration the protection of the surrounding community. Our objective is to have zero serious safety incidents by working toward implementing consistent health and safety principles across the organization. Senior management in our Service Providers are accountable for the health and safety performance of their individual businesses.
•Human Rights and Modern Slavery
•Brookfield is committed to conducting business in an ethical and responsible manner, including by carrying out our activities in a manner that respects and supports the protection of human rights through i) the elimination of discrimination in employment; ii) the prohibition of child and force labor; and iii) the eradication of harassment and physical or mental abuse in the workplace.
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•These standards are embedded into all core business activities, including training, communications, contracts and due diligence processes as appropriate. These practices extend to our interactions with key suppliers and other business partners.
Governance Initiatives
Oversight of ESG issues is overseen by the board of directors of the BPY General Partner, which receives regular reports on risk, corporate governance, internal controls, culture and other matters that generally relate to ESG. We recognize that strong governance is essential to sustainable business operations, and we aim to conduct our business according to the highest ethical and legal standards. We rigorously maintain sound governance practices that guide our actions and give our investors peace of mind. Given the trend toward increased regulations targeting ESG in many jurisdictions, such as the European Union, we are focused on regularly updating how we manage our ESG compliance. This involves continuing review of evolving legislation, guidelines and best practices for all jurisdictions in which we operate.
Upholding fair and effective business practices is a cornerstone of being a responsible global citizen. Our partnership has adopted strong governance practices to ensure our activities are conducted with the utmost honesty and integrity and in full compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements. Our Code and Anti-bribery and Corruption Policy set out the commitments expected by us. We maintain a reporting hotline to report suspected unethical, illegal or unsafe behavior.
In 2022, we developed a global ESG Policy that formalizes our practices related to operationalizing our ESG principles. This document codifies our longstanding commitment to integrating ESG considerations into our decision-making and day-to-day asset management activities. At Brookfield, sound ESG practices are integral to building resilient businesses and creating long-term value for our partners.
Also in 2022, Brookfield developed a modern slavery framework through consultation with relevant internal stakeholders and, where appropriate, external advisors to verify that the operations and processes meet all applicable legal requirements.
We are proud of the commitment we have made to ESG. The initiatives we undertake and the investments we make in building our business are guided by our core set of values around sustainable development and ESG, as we encourage a culture and organization that we believe can be successful today and in the future.
Distribution Policy
Our distribution policy is to retain sufficient cash flow within our operations to cover tenant improvements, leasing costs and other sustaining capital expenditures and to pay out substantially all remaining cash flow. In order to finance development projects, acquisitions and other investments, we plan to recycle capital or raise external capital. The current quarterly distribution on our LP Units is $0.35 per LP Unit (or $1.40 per LP Unit on an annualized basis).
We expect to continue to make distributions to our preferred unitholders in accordance with their contractual terms. Any distributions will be paid if and to the extent declared by the board of the BPY General Partner and permitted by applicable law. Distribution payments are not mandatory or guaranteed and no assurances can be given that distributions will be paid at all.
Additionally, our ability to make distributions will depend on a number of factors, some of which are out of our control, including, among other things, general economic conditions, our results of operations and financial condition, the amount of cash that is generated by our operations and investments, restrictions imposed by the terms of any indebtedness that is incurred to finance our operations, payment of distributions on our Preferred Units, investments or to fund liquidity needs, levels of operating and other expenses, and contingent liabilities. Furthermore, the Property Partnership, the Holding Entities and our operating entities are legally distinct from our company and they are generally required to service their debt and other obligations, such as distributions to preferred unitholders, before making distributions to us or their parent entity as applicable, thereby reducing the amount of our cash flow available to pay distributions on our units, fund working capital and satisfy other needs.
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4.C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Organizational Chart
The chart on the following page represents a simplified summary of our organizational structure as of December 31, 2022. “GP Interest” denotes a general partnership interest and “LP Interest” denotes a limited partnership interest. Certain subsidiaries through which Brookfield Corporation holds units of our company have been omitted.
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This chart should be read in conjunction with the explanation of our ownership and organizational structure on the following pages.
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(1)As of December 31, 2022, Brookfield Corporation owns all LP Units of our company. Brookfield Corporation also has an approximately 63% interest in the Property Partnership through Brookfield Corporation’s ownership of Redemption-Exchange Units and Special LP Units. On a fully-exchanged basis, our company would directly own 99% of the limited partnership interests in the Property Partnership.
(2)The Property Partnership owns, directly or indirectly, all of the common shares or equity interests, as applicable, of the Holding Entities. As of December 31, 2022, Brookfield Corporation holds $1 million of Class B junior preferred shares; C$2.8 billion and C$521 million of Class D junior preferred shares Series 1 and Series 2, respectively, and 100% of the non-voting common shares of CanHoldco. As of December 31, 2022, Brookfield Asset Management holds $5 million of the Class A senior preferred shares of CanHoldco. In addition, each of Brookfield Corporation and Brookfield Asset Management holds a wholly-owned subsidiary of other Holding Entities, which preferred shares are entitled to an aggregate 1% of the votes to be cast along with the common shares of the applicable entity. See Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Preferred Shares of Certain Holding Entities”.
(3)Certain of the operating entities and intermediate holding companies that are directly or indirectly owned by the Holding Entities and that directly or indirectly hold our real estate assets are not shown on the chart. All percentages listed represent our economic interest in the applicable entity or group of assets, which may not be the same as our voting interest in those entities and groups of assets. All interests are rounded to the nearest one percent and are calculated as at December 31, 2022.
(4)The majority of our Core Office portfolio is held through Brookfield Office Properties Inc. (“BPO”). We own 100% of its outstanding common shares and outstanding voting preferred shares as well as interests in certain series of its non-voting preferred shares.
(5)Our Australian office business consists of our direct interest in our Australian office properties not held through BPO.
(6)Our interest in Canary Wharf is held through a joint venture owned 50% by our company and 50% by the Class A Preferred Unitholder.
(7)Our Brazilian office business includes 67% ownership of an office building in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and our 51% interest in an office building in the Faria Lima section of São Paulo, Brazil.
(8)Our voting and economic interest in BPYU is 100%.
(9)Our economic interest set forth above is reflected as a range because our LP Investments are held through Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds in which we hold varying interests.
(10)Our interest in one of our opportunistic real estate finance funds is owned by the Property Partnership.
(11)Service Providers are subsidiaries of the Asset Management Company, which is owned 75%, directly and indirectly, by Brookfield Corporation and 25% by Brookfield Asset Management.
The following table provides the percentage of voting securities owned, or controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, by us, and our economic interest in our operating entities included in our organizational chart set out above under “- Organizational Chart”.

Name | Economic Interest(1) | Voting Interest(1)
Core Office |  |
BPO(2) | 100% | 100%
Australia | 100% | 100%
Europe | 100% | 100%
Canary Wharf | 50% | 50%
Brazil | 51% - 67% | 51% - 67%
Core Retail |  |
BPYU | 100 | % | 100 | %
LP Investments |  |
LP Investments - Office(3,4) | 24% - 47% | — |
Rouse(3) | 50% | 33 | %
Brazil Retail(3) | 43% | — |
LP Investments - Retail(3) | 26% | — |
Logistics(3,4) | 23% - 31% | — |
Multifamily(3,4) | 4% - 37% | — |
Hospitality(3,4) | 16% - 42% | — |
BSREP III(3,5) | 7 | % | — |
Alternatives(3,4) | 1% - 57% | — |

(1)All interests are rounded to the nearest one percent and are calculated as at December 31, 2022.
(2)Our interest in BPO consists of 100% of its outstanding common shares and outstanding voting preferred shares, as well as interests in certain series of its non-voting preferred shares.
(3)We hold our economic interest in these assets primarily through limited partnership interests in Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds. By their nature, limited partnership interests do not have any voting rights.
(4)Our economic interest set forth above is reflected as a range because our LP Investments are primarily held through Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds in which we hold varying interests.
(5)We do not consolidate our interest in BSREP III as our 7% non-voting interest does not provide us with control over the investment and therefore is accounted for as a financial asset.
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Our Company
In connection with the Spin-off, we acquired from Brookfield Corporation substantially all of its commercial property operations, including its office, retail, multifamily and logistics assets. We are Brookfield Corporation’s primary vehicle to make investments across all strategies in real estate.
Property Partnership
Our company’s sole direct investment is a managing general partnership interest in the Property Partnership. Our company serves as the managing general partner of the Property Partnership and has sole authority for the management and control of the Property Partnership.
Our company owns a direct 36% interest in the Property Partnership through ownership of managing general partner units. Our company also owns the Property Partnership Preferred Units, Series 5, 6 and 7. Brookfield has an approximately 63% interest in the Property Partnership through Brookfield’s ownership of Redemption-Exchange Units. Brookfield’s interest in the Property Partnership also includes a special limited partnership interest held by Property Special LP which entitles it to receive equity enhancement distributions and incentive distributions from the Property Partnership. The Class A Preferred Unitholder and the holders of the AO LTIP Units and FV LTIP Units, hold the remaining approximate 1% economic interest in the Property Partnership. See Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Equity Enhancement and Incentive Distributions”.
Our Service Providers
The Service Providers provide management services to us pursuant to our Master Services Agreement. The Service Providers are subsidiaries of the Asset Management Company, which is owned 75%, directly and indirectly, by Brookfield Corporation and 25% by Brookfield Asset Management. The senior management team that is principally responsible for providing us with management services include many of the same executives that have successfully overseen and grown Brookfield’s global real estate business.
The BPY General Partner
The BPY General Partner, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation, has sole authority for the management and control of our company. Holders of our LP Units and Preferred Units, in their capacities as such, may not take part in the management or control of the activities and affairs of our company and do not have any right or authority to act for or to bind our company or to take part or interfere in the conduct or management of our company. See Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement”.
Property Special LP
Property Special LP is a special limited partner of the Property Partnership. Property Special LP is an indirect subsidiary of the Asset Management Company, which is owned 75%, directly and indirectly, by Brookfield Corporation and 25% by Brookfield Asset Management. Property Special LP is entitled to receive equity enhancement distributions and incentive distributions from the Property Partnership as a result of its ownership of the Special LP Units. See Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions Related Party Transactions”.
Holding Entities
Our company indirectly holds its interests in our operating entities through the Holding Entities. The Property Partnership owns, directly or indirectly, all of the common shares or equity interests, as applicable, of the Holding Entities. Brookfield Corporation holds $1 million of Class B junior preferred shares; C$2.8 billion and C$521 million of Class D junior preferred shares, Series 1 and Series 2, respectively, and approximately $1.8 billion of non-voting common shares of CanHoldco, one of our Holding Entities. Brookfield Asset Management holds $5 million of Class A senior preferred shares of CanHoldco. In addition, each of Brookfield Corporation and Brookfield Asset Management holds a wholly-owned subsidiary of other Holding Entities, which preferred shares are entitled to an aggregate 1% of the votes to be cast along with the common shares of the applicable entity. See Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Preferred Shares of Certain Holding Entities”.
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Operating Sectors
Our business is organized in three sectors: Core Office, Core Retail and LP Investments. The capital invested in these sectors is through a combination of: direct investment; investments in asset level partnerships or joint venture arrangements; and participation in private equity funds and consortiums.
4.D. PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT
See Item 4.B. “Information on the Company - Business Overview”, Item 4.C. “Information on the Company - Organizational Structure”, Item 5.A. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Operating Results” and Item 18 “Financial Statements”.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
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ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
5.A. OPERATING RESULTS
OBJECTIVES AND FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
OVERVIEW
This management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) of Brookfield Property Partners L.P. (“BPY”, the “partnership”, “we”, “us”, or “our”) covers the financial position as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and financial performance for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. The information in this MD&A should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (the “Financial Statements”) and related notes contained elsewhere in this Form 20-F.
We disclose a number of financial measures in this MD&A that are calculated and presented using methodologies other than in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standard (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). Non-IFRS measures used in this MD&A are reconciled to the most comparable IFRS measure. We utilize these measures in managing our business, including for performance measurement, capital allocation and valuation purposes and believe that providing these performance measures on a supplemental basis to our IFRS results is helpful to investors in assessing our overall performance. These financial measures should not be considered as a substitute for similar financial measures calculated in accordance with IFRS. We caution readers that these non-IFRS financial measures may differ from the calculations disclosed by other businesses, and as a result, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by others. Reconciliations of these non-IFRS financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS, where applicable, are included within this MD&A on page 77.
In addition to historical information, this MD&A contains forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.
BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Our sole direct investment is a 36% managing general partnership unit interest in Brookfield Property L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”). As we have the ability to direct its activities pursuant to our rights as owners of the general partner units, we consolidate the Operating Partnership. Accordingly, our Financial Statements reflect 100% of its assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and cash flows, including non-controlling interests therein, which capture the ownership interests of other third parties.
We also discuss the results of operations on a segment basis, consistent with how we manage our business. As of December 31, 2022, the partnership is organized into four reportable segments: i) Core Office, ii) Core Retail, iii) LP Investments and iv) Corporate. These segments are independently and regularly reviewed and managed by the Chief Executive Officer, who is considered the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”).
Prior to the Privatization described below, our partnership’s equity interests included general partnership units (“GP Units”), limited partnership units (“LP Units”), redeemable/exchangeable partnership units of the Operating Partnership (“Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units”), special limited partnership units of the Operating Partnership (“Special LP Units”), FV LTIP Units of the Operating Partnership (“FV LTIP Units”), limited partnership units of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP (“Exchange LP Units”), Class A stock (“BPYU Units”), of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC. (“BPYU”) and Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units, Series 1, Series 2 and Series 3. Holders of the GP Units, LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, Special LP Units, FV LTIP Units, Exchange LP Units and BPYU Units will be collectively referred to throughout this MD&A as “Unitholders”. The LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, Exchange LP Units (prior to the Privatization) and BPYU Units have the same economic attributes in all respects, except that the holders of Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units and BPYU Units have the right to request that their units be redeemed for cash consideration. In the event that Brookfield Corporation, as the holder of the Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units exercises this right, our partnership has the right, at its sole discretion, to satisfy the redemption request with its LP Units, rather than cash, on a one-for-one basis. As a result, Brookfield Corporation, as holder of Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, participates in earnings and distributions on a per unit basis equivalent to the per unit participation of the LP Units of our partnership. However, given the redemption feature referenced above and the fact that they were issued by our subsidiary, we present the Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units as a component of non-controlling interests. The Exchange LP Units were exchangeable at any time on a one-for-one basis, at the option of the holder, for LP Units. We presented the Exchange LP Units as a component of non-controlling interests. BPYU Units provided their holders with the right to request that their units be redeemed for cash consideration. In the event the holders of BPYU Units exercised this right, our partnership had the right at its sole discretion, to satisfy the redemption request with its LP Units, rather
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than cash, on a one-for-one basis. As a result, BPYU Units participated in earnings and distributions on a per unit basis equivalent to the per unit participation of LP Units of our partnership. We presented BPYU Units as a component of non-controlling interest.
On July 26, 2021, Brookfield Corporation acquired all of the publicly traded LP Units outstanding that it did not previously own (the “Privatization”). In addition, i) the publicly held Exchange LP Units were acquired directly or indirectly by Brookfield Corporation and subsequently converted into Class A LP Units of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP, ii) the publicly held BPYU Units were acquired in the Privatization and the terms of the BPYU Units were subsequently amended to, among other things, remove the entitlement to be exchanged for LP Units, iii) new publicly traded preferred units were issued by Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. (“New LP Preferred Units”), a subsidiary of our partnership, and iv) non-voting common shares in a BPY subsidiary, Brookfield BPY Holdings Inc. (“CanHoldco”), were issued to Brookfield Corporation (“Canholdco Non-Voting Common Shares”).
This MD&A includes financial data for the year ended December 31, 2022 and includes material information up to the date of this Form 20-F. Financial data has been prepared using accounting policies in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Non-IFRS measures used in this MD&A are reconciled to such financial information. Unless otherwise specified, all operating and other statistical information is presented as if we own 100% of each property in our portfolio, regardless of whether we own all of the interests in each property. We believe this is the most appropriate basis on which to evaluate the performance of properties in the portfolio relative to each other and others in the market. All dollar references, unless otherwise stated, are in millions of U.S. Dollars. Canadian Dollars (“C$”), Australian Dollars (“A$”), British Pounds (“£”), Euros (“€”), Brazilian Reais (“R$”), Indian Rupees (“₨”), Chinese Yuan (“C¥”), South Korean Won (“₩”) and United Arab Emirates Dirham (“AED”) are identified where applicable.
We present certain financial information on a proportionate basis. Financial information presented on a proportionate basis provides further information on the financial performance and position of the partnership as a whole, including certain investments which are accounted for under the equity method. We believe that proportionate financial information assists readers in determining the partnership’s economic interests in its consolidated and unconsolidated investments. The proportionate financial information reflects the financial position and performance of the partnership’s economic ownership of each investment that the partnership does not wholly own.
This proportionate information is not, and is not intended to be, a presentation in accordance with IFRS. Other companies may calculate their proportionate financial information differently than us, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure. As a result of these limitations, the proportionate information should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the partnership’s financial statements as reported under IFRS.
Additional information is available on our website at bpy.brookfield.com, or on www.sedar.com or www.sec.gov.
OVERVIEW OF OUR BUSINESS
We are Brookfield Corporation’s primary vehicle to make investments across all strategies in real estate. Our goal is to be a leading global owner and operator of high-quality real estate. With approximately 29,600 employees involved in Brookfield’s real estate businesses around the globe, we have built operating platforms in various real estate sectors.
Core Office
Our diversified Core Office portfolio consists of 92 million square feet across 132 premier office assets in some of the world’s most dynamic gateway markets. We target to earn core-plus total returns on this portfolio.
Represented within this portfolio are some of our most iconic assets, including Manhattan West in New York and Canary Wharf in London. We focus on high-quality real estate assets in some of the best locations around the world because we have found that these outperform over very long periods of time and through economic cycles. These iconic assets, which represent approximately 80% of the equity attributable to Unitholders in our Core Office portfolio, cover 33 million square feet across 64 properties. These assets have stable cash flows and retain their values very well over long periods of time, as a result of their long-term leases. Companies have begun to rethink the way they utilize their office space. Once again, the highest quality, best-located buildings continue to be in high demand as employers want to encourage workers to come into the office to interact and collaborate with one another. These properties are 94% leased.
The remaining 68 properties, covering 59 million square feet of space, represent properties with transitional operational uplift and realization potential. These assets earn attractive short-term rates of return, as we acquire underperforming assets and improve their operations. We add significant value during this transitional period before ultimately monetizing them and reinvesting the proceeds.
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Core Retail
Our Core Retail portfolio consists of 110 million square feet across 109 best-in-class malls and urban retail properties across the United States. We also target to earn core-plus total returns on this portfolio.
Similar to our Core Office portfolio, 24 million square feet across 19 properties are represented by assets in which we intend to retain long-term ownership. These assets include trophy assets, such as Ala Moana in Honolulu and Fashion Show in Las Vegas, and collectively represent approximately 60% of the equity attributable to Unitholders in our Core Retail portfolio. Their stable and growing cash flows ensure that we can earn attractive compounding rates of return. As consumer tastes and buying patterns have evolved, we have redesigned our centers to focus on high-end luxury tenants, entertainment and food and beverage uses, which attract the shoppers of today. The type and nature of our tenants is constantly evolving; however, our properties enjoy prominent physical locations near large populations of affluent consumers, and as a result, space is in demand. They are highly productive, with average tenant sales currently exceeding $1,100 per square foot, 20% above their sales prior to the pandemic. These properties are 95% leased.
For the remaining 90 properties, covering 86 million square feet of space, we seek to maximize return through leasing, redevelopment of existing retail or in some cases through the addition of a mixed-use component like multifamily or office. We add significant values during this transitional period before ultimately monetizing them and reinvesting the proceeds.
LP Investments
Our LP Investments portfolio includes our equity invested in Brookfield-sponsored real estate opportunity funds, which target high-quality assets with operational upside across various real estate sectors, including office, retail, multifamily, logistics, hospitality, mixed-use and other alternative real estate. We target to earn opportunistic returns on our LP Investments portfolio. These investments have a defined hold period and typically generate the majority of profits from gains recognized from realization events, including the sale of an asset or portfolio of assets, or exit of the entire investment. As such, capital invested in our LP Investments recycles over time, as existing funds return capital, and we reinvest these proceeds in future vintages of Brookfield-sponsored funds.
PERFORMANCE MEASURES
We consider the following items to be important drivers of our current and anticipated financial performance:
•increases in occupancies by leasing vacant space and pre-leasing active developments;
•increases in rental rates through maintaining or enhancing the quality of our assets and as market conditions permit; and
•reductions in operating costs through achieving economies of scale and diligently managing contracts.
We also believe that key external performance drivers include the availability of the following:
•debt capital at a cost and on terms conducive to our goals;
•preferred equity capital at a reasonable cost;
•new property acquisitions and other investments that fit into our strategic plan; and
•opportunities to dispose of peak value or non-core assets.
In addition to monitoring, analyzing and reviewing earnings performance, we also review initiatives and market conditions that contribute to changes in the fair value of our investment properties. These fair value changes, combined with earnings, represent a total return on the equity attributable to Unitholders and form an important component in measuring how we have performed relative to our targets.
To measure our performance against these targets, as described above, and measure our operating performance, we focus on NOI, FFO, Company FFO, and equity attributable to Unitholders. We define these measures on page 75.
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FAIR VALUE OF INVESTMENT AND HOSPITALITY PROPERTIES
Investment properties
We measure all investment properties at fair value, including those held within equity accounted investments. Valuations are prepared at a balance sheet date with changes to those values recognized as gains or losses in the statement of income. Our valuations are generally prepared at the individual property level by internal investment professionals with the appropriate expertise in the respective industry, geography and asset type. We leverage their extensive expertise and experience in the valuation of properties accumulated through involvement in acquisitions and dispositions, negotiations with lenders and interactions with institutional private fund investors. Additionally, a number of properties are externally appraised each year and the results of those appraisals are compared to the partnership’s internally prepared values.
Substantially all of our investment properties are valued using one of two accepted income approaches, the discounted cash flow approach or the direct capitalization approach. The valuation methodology utilized is generally determined by asset class. Our office, retail and mixed-use assets are typically valued using a discounted cash flow methodology while our multifamily, logistics, manufactured housing, and student housing assets are typically valued using a direct capitalization methodology.
Under the discounted cash flow approach, cash flows for each property are forecast for an assumed holding period, generally, ten-years. A capitalization rate is applied to the terminal year net operating income and an appropriate discount rate is applied to those cash flows to determine a value at the reporting date. The forecast cash flows include assumptions prepared at the property level for lease renewal probabilities, downtime, capital expenditures, future leasing rates and associated leasing costs. The majority of property cash flows consist of contracted leases as a result of our total Core Office and Core Retail real estate portfolios having a combined 91% occupancy level and an average seven-year lease life. Valuation assumptions, such as discount rates and capitalization rates, are determined by the relevant investment professionals and applied to the cash flows to determine the values.
Under the direct capitalization method, a capitalization rate is applied to estimated stabilized annual net operating income to determine value. Capitalization rates are determined by our investment professionals based on market data from comparable transactions and third-party reports.
Hospitality properties
Hospitality properties are valued annually at December 31 with increases in fair value generally recognized as revaluation surplus in the statement of comprehensive income, unless the increase reverses a previously recognized revaluation loss recorded through prior period net income. Our hospitality properties are valued on an individual location basis using a depreciated replacement cost approach. These valuations are generally prepared by external valuation professionals using information provided by management of the operating business. The fair value estimates for hospitality properties represent the estimated fair value of the property, plant and equipment of the hospitality business only and do not include any associated intangible assets.
Valuation methodology
All of our valuations are subject to various layers of review and controls as part of our financial reporting processes. These controls are part of our system of internal control over financial reporting that is assessed by management on an annual basis. Under the discounted cash flow model, the base cash flows are determined as part of our annual business planning process, prepared within each operating business and reviewed by the senior management teams responsible for each segment, along with senior investment professionals responsible for the relevant asset classes. Valuation assumptions such as discount rates and terminal capitalization rates are compared to market data, third party reports, research material and broker opinions as part of the review process.
External Valuations
We have a number of properties externally appraised each year to support our valuation process and for other business purposes. We compare the results of those external appraisals to our internally prepared values and reconcile significant differences when they arise. During 2022, we obtained 95 external appraisals of our properties representing a gross property value of $35 billion. These external appraisals were within 1% of management’s valuations. Also, each year we sell a number of assets, which provides support for our valuations, as we typically contract at prices comparable to our IFRS values.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS
REVIEW OF CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL RESULTS
In this section, we review our consolidated performance for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 and our financial position as of December 31, 2022, and 2021. Further details on our results from operations and our financial position are contained within the “Segment Performance” section on page 62.
The Privatization impacted the composition of our equity structure. Refer to Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership of our annual 2022 financial statements for further information.
The following acquisitions and dispositions of consolidated properties affected our consolidated results in the comparative periods for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Unless stated otherwise, proceeds represents the selling price attributable to the properties.
Q4 2022
•On December 9, 2022, Brookfield Corporation completed the distribution of 25% of its asset management business, through Brookfield Asset Management Ltd. (“the Manager”), by way of a plan of arrangement (the “Manager Distribution”). The transaction resulted in the division of Brookfield into two publicly traded companies – the Manager under the stock ticker BAM and Brookfield Corporation under the stock ticker BN. In advance of the Manager Distribution, a reorganization took place within Brookfield Corporation wherein we redeemed $1 billion of preferred units issued by a BPY subsidiary and acquired certain LP interests (“Manager Reorganization”) in several real estate funds and other investment interests from the Corporation for net consideration of $2,475 million through the issuance of Class D junior preferred shares, Series 1 and 2 of CanHoldco (“CanHoldco Class D Junior Preferred Shares”), to the Corporation.
•We sold a portfolio of student housing assets in the United Kingdom in Brookfield Strategic Real Estate Partners (“BSREP”) II fund for approximately £3.4 billion ($4.0 billion).
•We sold three multifamily assets in the United States for approximately $192 million.
Q3 2022
•We sold two multifamily assets in the United States for approximately $231 million.
•We deconsolidated our investment in Brookfield Premier Real Estate Partners Australia (“BPREP-A”), as a result of the dilution of our interest and our interest is now reflected as a financial asset. Prior to the transaction, our interest was consolidated.
Q2 2022
•We sold eleven multifamily assets in the United States in the BSREP II fund for approximately $469 million.
•One mall was conveyed to the lender in satisfaction of outstanding debt obligations of $361 million.
•We acquired our joint venture partner’s incremental interest in two properties including Plaza Frontenac and Saint Louis Galleria in Missouri, bringing our ownership in each of the malls to 100%. Prior to the acquisition of the two assets, our joint venture interest was accounted for under the equity method. These two assets are now consolidated.
•We sold an office asset in the United Kingdom for approximately £294 million ($360 million).
Q1 2022
•We sold a portfolio of triple net lease assets in the United States in the BSREP I fund for approximately $3.7 billion.
•We sold a portfolio of hotel assets in the United States in the BSREP II fund for approximately $1.5 billion.
Q4 2021
•We sold eight multifamily assets in the United States for approximately $1.2 billion.
•We sold an office complex in Canada for approximately C$350 million ($277 million).
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•We sold a 20% interest in an office asset in the United Kingdom for net proceeds of approximately £73 million ($101 million).
•We sold two retail assets in the United States for approximately $278 million.
•We sold two office assets in Brazil for approximately R$2,156 million ($383 million).
•We sold a hotel in the United States for approximately $356 million.
Q3 2021
•We sold seven retail assets in the United States for approximately $58 million.
•We sold eight multifamily assets in the United States for approximately $690 million.
Q2 2021
•We converted our preferred equity interest in a portfolio of select-service hospitality assets (“Hospitality Investors Trust”) valued at approximately $472 million into common shares. Prior to the transaction, our interest was reflected as a financial asset and is now consolidated, as we gained control over the investment.
•We acquired a portfolio of manufactured housing assets in the BSREP II fund for consideration of approximately $159 million.
Q1 2021
•We sold 50% of our interest in Bay Adelaide North in Toronto for approximately C$365 million ($291 million). Prior to the transaction, our interest was consolidated but is now accounted for under the equity method.
•Two malls were conveyed to the lenders in satisfaction of outstanding debt obligations of $247 million and $90 million, respectively.
•We sold four retail assets in the United States for approximately $73 million.
For the purposes of the following comparison discussion between the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the above transactions are referred to as the investment activities.
For the comparison discussions between the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, please refer to Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 202 1, filed with the SEC on February 2 5, 202 2.
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Operating Results

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Commercial property revenue | $ | 4,849 |  | $ | 5,163 |  | $ | 5,397 |
Hospitality revenue | 1,511 |  | 1,073 |  | 702 |
Investment and other revenue | 1,005 |  | 864 |  | 494 |
Total revenue | 7,365 |  | 7,100 |  | 6,593 |
Direct commercial property expense | 1,852 |  | 1,931 |  | 1,975 |
Direct hospitality expense | 1,141 |  | 910 |  | 908 |
Investment and other expense | 328 |  | 294 |  | 69 |
Interest expense | 2,683 |  | 2,593 |  | 2,592 |
General and administrative expense | 930 |  | 924 |  | 816 |
Total expenses | 6,934 |  | 6,652 |  | 6,360 |
Fair value gains (losses), net | 20 |  | 2,521 |  | (1,322) |
Share of net earnings (losses) from equity accounted investments | 826 |  | 1,020 |  | (749) |
Income (losses) before income taxes | 1,277 |  | 3,989 |  | (1,838) |
Income tax expense | 281 |  | 490 |  | 220 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 996 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | (2,058) |

We recognized net income of $996 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 which compares to net income of $3,499 million during 2021. The decrease is primarily attributable to fair value losses in our Core Office and LP Investment segments due to discount rate expansion from increased financing costs and assessment of the macro environment.
Following the acquisition of all LP Units held by public holders by Brookfield Corporation on July 26, 2021, there are no longer publicly traded LP Units. As such, earnings per unit is no longer presented. Refer to Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership of our annual 2022 financial statements for further discussion on the Privatization.
Commercial property revenue and direct commercial property expense
In 2022, commercial property revenue decreased by $314 million compared to 2021 primarily due to property dispositions in our LP Investments and Core Office segments and the negative impact of foreign currency translation, partially offset by incremental revenue in our Core Retail portfolio, as the retail sector continued to recover.
Direct commercial property expense decreased by $79 million due to dispositions since the prior year in our Core Retail and LP Investments segments. Margins in 2022 were 62.4%; a 1.5% and 2.7% decline compared to 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Hospitality revenue and direct hospitality expense
Hospitality revenue increased to $1,511 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $1,073 million in 2021. The increase was attributable to the continued recovery in the hospitality sector. The current period also benefited from incremental revenue due to the consolidation of Hospitality Investors Trust. The prior period was impacted by closures and cancellations related to COVID-19, primarily at Center Parcs. The majority of our hospitality investments operated at a loss given reduced occupancy levels or mandated closures. Direct hospitality expense increased to $1,141 million in 2022 from $910 million in 2021. The increase was driven by additional expenses due to the consolidation of Hospitality Investors Trust, offset by disposition activity.
Investment and other revenue and investment and other expense
Investment and other revenue includes management fees, leasing fees, development fees, interest income and other non-rental revenue. Investment and other revenue increased by $141 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the prior year, primarily due to income from the sale of multifamily develop-for-sale assets. The current period also benefited from higher leasing and development fees, higher interest income and a distribution from BSREP III primarily associated with the sale of a life science portfolio.
Investment and other expense increased by $34 million to $328 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $294 million in the prior year, primarily due to expenses associated with multifamily develop-for-sale assets sold in the current year.
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Interest expense
Interest expense increased by $90 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the prior year. This increase is primarily due to the impact of the rising interest rate environment on our variable debt obligations in the current year, asset-level financings and corporate draws, partially offset by disposition activity.
General and administrative expense
General and administrative expense increased by $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to higher management fees in the current period partially offset by transaction costs associated with the Hospitality Investors Trust transaction in the prior year.
Fair value gains (losses), net
Fair value gains (losses), net includes valuation gains (losses) on commercial properties and developments as well as mark-to-market adjustments on financial instruments and derivatives and foreign currency gains (losses) on disposal of assets denominated in foreign currencies. While we measure and record our commercial properties and developments using valuations prepared by management in accordance with our policy, external appraisals and market comparables, when available, are used to support our valuations.
Fair value losses, net for our Core Office segment were $825 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The current period losses are driven by fair value losses due to discount rate expansion to reflect the current macroeconomic environment partially offset by mark-to-market gains on financial assets.
Fair value gains, net for our Core Office segment were $357 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The fair value gains were driven by improved valuation metrics and cash flow assumptions.
Fair value losses, net for our Core Retail segment were $302 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The fair value losses were primarily due to discount rate adjustments based on changes in the macroeconomic environment and updated cashflow assumptions.
Fair value losses, net for our Core Retail segment were $810 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Fair value losses, net for our Core Retail portfolio were primarily due to updated cash flow assumptions.
Fair value gains, net for our LP Investments segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $930 million. These gains were driven by fair value gains from the sale of our student housing portfolio and fair value gains in our U.S. manufactured housing and multifamily portfolios.
Fair value gains, net for our LP Investments segment for the year ended December 31, 2021 were $2,855 million. These gains were driven by updated valuation metrics and leasing assumptions in select manufactured housing, mixed-use, multifamily, student housing and office assets located in the U.S. and the U.K.
Share of net earnings from equity accounted investments
Our most significant equity accounted investments are in Canary Wharf, Manhattan West, Ala Moana Center in Hawaii, Fashion Show and Grand Canal Shoppes in Las Vegas, and our interest in a retail joint venture in Brazil.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, we sold 49% of our interest in One Manhattan West in New York for approximately $1.4 billion and 25% of our interest in Southern Cross East in Melbourne for approximately A$336 million ($230 million).
Our share of net earnings from equity accounted investments for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $826 million, which represents a decrease of $194 million compared to the prior year. The decrease in current year earnings is primarily due to disposition activity as discussed above as well as the acquisitions of our joint venture partner’s interest in certain Core Retail properties. As a result of these acquisitions, we discontinued accounting for these assets under the equity method and now consolidate these properties. This was partially offset by higher share of net earnings from our hospitality portfolio within LP investments as both sectors continue to recover.
Income tax expense
The partnership’s income tax expense decreased for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in the prior year which is primarily due to a decrease in pre-tax income. The decrease was partially offset by a change in the manner of recovery investment properties within its Core Office segment resulting in a change in the tax rates applicable to certain subsidiaries.
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Summary of Financial Position and Key Metrics

(US$ Millions, except per unit information) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Investment properties: |  |
Commercial properties | $ | 66,067 |  | $ | 62,313 |
Commercial developments | 2,518 |  | 2,300 |
Equity accounted investments | 19,943 |  | 20,807 |
Property, plant and equipment | 9,401 |  | 5,623 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 4,020 |  | 2,576 |
Assets held for sale | 576 |  | 10,510 |
Total assets | 112,516 |  | 112,004 |
Debt obligations | 58,562 |  | 52,321 |
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale | — |  | 3,082 |
Total equity | 41,737 |  | 45,005 |

As of December 31, 2022, we had $112,516 million in total assets, compared with $112,004 million at December 31, 2021. The increase of $512 million was primarily due to the reorganization of certain LP interests as a result of the Manager Reorganization and other acquisition activity during the year, partially offset by property dispositions, the deconsolidation of a subsidiary, and the impact of foreign currency translation.
The following table presents the changes in investment properties from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022:

| Dec. 31, 2022
(US$ Millions) | Commercial properties | Commercial developments
Investment properties, beginning of year | $ | 62,313 |  | $ | 2,300 |
Acquisitions | 760 |  | — |
Capital expenditures | 870 |  | 428 |
Dispositions(1) | (307) |  | (1) |
Fair value (losses) gains, net | (1,122) |  | 64 |
Foreign currency translation | (1,528) |  | (149) |
Transfer between commercial properties and commercial developments | 387 |  | (387) |
Impact of deconsolidation due to loss of control(2) | (575) |  | — |
Manager Reorganization | 6,321 |  | 758 |
Reclassifications to assets held for sale and other changes | (1,052) |  | (495) |
Investment properties, end of year | $ | 66,067 |  | $ | 2,518 |

(1)Property dispositions represent the carrying value on date of sale.
(2)Includes the impact of deconsolidation of assets that are now accounted for as financial assets.
Commercial properties are commercial, operating, rent-producing properties. Commercial properties increased from $62,313 million at the end of 2021 to $66,067 million at the end of the current year. The increase was primarily due to the acquisition of certain LP interests as a result of the Manager Reorganization. This increase was partially offset by the negative impact of foreign currency, fair value losses, and disposition activity. Refer to Note 4, Investment Properties of our 2022 annual financial statements for further information.
Commercial developments consist of commercial property development sites, density rights and related infrastructure. The total fair value of development land and infrastructure was $2,518 million at December 31, 2022, a increase of $218 million from the balance at December 31, 2021. The increase is primarily due to capital spend in our Core Office investments and the reorganization of certain LP interests as a result of the Manager Reorganization, partially offset by an office asset becoming operational in the current year, and the negative impact of foreign currency translation. Refer to Note 4, Investment Properties of our annual 2022 financial statements for further information.
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The following table presents the changes in our equity accounted investments from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022
Equity accounted investments, beginning of year | $ | 20,807 |
Additions | 100 |
Disposals and return of capital distributions | (967) |
Share of net earnings from equity accounted investments | 826 |
Distributions received | (263) |
Foreign currency translation | (578) |
Reclassification (to)/from assets held for sale | (276) |
Impact of change of accounting basis(1) | (706) |
Manager Reorganization | 1,061 |
Other comprehensive income and other | (61) |
Equity accounted investments, end of year | $ | 19,943 |

(1)Includes the impact of change of accounting basis of assets that were accounted for under the equity method which are now accounted for as financial assets.
Equity accounted investments decreased by $864 million since December 31, 2021. The decrease is primarily due to the partial disposition of interests in office properties in the U.S and Australia, the negative impact of foreign currency translation and the deconsolidation of a subsidiary, partially offset by the reorganization of certain LP interests as a result of the Manager Reorganization and an increase in share of net earnings from equity accounted investments. Refer to Note 6, Equity Accounted Investments of our annual 2022 financial statements for further information.
Property, plant and equipment increased by $3,778 million since December 31, 2021, primarily due to the acquisition of a portfolio of hospitality assets in the U.S., partially offset by the negative impact of foreign currency translation. Refer to Note 8, Property, Plant And Equipment of our annual 2022 financial statements for further information. Property, plant and equipment primarily includes our hospitality assets which are revalued annually at December 31, using a depreciated replacement cost approach.
As of December 31, 2022, assets held for sale included three malls in the U.S., two hospitality assets in the U.S., and one office asset in the U.S. as the partnership intends to sell controlling interests in these assets to third parties in the next 12 months.
Our debt obligations increased to $58,562 million as at December 31, 2022 from $52,321 million as at December 31, 2021. The increase was driven by the reorganization of certain LP interests as a result of the Manager Reorganization, partially offset by repayment of debt as a result of disposition activity since the prior year, the impact of foreign currency translation and the deconsolidation of a subsidiary in the period. Refer to Note 14, Debt Obligations of our annual 2022 financial statements for further information.
Total equity was $41,737 million at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $3,268 million from the balance at December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by distributions during the period and the impact of foreign currency translation, partially offset by income earned.
Interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties was $18,084 million at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $1,622 million from the balance at December 31, 2021, due to dispositions since the prior year, the redemption of a partial interest in an office portfolio in the U.S, and the impact of foreign currency translation.
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SUMMARY OF QUARTERLY RESULTS

| 2022 | 2021
(US$ Millions, except per unit information) | Q4 | Q3 | Q2 | Q1 | Q4 | Q3 | Q2 | Q1
Revenue | $ | 1,812 |  | $ | 1,756 |  | $ | 1,743 |  | $ | 2,054 |  | $ | 2,169 |  | $ | 1,821 |  | $ | 1,660 |  | $ | 1,450 |
Direct operating costs | 753 |  | 753 |  | 729 |  | 758 |  | 779 |  | 773 |  | 662 |  | 627 |
Net income (loss) | (1,220) |  | 4 |  | 520 |  | 1,692 |  | 1,682 |  | 400 |  | 686 |  | 731 |
Net income (loss) attributable to Unitholders | (1,196) |  | (38) |  | 400 |  | 702 |  | 620 |  | 71 |  | 319 |  | 266 |

Revenue varies from quarter to quarter due to acquisitions and dispositions of commercial and other income producing assets, changes in occupancy levels, as well as the impact of leasing activity at market net rents. In addition, revenue also fluctuates as a result of changes in foreign exchange rates and seasonality. Seasonality primarily affects our retail assets, wherein the fourth quarter exhibits stronger performance in conjunction with the holiday season. In addition, our North American hospitality assets generally have stronger performance in the winter and spring months compared to the summer and fall months, while our European hospitality assets exhibit the strongest performance during the summer months. Fluctuations in our net income are also impacted by the fair value of properties in the period to reflect changes in valuation metrics driven by market conditions or property cash flows.
SEGMENT PERFORMANCE
Our operations are organized into four operating segments which include Core Office, Core Retail, LP Investments and Corporate.
The following table presents FFO by segment:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Core Office | $ | 325 |  | $ | 539 |  | $ | 495 |
Core Retail | 626 |  | 450 |  | 521 |
LP Investments | 288 |  | 179 |  | 64 |
Corporate | (653) |  | (590) |  | (373) |
FFO(1) | $ | 586 |  | $ | 578 |  | $ | 707 |

(1)This is a non-IFRS measure our partnership uses to assess the performance of its operations as described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75. An analysis of the measures and reconciliation to IFRS measures is included in the “Reconciliation of Non-IFRS measures” section on page 77.
The following table presents CFFO by segment:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Core Office(1) | $ | 370 |  | $ | 584 |  | $ | 540 |
Core Retail(1) | 638 |  | 513 |  | 550 |
LP Investments(1) | 226 |  | 209 |  | 95 |
Corporate(1) | (650) |  | (581) |  | (370) |
CFFO(1) | $ | 584 |  | $ | 725 |  | $ | 815 |

(1)This is a non-IFRS measure our partnership uses to assess the performance of its operations as described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75. An analysis of the measures and reconciliation to IFRS measures is included in the “Reconciliation of Non-IFRS measures” section on page 77.
The following table presents equity attributable to Unitholders by segment as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Core Office(1) | $ | 13,491 |  | $ | 14,344 |
Core Retail(1) | 15,230 |  | 14,995 |
LP Investments(1) | 5,816 |  | 5,772 |
Corporate(1) | (11,583) |  | (10,511) |
Equity attributable to Unitholders(1) | $ | 22,954 |  | $ | 24,600 |

(1)This is a non-IFRS measure our partnership uses to assess the performance of its operations as described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75. An analysis of the measures and reconciliation to IFRS measures is included in the “Reconciliation of Non-IFRS measures” section on page 77.
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Core Office
Overview
Our diversified Core Office portfolio consists of 92 million square feet across 132 premier office assets in some of the world’s most dynamic gateway markets. We target to earn core-plus total returns on this portfolio.
Represented within this portfolio are some of our most iconic assets, including Manhattan West in New York and Canary Wharf in London. We focus on high-quality real estate assets in some of the best locations around the world because we have found that these outperform over very long periods of time and through economic cycles. These iconic assets, which represent approximately 80% of the equity attributable to Unitholders in our Core Office portfolio, cover 33 million square feet across 64 properties. These assets have stable cash flows and retain their values very well over long periods of time, as a result of their long-term leases. Companies have begun to rethink the way they utilize their office space. Once again, the highest quality, best-located buildings continue to be in high demand as employers want to encourage workers to come into the office to interact and collaborate with one another. These properties are 94% leased.
The remaining 68 properties, covering 59 million square feet of space, represent properties with transitional operational uplift and realization potential. These assets earn attractive short-term rates of return, as we acquire underperforming assets and improve their operations. We add significant value during this transitional period before ultimately monetizing them and reinvesting the proceeds.
Summary of Operating Results
The following table presents FFO, CFFO and net income in our Core Office segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
FFO | $ | 325 |  | $ | 539 |  | $ | 495 |
CFFO | 370 |  | 584 |  | 540 |
Net (loss) income | (110) |  | 1,485 |  | 243 |

FFO from our Core Office segment was $325 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $539 million in 2021. This decrease was driven by higher interest expense due to increased interest rates on our variable debt obligations coupled with an increase in debt obligations as a result of financing activity, the impact of foreign currency translation, as well as decreased earnings from equity accounted investments as the prior period benefited from higher condominium sales in London partially offset by higher fee revenue in the U.S. and Australia.
CFFO from our Core Office segment for 2022 was $370 million as compared to $584 million in 2021. The decrease was primarily attributable to the movements discussed above.
Net income from our Core Office segment for 2022 was $(110) million compared to $1,485 million in 2021. This decrease is primarily attributable to fair value losses across the portfolio.
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Key Operating Metrics
The following table presents key operating metrics for our Core Office portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(US$ Millions, except where noted) | Consolidated | Unconsolidated
As at and for the years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021
Total portfolio: |  |  |  |
NOI(1) | $ | 1,033 |  | $ | 1,089 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | 469 |
Number of properties | 61 |  | 68 |  | 71 |  | 70 |
Leasable square feet (in thousands) | 45,520 |  | 47,717 |  | 30,227 |  | 29,483 |
Occupancy | 84.7 | % | 86.5 | % | 91.0 | % | 91.9 | %
In-place net rents (per square foot)(2)(3) | $ | 32.53 |  | $ | 33.85 |  | $ | 48.47 |  | $ | 50.90 |
Same-property: |  |  |  |
Number of properties | 61 |  | 61 |  | 66 |  | 66 |
Leasable square feet (in thousands) | 45,520 |  | 45,611 |  | 28,417 |  | 28,053 |
Occupancy | 84.7 | % | 86.1 | % | 91.1 | % | 91.7 | %
In-place net rents (per square foot)(2)(3) | $ | 32.53 |  | $ | 32.11 |  | $ | 47.41 |  | $ | 47.07 |

(1)This is a non-IFRS measure our partnership uses to assess the performance of its operations as described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75. NOI for unconsolidated properties is presented on a proportionate basis, representing the Unitholders’ interest in the property.
(2)Annualized cash rent from leases on a per square foot basis including tenant expense reimbursements, less operating expenses incurred for that space, but excluding the impact of straight-line rent or amortization of free rent periods.
(3)Presented using normalized foreign exchange rates, using the December 31, 2022 exchange rate.
NOI from our consolidated properties decreased to $1,033 million in 2022 from $1,089 million in 2021 primarily due to lease expirations in the U.S. and the negative impact of foreign currency translation, partially offset by rent commencements since the prior year and higher in-place rents.
NOI from our unconsolidated properties, which is presented on a proportionate basis, increased to $475 million in 2022 from $469 million in 2021 due to a development becoming operational since the prior year.
The following table presents changes in investment properties in the Core Office segment from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022:

| Dec. 31, 2022
(US$ Millions) | Commercial properties | Commercial developments
Investment properties, beginning of year | $ | 24,644 |  | $ | 1,023 |
Capital expenditures | 231 |  | 327 |
Property dispositions | (108) |  | (1) |
Fair value gains, net | (1,215) |  | 46 |
Foreign currency translation | (758) |  | (51) |
Transfer between commercial properties and commercial developments | (11) |  | 11 |
Reclassifications to assets held for sale | (79) |  | — |
Impact of deconsolidation due to loss of control(1) | (575) |  | — |
Investment properties, end of year | $ | 22,129 |  | $ | 1,355 |

(1)Includes the impact of deconsolidation of assets that are now accounted for as financial assets.
Commercial properties totaled $22,129 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $24,644 million at December 31, 2021. This decrease was driven primarily by fair value losses in the period, the negative impact of foreign currency translation, the deconsolidation of a subsidiary, partially offset by incremental capital expenditures in the U.S.
Commercial developments increased by $332 million between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022, primarily due to incremental capital expenditures on our active developments, partially offset by the negative impact of foreign currency translation.
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The following table presents changes in our partnership’s equity accounted investments in the Core Office segment from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022
Equity accounted investment, beginning of year | $ | 9,819 |
Additions | 15 |
Disposals and return of capital distributions | (504) |
Share of net income, including fair value gains (losses) | 550 |
Distributions received | (114) |
Foreign currency translation | (589) |
Impact of change of accounting basis(1) | (706) |
Other comprehensive income and Other | 76 |
Equity accounted investments, end of year | $ | 8,547 |

Equity accounted investments decreased by $1,272 million to $8,547 million at December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year-end. The decrease was driven by the impact of change of accounting basis of a subsidiary, the negative impact of foreign currency translation and the partial dispositions of office properties in the U.S and Australia, partially offset by our share of net earnings, including fair value gains.
Debt obligations decreased from $14,560 million at December 31, 2021 to $14,266 million at December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by the negative impact of foreign currency translation and the deconsolidation of a subsidiary in the current year, partially offset by asset-level financing activities.
Active Developments
The following table summarizes the scope and progress of active developments in our Core Office segment as of December 31, 2022:

| Total square feet under construction (in 000’s) | Proportionate square feet under construction (in 000’s) | Expected date of accounting stabilization |  | Cost | Loan
(Millions, except square feet in thousands) | Percent pre-leased | Total(1) | To-date | Total | Drawn
Office: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1 The Esplanade, Perth(2) | 610 |  | 153 |  | Q2 2024 | 84 | % | A$ | 170 |  | A$ | 154 |  | A$ | 113 |  | A$ | 91 |
Two Manhattan West, Midtown New York(2) | 1,948 |  | 1,091 |  | Q4 2025 | 76 | % | $ | 1,342 |  | $ | 1,011 |  | $ | 812 |  | $ | 510 |
Leadenhall Court, London | 430 |  | 430 |  | Q1 2026 | 57 | % | £ | 590 |  | £ | 246 |  | £ | 426 |  | £ | 141 |
Multifamily: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
5 & 8 Harbord Square, London(2) | 82 |  | 41 |  | n/a | n/a | £ | 32 |  | £ | 21 |  | £ | 25 |  | £ | 10 |
755 Figueroa, Los Angeles(2) | 674 |  | 319 |  | Q2 2025 | n/a | $ | 270 |  | $ | 244 |  | $ | 166 |  | $ | 133 |
Mixed-Use: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1 Charter Street, London(2) | 94 |  | 24 |  | Q4 2026 | n/a | £ | 36 |  | £ | 18 |  | £ | 19 |  | £ | 5 |
Total | 3,838 |  | 2,058 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Net of NOI earned during stabilization.
(2)Presented on a proportionate basis at our ownership in each of these developments.
Our development pipeline consists of prominent, large-scale projects located primarily in the gateway markets of London and New York. For the office developments, we generally look to secure anchor leases before launching the projects. We monitor the scope and progress of our active developments and have an established track record of completion on time and within budget. We have recently completed office towers in New York and London and completed two urban multifamily developments in New York. Our current office and redevelopment projects stand at a weighted-average 75% pre-leased and are generally tracking on time and budget.
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Core Retail
Overview
Our Core Retail portfolio consists of 110 million square feet across 109 best-in-class malls and urban retail properties across the United States. We also target to earn core-plus total returns on this portfolio.
Similar to our Core Office portfolio, 24 million square feet across 19 properties are represented by assets in which we intend to retain long-term ownership. These assets include trophy assets, such as Ala Moana in Honolulu and Fashion Show in Las Vegas, and collectively represent approximately 60% of the equity attributable to Unitholders in our Core Retail portfolio. Their stable and growing cash flows ensure that we can earn attractive compounding rates of return. As consumer tastes and buying patterns have evolved, we have redesigned our centers to focus on high-end luxury tenants, entertainment and food and beverage uses, which attract the shoppers of today. The type and nature of our tenants is constantly evolving; however, our properties enjoy prominent physical locations near large populations of affluent consumers, and as a result, space is in demand. They are highly productive, with average tenant sales currently exceeding $1,100 per square foot, 20% above their sales prior to the pandemic. These properties are 95% leased.
For the remaining 90 properties, covering 86 million square feet of space, we seek to maximize return through leasing, redevelopment of existing retail or in some cases through the addition of a mixed-use component like multifamily or office. We add significant values during this transitional period before ultimately monetizing them and reinvesting the proceeds.
Summary of Operating Results
The following table presents FFO, CFFO and net income (loss) in our Core Retail segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
FFO | $ | 626 |  | $ | 450 |  | $ | 521 |
CFFO | 638 |  | 513 |  | 550 |
Net income (loss) | 163 |  | (147) |  | (2,183) |

FFO earned in our Core Retail segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $626 million compared to $450 million in the prior year. The increase is a result of the retail business’ continued recovery from the prior year, as well as increased earnings from equity accounted investments.
CFFO in our Core Retail segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $638 million compared to $513 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily attributable to the FFO movements discussed above.
Net income from our Core Retail segment was $163 million in 2022 compared to a loss of $147 million in 2021. The increase is due to the movements discussed above, as well as decreased fair value losses compared to the prior year. The prior year was impacted by updated cash flow assumptions to reflect the impact of higher vacancy, longer downtime, and increased capital cost due to shutdowns and the resulting store closures.
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Key Operating Metrics
The following table presents key operating metrics in our Core Retail portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

| Consolidated | Unconsolidated
(US$ Millions, except where noted) | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021
Total Portfolio: |  |  |  |
NOI | $ | 1,011 |  | $ | 936 |  | $ | 752 |  | $ | 678 |
Number of malls and urban retail properties | 57 |  | 58 |  | 52 |  | 55 |
Leasable square feet (in thousands)(1) | 50,718 |  | 51,700 |  | 59,270 |  | 61,051 |
Same-property: |  |  |  |
Number of malls and urban retail properties | 51 |  | 51 |  | 50 |  | 50 |
Leasable square feet (in thousands)(1) | 22,602 |  | 22,303 |  | 28,039 |  | 27,569 |
Leased %(2) | 93.7 | % | 93.1 | % | 96.0 | % | 95.4 | %
Occupancy %(2) | 93.0 | % | 92.4 | % | 95.4 | % | 94.3 | %
Permanent Occupancy %(2) | 87.2 | % | 86.4 | % | 90.4 | % | 88.8 | %

(1) Total Portfolio Leasable square feet represents total leasable area whereas Same-property leasable square feet represents Mall and Freestanding gross leasable area.
(2) Presented on a same-property basis.
NOI from our consolidated properties increased to $1,011 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $936 million in 2021 primarily due to increased overage and percentage rent in addition to higher occupancy, partially offset by increased operating expenses due to malls operating at full capacity.
NOI from our unconsolidated properties increased to $752 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $678 million in 2021 primarily due to the reasons discussed above.
The following table presents changes in investment properties in the Core Retail segment from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022:

| Dec. 31, 2022
(US$ Millions) | Commercial properties |
Investment properties, beginning of year | $ | 18,991 |  |
Property acquisitions | 689 |  |
Capital expenditures | 282 |  |
Property dispositions | (81) |  |
Fair value losses, net | (259) |  |
Transfer between commercial properties and commercial developments | (98) |  |
Reclassifications to assets held for sale | (86) |  |
Investment properties, end of year | $ | 19,438 |  |

Commercial properties increased by $447 million to $19,438 million, primarily due to acquisitions of our joint venture partner’s interest in certain Core Retail properties. As a result of these acquisitions, we discontinued accounting for these assets under the equity method and now consolidate these properties. Also contributing to this increase are capital expenditures, partially offset by fair value losses and the reclassification of assets to under development and to assets held for sale.
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The following table presents a roll-forward of our partnership’s equity accounted investments in the Core Retail segment for the year ended December 31, 2022:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022
Equity accounted investments, beginning of year | $ | 9,945 |
Additions | 46 |
Disposals and return of capital | (404) |
Share of net (losses) earnings from equity accounted investments | 234 |
Distributions | (27) |
Reclassification to assets held for sale and other | (245) |
Manager Reorganization | 125 |
Equity accounted investments, end of year | $ | 9,674 |

Equity accounted investments decreased by $271 million to $9,674 million, primarily due to dispositions, reclassification to assets held for sale, and return of capital distributions, partially offset by several incremental interest acquisitions from our joint venture partner as discussed above and share of net earnings from equity accounted investments.
Debt obligations decreased by $589 million to $12,834 million, primarily due to disposition activity and paydown on asset-level and term debt, partially offset by debt that is now consolidated following the acquisition of interests in certain assets from joint venture partner and drawdowns on our revolver.
LP Investments
Overview
Our LP Investments portfolio includes our equity invested in Brookfield-sponsored real estate opportunity funds, which target high-quality assets with operational upside across various real estate sectors, including office, retail, multifamily, logistics, hospitality, student housing, mixed-use and manufactured housing. We target to earn opportunistic returns on our LP Investments portfolio.
The partnership has interests in the following Brookfield-sponsored real estate opportunity funds:
•BSREP I - 31% interest in BSREP I, which is an opportunistic real estate fund with $4.4 billion in committed capital in aggregate, targeting gross returns of 20%. The fund is in its 11 th year, is fully invested and is executing realizations.
•BSREP II - 26% interest in BSREP II, which is an opportunistic real estate fund with $9.0 billion in committed capital in aggregate, targeting gross returns of 20%. The fund is in its 8 th year and is fully invested and is executing realizations.
•BSREP III - 7% interest in BSREP III, which is an opportunistic real estate fund with $15.0 billion in committed capital in aggregate, targeting gross returns of 20%; The fund is in its 6 th year.
•BSREP IV - 23% interest in BSREP IV (U.S. investments only), which is an opportunistic real estate fund with $15.3 billion in committed capital in aggregate, targeting gross returns of 20%. The fund is in its 2 nd year. Non-U.S investments were transferred over to us effective January 1, 2023.
•A blended 32% interest in two value-add multifamily funds totaling $1.8 billion targeting gross returns of 25%. These funds seek to invest in a geographically diverse portfolio of U.S. multifamily properties through acquisition and development.
•A blended 31% interest in a series of real estate debt funds totaling $5.7 billion which seek to invest in commercial real estate debt secured by properties in strategic locations.
While our economic interest in these funds are less than 50% in each case, we consolidate several of the portfolios, specifically BSREP I, BSREP II, and BSREP IV, held through the LP Investments as Brookfield Asset Management’s oversight as general partner together with our exposure to variable returns of the investments through our LP interests provide us with control over the investments. We do not consolidate our interest in BSREP III as our 7% non-voting interest does not provide us with control over the investment and therefore is accounted for as a financial asset.
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Summary of Operating Results
Our LP investments, unlike our Core portfolios, have a defined hold period and typically generate the majority of profits from realization events including the sale of an asset or portfolio of assets, or the exit of the entire investment. The combination of gains from realization events and FFO earned during the hold period represent our earnings on capital invested in these funds and, once distributed provide liquidity to support our target distributions.
The following table presents FFO, CFFO and net income in our LP Investments segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
FFO | $ | 288 |  | $ | 179 |  | $ | 64 |
CFFO | 226 |  | 209 |  | 95 |
Net income | 1,318 |  | 2,689 |  | 306 |

FFO in our LP Investments segment increased by $109 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily driven by increased earnings at our hospitality properties as a result of higher occupancy and average daily rates, and resort spend outperforming pre-pandemic levels. The current year also benefited from incremental income on the sale of develop-for-sale multifamily properties. In addition, the prior year was negatively impacted by defeasance costs incurred upon refinancing our manufactured housing portfolio, offset by reduced earnings due to dispositions since the prior year.
CFFO from our LP Investments segment increased by $17 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, for the reasons discussed above.
Net income from our LP Investments segment decreased by $1,371 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, driven by fair value losses due to capitalization and discount rate expansion as well as dispositions since the prior year, partially offset by fair value gains in our Retail and Student Housing segments.
Corporate
Certain amounts are allocated to our Corporate segment in our management reports as those activities are not used to evaluate our segments’ operating performance.
Summary of Operating Results
The following table presents FFO, CFFO and net loss in our Corporate segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
FFO | $ | (653) |  | $ | (590) |  | $ | (373) |
CFFO | (650) |  | (581) |  | (370) |
Net (loss) | (375) |  | (528) |  | (424) |

FFO was a loss of $653 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to a loss of $590 million in the prior year. Corporate FFO includes interest expense and general and administrative expense.
Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $300 million (2021 - $305 million), which reflects $99 million (2021 - $149 million) of interest expense on capital securities and $201 million (2021 - $156 million) of interest expense on our credit facilities and corporate bonds.
Another component of FFO is general and administrative expense, which for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $277 million (2021 - $246 million), and includes $223 million (2021 - $155 million) of asset management fees, nil (2021 - $33 million) of equity enhancement fees and $54 million (2021 - $58 million) of other corporate costs. The management fee is calculated as 1.05% of the sum of the following amounts, as of the last day of the immediately preceding quarter: (i) the equity attributable to unitholders for our Core Office, Core Retail and the Corporate segments; and (ii) the carrying value of the outstanding non-voting common shares of CanHoldco.
In 2022, income tax expense allocated to the Corporate segment was $20 million (2021 - income tax expense of $101 million and 2020 - benefit of $38 million) primarily due to a decrease in pre-tax income and the tax rates applicable to certain subsidiaries.
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On July 26, 2021, Brookfield Corporation completed the acquisition of all LP Units and Exchange LP Units that it did not previously own. The Privatization was accounted for by the partnership as a redemption of LP Units, Exchange LP Units and BPYU Units for cash, as well as a reallocation of equity among non-controlling interests, LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units of the Operating Partnership, Exchange LP Units, and BPYU Units. The cash consideration was funded by BN in exchange for Canholdco Non-Voting Common Shares which is accounted for as a non-controlling interest by BPY, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units and newly issued preferred units of Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per unit. The Canholdco Non-Voting Common Shares issued to BN contributed to an increase in the non-controlling interest in the Corporate segment. As of December 31, 2022, the carrying value of the Canholdco Non-Voting Common Shares was $1,759 million compared to $2,083 million at December 31, 2021 . Refer to Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership of our annual 2022 financial statements for further information.
On December 9, 2022, Brookfield Corporation completed the distribution of 25% of its asset management business, through the Manager, by way of a plan of arrangement. The transaction resulted in the division of Brookfield into two publicly traded companies – the Manager under the stock ticker BAM and Brookfield Corporation under the stock ticker BN. In advance of the Manager Distribution, a reorganization took place within Brookfield Corporation wherein we redeemed $1 billion of preferred units issued by a BPY subsidiary and acquired certain LP interests in several real estate funds and other investment interests from the Corporation for net consideration of $2,475 million through the issuance of CanHoldco Class D Junior Preferred Shares to the Corporation.
RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES
The financial results of our business are impacted by the performance of our properties and various external factors influencing the specific sectors and geographic locations in which we operate, including: macro-economic factors such as economic growth, changes in currency, inflation and interest rates; regulatory requirements and initiatives; and litigation and claims that arise in the normal course of business.
Our property investments are generally subject to varying degrees of risk depending on the nature of the property. These risks include changes in general economic conditions (including the availability and costs of mortgage funds), local conditions (including an oversupply of space or a reduction in demand for real estate in the markets in which we operate), the attractiveness of the properties to tenants, competition from other landlords with competitive space and our ability to provide adequate maintenance at an economical cost.
Certain significant expenditures, including property taxes, maintenance costs, mortgage payments, insurance costs and related charges, must be made regardless of whether a property is producing sufficient income to service these expenses. Certain properties are subject to mortgages which require substantial debt service payments. If we become unable or unwilling to meet mortgage payments on any property, losses could be sustained as a result of the mortgagee’s exercise of its rights of foreclosure or sale. We believe the stability and long-term nature of our contractual revenues effectively mitigates these risks.
We are affected by local, regional, national and international economic conditions and other events and occurrences that affect the markets in which we own assets. A protracted decline in economic conditions would cause downward pressure on our operating margins and asset values as a result of lower demand for space.
The majority of our properties are located in North America, Europe and Australia, with a growing presence in South America and Asia. A prolonged downturn in the economies of these regions would result in reduced demand for space and number of prospective tenants and will affect the ability of our properties to generate significant revenue. If there is an increase in operating costs resulting from rising inflation and interest rates and other factors, we may not be able to offset such increases by increasing rents.
We are subject to risks that affect the retail environment, including rising inflation, increased interest rates, unemployment, weak income growth, lack of available consumer credit, industry slowdowns and plant closures, consumer confidence, increased consumer debt, poor housing market conditions, adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, pandemics and the need to pay down existing obligations. All of these factors could negatively affect consumer spending, and adversely affect the sales of our retail tenants. This could have an unfavorable effect on our operations and our ability to attract new retail tenants. In addition, our retail tenants face competition from retailers at other regional malls, outlet malls and other discount shopping centers, discount shopping clubs, catalogue companies, and through internet sales and telemarketing. Competition of these types could reduce the percentage rent payable by certain retail tenants and adversely affect our revenues and cash flows.
As owners of office and retail properties, lease rollovers also present a risk, as continued growth of rental income is dependent on strong leasing markets to ensure expiring leases are renewed and new tenants are found promptly to fill vacancies. Refer to “Lease Rollover Risk” below for further details.
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For a more detailed description of the risk factors facing our business, please refer to the section entitled Item 3.D. “Key Information - Risk Factors” elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.
Credit Risk
Credit risk arises from the possibility that tenants may be unable to fulfill their lease commitments. We mitigate this risk by ensuring that our tenant mix is diversified and by limiting our exposure to any one tenant. We also maintain a portfolio that is diversified by property type so that exposure to a business sector is lessened.
Government and government agencies comprise 4.9% of our Core Office segment tenant base and, as at December 31, 2022, no one tenant comprises more than this.
The following list shows the largest tenants by leasable area in our Core Office portfolio and their respective credit ratings and exposure as at December 31, 2022:

Tenant | Primary Location | Credit Rating(1) | Exposure (%)(2)
Government and Government Agencies | Various | Not Rated | 4.9 | %
Morgan Stanley | NY/London | A+ | 2.6 | %
Barclays | London/Toronto/Calgary | A | 2.2 | %
CIBC World Markets(3) | Calgary/Toronto/NY | AA | 1.9 | %
Suncor Energy | Calgary | BBB | 1.8 | %
EY | Various | Not Rated | 1.5 | %
Bank of America | Various | A+ | 1.4 | %
Clifford Chance | London | Not Rated | 1.3 | %
Cenovus | Calgary | BBB- | 1.3 | %
Royal Bank of Canada | Various | AA+ | 1.3 | %
Total |  |  | 20.2 | %

(1)From Standard & Poor’s Rating Services, Moody’s Investment Services, Inc. or DBRS Limited.
(2)Exposure is a percentage of total leasable square feet.
(3)CIBC World Markets leases 1.1 million square feet at 300 Madison Avenue in New York, of which they sublease 940,000 square feet to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and approximately 100,000 square feet to Sumitomo Corporation of America.
The following list reflects the largest tenants in our Core Retail portfolio as at December 31, 2022. The largest ten tenants in our portfolio accounted for approximately 20.1% of minimum rents, tenant recoveries and other.

Tenant | DBA | Exposure (%)(1)
LVMH | Louis Vuitton, Sephora, Fendi, Bulgari, Dior, Tag Heuer | 3.6 | %
Foot Locker, Inc | Footlocker, Champs Sports, Footaction USA, House of Hoops | 2.9 | %
Victoria's Secret & Co | Victoria's Secret, PINK | 2.8 | %
The Gap, Inc | Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Athleta | 1.8 | %
Signet Jewelers Limited | Zales, Gordon's, Kay, Jared | 1.7 | %
American Eagle Outfitters, Inc | American Eagle Outfitters, Aerie | 1.7 | %
Luxottica Group S.P.A. | Lenscrafters, Sunglass Hut, Pearle Vision | 1.5 | %
Apple Inc | Apple | 1.4 | %
Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc | Abercrombie, Abercrombie & Fitch, Hollister | 1.4 | %
Express, Inc | Express, Express Men, Express Factory | 1.3 | %
Total |  | 20.1 | %

(1)Exposure is a percentage of minimum rents and tenant recoveries.
Lease Roll-over Risk
Lease roll-over risk arises from the possibility that we may experience difficulty renewing leases as they expire or in re-leasing space vacated by tenants upon early lease expiry. We attempt to stagger the lease expiry profile so that we are not faced with disproportionate amounts of space expiring in any one year. On average, approximately 8.9% of our Core Office and Core Retail leases mature annually up to 2027. Our Core Office and Core Retail leases have a weighted average remaining lease life of approximately 6.9 years. We further mitigate this risk by maintaining a diversified portfolio mix by geographic location and by pro-actively leasing space in advance of its contractual expiry.
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The following table sets out lease expiries, by square footage, for our office and retail portfolios at December 31, 2022, including our unconsolidated investments:

(Sq. ft. in thousands) | Current | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 | 2029 and | Total
Beyond
Core Office | 9,680 |  | 3,345 |  | 3,587 |  | 4,128 |  | 5,417 |  | 3,842 |  | 6,838 |  | 3,702 |  | 35,208 |  | 75,747 |
Expiring % | 12.8 | % | 4.4 | % | 4.7 | % | 5.4 | % | 7.2 | % | 5.1 | % | 9.0 | % | 4.9 | % | 46.5 | % | 100.0 | %
Core Retail(1) | 2,418 |  | 6,707 |  | 7,315 |  | 5,600 |  | 5,071 |  | 5,994 |  | 3,370 |  | 3,108 |  | 9,064 |  | 48,647 |
Expiring % | 5.0 | % | 13.8 | % | 15.0 | % | 11.5 | % | 10.4 | % | 12.3 | % | 6.9 | % | 6.4 | % | 18.7 | % | 100.0 | %

(1)Represents regional malls only and excludes traditional anchor and specialty leasing agreements.
Tax Risk
We are subject to income taxes in various jurisdictions, and our tax liabilities are dependent upon the distribution of income among these different jurisdictions. Our effective income tax rate is influenced by a number of factors, including changes in tax law, tax treaties, interpretation of existing laws, and our ability to sustain our reporting positions on examination. Changes in any of those factors could change our effective tax rate, which could adversely affect our profitability and results of operations.
Environmental Risk
As an owner of real property, we are subject to various federal, provincial, state and municipal laws relating to environmental matters. Such laws provide that we could be liable for the costs of removing certain hazardous substances and remediating certain hazardous locations. The failure to remove such substances or remediate such locations, if any, could adversely affect our ability to sell such real estate or to borrow using such real estate as collateral and could potentially result in claims against us. We are not aware of any material non-compliance with environmental laws at any of our properties nor are we aware of any pending or threatened investigations or actions by environmental regulatory authorities in connection with any of our properties or any pending or threatened claims relating to environmental conditions at our properties.
We will continue to make the necessary capital and operating expenditures to ensure that we are compliant with environmental laws and regulations. Although there can be no assurances, we do not believe that costs relating to environmental matters will have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. However, environmental laws and regulations can change and we may become subject to more stringent environmental laws and regulations in the future, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Economic Risk
Real estate is relatively illiquid. Such illiquidity may limit our ability to vary our portfolio promptly in response to changing economic or investment conditions. Illiquidity may also result in a lack of market comparables which makes valuations of our portfolios more difficult. Also, financial difficulties of other property owners resulting in distressed sales could depress real estate values in the markets in which we operate.
Our company is impacted by rising inflationary pressures. As the COVID-19 economic recovery continues, inflation rates in jurisdictions that we operate in increased significantly in 2022, rising above the target inflation rate ranges set by governing central banks. A significant portion of the upward pressure on prices has been attributed to the rising costs of labor, energy, food, motor vehicles and housing, as well as overall challenges involved in reopening and managing the economy throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and continuing global supply-chain disruptions. Inflation increases may or may not be transitory and future inflation may be impacted by labor market constraints reducing, supply-chain disruptions easing and commodity prices moderating. However, any sustained upward trajectory in the inflation rate will impact our ability to source suitable investment opportunities and we may not be able to offset inflationary increases in operating costs for our properties by increasing rents. Decreased consumer confidence and discretionary spending stemming from inflation may also reduce demand for our multifamily, student housing and hospitality businesses and negatively impact performance at our retail properties.
Our commercial properties generate a relatively stable source of income from contractual tenant rent payments. Continued growth of rental income is dependent on strong leasing markets to ensure expiring leases are renewed and new tenants are found promptly to fill vacancies. We are substantially protected against short-term market conditions, as most of our leases are long-term in nature with an average term of over seven years.
Insurance Risk
Our insurance may not cover some potential losses or may not be obtainable at commercially reasonable rates. We maintain insurance on our properties in amounts and with deductibles that we believe are in line with what owners of similar
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properties carry. We maintain all risk property insurance and rental value coverage (including coverage for the perils of flood, earthquake and weather catastrophe).
Interest Rate and Financing Risk
We have an on-going need to access debt markets to refinance maturing debt as it comes due. There is a risk that lenders will not refinance such maturing debt on terms and conditions acceptable to us or on any terms at all. Our strategy to stagger the maturities of our mortgage portfolio attempts to mitigate our exposure to excessive amounts of debt maturing in any one year and to maintain relationships with a large number of lenders to limit exposure to any one counterparty.
A number of our assets are interest rate sensitive: increases in long-term interest rates will, absent all else, increase the partnership’s interest rate expense, impacting profitability, and decrease the value of these assets by reducing the present value of the cash flows expected to be produced by the asset. An increase in interest rates could decrease the amount buyers may be willing to pay for our properties, thereby reducing the market value of our properties and limiting our ability to sell properties or to obtain mortgage financing secured by our properties. Further, increased interest rates may effectively increase the cost of properties the we acquire to the extent that we utilize leverage for those acquisitions and may result in a reduction in the acquisition price to the extent we reduce the amount we offer to pay for properties to a price that sellers may not accept. Although we attempt to manage interest rate risk, there can be no assurance that we will hedge such exposure effectively or at all in the future. Accordingly, increases in interest rates above that which we anticipate based upon historical trends would adversely affect our cash flows.
Approximately 62% of our outstanding debt obligations at December 31, 2022 are floating rate debt compared to 48% at December 31, 2021. This debt is subject to fluctuations in interest rates. A 100 basis point increase in interest rates relating to our corporate and commercial floating rate debt obligations would result in an increase in annual interest expense of approximately $367 million. A 100 basis point increase in interest rates relating to fixed rate debt obligations due within one year would result in an increase in annual interest expense of approximately $35 million upon refinancing. In addition, we have exposure to interest rates within our equity accounted investments. We have mitigated, to some extent, the exposure to interest rate fluctuations through interest rate derivative contracts. Refer to Note 31, Financial Instruments in our annual 2022 financial statements for further information.
At December 31, 2022, our consolidated debt to capitalization was 57% (December 31, 2021 – 52%). Capitalization includes debt obligations, capital securities and total equity. It is our view this level of indebtedness is conservative given the cash flow characteristics of our properties and the fair value of our assets. Based on this, we believe that all debts will be financed or repaid as they come due in the foreseeable future.
Foreign Exchange Risk
As at and for the year ended December 31, 2022, approximately 27% of our assets and 36% of our revenues originated outside the United States and consequently are subject to foreign currency risk due to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between these currencies and the U.S. Dollar. To mitigate this risk, we attempt to maintain a natural hedged position with respect to the carrying value of assets through debt agreements denominated in local currencies and, from time to time, supplemented through the use of derivative contracts as discussed under “Derivative Financial Instruments”.
The following table shows the impact of a 10% change in foreign exchange rates on net income and other comprehensive income:

| Dec. 31, 2022
(Millions) | Equity attributable to Unitholders | OCI | Net income
Canadian Dollar(1) | C$ | 142 |  | $ | (11) |  | $ | — |
Australian Dollar | A$ | 1,560 |  | (106) |  | — |
British Pound | £ | 4,059 |  | (490) |  | — |
Euro | € | 690 |  | (74) |  | — |
Brazilian Real | R$ | 3,129 |  | (60) |  | — |
Indian Rupee | Rs | 33,212 |  | (40) |  | — |
Chinese Yuan | C¥ | 2,554 |  | (37) |  | — |
South Korean Won | ₩ | 417,865 |  | (33) |  | — |
United Arab Emirates Dirham | AED | 1,287 |  | (35) |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | (886) |  | $ | — |

(1)Net of Canadian Dollar denominated loans.
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| Dec. 31, 2021
(Millions) | Equity attributable to Unitholders | OCI | Net income
Canadian Dollar(1) | C$ | 339 |  | $ | (27) |  | $ | — |
Australian Dollar | A$ | 1,708 |  | (124) |  | — |
British Pound | £ | 6,375 |  | (863) |  | — |
Euro | € | 1,297 |  | (147) |  | — |
Brazilian Real | R$ | 745 |  | (13) |  | — |
Indian Rupee | Rs | 617 |  | (1) |  | — |
Chinese Yuan | C¥ | 730 |  | (11) |  | — |
South Korean Won | ₩ | 289,443 |  | (24) |  | — |
United Arab Emirates Dirham | AED | 342 |  | (9) |  | — |
Czech Koruna | CZK | 5 |  | — |  | — |
Hungarian Forint | HUF | 5 |  | — |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | (1,219) |  | $ | — |

(1)Net of Canadian Dollar denominated loans.

| Dec. 31, 2020
(Millions) | Equity attributable to Unitholders | OCI | Net income
Canadian Dollar(1) | C$ | 521 |  | $ | (41) |  | $ | — |
Australian Dollar | A$ | 2,056 |  | (158) |  | — |
British Pound | £ | 4,206 |  | (575) |  | — |
Euro | € | 328 |  | (40) |  | — |
Brazilian Real | R$ | 3,364 |  | (65) |  | — |
Indian Rupee | Rs | 28,281 |  | (39) |  | — |
Chinese Yuan | C¥ | 1,084 |  | (17) |  | — |
South Korean Won | ₩ | 204,795 |  | (19) |  | — |
United Arab Emirates Dirham | AED | 708 |  | (19) |  | — |
Czech Koruna | CZK | 8 |  | — |  | — |
Hungarian Forint | HUF | 334 |  | — |  | — |
Poland Zloty | PLN | 3 |  | — |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | (973) |  | $ | — |

(1)Net of Canadian Dollar denominated loans.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISKS
We and our operating entities use derivative and non-derivative instruments to manage financial risks, including interest rate, commodity, equity price and foreign exchange risks. The use of derivative contracts is governed by documented risk management policies and approved limits. We do not use derivatives for speculative purposes. We and our operating entities use the following derivative instruments to manage these risks:
•Foreign currency forward contracts to hedge exposures to Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, British Pound, Euro, Chinese Yuan, Brazilian Real, Indian Rupee and South Korean Won denominated investments in foreign subsidiaries and foreign currency denominated financial assets;
•Interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk associated with planned refinancings and existing variable rate debt;
•Interest rate caps to hedge interest rate risk on certain variable rate debt; and
•Cross currency swaps to manage interest rate and foreign currency exchange rates on existing variable rate debt.
We are progressing through our transition plan to address the impact and effect required changes as a result of amendments to the contractual terms of Interbank Offered Rates (“IBOR”) referenced floating-rate borrowings, interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, and to update hedge designations. Sterling Overnight Index Average (“SONIA”) replaced £ London Interbank Offered Rate (“£ LIBOR”), and one week and two month US$ LIBOR were discontinued effective December 31, 2021. Euro Short-term Rate (“€STR”) was published as an alternative to Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”) during 2021, though EURIBOR remains available for Euro lending. It is currently expected that Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) will replace US$ LIBOR, and Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average (“CORRA”) will replace Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (“CDOR”), though the transition period has been extended to June 2023 for the remaining US$ LIBOR and June 2024 for CDOR. The partnership has addressed the impact and effected the changes required as a result of amendments to the
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contractual terms of £ LIBOR referenced floating-rate borrowings, interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, and to update hedge designations. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the partnership’s financial reporting.
We also designate Canadian Dollar financial liabilities of certain of our operating entities as hedges of our net investments in our Canadian operations.
Refer to Note 31, Financial Instruments in our annual 2022 financial statements for a detailed description of our financial risk exposure, risk management activities, and further information on derivative instruments at December 31, 2022.
RELATED PARTIES
In the normal course of operations, the partnership enters into transactions with related parties. These transactions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. These transactions have been measured at exchange value and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The immediate parent of the partnership is the BPY General Partner. The ultimate parent of the partnership is Brookfield Corporation. Other related parties of the partnership include the partnership’s and Brookfield Corporation’s subsidiaries and operating entities, certain joint ventures and associates accounted for under the equity method, as well as officers of such entities and their spouses.
In connection with the Privatization, Brookfield Corporation’s ownership interest in the partnership was restructured, including the issuance of Canholdco Non-Voting Common Shares to Brookfield Corporation and the management fee structure was amended. Refer to Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership and Note 32, Related Parties, respectively, of our annual 2022 Financial Statements for further information.
On December 9, 2022, Brookfield Corporation completed the distribution of 25% of its asset management business, through the Manager, by way of a plan of arrangement. The transaction resulted in the division of Brookfield into two publicly traded companies – the Manager under the stock ticker BAM and Brookfield Corporation under the stock ticker BN. In advance of the Manager Distribution, a reorganization took place within Brookfield Corporation wherein we redeemed $1 billion of preferred units issued by a BPY subsidiary and acquired certain LP interests in several real estate funds and other investment interests from the Corporation (“Manager Reorganization”) for net consideration of $2,475 million through the issuance of CanHoldco Class D Junior Preferred Shares to the Corporation. The LP interests and other investment interests acquisitions were accounted for as a business acquisition under common control, as discussed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our annual 2022 financial statements, the partnership records assets and liabilities recognized as a result of transfers of businesses or subsidiaries between entities under common control at carrying value. Differences between the consideration given or received and the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities transferred are recorded within ownership changes in equity.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND JUDGMENTS
Please refer to Note 2(v), Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Critical judgments and estimates in applying accounting policies of our annual 2022 financial statements for further information.
NON-IFRS FINANCIAL MEASURES
To measure our operating performance, we focus on NOI, FFO, CFFO, net income attributable to Unitholders, and equity attributable to Unitholders. Some of these performance metrics do not have standardized meanings prescribed by IFRS and therefore may differ from similar metrics used by other companies.
•NOI: revenues from our commercial property operations less direct commercial property expenses before the impact of depreciation and amortization (“Commercial property NOI”) and revenues from our hospitality operations less direct hospitality expenses before the impact of depreciation and amortization (“Hospitality NOI”).
•FFO: net income, prior to fair value gains, net, depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, and income taxes less non-controlling interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties therein. When determining FFO, we include our proportionate share of the FFO of unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures and associates, as well as gains (or losses) related to properties developed for sale.
•Company FFO: FFO before the impact of depreciation and amortization of non-real estate assets, transaction costs, gains (losses) associated with non-investment properties, imputed interest on equity accounted investments and the partnership’s share of BSREP III FFO. The partnership accounts for its investment in BSREP III as a financial asset and the income (loss) of the fund is not presented in the partnership’s results. Distributions from BSREP III, recorded as dividend income under IFRS, are removed from investment and other income for Company FFO presentation.
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•Net income attributable to Unitholders: net income attributable to holders of GP Units, LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, Special LP Units, Exchange LP Units (prior to the Privatization), FV LTIP Units and BPYU Units.
•Equity attributable to Unitholders: equity attributable to holders of GP Units, LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, Special LP Units, Exchange LP Units (prior to the Privatization), FV LTIP Units and BPYU Units.
NOI is a key indicator of our ability to impact the operating performance of our properties. We seek to grow NOI through pro-active management and leasing of our properties. Because NOI excludes depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, it provides a performance measure that, when compared year-over-year, reflects the impact on operations from trends in occupancy rates and rental rates. We reconcile NOI to net income on page 77.
We also consider FFO an important measure of our operating performance. FFO is a widely recognized measure that is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of real estate entities, particularly those that own and operate income producing properties. Our definition of FFO includes all of the adjustments that are outlined in the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) definition of FFO, including the exclusion of gains (or losses) from the sale of investment properties, the add back of any depreciation and amortization related to real estate assets and the adjustment for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. In addition to the adjustments prescribed by NAREIT, we also make adjustments to exclude any unrealized fair value gains (or losses) that arise as a result of reporting under IFRS, and income taxes that arise as certain of our subsidiaries are structured as corporations as opposed to real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). These additional adjustments result in an FFO measure that is similar to that which would result if our partnership was organized as a REIT that determined net income in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), which is the type of organization on which the NAREIT definition is premised. Our FFO measure will differ from other organizations applying the NAREIT definition to the extent of certain differences between the IFRS and U.S. GAAP reporting frameworks, principally related to the timing of revenue recognition from lease terminations and sale of properties. Because FFO excludes fair value gains (losses), including equity accounted fair value gains (losses), realized gains (losses) on the sale of investment properties, depreciation and amortization of real estate assets and income taxes, it provides a performance measure that, when compared year-over-year, reflects the impact on operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs and interest costs, providing perspective not immediately apparent from net income. We do not use FFO as a measure of cash flow generated from operating activities. We reconcile FFO to net income on page 78 as we believe net income is the most comparable measure.
In addition, we consider Company FFO a useful measure for securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of our partnership’s performance. Company FFO, similar to FFO discussed above, provides a performance measure that reflects the impact on operations of trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs and interest costs. In addition, the adjustments to Company FFO relative to FFO allow the partnership insight into these trends for the real estate operations, by adjusting for non-real estate components. We reconcile net income to Company FFO on page 78.
Net income attributable to Unitholders and Equity attributable to Unitholders are used by the partnership to evaluate the performance of the partnership as a whole as each of the Unitholders participates in the economics of the partnership equally.
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Reconciliation of Non-IFRS Measures
As described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75, our partnership uses non-IFRS measures to assess the performance of its operations. An analysis of the measures and reconciliation to IFRS measures is included below.
The following table reconciles net income to NOI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net income (loss) | $ | 996 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | (2,058) |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 281 |  | 490 |  | 220 |
Investment and other revenue | (1,005) |  | (864) |  | (494) |
Interest expense | 2,683 |  | 2,593 |  | 2,592 |
Depreciation and amortization expense(1) | 287 |  | 308 |  | 319 |
Investment and other expense | 328 |  | 294 |  | 69 |
General and administrative expense | 930 |  | 924 |  | 816 |
Fair value gains, net | (20) |  | (2,521) |  | 1,322 |
Share of net (earnings) loss from equity accounted investments | (826) |  | (1,020) |  | 749 |
Total NOI(1) | $ | 3,654 |  | $ | 3,703 |  | $ | 3,535 |

(1)As described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75, commercial property NOI and hospitality NOI excludes the impact of depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense, respectively.
The key components of NOI are presented below:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Commercial property revenue | $ | 4,849 |  | $ | 5,163 |  | $ | 5,397 |
Direct commercial property expense | (1,852) |  | (1,931) |  | (1,975) |
Add: Depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense(1) | 29 |  | 39 |  | 39 |
Commercial property NOI(1) | 3,026 |  | 3,271 |  | 3,461 |
Hospitality revenue | 1,511 |  | 1,073 |  | 702 |
Direct hospitality expense | (1,141) |  | (910) |  | (908) |
Add: Depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense(1) | 258 |  | 269 |  | 280 |
Hospitality NOI(1) | 628 |  | 432 |  | 74 |
Total NOI(1) | $ | 3,654 |  | $ | 3,703 |  | $ | 3,535 |

(1)As described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75, commercial property NOI and hospitality NOI excludes the impact of depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense, respectively.
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The following table reconciles net income to FFO and Company FFO for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net income (loss) | $ | 996 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | (2,058) |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Fair value (gains) losses, net | (20) |  | (2,521) |  | 1,322 |
Share of equity accounted fair value (gains) losses, net | (120) |  | (404) |  | 1,403 |
Depreciation and amortization of real-estate assets(1) | 190 |  | 203 |  | 249 |
Income tax expense | 281 |  | 490 |  | 220 |
Non-controlling interests in above items | (741) |  | (689) |  | (429) |
FFO | 586 |  | 578 |  | 707 |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of non-real-estate assets, net(1)(2) | 57 |  | 58 |  | 48 |
Transaction costs, net(2) | 4 |  | 110 |  | 33 |
Gains/losses associated with non-investment properties, net(2) | — |  | — |  | 3 |
Imputed interest(3) | 16 |  | 16 |  | 23 |
BSREP III earnings(4) | (79) |  | (37) |  | 1 |
Company FFO | $ | 584 |  | $ | 725 |  | $ | 815 |

(1)Depreciation and amortization are included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense on the income statement.
(2)Presented net of non-controlling interests.
(3)Represents imputed interest associated with financing the partnership’s share of commercial developments accounted for under the equity method.
(4)BSREP III is accounted for as a financial asset which results in FFO being recognized in line with distributions received. As such, the BSREP III earnings adjustment picks up our proportionate share of the Company FFO.
Reconciliation of Non-IFRS Measures – Core Office
The following table reconciles Core Office net (loss) income to NOI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net (loss) income | $ | (110) |  | $ | 1,485 |  | $ | 243 |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 97 |  | (65) |  | 50 |
Investment and other revenue | (346) |  | (280) |  | (168) |
Interest expense | 723 |  | 570 |  | 586 |
Depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense(2) | 12 |  | 15 |  | 13 |
Investment and other expense | 125 |  | 109 |  | 24 |
General and administrative expense | 257 |  | 256 |  | 254 |
Fair value gains, net | 825 |  | (357) |  | 223 |
Share of net earnings from equity accounted investments | (550) |  | (644) |  | (150) |
Total NOI – Core Office(1) | $ | 1,033 |  | $ | 1,089 |  | $ | 1,075 |

(1) As described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75, commercial property NOI and hospitality NOI excludes the impact of depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense, respectively.
(2) Depreciation and amortization are included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense on the income statement.
The key components of NOI in our Core Office segment are presented below:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Commercial property revenue | $ | 1,842 |  | $ | 1,909 |  | $ | 1,875 |
Hospitality revenue(1) | 22 |  | 9 |  | 6 |
Direct commercial property expense | (820) |  | (829) |  | (805) |
Direct hospitality expense(1) | (23) |  | (15) |  | (14) |
Add: Depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense(2) | 12 |  | 15 |  | 13 |
Total NOI – Core Office(2) | $ | 1,033 |  | $ | 1,089 |  | $ | 1,075 |

(1)Hospitality revenue and Direct hospitality expense within our Core Office segment primarily consists of revenue and expenses incurred at a hotel adjacent to the Allen Center in Houston.
(2)As described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75, commercial property NOI and hospitality NOI excludes the impact of depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense, respectively.
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The following table reconciles Core Office net (loss) income to FFO and Company FFO for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net (loss) income | $ | (110) |  | $ | 1,485 |  | $ | 243 |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Fair value losses (gains), net | 825 |  | (357) |  | 223 |
Share of equity accounted fair value (gains) losses, net | (307) |  | (315) |  | 160 |
Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets(1) | 5 |  | 5 |  | 4 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 97 |  | (65) |  | 50 |
Non-controlling interests in above items | (185) |  | (214) |  | (185) |
FFO | $ | 325 |  | $ | 539 |  | $ | 495 |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of non-real-estate assets, net(1)(2) | 16 |  | 12 |  | 9 |
Transaction costs, net(2) | 13 |  | 17 |  | 10 |
(Gains)/losses associated with non-investment properties, net(2) | — |  | — |  | 3 |
Imputed interest(3) | 16 |  | 16 |  | 23 |
Company FFO | $ | 370 |  | $ | 584 |  | $ | 540 |

(1) Depreciation and amortization are included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense on the income statement.
(2) Presented net of non-controlling interests.
(3) Represents imputed interest associated with financing the partnership’s share of commercial developments accounted for under the equity method.
The following table reconciles Core Office share of net earnings from equity accounted investment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Unconsolidated properties NOI | $ | 475 |  | $ | 469 |  | $ | 422 |
Unconsolidated properties fair value (losses) gains, net and income tax expense | 307 |  | 315 |  | (160) |
Other(1) | (232) |  | (140) |  | (112) |
Share of net earnings from equity accounted investments | $ | 550 |  | $ | 644 |  | $ | 150 |

(1)Other primarily includes the partnership’s share of interest expense, general and administrative expense and investment and other income/expense from unconsolidated investments.
Reconciliation of Non-IFRS Measures – Core Retail
The following table reconciles Core Retail net income (loss) to NOI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net income (loss) | $ | 163 |  | $ | (147) |  | $ | (2,183) |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 38 |  | (2) |  | (50) |
Investment and other revenue | (155) |  | (138) |  | (162) |
Interest expense | 660 |  | 649 |  | 647 |
Depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense(2) | 20 |  | 22 |  | 25 |
General and administrative expense | 217 |  | 214 |  | 255 |
Fair value (losses), net | 302 |  | 810 |  | 1,706 |
Share of net earnings (losses) from equity accounted investments | (234) |  | (472) |  | 743 |
Total NOI – Core Retail(1) | $ | 1,011 |  | $ | 936 |  | $ | 981 |

(1) As described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75, commercial property NOI and hospitality NOI excludes the impact of depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense, respectively.
(2) Depreciation and amortization are included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense on the income statement.
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The key components of NOI in our Core Retail segment are presented below:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Commercial property revenue | $ | 1,402 |  | $ | 1,372 |  | $ | 1,450 |
Direct commercial property expense | (411) |  | (458) |  | (494) |
Add: Depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense(1) | 20 |  | 22 |  | 25 |
Total NOI – Core Retail(1) | $ | 1,011 |  | $ | 936 |  | $ | 981 |

(1)As described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75, commercial property NOI and hospitality NOI excludes the impact of depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense, respectively.
The following table reconciles Core Retail net income (loss) to FFO and Company FFO for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net income (loss) | $ | 163 |  | $ | (147) |  | $ | (2,183) |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Fair value (losses), net | 302 |  | 810 |  | 1,706 |
Share of equity accounted fair value losses (gains), net | 175 |  | (153) |  | 1,112 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 38 |  | (2) |  | (50) |
Non-controlling interests in above items | (52) |  | (58) |  | (64) |
FFO | $ | 626 |  | $ | 450 |  | $ | 521 |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of non-real-estate assets, net(1)(2) | 18 |  | 22 |  | 24 |
Transaction costs, net(2) | (6) |  | 41 |  | 5 |
Company FFO | $ | 638 |  | $ | 513 |  | $ | 550 |

(1)Depreciation and amortization are included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense on the income statement.
(2)Presented net of non-controlling interests.
The following table reconciles Core Retail share of net earnings (losses) from equity accounted investment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Unconsolidated properties NOI | $ | 752 |  | $ | 678 |  | $ | 713 |
Unconsolidated properties fair value (losses) gains, net and income tax expense | (175) |  | 153 |  | (1,112) |
Other(1) | (343) |  | (359) |  | (344) |
Share of net earnings (losses) from equity accounted investments | $ | 234 |  | $ | 472 |  | $ | (743) |

(1)Other primarily includes the partnership’s share of interest expense, general and administrative expense and investment and other income/expense from unconsolidated investments.
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Reconciliation of Non-IFRS Measures - LP Investments
The following table reconciles LP Investments net income to NOI for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net income | $ | 1,318 |  | $ | 2,689 |  | $ | 306 |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Income tax expense | 126 |  | 456 |  | 258 |
Investment and other revenue | (499) |  | (441) |  | (152) |
Interest expense | 1,000 |  | 1,069 |  | 1,104 |
Depreciation and amortization on non-real estate assets(2) | 255 |  | 271 |  | 281 |
Investment and other expense | 203 |  | 185 |  | 45 |
General and administrative expense | 179 |  | 208 |  | 177 |
Fair value gains, net | (930) |  | (2,855) |  | (696) |
Share of net (earnings) losses from equity accounted investments | (42) |  | 96 |  | 156 |
Total NOI(1) | $ | 1,610 |  | $ | 1,678 |  | $ | 1,479 |

(1)As described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75, commercial property NOI and hospitality NOI excludes the impact of depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense, respectively.
(2)Depreciation and amortization are included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense on the income statement.
The key components of NOI in our LP Investments segment are presented below:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Commercial property revenue | $ | 1,605 |  | $ | 1,882 |  | $ | 2,072 |
Hospitality revenue | 1,489 |  | 1,064 |  | 696 |
Direct commercial property expense | (621) |  | (644) |  | (676) |
Direct hospitality expense | (1,118) |  | (895) |  | (894) |
Add: Depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense(1) | 255 |  | 271 |  | 281 |
Total NOI(1) | $ | 1,610 |  | $ | 1,678 |  | $ | 1,479 |

(1)As described in the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section on page 75, commercial property NOI and hospitality NOI excludes the impact of depreciation and amortization included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense, respectively.
The following table reconciles LP Investments net income to FFO and Company FFO for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net income | $ | 1,318 |  | $ | 2,689 |  | $ | 306 |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Fair value (gains), net | (930) |  | (2,855) |  | (696) |
Share of equity accounted fair value losses, net | 12 |  | 64 |  | 131 |
Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets(1) | 185 |  | 198 |  | 245 |
Income tax expense | 126 |  | 456 |  | 258 |
Non-controlling interests in above items | (423) |  | (373) |  | (180) |
FFO | $ | 288 |  | $ | 179 |  | $ | 64 |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of non-real-estate assets, net(1)(2) | 23 |  | 24 |  | 15 |
Transaction costs, net(2) | (6) |  | 43 |  | 15 |
Imputed interest(3) | — |  | — |  | — |
BSREP III earnings(4) | (79) |  | (37) |  | 1 |
Company FFO | $ | 226 |  | $ | 209 |  | $ | 95 |

(1)Depreciation and amortization are included in direct commercial property expense and direct hospitality expense on the income statement.
(2)Presented net of non-controlling interests.
(3)Represents imputed interest associated with financing the partnership’s share of commercial developments accounted for under the equity method.
(4)BSREP III is accounted for as a financial asset which results in FFO being recognized in line with distributions received. As such, the BSREP III earnings adjustment picks up our proportionate share of the Company FFO.
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Reconciliation of Non-IFRS Measures – Corporate
The following table reconciles Corporate net (loss) income to net loss attributable to Unitholders for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net (loss) | $ | (375) |  | $ | (528) |  | $ | (424) |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties | (25) |  | 63 |  | — |
Net loss attributable to Unitholders | $ | (350) |  | $ | (591) |  | $ | (424) |

The following table reconciles Corporate net loss to FFO and Company FFO for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net (loss) | $ | (375) |  | $ | (528) |  | $ | (424) |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Fair value (gains) losses, net | (217) |  | (119) |  | 89 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 20 |  | 101 |  | (38) |
Non-controlling interests in above items | (81) |  | (44) |  | — |
FFO | $ | (653) |  | $ | (590) |  | $ | (373) |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Transaction costs, net(1) | 3 |  | 9 |  | 3 |
Company FFO | $ | (650) |  | $ | (581) |  | $ | (370) |

(1)Presented net of non-controlling interests.
5.B. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
The capital of our business consists of debt obligations, capital securities, preferred stock and equity. Our objective when managing this capital is to maintain an appropriate balance between holding a sufficient amount of equity capital to support our operations and reducing our weighted average cost of capital to improve our return on equity. At December 31, 2022, capital totaled $103 billion compared with $100 billion at December 31, 2021.
We attempt to maintain a level of liquidity to ensure we are able to participate in investment opportunities as they arise and to better withstand sudden adverse changes in economic circumstances. Our primary sources of liquidity include cash, undrawn committed credit facilities, construction facilities, cash flow from operating activities and access to public and private capital markets. In addition, we structure our affairs to facilitate monetization of longer-duration assets through financings and co-investor participations.
We seek to increase income from our existing properties by maintaining quality standards for our properties that promote high occupancy rates and support increases in rental rates while reducing tenant turnover and related costs, and by controlling operating expenses. Consequently, we believe our revenue, along with proceeds from financing activities and divestitures, will continue to provide the necessary funds to cover our short-term liquidity needs. However, material changes in the factors described above may adversely affect our net cash flows. We anticipate certain planned divestitures may be delayed but do not anticipate execution risk that would have a material impact to our cashflows.
We expect to be able to refinance the majority of debt obligations maturing in the near term or to exercise contractual extension options thereon. In certain instances, particularly where a property has been required to close temporarily, we plan to seek certain modifications to mortgages, including lease restructuring approvals and technical default waivers, and potentially interest deferrals on such loans until the property has reopened. Certain development assets with construction facilities in place will require development waivers subject to a protracted work stoppage.
In order to maintain financial flexibility, we maintain capacity under credit facilities at BPY and certain subsidiaries. We believe we will be able to continue to borrow funds on these facilities from our lenders when and as required.
Our principal liquidity needs for the current year and for periods beyond include:
•Recurring expenses;
•Debt service requirements;
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•Distributions to preferred unitholders;
•Capital expenditures deemed mandatory, including tenant improvements;
•Development costs not covered under construction loans;
•Unfunded committed capital to funds;
•Investing activities which could include:
◦Fulfilling our capital commitments to various funds;
◦Discretionary capital expenditures;
◦Property acquisitions; and
◦Future developments.
We finance our assets principally at the operating company level with asset-specific debt that generally has long maturities, few restrictive covenants and with recourse only to the asset. We endeavor to maintain prudent levels of debt and strive to ladder our principal repayments over a number of years.
The following table summarizes our secured debt obligations on investment properties by contractual maturity over the next five years and thereafter:

(US$ Millions, except where noted) | Dec. 31, 2022
2023 | $ | 13,373 |
2024 | 10,900 |
2025 | 4,877 |
2026 | 2,204 |
2027 | 1,774 |
Thereafter | 5,856 |
Deferred financing costs | (188) |
Secured debt obligations | $ | 38,796 |
Debt to investment property ratio | 56.6 | %

We generally believe that we will be able to either extend the maturity date, repay, or refinance the debt that is scheduled to mature in 2023 to 2024, however, approximately 2% of our debt obligations represent non-recourse mortgages where we have suspended contractual payment, and are currently engaging in modification or restructuring discussions with the respective creditors. We are generally seeking relief given the circumstances resulting from the current economic slowdown, and may or may not be successful with these negotiations. If we are unsuccessful, it is possible that certain properties securing these loans could be transferred to the lenders.
Currently our debt to investment property ratio is 57%. We expect to be able to decrease our debt to capital ratios from these levels through the repayment of credit facilities and debt related to the acquisition of a further interest in our retail assets with cash flow generated in the business and raised from asset sales. In addition, we expect to improve other credit metrics through the benefit of additional earnings from the completion and stabilization of our active development pipeline.
Our partnership’s operating subsidiaries are subject to limited covenants in respect of their corporate debt and are in compliance with substantially all such covenants at December 31, 2022. The partnership’s operating subsidiaries are also in compliance with all covenants and other capital requirements related to regulatory or contractual obligations of material consequence to our partnership. Summaries of our debt profile for each of our segments are included elsewhere in this Form 20-F.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the partnership made distributions to unitholders of $1,169 million, $878 million and $1,244 million, respectively. This compares to cash (outflows) inflows from operating activities of $(53) million, $606 million and $1,332 million, respectively, for each of the three years then ended. In 2022 and 2021, distributions exceeded cash flow from operating activities. The partnership has a number of alternatives at its disposal to fund any difference between the cash flow from operating activities and distributions to unitholders. The partnership is not a passive investor and typically holds positions of control or significant influence over assets in which it invests, enabling the partnership to influence distributions from those assets. The partnership will, from time to time, convert some or all of the unrealized fair value gains on investment properties to cash through asset sales, joint ventures or refinancings. The partnership may access its credit facilities in order to temporarily fund its distributions as a result of timing differences between the payments of distributions and cash receipts from its investments. In 2022, the partnership funded the gap between its distributions and cash flow from operating activities through several LP Investment portfolio sales within BSREP I and II, consisting of a triple net lease, hospitality and student housing portfolios, generating approximately $1.7 billion of net cash inflows and meaningful
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returns on capital. These limited-life funds have reached the realization stage of their respective lifecycles. In 2021, the partnership funded the gap between its distributions and cash flow from operating activities through approximately $540 million of realized gains from the disposition of assets with meaningful returns on capital. Distributions made to unitholders which exceed cash flow from operating activities in future periods may be considered to be a return of capital to unitholders as defined in Canadian Securities Administrators’ National Policy 41-201 - Income Trusts and Indirect Offerings.
SUBSIDIARY PUBLIC ISSUERS
Brookfield Property Split Corp. (“BOP Split”) was incorporated for the purpose of being an issuer of preferred shares and owning a portion of the partnership’s investment in BPO common shares. Pursuant to the terms of a Plan of Arrangement, holders of outstanding BPO Class AAA Preferred Shares Series G, H, J and K, which were convertible into BPO common shares, were able to exchange their shares for BOP Split Senior Preferred Shares, subject to certain conditions. The BOP Split Senior Preferred shares are listed on the TSX and began trading on June 11, 2014. All preferred shares issued by BOP Split are retractable by the holders at any time for cash. Accordingly, the following consolidating summary financial information is provided in compliance with the requirements of section 13.4 of National Instrument 51-102 ─ Continuous Disclosure Obligations providing for an exemption for certain credit support issuers.
In connection with an internal restructuring completed in July 2016, the partnership and certain of its related entities agreed to guarantee all of BPO’s Class AAA Preferred Shares and all of BPO’s debt securities issued pursuant to BPO’s indenture dated December 8, 2009.
In April 2018, the partnership formed two subsidiaries, Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Brookfield Property Preferred Equity Inc. to act as issuers of debt and preferred securities, respectively. The partnership and certain of its related entities have agreed to guarantee securities issued by these entities.
In connection with the Privatization (refer to Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership of our annual 2022 financial statements for further information), the partnership formed a subsidiary, Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. (“New LP”), to issue preferred securities. The partnership and certain of its related entities have agreed to guarantee the securities issued by this entity.
The following tables provide consolidated summary financial information for the partnership, BOP Split, BPO, Brookfield Property Finance ULC, Brookfield Property Preferred Equity Inc., New LP and the holding entities:

(US$ Millions) | Brookfield Property Partners L.P. | BOP Split Corp. | BOPI | Brookfield Property Preferred Equity Inc. | Brookfield Property Finance ULC | Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. | Holding Entities(2) | Additional holding entities and eliminations(3) | Consolidating Adjustments(4) | Brookfield Property Partners L.P. consolidated
Year ended December 31, 2022
Revenue | $ | — |  | $ | 28 |  | $ | 224 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 102 |  | $ | 203 |  | $ | 844 |  | $ | 432 |  | $ | 5,532 |  | $ | 7,365 |
Net income attributable to unitholders(1) | (47) |  | (62) |  | (687) |  | — |  | 141 |  | 161 |  | (132) |  | 450 |  | 44 |  | (132) |
Year ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | — |  | $ | 909 |  | $ | 293 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 91 |  | $ | 85 |  | $ | 645 |  | $ | 290 |  | $ | 4,787 |  | $ | 7,100 |
Net income attributable to unitholders(1) | 547 |  | 1,767 |  | 552 |  | — |  | (9) |  | 67 |  | 1,276 |  | 279 |  | (3,203) |  | 1,276 |
Year ended December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | — |  | $ | 70 |  | $ | 215 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 68 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 836 |  | $ | 126 |  | $ | 5,278 |  | $ | 6,593 |
Net income attributable to unitholders(1) | (1,166) |  | 297 |  | 102 |  | — |  | (44) |  | — |  | (2,358) |  | 34 |  | 777 |  | (2,358) |

(1)Includes net income attributable to LP Units, GP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, Special LP Units, Exchange LP Units and BPYU Units.
(2)Includes the Operating Partnership, Brookfield BPY Holdings Inc., Brookfield BPY Retail Holdings II Inc., BPY Bermuda Holdings Limited, and BPY Bermuda Holdings II Limited.
(3)Includes BPY Bermuda Holdings IV Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings V Limited and BPY Bermuda Holdings VI Limited, which serve as guarantors for BPO but not BOP Split, net of intercompany balances and transactions with other holding entities
(4)Includes elimination of intercompany transactions and balances necessary to present the partnership on a consolidated basis.
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(US$ Millions) | Brookfield Property Partners L.P. | BOP Split Corp. | BOPI | Brookfield Property Preferred Equity Inc. | Brookfield Property Finance ULC | Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. | Holding Entities(2) | Additional holding entities and eliminations(3) | Consolidating Adjustments(4) | Brookfield Property Partners L.P. consolidated
As of Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets | $ | — |  | $ | 442 |  | $ | 1,058 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,146 |  | $ | 2,952 |  | $ | 5,792 |  | $ | 191 |  | $ | (6,071) |  | $ | 6,510 |
Non-current assets | 8,946 |  | 9,756 |  | 16,205 |  | — |  | 190 |  | — |  | 31,158 |  | 2,352 |  | 36,823 |  | 105,430 |
Assets held for sale | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 576 |  | 576 |
Current liabilities | — |  | 2,606 |  | 3,372 |  | — |  | 721 |  | — |  | 6,969 |  | 1,230 |  | 9,283 |  | 24,181 |
Non-current liabilities | — |  | 15 |  | 1,977 |  | — |  | 1,475 |  | 659 |  | 5,603 |  | 202 |  | 36,667 |  | 46,598 |
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Preferred equity | 699 |  | 3,430 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 722 |  | — |  | (4,152) |  | 699 |
Equity attributable to interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties | — |  | — |  | 2,284 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 15,800 |  | 18,084 |
Equity attributable to unitholders(1) | $ | 8,247 |  | $ | 4,147 |  | $ | 9,630 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 140 |  | $ | 2,293 |  | $ | 23,656 |  | $ | 1,111 |  | $ | (26,270) |  | $ | 22,954 |
As of Dec. 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets | $ | — |  | $ | 492 |  | $ | 145 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,915 |  | $ | 2,952 |  | $ | 6,468 |  | $ | 206 |  | $ | (7,253) |  | $ | 4,925 |
Non-current assets | 11,270 |  | 10,491 |  | 23,197 |  | — |  | 441 |  | — |  | 40,820 |  | 2,320 |  | 8,030 |  | 96,569 |
Assets held for sale | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 10,510 |  | 10,510 |
Current liabilities | — |  | 2,906 |  | 1,051 |  | — |  | 199 |  | — |  | 7,710 |  | 1,165 |  | 4,534 |  | 17,565 |
Non-current liabilities | — |  | 21 |  | 4,467 |  | — |  | 2,153 |  | 660 |  | 13,558 |  | 582 |  | 24,911 |  | 46,352 |
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,082 |  | 3,082 |
Preferred equity | 699 |  | 4,314 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 722 |  | — |  | (5,036) |  | 699 |
Equity attributable to interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties | — |  | — |  | 2,723 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 16,983 |  | 19,706 |
Equity attributable to unitholders(1) | $ | 10,571 |  | $ | 3,742 |  | $ | 15,101 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2,292 |  | $ | 25,298 |  | $ | 779 |  | $ | (33,187) |  | $ | 24,600 |

(1)Includes net income attributable to LP Units, GP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, Special LP Units, Exchange LP Units and BPYU Units.
(2)Includes the Operating Partnership, Brookfield BPY Holdings Inc., Brookfield BPY Retail Holdings II Inc., BPY Bermuda Holdings Limited, and BPY Bermuda Holdings II Limited.
(3)Includes BPY Bermuda Holdings IV Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings V Limited and BPY Bermuda Holdings VI Limited, which serve as guarantors for BPO but not BOP Split, net of intercompany balances and transactions with other holding entities
(4)Includes elimination of intercompany transactions and balances necessary to present the partnership on a consolidated basis.
New LP Preferred Units Guarantee
New LP was created in connection with the Privatization in order to issue New LP Preferred Units. The payment obligations of New LP to the holders of the New LP Preferred Units, including accrued and unpaid distributions, are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the partnership, the Operating Partnership and several Holding Entities (Canholdco, Brookfield BPY Retail Holdings II Inc., BPY Bermuda Holdings Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings II Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings IV Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings V Limited and BPY Bermuda Holdings VI Limited). The guarantee of each guarantor ranks senior to all subordinate guarantor obligations.
Pursuant to Rule 13-01 of the SEC’s Regulation S-X, the following tables provides combined summarized financial information of New LP and New LP guarantor entities:

(US$ Millions) For the twelve months ended Dec. 31, 2022 | BPY | BP Preferred LP ("New LP") | Other Guarantors | Consolidating adjustments | Combined Guarantor entities
Revenue |  |  |  |  |
Revenue - from non-guarantor subsidiaries | — |  | 203 |  | 282 |  | (35) |  | 450 |
Dividend income - from non-guarantor subsidiaries | 463 |  | — |  | 1,493 |  | (1,129) |  | 827 |
Operating profit | 463 |  | 161 |  | 1,297 |  | (1,117) |  | 804 |
Net income | 463 |  | 161 |  | 1,436 |  | (1,117) |  | 943 |

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Total revenue of the partnership and its controlled subsidiaries for the twelve months ended months ended Dec. 31, 2022 was $7,365 million.

(US$ Millions) As at Dec. 31, 2022 | BPY | BP Preferred LP ("New LP") | Other Guarantors | Consolidating adjustments | Combined Guarantor entities
Current assets | $ | 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 76 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 77 |
Current assets - due from related parties | — |  | — |  | 2 |  | — |  | 2 |
Current assets - due from non-guarantor subsidiaries | 3 |  | 2,952 |  | 6,444 |  | (1,315) |  | 8,084 |
Long-term assets | — |  | — |  | 3 |  | — |  | 3 |
Long-term assets - due from related parties | — |  | — |  | 58 |  | — |  | 58 |
Current liabilities | — |  | — |  | 282 |  | — |  | 282 |
Current liabilities - due to related parties | 3 |  | — |  | 24 |  | — |  | 27 |
Current liabilities - due to non-guarantor subsidiaries | — |  | — |  | 8,430 |  | (1,315) |  | 7,115 |
Long-term liabilities | — |  | — |  | 2,970 |  | — |  | 2,970 |
Long-term liabilities - due to non-guarantor subsidiaries | — |  | — |  | 1,704 |  | — |  | 1,704 |
Preferred equity and capital securities | 699 |  | 660 |  | 1,853 |  | (908) |  | 2,304 |
Non-controlling interests | — |  | — |  | 4,252 |  | — |  | 4,252 |

Total assets of the partnership and its controlled subsidiaries for the period ended Dec. 31, 2022 were $112,516 million.
5.C. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC.
Not applicable.
5.D. TREND INFORMATION
We seek to increase the cash flows from our office and retail property activities through continued leasing activity as described below. In particular, we are operating below our historical office occupancy level in the United States, which provides the opportunity to expand cash flows through higher occupancy. However, these cash flows could be impacted by inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, changes in tenant use of office space and changes in consumer tastes and buying patterns at our retail properties. Our belief is we own the highest quality, best-located buildings that continue to be in high demand which will continue to create opportunities for our partnership to increase its occupancy levels, lease rates and cash flows are based on assumptions about our business and markets that management believes are reasonable in the circumstances. There can be no assurance as to growth in occupancy levels, lease rates or cash flows. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.
We believe our global scale and best-in-class operating platforms provide us with a unique competitive advantage as we are able to efficiently allocate capital around the world toward those sectors and geographies where we see the greatest returns. We actively recycle assets on our balance sheet as they mature and reinvest the proceeds into higher yielding investment strategies, further enhancing returns. In addition, due to the scale of our stabilized portfolio and flexibility of our balance sheet, our business model is self-funding and does not require us to access capital markets to fund our continued growth.
Given the small amount of new office and retail development that occurred over the last decade and the near total development halt during the global financial crisis, we see an opportunity to advance our development inventory in the near term in response to demand we are seeing in our major markets. In addition, we continue to reposition and redevelop existing retail properties, in particular, a number of the highest performing shopping centers in the United States.
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5.E. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Use of Estimates
Our partnership makes estimates and assumptions that affect carried amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amount of earnings for the period. Actual results could differ from estimates. The estimates and assumptions that are critical to the determination of the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements relate to the following:
(i) Fair value of investment property
Our partnership determines the fair value of each commercial property based upon, among other things, rental income from current leases and assumptions about rental income from future leases reflecting market conditions at the applicable balance sheet dates, less future cash outflows (including rental payments and other outflows) in respect of such leases. Investment property valuations are completed by undertaking one of two accepted income approach methods, which include either: i) discounting the expected future cash flows, generally over a term of 10 years including a terminal value based on the application of a capitalization rate to estimated year 11 cash flows; or ii) undertaking a direct capitalization approach whereby a capitalization rate is applied to estimated current year cash flows. In determining the appropriateness of the methodology applied, the partnership considers the relative uncertainty of the timing and amount of expected cash flows and the impact such uncertainty would have in arriving at a reliable estimate of fair value. The partnership prepares these valuations considering asset and market specific factors, as well as observable transactions for similar assets. The determination of fair value requires the use of estimates, which the partnership determines using external information including market data, third-party reports and research and observable conditions, where possible, in conjunction with internal analysis.
Commercial developments are also measured using a discounted cash flow model, net of costs to complete, as of the balance sheet date. Development sites in the planning phases are measured using comparable market values for similar assets. We generally do not measure or record our properties at values prepared by external valuation professionals.
(ii) Fair value of financial instruments
We have certain financial assets and liabilities with embedded participation features related to the values of investment properties whose fair values are based on the fair values of the related properties.
We hold other financial instruments that represent equity interests in investment property entities that are measured at fair value as these financial instruments are designated as fair value through profit or loss or fair value through other comprehensive income. Estimation of the fair value of these instruments is also subject to the estimates and assumptions associated with investment properties.
The fair value of interest rate caps is determined based on generally accepted pricing models using quoted market interest rates for the appropriate term. Interest rate swaps are valued at the present value of estimated future cash flows and discounted based on applicable yield curves derived from market interest rates.
Application of the effective interest method to certain financial instruments involves estimates and assumptions about the timing and amount of future principal and interest payments.
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
6.A. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT
Governance
As required by law, our limited partnership agreement provides for the management and control of our company by a general partner rather than a board of directors and officers. The BPY General Partner serves as our company’s general partner and has a board of directors. The BPY General Partner has sole responsibility and authority for the central management and control of our company, which is exercised through its board of directors. Accordingly, references herein to “our directors” and “our board” refer to the board of directors of the BPY General Partner.
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The following table presents certain information concerning the current board of directors of the BPY General Partner:

Name and Residence(1) | Age | Position with the BPY General Partner | Principal Occupation
Jeffrey M. Blidner Toronto, Canada | 74 | Director | Vice Chairman of Brookfield Corporation
Stephen DeNardo(2) Stamford, United States | 69 | Director | Managing Director and President and Chief Executive Officer of RiverOak Investment Corp., LLC
Brian W. Kingston New York City, United States | 49 | Director | Managing Partner of Brookfield Corporation and Chief Executive Officer of Brookfield’s Real Estate Property Group
Louis Joseph Maroun(2) Warwick, Bermuda | 72 | Director | Chairman of Sigma Real Estate Advisors/Sigma Capital Corporation and Summit Industrial Income REIT
Lars Rodert(2) Stockholm, Sweden | 61 | Lead Independent Director, Director | Founder and Chief Executive Officer of ÖstVäst Capital Management

(1)The business address for each of the directors is 73 Front Street, 5th Floor, Hamilton, HM 12, Bermuda.
(2)Member of the audit committee. Mr. DeNardo is the Chair of the audit committee and is the audit committee financial expert.
Set forth below is biographical information for the BPY General Partner’s current directors (other than the biographical information of Brian W. Kingston which is set forth under “Our Management”).
Jeffrey M. Blidner. Mr. Blidner is Vice Chairman of Brookfield and former Chief Executive Officer of Brookfield’s Private Funds Group. Mr. Blidner is also Chair of Brookfield Business Partners L.P. and Brookfield Renewable Partners L.P. and a director of Brookfield Infrastructure Partners L.P. Prior to joining Brookfield in 2000, Mr. Blidner was a senior partner at a Canadian law firm.
Stephen DeNardo. Mr. DeNardo is currently managing director and president and Chief Executive Officer of RiverOak Investment Corp., LLC and has held this position since 1999. From 1997 to 1999 he was Partner and Senior Vice President of ING Realty Partners, where he managed a $1 billion portfolio. Prior to his employment with ING Realty Partners, he was President of ARES Realty Capital from 1991 to 1997, where he managed a $5 billion portfolio of diversified debt and equity assets. Before joining ARES Realty Capital, he was a Partner at First Winthrop Corporation. Mr. DeNardo has held a license as a Certified Public Accountant since 1978 and is a Chartered Global Management Accountant. He also has a B.S. in Accounting from Fairleigh Dickinson University.
Louis Joseph Maroun. Mr. Maroun was formerly the Executive Chairman of ING Real Estate Canada, and held executive positions in a number of real estate companies where he was responsible for overseeing operations, real estate transactions, asset and property management, as well as many other related functions. Mr. Maroun also is on the board of directors of Brookfield Renewable Partners L.P. In addition, Mr. Maroun is Chairman of Sigma Capital Corporation and is on the board of directors and is Chairman of Summit Industrial Income REIT. Mr. Maroun graduated from the University of New Brunswick with a Bachelor’s degree, majoring in psychology. Mr. Maroun also pursued a series of postgraduate studies in finance and mortgage underwriting. In 2020, Mr. Maroun received an honorary doctorate from the University of Cape Breton, where he sits on the university’s Business Advisory Board. Mr. Maroun is a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors.
Lars Rodert. Mr. Rodert is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of ÖstVäst Advisory (“OVA”). Mr. Rodert has 30 years of experience in the global investment industry. Prior to OVA, Mr. Rodert spent 11 years as a Global Investment Manager for IKEA Treasury. Before joining IKEA, Mr. Rodert was with SEB Asset Management for 10 years as Chief Investment Officer and responsible for SEB Global Funds. Prior to SEB, Mr. Rodert spent 10 years in North America with five years at Investment Bank Gordon Capital and five years as a partner with a private investment holding company, Robur et. Securitas. Mr. Rodert is a director of PCCW Limited, an information and communications technology company. Mr. Rodert holds a Master of Science Degree in Business and Economics from Stockholm University.
Our Management
The Service Providers provide management services to us pursuant to our Master Services Agreement. Brookfield has built its property business through the integration of formative portfolio acquisitions and single asset transactions over several decades and throughout all phases of the real estate investment cycle. The Service Providers’ investment and asset management professionals are complemented by the depth of real estate investment and operational expertise throughout our operating entities which specialize in office, retail, multifamily, logistics, hospitality, manufactured housing, mixed-use and student housing, generating significant and stable operating cash flows. Members of Brookfield’s senior management and other
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individuals from Brookfield’s global affiliates are drawn upon to fulfill the Service Providers’ obligations to provide us with management services under our Master Services Agreement.
The following table presents certain information concerning the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of our Service Providers:

Name | Age | Years of Experience | Years at Brookfield | Position with one of the Service Providers
Brian W. Kingston | 49 | 25 | 22 | Chief Executive Officer
Bryan K. Davis | 49 | 27 | 24 | Chief Financial Officer

Set forth below is biographical information for Messrs. Kingston and Davis.
Brian W. Kingston. Mr. Kingston is currently a Managing Partner and director of Brookfield Asset Management and Chief Executive Officer of Brookfield Property Group. Mr. Kingston joined Brookfield in 2001 and was named Chief Executive Officer of Brookfield Property Group in 2015. From 2008 to 2013, he led Brookfield’s Australian business activities, holding the positions of Chief Executive Officer of Brookfield Office Properties Australia, Chief Executive Officer of Prime Infrastructure and Chief Financial Officer of Multiplex.
Bryan K. Davis. Mr. Davis is currently a Managing Partner and Chief Financial Officer of Brookfield Property Group. Mr. Davis was named Chief Financial Officer in 2015. Prior to his current role, he was Chief Financial Officer of Brookfield’s global office property company for eight years and spent five years in senior finance roles. Mr. Davis also held various senior finance positions including Chief Financial Officer of Trilon Financial Corporation, Brookfield’s financial services subsidiary. Prior to joining Brookfield in 1999, Mr. Davis was involved in providing restructuring and advisory services at Deloitte & Touche LLP. He is a Chartered Accountant and holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Queen’s University.
6.B. COMPENSATION
The BPY General Partner pays each of its directors $125,000 per year for serving on its board of directors and various board committees. The BPY General Partner pays the chair of the audit committee an additional $20,000 per year and pays the other members of the audit committee an additional $10,000 per year for serving in such positions. The BPY General Partner also pays the lead independent director an additional $10,000 per year.
The BPY General Partner does not have any employees. Our partnership has entered into a Master Services Agreement with the Service Providers pursuant to which each Service Provider and certain other affiliates of Brookfield provide, or arrange for other Service Providers to provide, day-to-day management and administrative services for our company, the Property Partnership and the Holding Entities. The fees payable under the Master Service Agreement are set forth under Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Our Master Services Agreement - Management Fee”.
Pursuant to our Master Services Agreement, members of Brookfield’s senior management and other individuals from Brookfield’s global affiliates are drawn upon to fulfill obligations under the Master Services Agreement. However, these individuals, including the Brookfield employees identified in the table under Item 6.A. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees - Directors and Senior Management - Our Management”, are not compensated by our company or the BPY General Partner. Instead, they are compensated by Brookfield.
6.C. BOARD PRACTICES
Board Structure, Practices and Committees
The structure, practices and committees of the BPY General Partner’s board of directors, including matters relating to the size and composition of the board of directors, the election and removal of directors, requirements relating to board action and the powers delegated to board committees, are governed by the BPY General Partner’s bye-laws. The BPY General Partner’s board of directors is responsible for supervising the management, control, power and authority of the BPY General Partner except as required by applicable law or the bye-laws of the BPY General Partner. The following is a summary of certain provisions of those bye-laws that affect our company’s governance.
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Size, Independence and Composition of the Board of Directors
The BPY General Partner’s board of directors may consist of between three and eleven directors or such other number of directors as may be determined from time to time by a resolution of the BPY General Partner’s shareholders and subject to its bye-laws. The board is currently set at five directors and a majority of the directors of the BPY General Partner’s board of directors are independent. In addition, the BPY General Partner’s bye-laws provide that not more than 50% of the directors (as a group) or the independent directors (as a group) may be residents of any one jurisdiction (other than Bermuda and any other jurisdiction designated by the board of directors from time to time).
Pursuant to the investor agreement between us and the Class A Preferred Unitholder dated December 4, 2014, the Class A Preferred Unitholder is entitled, for so long as it owns an aggregate limited partnership interest in our company of at least 5% of our issued and outstanding LP Units on a fully-diluted basis, to designate one individual to the BPY General Partner’s board of directors. Such individual must meet the standards of independence established by the Nasdaq and the TSX and be reasonably acceptable to the board of directors. As of the date of this Form 20-F, the Class A Preferred Unitholder has not exercised this right.
Lead Independent Director
The BPY General Partner’s board of directors has selected Mr. Rodert to serve as lead independent director. The lead independent director’s primary role is to facilitate the functioning of the board (independently of the Service Providers and Brookfield), and to maintain and enhance the quality of our company’s corporate governance practices. The lead independent director presides over the private sessions of the independent directors of the BPY General Partner that take place following each meeting of the board and conveys the results of these meetings to the chair of the board. In addition, the lead independent director is available, when appropriate, for consultation and direct communication with our unitholders or other stakeholders of our company.
Election and Removal of Directors
The BPY General Partner’s board of directors is appointed by its shareholders and each of its current directors will serve until the earlier of his or her death, resignation or removal from office. Any director designated by the Class A Preferred Unitholder may be removed or replaced by the Class A Preferred Unitholder at any time. Vacancies on the board of directors may be filled and additional directors may be added by a resolution of the BPY General Partner’s shareholders or a vote of the directors then in office. A director may be removed from office by a resolution duly passed by the BPY General Partner’s shareholders. A director will be automatically removed from the board of directors if he or she becomes bankrupt, insolvent or suspends payments to his or her creditors, or becomes prohibited by law from acting as a director.
Action by the Board of Directors
The BPY General Partner’s board of directors may take action in a duly convened meeting at which a quorum is present or by a written resolution signed by all directors then holding office. The BPY General Partner’s board of directors holds a minimum of four meetings per year. When action is to be taken at a meeting of the board of directors, the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast is required for any action to be taken. Depending on the size of the board of directors, each director shall be entitled to a number of votes set forth in the bye-laws of the BPY General Partner such that any director designated by the Class A Preferred Unitholder will have less than 10% of the aggregate number of votes that may be cast by all directors taken together.
Transactions Requiring Approval by the Independent Directors
The BPY General Partner’s independent directors have approved a conflicts policy which addresses the approval and other requirements for transactions in which there is greater potential for a conflict of interest to arise.
These transactions include:
•acquisitions by us from, and dispositions by us to, Brookfield;
•the dissolution of our partnership or the Property Partnership;
•any material amendment to our Master Services Agreement, our limited partnership agreement or the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement;
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•termination of, or any determinations regarding indemnification under, our Master Services Agreement, our limited partnership agreement or the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement; and
•activities and transactions which require independent director approval under advisory, corporate or securities laws.
Our conflicts policy requires the transactions described above to be approved by the BPY General Partner’s independent directors. See Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Conflicts of Interest”.
Service Contracts
There are no service contracts with directors that provide benefit upon termination of office or services.
Transactions in which a Director has an Interest
A director who directly or indirectly has an interest in a contract, transaction or arrangement with the BPY General Partner, our company or certain of our affiliates is required to disclose the nature of his or her interest to the full board of directors. Such disclosure may generally take the form of a general notice given to the board of directors to the effect that the director has an interest in a specified company or firm and is to be regarded as interested in any contract, transaction or arrangement with that company or firm or its affiliates. A director may participate in any meeting called to discuss or any vote called to approve the transaction in which the director has an interest and no transaction approved by the board of directors will be void or voidable solely because the director was present at or participates in the meeting in which the approval was given provided that the board of directors or a board committee authorizes the transaction in good faith after the director’s interest has been disclosed or the transaction is fair to the BPY General Partner and our company at the time it is approved.
Audit Committee
The BPY General Partner’s board of directors is required to maintain an audit committee that operates pursuant to a written charter. The audit committee is required to consist solely of independent directors and each member must be financially literate. Not more than 50% of the audit committee members may be residents of any one jurisdiction (other than Bermuda and any other jurisdiction designated by the board of directors from time to time).
The audit committee is responsible for assisting and advising the BPY General Partner’s board of directors with respect to:
•our accounting and financial reporting processes;
•the integrity and audits of our financial statements;
•our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; and
•the qualifications, performance and independence of our independent accountants.
The audit committee is responsible for engaging our independent auditors, reviewing the plans and results of each audit engagement with our independent auditors, approving professional services provided by our independent accountants, considering the range of audit and non-audit fees charged by our independent auditors and reviewing the adequacy of our internal accounting controls.
See Item 6.A. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees - Directors and Senior Management” for the names of the directors currently on the audit committee.
Indemnification and Limitations on Liability
Our Limited Partnership Agreement
The laws of Bermuda permit the partnership agreement of a limited partnership, such as our company, to provide for the indemnification of a partner, the officers and directors of a partner and any other person against any and all claims and demands whatsoever, except to the extent that the indemnification may be held by the courts of Bermuda to be contrary to public policy
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or to the extent that the laws of Bermuda prohibit indemnification against personal liability that may be imposed under specific provisions of the laws of Bermuda. The laws of Bermuda also permit a partnership to pay or reimburse an indemnified person’s expenses in advance of a final disposition of a proceeding for which indemnification is sought. See Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement - Indemnification; Limitations on Liability” for a description of the indemnification arrangements in place under our limited partnership agreement.
The BPY General Partner’s Bye-laws
The laws of Bermuda permit the bye-laws of an exempted company, such as the BPY General Partner, to provide for the indemnification of its officers, directors and shareholders and any other person designated by the company against any and all claims and demands whatsoever, except to the extent that the indemnification may be held by the courts of Bermuda to be contrary to public policy or to the extent that the laws of Bermuda prohibit indemnification against personal liability that may be imposed under specific provisions of Bermuda law, such as the prohibition under the Bermuda Companies Act 1981 to indemnify liabilities arising from fraud or dishonesty. The BPY General Partner’s bye-laws provide that, as permitted by the laws of Bermuda, it will pay or reimburse an indemnified person’s expenses in advance of a final disposition of a proceeding for which indemnification is sought.
Under the BPY General Partner’s bye-laws, the BPY General Partner is required to indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by law, its affiliates, directors, officers, resident representatives, shareholders and employees, any person who serves on a governing body of the Property Partnership or any of its subsidiaries and certain others against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, costs or expenses (including legal fees and expenses), judgments, fines, penalties, interest, settlements or other amounts arising from any and all claims, demands, actions, suits or proceedings, incurred by an indemnified person in connection with our company’s investments and activities or in respect of or arising from their holding such positions, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the indemnified person’s bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful. In addition, under the BPY General Partner’s bye-laws: (i) the liability of such persons has been limited to the fullest extent permitted by law and except to the extent that their conduct involves bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful; and (ii) any matter that is approved by the independent directors will not constitute a breach of any duties stated or implied by law or equity, including fiduciary duties. The BPY General Partner’s bye-laws require it to advance funds to pay the expenses of an indemnified person in connection with a matter in which indemnification may be sought until it is determined that the indemnified person is not entitled to indemnification.
Insurance
Our partnership has obtained insurance coverage under which the directors of the BPY General Partner are insured, subject to the limits of the policy, against certain losses arising from claims made against such directors by reason of any acts or omissions covered under the policy in their respective capacities as directors of the BPY General Partner, including certain liabilities under securities laws. The insurance applies in certain circumstances where we may not indemnify the BPY General Partner’s directors and officers for their acts or omissions.
6.D. EMPLOYEES
While certain of our operating entities have employees, the BPY General Partner, our partnership, the Property Partnership and the Holding Entities do not have any employees. Our partnership has entered into a Master Services Agreement with the Service Providers pursuant to which each Service Provider and certain other affiliates of Brookfield provide, or arrange for other Service Providers to provide, day-to-day management and administrative services for our company, the Property Partnership and the Holding Entities. The fees payable under the Master Service Agreement are set forth under Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Our Master Services Agreement - Management Fee”.
6.E. SHARE OWNERSHIP
Each of the directors and officers of the BPY General Partner own less than 1% of our units.
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6.F. DISCLOSURE OF A REGISTRANT’S ACTION TO RECOVER ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION
Not Applicable.
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
7.A. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS
As of February 17, 2023, there are 298,985,982 LP Units of our company outstanding, all of which were beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by Brookfield Corporation.
7.B. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
RELATIONSHIP WITH BROOKFIELD
Brookfield Corporation
On July 26, 2021, Brookfield Corporation acquired all of our LP Units. Since that time, our LP Units are no longer publicly traded and BPY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation. Brookfield Corporation is also the sole shareholder of the BPY General Partner. As a result of its ownership of BPY and the BPY General Partner, Brookfield fully controls our and their activities (including the appointment and removal of directors) and exercises controlling influence over Property Partnership, for which our company is the managing general partner.
Brookfield Corporation is focused on deploying its capital on a value basis and compounding it over the long term. This capital is allocated across its three core pillars of asset management, insurance solutions and its operating businesses. Employing a disciplined investment approach, Brookfield Corporation leverages its deep expertise as an owner and operator of real assets, as well as the scale and flexibility of its capital, to create value and deliver strong risk-adjusted returns across market cycles.
Brookfield Asset Management is a leading global alternative asset manager with over $790 billion of assets under management across real estate, infrastructure, renewable power and transition, private equity and credit. It invests client capital for the long-term with a focus on real assets and essential service businesses that form the backbone of the global economy. It offers a range of alternative investment products to investors around the world — including public and private pension plans, endowments and foundations, sovereign wealth funds, financial institutions, insurance companies and private wealth investors. It draws on Brookfield’s heritage as an owner and operator to invest for value and seeks to generate strong returns for its clients, across economic cycles.
Brookfield’s global alternative asset management business is owned 75% by Brookfield Corporation and 25% by Brookfield Asset Management through their ownership of common shares of the Asset Management Company.
A key element of our partnership’s strategy is to leverage Brookfield’s experience, expertise, broad reach, relationships and position in the market for investment opportunities and deal flow, financial resources, access to capital markets and operating needs. While we believe that our ongoing relationship with Brookfield provides us with a unique competitive advantage, as well as access to opportunities that would otherwise not be available to us, we operate very differently from an independent, stand-alone entity. We describe below this relationship as well as conflicts of interest considerations (and the methods for resolving them) and other material considerations arising from our relationship with Brookfield.
Other Services
Brookfield may provide services to our operating entities which are outside the scope of our Master Services Agreement under arrangements that are determined by Brookfield in its sole discretion, taking into account Brookfield’s own broader business interests given that BPY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield, and pursuant to which Brookfield will receive fees. The services that may be provided under these arrangements include financial advisory, property management, facilities management, development, relocation services, construction activities, marketing or other services. Brookfield will generally not seek consent for these arrangements unless required to do so under the Advisers Act or otherwise determined appropriate in Brookfield’s discretion.
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Preferred Shares of Certain Holding Entities
Brookfield Corporation holds $1 million of Class B junior preferred shares of CanHoldco, one of our Holding Entities. The Class B preferred shares are entitled to receive a cumulative preferential dividend equal to 5.0% plus the prevailing yield for 5-year U.S. Treasury Notes, which equals to 7.64%. CanHoldco may redeem the Class B preferred shares at any time and must redeem all of the outstanding Class B preferred shares on the tenth anniversary of their issuance. Brookfield Corporation has a right of retraction for the Class B preferred shares. The Class B preferred shares are entitled to vote with the common shares of CanHoldco.
In connection with the issuance of the Class A Preferred Units, Brookfield has agreed with the Class A Preferred Unitholder that the Class A Preferred Units will rank pari passu with CanHoldco’s Class B preferred shares in the payment of dividends, and that this will not prevent CanHoldco from redeeming its preferred shares except in the event of a dissolution, liquidation or winding-up of CanHoldco, in which case the Class A Preferred Units will rank pari passu with CanHoldco’s preferred shares.
Brookfield Corporation also holds C$2.8 billion and C$521 million of the Class D junior preferred shares, Series 1 and Series 2 respectively. The Series 1 and Series 2 preferred shares are each entitled to receive a cumulative preferential dividend equal to 6.25% per annum. CanHoldco may redeem the Series 1 and Series 2 preferred shares at any time. The Class D junior preferred shares are non-voting.
Brookfield Asset Management holds $5 million of Class A senior preferred shares of CanHoldco. Each of Brookfield Corporation and Brookfield Asset Management holds a wholly-owned subsidiary of other Holding Entities, which preferred shares are entitled to vote with the common shares of the applicable entity. These shares are entitled to receive a cumulative preferential cash dividend equal to 5% as and when declared by the board of directors of the applicable entity and are redeemable at the option of the applicable entity, subject to certain limitations, at any time after the twentieth anniversary of their issuance. Brookfield Corporation and Brookfield Asset Management have an aggregate of 2% of the votes to be cast in respect of CanHoldco and 1% of the votes to be cast in respect of each of the other applicable entities.
Redemption-Exchange Mechanism
The holders of Redemption-Exchange Units of the Property Partnership have the right to require the Property Partnership to redeem all or a portion of the Redemption-Exchange Units for either (a) cash in an amount equal to the market value of one of our LP Units multiplied by the number of LP Units to be redeemed (subject to certain adjustments) or (b) such other amount of cash as may be agreed by the relevant holder and the Property Partnership, subject to our company’s right to acquire such interests (in lieu of redemption) in exchange for LP Units. See Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement - Redemption-Exchange Mechanism”. Taken together, the effect of the redemption right and the right of exchange is that the holders of Redemption-Exchange Units will receive LP Units, or the value of such LP Units, at the election of our company.
Equity Enhancement and Incentive Distributions
Property Special LP is entitled to receive equity enhancement distributions and incentive distributions from the Property Partnership as a result of its ownership of the special limited partnership interest in the Property Partnership. Property Special LP will receive quarterly equity enhancement distributions equal to 0.3125% of the amount by which our company’s total capitalization value exceeds an initial reference value determined based on the market capitalization immediately following the Spin-off, subject to certain adjustments. In addition, Property Special LP will receive incentive distributions calculated in increments based on the amount by which quarterly distributions on the limited partnership units of the Property Partnership exceed specified target levels as set forth in the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement.
For a further explanation of the equity enhancement and incentive distributions, see Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement - Distributions”.
Property Special LP may, at its sole discretion, elect to reinvest equity enhancement distributions and incentive distributions in exchange for Redemption-Exchange Units.
To the extent that any Holding Entity or any operating entity pays to Brookfield any comparable performance or incentive distribution, the amount of any future incentive distributions will be reduced in an equitable manner to avoid duplication of distributions.
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General Partner Distributions
Pursuant to our limited partnership agreement, the BPY General Partner is entitled to receive a general partner distribution equal to 0.2% of the total distributions of our company.
Special Limited Partner Distributions
Pursuant to the limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership, Property Special LP is entitled to receive a distribution from the Property Partnership equal to a share of the total distributions of the Property Partnership in proportion to Property Special LP’s percentage interest in the Property Partnership which will be equal to 1% of the total distributions of the Property Partnership. See Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement - Distributions”.
Indemnification Arrangements
Subject to certain limitations, Brookfield and its directors, officers, agents, subcontractors, contractors, delegates, members, partners, shareholders and employees generally benefit from indemnification provisions and limitations on liability that are included in our limited partnership agreement, the BPY General Partner’s bye-laws, the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement, our Master Services Agreement and other arrangements with Brookfield. See Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Our Master Services Agreement”, Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement - Indemnification; Limitations on Liability” and Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement - Indemnification; Limitations on Liability”. U.S. federal and state securities laws may impose liability under certain circumstances on persons that fail to act in good faith. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in these agreements, nothing in these agreements is intended to, or will, constitute a waiver of any rights or remedies that investors may have under such laws.
Maturity of Class A Preferred Units
The Class A Preferred Units were issued on December 4, 2014 in three tranches of $600 million each, with an average dividend yield of 6.5% and maturities of seven, ten and twelve years. The Class A Preferred Units were originally exchangeable at the option of the Class A Preferred Unitholder into LP Units at a price of $25.70 per unit. Following the Privatization, the Class A Preferred Units became exchangeable into cash equal to the value of the consideration that would have been received on the Privatization (a combination of cash, BN and BAM shares and New LP Preferred Units), based on the value of that consideration on the date of exchange. We also have the option of delivering the actual consideration (a combination of cash, BN and BAM shares and New LP Preferred Units). Following the Privatization, Brookfield has agreed with the Class A Preferred Unitholder to grant Brookfield the right to purchase all or any portion of the Class A Preferred Units held by the Class A Preferred Unitholder at maturity, and to grant the Class A Preferred Unitholder the right to sell all or any portion of the Class A Preferred Units held by the Class A Preferred Unitholder at maturity, in each case at a price equal to the issue price for such Class A Preferred Units plus accrued and unpaid distributions. On December 30, 2021, Brookfield acquired the seven-year tranche of Class A Preferred Units, Series 1 units from the holder and exchanged such units for Redemption-Exchange Units. The Class A Preferred Units, Series 1 were subsequently cancelled.
Conflicts of Interest and Significantly Limited Fiduciary Duties
Brookfield is a global alternative asset manager with significant assets under management and a long history of owning, managing and operating assets, businesses and investment vehicles across various industries, sectors, geographies and strategies. A key element of our partnership’s strategy, and the strategy of Brookfield, Brookfield-sponsored vehicles, consortiums and/or partnerships (including private funds, joint ventures and similar arrangements, collectively, “Brookfield Accounts”) in which we invest, is to leverage Brookfield’s experience, expertise, broad reach, relationships and position in the market for investment opportunities and deal flow, financial resources, access to capital markets and operating needs. Brookfield believes that this is in the best interests of our partnership and those of Brookfield Accounts in which we invest. However, being part of this broader platform, as well as activities of and other considerations relating to Brookfield Accounts, gives rise to actual and potential conflicts of interest between our investors and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest, on the one hand, and Brookfield and/or other Brookfield Accounts, on the other hand, that may not be managed or resolved in the most favorable manner to the interests of our investors and/or of Brookfield Accounts in which we invest.
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Brookfield’s activities include, among others: investment and asset management; managing and investing proprietary as well as reinsurance capital; sponsoring, offering and managing private and public investment vehicles that invest in the global fixed income, currency, commodity, equities, private and other markets; developing, constructing, owning, managing, operating and servicing real estate, renewable power, infrastructure and other companies and assets, including among others residential, commercial, storage and mixed-use real estate, data centers, transportation facilities, electric utilities, industrial and manufacturing facilities, energy companies, metals and mining companies, timberlands and agrilands, natural gas pipelines, and other assets; providing capital and financing solutions, as well as financial advisory, business development and other financial services; and other activities (collectively, “Brookfield Activities”). It is expected that our partnership and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest will benefit from Brookfield’s expertise, market positioning and connectivity that arise from Brookfield Activities. At the same time, in the ordinary course of its business, Brookfield’s and other Brookfield Accounts’ interests are expected to conflict with the interests of our partnership and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest, notwithstanding Brookfield’s direct or indirect participation in our partnership, our partnership’s investments and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest. While Brookfield expects that its expertise as a global real asset operator will directly impact the ability of our investors and the Brookfield Accounts in which we invest to identify, access and assess investment opportunities, and that our investors and the Brookfield Accounts’ investments will benefit from the greater Brookfield ecosystem, there can be no assurance of any such successful collaboration or synergies. A lack of successful collaboration or synergies, whether as a result of concerns related to conflicts or otherwise, could impact our investors’ ability to successfully implement their strategies or achieve their investment objectives.
As discussed above, BPY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield. Brookfield is also the sole shareholder of the BPY General Partner. While we are an advisory client of Brookfield for purposes of the Advisers Act, and therefore Brookfield will have a fiduciary duty to us, that duty will be limited significantly by the terms of our advisory agreements with Brookfield and the disclosures herein. Our preferred unitholders will not receive the full protections of the Advisers Act with respect to services provided by Brookfield and Brookfield will manage our investment activities considering Brookfield’s own interests given BPY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield. Accordingly, our preferred unitholders will bear additional risks, and Brookfield will manage potential and actual conflicts of interest differently, in comparison to other advisory clients of Brookfield. For more information, see Item 3.D., “Key Information - Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Relationship with Brookfield - Brookfield’s obligations and fiduciary duties to us are significantly limited and we will not receive the same protections and benefits as other advisory clients of Brookfield receive”.
Our limited partnership agreement contains various provisions that modify and reduce the scope of the fiduciary duties that are owed to our partnership and our preferred unitholders, including when conflicts of interest arise. Moreover, Brookfield will not be obligated to, and will not, seek consent for transactions that benefit Brookfield directly and that are likely to favor other Brookfield advisory clients unless required to do so under the Advisers Act or otherwise determined appropriate in Brookfield’s discretion. This approach to managing conflicts will be different than the approach Brookfield takes for its other advisory clients, for which consent will be sought for a broader set of conflicted transactions even if not required by the Advisers Act. Where consent is sought, our limited partnership agreement states that no breach of our limited partnership agreement or a breach of any duty, including fiduciary duties, may be found for any matter that has been approved by a majority of the independent directors of the BPY General Partner. For conflicts of interest that are submitted to the independent directors, our limited partnership agreement does not impose any limitations on the discretion of the independent directors or the factors which they may consider in resolving any such conflicts. The independent directors of the BPY General Partner can, subject to acting in accordance with their own fiduciary duties in their capacity as a director of the BPY General Partner, therefore take into account the interests of Brookfield as our parent company, third parties and, where applicable, any Brookfield Accounts, when resolving conflicts of interest and may owe fiduciary duties to such third parties, or to such Brookfield Accounts. Additionally, any fiduciary duty that is imposed under any applicable law or agreement is modified, waived or limited to the extent required to permit the BPY General Partner to undertake any affirmative conduct or to make any decisions, so long as such action is reasonably believed to be in, or not inconsistent with, the best interests of our partnership. U.S. federal and state securities laws may impose liability under certain circumstances on persons that fail to act in good faith. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the above-referenced provisions, nothing in our limited partnership agreement is intended to, or will, constitute a waiver of any rights or remedies that investors may have under such laws.
Our limited partnership agreement provides that our partnership does not have priority rights with respect to any investment opportunities sourced by the BPY General Partner and its affiliates. Our limited partnership agreement also allows affiliates of the BPY General Partner to engage in activities that may compete with us or our activities. Additionally, any failure by the BPY General Partner to consent to any merger, consolidation or combination will not result in a breach of our limited partnership agreement or any other provision of law. Our limited partnership agreement prohibits our limited partners from advancing claims that otherwise might raise issues as to compliance with fiduciary duties or applicable law.
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These provisions are detrimental to our preferred unitholders because they significantly limit the scope of the fiduciary duty and permit conflicts of interest to be managed and resolved in a manner that may not be or is not in the best interests of our partnership or the best interests of our preferred unitholders. Such limitations reflect Brookfield’s management strategy with respect to BPY, pursuant to which Brookfield takes into account its broader business interests in light of its ownership of 100% of our limited partnership interests.
The discussion below describes certain of the actual and potential conflicts of interest that are expected to arise between Brookfield Activities, on the one hand, and Brookfield’s management of our partnership and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest, on the other hand. These conflicts of interest are not a complete list or explanation of all actual and potential conflicts of interest that could arise, including those that are not presently known to Brookfield or are deemed immaterial. In addition, as Brookfield’s activities and the investment programs of our partnership and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest change over time, an investment in our partnership may be subject to additional and different actual and potential conflicts of interest. While Brookfield acts in good faith to manage and resolve conflict of interest considerations, taking into account the facts and circumstances known to it at the time, there can be no assurance that any recommendation or determination made by Brookfield will be most beneficial or favorable to us or Brookfield Accounts in which we invest, or would not have been different if additional information were available to it. In particular, as noted elsewhere, given that we are a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield, it will take its broader interests into account when making decisions for BPY and will likely make recommendations and determinations that are different than those taken for other Brookfield advisory clients or that it would make under different circumstances.
Additional information about conflicts of interest considerations regarding an investment in BPY is set forth in Brookfield’s Form ADV (which is available on the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov, which prospective investors should review prior to investing in BPY and current investors should review on an annual basis. The Brookfield Form ADV is not part of this annual report. Such conflicts of interest include (but are not limited to):
• Advice to certain Brookfield Accounts may conflict with other Brookfield Accounts’ interests;
• Allocation of personnel;
• Data management;
• Conflicts among portfolio companies and Brookfield Accounts;
• Investment platforms;
• Pricing for investments in securities of affiliated issuers;
• Financing to counterparties of Brookfield Accounts;
• Investments by Brookfield personnel;
• Investments by Brookfield’s investing affiliate;
• Activities of Brookfield’s Public Securities Group;
• Brookfield’s investment in Oaktree Capital Group, LLC;
• Warehousing investments;
• Limited liability of Brookfield;
• Reputational considerations;
• Brookfield commitment;
• Allocation of expenses;
• Affiliated and related-party services and transactions;
• Transactions among portfolio companies;
• Purchasing insurance on behalf of Brookfield advisory clients;
• Transfers and secondment of employees;
• Shared resources;
• Third-party advisors and consultants;
• Support services;
• Travel expenses;
• Service providers;
• Use of Brookfield arrangements;
• Utilization of credit facilities;
• Other activities of Brookfield and its personnel;
• Determinations of value of assets and liabilities of Brookfield Accounts;
• Diverse interests of investors;
• Side letters;
• Conflicts with issuers of investments;
• Management fee and carried interest;
• Calculation errors for amounts due to Brookfield and/or Brookfield Accounts;
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• Structuring of investments and subsidiaries;
• Restrictions on Brookfield Accounts’ activities;
• Transactions with investors; and
• Possible future activities.
However, Brookfield’s ownership of our equity units and the management approach discussed above and in Item 3.D., “Key Information - Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Relationship with Brookfield - Brookfield’s obligations and fiduciary duties to us are significantly limited and we will not receive the same protections and benefits as other advisory clients of Brookfield receive” will affect how Brookfield manages and resolves conflicts of interest that will arise in managing our investments, including through transactions, such as cross trades, the provision of financing or other transactions between Brookfield, other Brookfield advisory clients, or portfolio companies, on the one hand, and BPY, on the other hand. Brookfield will generally not seek consent for these transactions unless required to do so under the Advisers Act or otherwise determined appropriate in Brookfield’s discretion. This approach to managing conflicts will be different than the approach Brookfield takes for its other advisory clients as described in the Brookfield Form ADV. In seeking to manage business activities efficiently across all advisory clients, Brookfield has discretion to apply certain restrictions to our investment and other activities, but not to those of other advisory clients, taking into account the relevant facts and circumstances it deems appropriate. As a result of the more limited protections under the Advisers Act that will apply to BPY and our investors, compared to other Brookfield advisory clients, and due to Brookfield’s ownership and control of BPY and certain of our subsidiaries, Brookfield’s own interests will influence its conduct and approach to these determinations. It is therefore likely that the outcome for BPY and certain of our subsidiaries will be less favorable than otherwise would have been the case for other Brookfield advisory clients.
Prospective investors should consult with their own advisers regarding the possible implications with respect to their investment in BPY of the conflicts of interest described herein and in our Form ADV. To the extent information contained herein conflicts with information contained in our partnership’s organizational documents, those documents shall govern.
Addressing conflicts of interest is complex, and it is not possible to predict all of the types of conflicts that may arise over time. By acquiring an interest in BPY, each investor will be deemed (i) to have acknowledged the existence of these actual and potential conflicts of interest and (ii) to have waived any and all claims with respect to them and any actions taken or proposed to be taken in respect of them, including actions taken or not taken by Brookfield to manage such actual or potential conflicts of interest as a result of Brookfield’s ownership of 100% of our limited partnership interests. Prospective investors are encouraged to seek the advice of independent legal counsel in evaluating the conflicts related to their investment in BPY and the operation and management of our partnership by Brookfield.
As described elsewhere herein, we pursue investment opportunities and investments in various ways, including indirectly through Brookfield Accounts in which we invest. Any references in this Item 7.B “Related Party Transactions-Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties” to our investments, assets, expenses, portfolio companies or other terms should be understood to mean such terms held, incurred or undertaken directly by us or indirectly by us through our investment in one or more Brookfield Accounts.
Brookfield provides investment advice and performs related services for itself and other Brookfield Accounts, which are similar to the advice provided and services performed by Brookfield for our partnership and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest. Brookfield and Brookfield Accounts have (and future Brookfield Accounts will have) investment mandates that overlap with those of our partnership and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest, and will compete with and/or or have priority over our partnership (and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest) in respect of particular investment opportunities. As a general matter, because we are a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield, other Brookfield Accounts will have priority over our partnership in respect of investment opportunities that are suitable and appropriate for their investment mandates, including where investments opportunities are to be allocated among two or more such accounts. Brookfield will generally not seek consent for these arrangements unless required to do so under the Advisers Act or otherwise determined appropriate in Brookfield’s discretion.
As a result of the foregoing considerations, certain opportunities sourced by Brookfield that would otherwise be suitable for our partnership (and/or the Brookfield Accounts in which we invest) are not expected to be available to us, our partnership and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest generally will receive a smaller allocation of investment opportunities than would otherwise have been the case, and we may not, in certain circumstances, participate in opportunities that we (or Brookfield Accounts in which we invest) otherwise would have participated in, in each case for example if we (or Brookfield Accounts in which we invest) had pursued our investment activities outside of Brookfield’s broader investment platform. We will also receive an allocation of such opportunities on different terms than Brookfield or other Brookfield Accounts which may be less favorable to our partnership (and Brookfield Accounts in which we invest) than otherwise would have been the case. As the holder of 100% of our limited partnership interests, Brookfield is generally entitled to share in the returns generated by our
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operations, which creates an incentive for it to assume greater risks when making decisions for our partnership than it otherwise would in the absence of such arrangements.
In addition, following the Privatization, we have begun a program of asset dispositions which includes asset sales to other Brookfield advisory clients. Such program is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. The terms of such dispositions are determined by Brookfield in its sole discretion, and Brookfield will generally not seek consent for these transactions unless required to do so under the Advisers Act or as otherwise determined appropriate in Brookfield’s discretion. Such transactions may, but are not required to be, carried out on market terms.
Our relationship with our parent Brookfield involves a number of arrangements pursuant to which Brookfield provides various services to our partnership, including access to financing arrangements and investment opportunities, and our partnership supports Brookfield Accounts and their portfolio companies in various ways. Certain of these arrangements were revised by Brookfield in connection with the Privatization, and contain terms that are less favorable than those which otherwise might have been negotiated between unrelated parties. For example, as discussed above, because we are a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brookfield, other Brookfield Accounts will have priority over our partnership in respect of investment opportunities that are suitable and appropriate for their investment mandates.
Circumstances may arise in which these arrangements will need to be amended or new arrangements will need to be entered into, and conflicts of interest between our partnership and Brookfield will arise. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the above-referenced provisions, negotiating such new or amended arrangements. Brookfield will generally not seek consent for these arrangements unless required to do so under the Advisers Act or otherwise determined appropriate in Brookfield’s discretion.
Bermuda partnership legislation provides that, subject to any express provision of our partnership agreement to the contrary, a limited partner of a limited partnership in that capacity does not owe any fiduciary duty in exercising any of its rights or authorities or otherwise in performing any of its obligations under our partnership agreement to the limited partnership or any other partner. Our limited partnership agreement imposes no such fiduciary duty. U.S. federal and state securities laws may impose liability under certain circumstances on persons that fail to act in good faith. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the above-referenced provisions, nothing is intended to, or will, constitute a waiver of any rights or remedies that investors may have under such laws.
Canadian Securities Law Exemptions
Although our company is a reporting issuer in Canada, it is an “SEC foreign issuer” under Canadian securities regulations and exempt from certain Canadian securities laws relating to continuous disclosure obligations and proxy solicitation as long as we comply with certain reporting requirements applicable in the United States, provided that the relevant documents filed with the SEC are filed in Canada and sent to our unitholders in Canada to the extent and in the manner and within the time required by applicable U.S. requirements. Therefore, there may be less publicly available information in Canada about us than is regularly published by or about other reporting issuers in Canada. Our company has undertaken to the provincial and territorial securities regulatory authorities in Canada that to the extent it complies with the foreign private issuer disclosure regime under U.S. securities law:
•our company will only rely on the exemptions in Part 4 of National Instrument 71-102 - Continuous Disclosure and Other Exemptions Relating to Foreign Issuers;
•our company will not rely on any exemption from the foreign private issuer disclosure regime;
•our company will file its financial statements pursuant to Part 4 of National Instrument 51-102 - Continuous Disclosure Obligations (“NI 51-102”) except that our company does not have to comply with the conditions in section 4.2 of NI 51-102 if it files such financial statements on or before the date that it is required to file its Form 20-F with the SEC;
•our company will file an interim financial report as set out in Part 4 of NI 51-102 and the management’s discussion and analysis as set out in Part 5 of NI 51-102 for each period commencing on the first day of the financial year and ending nine, six, or three months before the end of the financial year;
•our company will file a material change report as set out in Part 7 of NI 51-102 in respect of any material change in the affairs of our company that is not reported or filed by our company on SEC Form 6-K; and
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•our company will include in any prospectus filed by our company financial statements or other information about any acquisition that would have been or would be a significant acquisition for the purposes of Part 8 of NI 51-102 that our company has completed or has progressed to a state where a reasonable person would believe that the likelihood of our company completing the acquisition is high if the inclusion of the financial statements is necessary for the prospectus to contain full, true and plain disclosure of all materials facts relating to the securities being distributed. The requirement to include financial statements or other information will be satisfied by including or incorporating by reference (a) the financial statements or other information as set out in Part 8 of NI 51-102, or (b) satisfactory alternative financial statements or other information, unless at least nine months of the operations of the acquired business or related businesses are incorporated into our company’s current annual financial statements included or incorporated by reference in the prospectus.
OUR MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT
The Service Recipients have entered into a Master Services Agreement pursuant to which the Service Providers have agreed to provide or arrange for other Service Providers to provide management and administration services to our company and the other Service Recipients.
The following is a summary of certain provisions of our Master Services Agreement. Because this description is only a summary of our Master Services Agreement, it does not necessarily contain all of the information that you may find useful. We therefore urge you to review our Master Services Agreement in its entirety. Our Master Services Agreement is available electronically on the website of the SEC at www.sec.gov and on our SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com and is available to our unitholders as described under Item 10.C. “Additional Information - Material Contracts” and Item 10.H. “Additional Information - Documents on Display”.
Appointment of the Service Providers and Services Rendered
Under our Master Services Agreement, the Service Recipients have appointed the Service Providers to provide or arrange for the provision of the following services:
•supervising the carrying out of all day-to-day management, secretarial, accounting, banking, treasury, administrative, liaison, representative, regulatory and reporting functions and obligations;
•providing overall strategic advice to the Holding Entities including advising with respect to the expansion of their business into new markets;
•supervising the establishment and maintenance of books and records;
•identifying and recommending to the Holding Entities acquisitions or dispositions from time to time and, where requested to do so, assisting in negotiating the terms of such acquisitions or dispositions;
•recommending and, where requested to do so, assisting in the raising of funds whether by way of debt, equity or otherwise, including the preparation, review or distribution of any prospectus or offering memorandum in respect thereof and assisting with communications support in connection therewith;
•recommending to the Holding Entities suitable candidates to serve on the boards of directors or the equivalent governing bodies of our operating entities;
•making recommendations with respect to the exercise of any voting rights to which the Holding Entities are entitled in respect of our holding entities or our operating entities;
•making recommendations with respect to the payment of dividends or any other distributions by the Service Recipients;
•monitoring and/or oversight of the applicable Service Recipient’s accountants, legal counsel and other accounting, financial or legal advisors and technical, commercial, marketing and other independent experts, and managing litigation in which a Service Recipient is sued or commencing litigation after consulting with, and subject to the approval of, the relevant board of directors or its equivalent;
•attending to all matters necessary for any reorganization, bankruptcy proceedings, dissolution or winding up of a Service Recipient, subject to approval by the relevant board of directors or its equivalent;
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•supervising the making of all tax elections, determinations and designations, the timely calculation and payment of taxes payable and the filing of all tax returns due, by each Service Recipient;
•supervising the preparation of the Service Recipients’ annual consolidated financial statements, quarterly interim financial statements and other public disclosure;
•making recommendations in relation to and effecting the entry into insurance of each Service Recipient’s assets, together with other insurances against other risks, including directors and officers insurance as the relevant Service Provider and the relevant board of directors or its equivalent may from time to time agree;
•arranging for individuals to carry out the functions of principal executive, accounting and financial officers for our company only for purposes of applicable securities laws;
•providing individuals to act as senior officers of the Holding Entities as agreed from time to time, subject to the approval of the relevant board of directors or its equivalent;
•providing advice, when requested, to the Service Recipients regarding the maintenance of compliance with applicable laws and other obligations; and
•providing all such other services as may from time to time be agreed with the Service Recipients that are reasonably related to the Service Recipient’s day-to-day operations.
The Service Providers’ activities are subject to the supervision of the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the BPY General Partner and of each of the other Service Recipients, as applicable. The relevant governing body remains responsible for all investment and divestment decisions made by the Service Recipient.
Any Service Provider may, from time to time, appoint an affiliate of Brookfield to act as a new Service Provider under our Master Services Agreement, effective upon the execution of a joinder agreement by the new Service Provider.
Management Fee
Pursuant to our Master Services Agreement, we currently pay a management fee to the Service Providers equal to 1.05% of the sum of the following amounts, if any, calculated by the Managing General Partner, acting reasonably, as of the last day of the immediately preceding quarter: (i) the equity attributable to unitholders for Core Office, Core Retail and the Corporate segments of the business of BPY; and (ii) the carrying value of the outstanding non-voting common shares of CanHoldco. For any quarter in which the BPY General Partner determines that there is insufficient available cash to pay the management fee as well as the next regular distribution on our units, the Service Recipients may elect to pay all or a portion of the management fee in our units or Redemption-Exchange Units, subject to certain conditions.
Reimbursement of Expenses and Certain Taxes
We also reimburse the Service Providers for any out-of-pocket fees, costs and expenses incurred in the provision of the management and administration services, including those of any third party. However, the Service Recipients are not required to reimburse the Service Providers for the salaries and other remuneration of their management, personnel or support staff who carry out any services or functions for such Service Recipients under the Master Services Agreement or overhead for such persons.
The relevant Service Recipient reimburses the Service Providers for all other out-of-pocket fees, costs and expenses incurred in connection with the provision of the services including those of any third party. Such out-of-pocket fees, costs and expenses include, among other things: (i) fees, costs and expenses relating to any debt or equity financing; (ii) fees, costs and expenses incurred in connection with the general administration of any Service Recipient in respect of services; (iii) taxes, licenses and other statutory fees or penalties levied against or in respect of a Service Recipient; (iv) amounts owed by the Service Providers under indemnification, contribution or similar arrangements; (v) fees, costs and expenses relating to our financial reporting, regulatory filings and investor relations and the fees, costs and expenses of agents, advisors and other persons who provide services to or on behalf of a Service Recipient; and (vi) any other fees, costs and expenses incurred by the Service Providers that are reasonably necessary for the performance by the Service Providers of their duties and functions under our Master Services Agreement.
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In addition, the Service Recipients are required to pay all fees, costs and expenses incurred in connection with the investigation, acquisition, holding or disposal of any asset or business that is made or that is proposed to be made by us. Such additional fees, expenses and costs represent out-of-pocket costs associated with investment activities that will be undertaken pursuant to our Master Services Agreement.
Assignment
Our Master Services Agreement may not be assigned by the Service Providers without the prior written consent of our company except that (i) any Service Provider may subcontract or arrange for the provision of services by another Service Provider, provided that the Service Providers remain liable under the agreement, and (ii) any of the Service Providers may assign the agreement to an affiliate or to a person that is its successor by way of merger, amalgamation or acquisition of the business of the Service Provider.
Termination
Our Master Services Agreement continues in perpetuity until terminated in accordance with its terms. However, the Service Recipients may terminate our Master Services Agreement upon written notice of termination from the BPY General Partner to the Service Providers if any of the following occurs:
•any of the Service Providers defaults in the performance or observance of any material term, condition or covenant contained in the agreement in a manner that results in material harm to the Service Recipients and the default continues unremedied for a period of 60 days after written notice of the breach is given to such Service Provider;
•any of the Service Providers engages in any act of fraud, misappropriation of funds or embezzlement against any Service Recipient that results in material harm to the Service Recipients;
•any of the Service Providers is grossly negligent in the performance of its obligations under the agreement and such gross negligence results in material harm to the Service Recipients; or
•certain events relating to the bankruptcy or insolvency of each of the Service Providers.
The Service Recipients have no right to terminate for any other reason, including if any of the Service Providers or Brookfield experiences a change of control. The BPY General Partner may only terminate our Master Services Agreement on behalf of our company with the prior unanimous approval of the BPY General Partner’s independent directors.
Our Master Services Agreement expressly provides that our Master Services Agreement may not be terminated by the BPY General Partner due solely to the poor performance or the underperformance of any of our operations.
The Service Providers may terminate our Master Services Agreement upon written notice of termination to the BPY General Partner if any Service Recipient defaults in the performance or observance of any material term, condition or covenant contained in the agreement in a manner that results in material harm to the Service Providers and the default continues unremedied for a period of 60 days after written notice of the breach is given to the Service Recipient. The Service Providers may also terminate our Master Services Agreement upon the occurrence of certain events relating to the bankruptcy or insolvency of the Service Recipients.
Indemnification and Limitations on Liability
Under our Master Services Agreement, the Service Providers have not assumed and do not assume any responsibility other than to provide or arrange for the provision of the services called for thereunder in good faith and will not be responsible for any action that the Service Recipients take in following or declining to follow the advice or recommendations of the Service Providers. In addition, under our Master Services Agreement, the Service Providers and the related indemnified parties will not be liable to the Service Recipients for any act or omission, except for conduct that involved bad faith, fraud, willful misconduct, gross negligence or in the case of a criminal matter, conduct that the indemnified person knew was unlawful. The maximum amount of the aggregate liability of the Service Providers or any of their affiliates, or of any director, officer, agent, subcontractor, contractor, delegate, member, partner, shareholder, employee or other representative of the Service Providers or any of their affiliates, will be equal to the amounts previously paid by the Service Recipients in respect of services pursuant to our Master Services Agreement in the two most recent calendar years. The Service Recipients have agreed to indemnify the Service Providers, their affiliates, directors, officers, agents, subcontractors, delegates, members, partners, shareholders and employees to the fullest extent permitted by law from and against any claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses
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(including legal fees) incurred by an indemnified person or threatened in connection with our respective businesses, investments and activities or in respect of or arising from our Master Services Agreement or the services provided by the Service Providers, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the indemnified person’s bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, gross negligence or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful.
Outside Activities
Our Master Services Agreement does not prohibit the Service Providers or their affiliates from pursuing other business activities or providing services to third parties that compete directly or indirectly with us.
U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940
Brookfield Corporation Private Institutional Capital Adviser US, LLC (“BAM PIC US”) one of the Service Providers under our Master Services Agreement, is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. As such, BAM PIC US is subject to the rules and regulations applicable to registered investment advisers.
BAM PIC US is under common control with certain Brookfield advisory affiliates which are not currently registered under the Advisers Act. Investment professionals performing services on behalf of BAM PIC US that may be employed by such advisory affiliates are subject to the supervision of BAM PIC US. In addition to these investment professionals, BAM PIC US also uses other personnel, resources and administrative services of its advisory and non‐advisory affiliates.
Additional information regarding BAM PIC US is set forth in its Form ADV. A copy of Part 1 and Part 2A of the BAM PIC US Form ADV is available on the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov. The BAM PIC US Form ADV is not part of this annual report.
VOTING AGREEMENTS
Our company and Brookfield have determined that it is advisable for certain subsidiaries of our company to have the ability to control the entities through which we hold certain of our operating entities (the “Specified Entities”) including certain of our investments by Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds. Accordingly, subsidiaries of our company have entered into voting agreements to provide us with the ability to elect to have voting rights over the Specified Entities.
Pursuant to the voting agreements, voting rights, if elected, with respect to any of the Specified Entities will be voted in accordance with the direction of these subsidiaries with respect to certain matters, including: (i) the election of a majority of directors or their equivalent, if any; (ii) any merger, amalgamation, consolidation, business combination or other similar material corporate transaction, except in connection with any internal reorganization that does not result in a change of control; (iii) any plan or proposal for a complete or partial liquidation or dissolution, or any reorganization or any case, proceeding or action seeking relief under any existing laws or future laws relating to bankruptcy or insolvency; (iv) any amendment to its governing documents; or (v) any commitment or agreement to do any of the foregoing.
OTHER RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
From time to time, Brookfield may place funds on deposit with us, on terms approved by our board of directors. Any deposit balance is due on demand and interest paid on such deposits is at market terms. At December 31, 2022, our deposit balance with Brookfield was nil (2021 - $680 million) and incurred interest of approximately $6 million for year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 - $20 million).
An integral part of our partnership’s strategy is to participate with institutional investors in Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds that target acquisitions that suit our partnership’s profile. In the normal course of business, our partnership has made commitments to Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds to fund these target acquisitions in the future, if and when identified.
For a description of specific transactions in 2022 with Brookfield, Brookfield-related entities and other related parties, see Item 5.A. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Operating Results - Related Parties”.
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INDEBTEDNESS OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
To the knowledge of our company, no current or former director, officer or employee of our company, nor any associate or affiliate of any of them, is or was indebted to our company at any time since its formation.
7.C. INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL
Not applicable.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
8.A. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION
See Item 18. “Financial Statements”.
8.B. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES
On January 1, 2023, the Corporation transferred a 23% LP interest in the foreign investments owned by BSREP IV to us for a non-interest bearing note of $588 million.
On January 30, 2023, the board of directors declared the following quarterly distribution on our:
–LP Units of $0.35 per unit ($1.40 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders of record at the close of business on February 28, 2023;
–Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 1, $0.40625 per unit ($1.625 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders of record on March 1, 2023;
–Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 2, $0.3984375 per unit ($1.59375 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders on March 1, 2023;
–Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 3, $0.359375 per unit ($1.4375 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders of record on March 1, 2023; and
–New LP Preferred Units, $0.390625 per unit ($1.5625 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders of record on March 1, 2023.
On February 13, 2023, we issued medium term notes for C$500 million at 7.125% per annum, with a term of five years via private placement. Interest on the notes are payable semi-annually.
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
9.A. OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS
Our Preferred Units, Series 1, 2 and Series 3 are listed on the Nasdaq under the symbols “BPYPP”, “BPYPO” and “BPYPN”, respectively. The New LP Preferred Units are listed on the Nasdaq under the symbol “BPYPM” and the TSX under the symbol “BPYP.PR.A”, respectively.
9.B. PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
Not applicable.
9.C. MARKETS
See Item 9.A. “The Offer and Listing - Offer and Listing Details” above.
9.D. SELLING SHAREHOLDERS
Not applicable.
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9.E. DILUTION
Not applicable.
9.F. EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE
Not applicable.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
10.A. SHARE CAPITAL
Not applicable.
10.B. MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
DESCRIPTION OF OUR LP UNITS, PREFERRED UNITS AND OUR LIMITED PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
The following is a description of the material terms of our LP Units, Preferred Units and our limited partnership agreement. Because this description is only a summary of the terms of our LP Units, Preferred Units and our limited partnership agreement, you should read our limited partnership agreement. Our limited partnership agreement is available electronically on the website of the SEC at www.sec.gov and on our SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com and is available to our holders as described under Item 10.C. “Additional Information - Material Contracts” and Item 10.H. “Additional Information - Documents on Display”.
Formation and Duration
Our company is a Bermuda exempted limited partnership registered under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 and the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992. Our company has a perpetual existence and will continue as a limited liability partnership unless terminated or dissolved in accordance with our limited partnership agreement. Our partnership interests consist of LP Units and Preferred Units, which represent limited partnership interests in our company, and any additional partnership interests representing limited partnership interests that we may issue in the future as described below under “- Issuance of Additional Partnership Interests”.
Management
As required by law, our limited partnership agreement provides for the management and control of our company by a general partner, the BPY General Partner.
Nature and Purpose
Under our limited partnership agreement, the purpose of our company is to: acquire and hold interests in the Property Partnership and, subject to the approval of the BPY General Partner, interests in any other entity; engage in any activity related to the capitalization and financing of our company’s interests in such entities; serve as the managing general partner of the Property Partnership and execute and deliver, and perform the functions of a managing general partner of the Property Partnership specified in, the limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership; and engage in any other activity that is incidental to or in furtherance of the foregoing and that is approved by the BPY General Partner and that lawfully may be conducted by a limited partnership organized under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883, the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992 and our limited partnership agreement.
Holders of Our Units
Our units are non-voting limited partnership interests in our company. A holder of our units does not hold a share of a body corporate. Unitholders of our company do not have statutory rights normally associated with ownership of shares of a corporation including, for example, the right to bring “oppression” or “derivative” actions. The rights of holders of our units are based on our limited partnership agreement, amendments to which may be proposed only by or with the consent of the BPY General Partner as described below under “- Amendment of Our Limited Partnership Agreement”. Our units have no par or other stated value.
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Units of our company represent a fractional limited partnership interest in our company and do not represent a direct investment in our company’s assets and should not be viewed by investors as direct securities of our company’s assets. Holders of our units are not entitled to the withdrawal or return of capital contributions in respect of our units, except to the extent, if any, that distributions are made to such holders pursuant to our limited partnership agreement or upon the liquidation of our company as described below under “- Liquidation and Distribution of Proceeds” or as otherwise required by applicable law. Except to the extent expressly provided in our limited partnership agreement, a holder of our units does not have priority over any other holder of our units, either as to the return of capital contributions or as to profits, losses or distributions.
Except to the extent expressly provided in our limited partnership agreement, holders of our units do not have the ability to call special meetings, and holders of our units are not entitled to vote on matters relating to our company except as described below under “- No Management or Control; Limited Voting”. Any action that may be taken at a meeting may be taken without a meeting if written consent is solicited by or on behalf of the BPY General Partner and it receives approval of not less than the minimum percentage of support necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting as described below under “- Meetings”.
Our Preferred Units and the New LP Preferred Units
Our Preferred Units rank senior to our LP Units with respect to priority in the payment of distributions and in the distribution of the assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our company, whether voluntary or involuntary. Each series of Preferred Units ranks on parity with every other series of Preferred Units with respect to priority in the payment of distributions and in the distribution of the assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our company, whether voluntary or involuntary. Each series of Preferred Units ranks on parity with every other series of Preferred Units with respect to priority in the return of capital contributions or as to profits, losses and distributions.
Prior to March 31, 2024, September 30, 2024 and March 31, 2025, we may redeem our Preferred Units, Series 1, 2 and 3, respectively, after certain ratings events as provided for in our limited partnership agreement. At any time on or after March 31, 2024, September 30, 2024 and March 31, 2025, we may redeem, in whole or in part, our Preferred Units, Series 1, 2 and 3 at a redemption price of $25.00 per unit, plus an amount equal to all accumulated and unpaid distributions thereon to, but excluding, the date of redemption, whether or not declared. We may also redeem the Preferred Units, Series 1, 2 and 3 upon the occurrence of certain change of control triggering events, delisting events and changes in tax law events as provided for in our limited partnership agreement. We must generally provide not less than 30 days’ and not more than 60 days’ written notice of any such redemption. Any such redemption would be effected only out of funds legally available for such purpose and will be subject to compliance with the provisions of our outstanding indebtedness.
As of the date of this annual report, there are (i) 7,360,000 Preferred Units, Series 1 outstanding and trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “BPYPP”; (ii) 10,000,000 Preferred Units, Series 2 outstanding and trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “BPYPO” (iii) 11,500,000 Preferred Units, Series 3 outstanding and trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “BPYPN” and (iv) 26,844,556 New LP Preferred Units trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “BPYPM” and trading on the TSX under ticker symbol “BPYP.PR.A”.
The New LP Preferred Units, which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by our company, rank (i) senior to every class or series of limited partner interests or other securities that, with respect to the payment of distributions and any amounts payable distributions upon the dissolution, liquidation or winding-up of New LP, rank junior to the New LP Class A Units, (ii) on parity with (x) every class or series of the New LP Class A Units as to the payment of distributions and amounts payable upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of New LP and (y) every other class or series of New LP’s limited partner interests or equity securities established after the original issue date of the New LP Preferred Units with terms expressly providing that such class or series ranks on parity with New LP Class A Units as to the payment of distributions and amounts payable upon a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of New LP; (iii) junior to every class or series of limited partner interests or equity securities established after the original issue date of the New LP Preferred Units with terms expressly made senior to the New LP Class A Units of New LP as to the payment of distributions and amounts payable upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of New LP; and (iv) junior to all of New LP’s existing and future senior or subordinated indebtedness with respect to assets available to satisfy claims against New LP.
Prior to July 26, 2026, New LP may redeem the New LP Preferred Units after certain ratings events as provided for in New LP’s limited partnership agreement. At any time on or after July 26, 2026, New LP may redeem, in whole or in part, the New LP Preferred Units at a redemption price of $25.00 per unit, plus an amount equal to all accumulated and unpaid distributions thereon to, but excluding, the date of redemption, whether or not declared. New LP may also redeem the New LP Preferred Units upon the occurrence of certain change of control triggering events, delisting transaction triggering events and changes in tax law events as provided for in New LP’s limited partnership agreement. New LP must generally provide not less than 30 days’ and not more than 60 days’ written notice of any such redemption. Any such redemption would be effected only
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out of funds legally available for such purpose and will be subject to compliance with the provisions of New LP’s outstanding indebtedness.
As of the date of this annual report, there are 26,844,556 New LP Preferred Units outstanding and trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “BPYPM” and on the TSX under the symbol “BPYP.PR.A”.
Redemption-Exchange Units
The Redemption-Exchange Units are exchangeable into LP Units in accordance with the Redemption-Exchange Mechanism.
Issuance of Additional Partnership Interests
Subject to the rights of the holders of BPY’s Preferred Units to approve issuances of additional partnership interests that are either (i) on parity with the Preferred Units when the cumulative distributions on the Preferred Units or any parity securities are in arrears or (ii) ranking senior to the Preferred Units with respect to priority in the payment of distributions and in the distribution of the assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of BPY whether voluntary or involuntary, and to any approval required by applicable law and the approval of any applicable securities exchange, the BPY General Partner has broad rights to cause our company to issue additional partnership interests (including additional LP Units and/or preferred units) and may cause us to issue additional partnership interests (including new classes of partnership interests and options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to such interests) for any partnership purpose, at any time and on such terms and conditions as it may determine without the approval of any limited partners. Any additional partnership interests may be issued in one or more classes, or one or more series of classes, with such designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties (which may be senior to existing classes and series of partnership interests) as may be determined by the BPY General Partner in its sole discretion, all without the approval of our unitholders.
Investments in the Property Partnership
If and to the extent that our company raises funds by way of the issuance of equity or debt securities, or otherwise, pursuant to a public offering, private placement or otherwise, an amount equal to the proceeds will be invested in the Property Partnership, unless otherwise agreed by us and the Property Partnership.
Capital Contributions
No partner has the right to withdraw any or all of its capital contribution. The limited partners have no liability for further capital contributions to our company. Each limited partner’s liability will be limited to the amount of capital such partner is obligated to contribute to our company for its limited partner interest plus its share of any undistributed profits and assets, subject to certain exceptions. See “- Limited Liability” below.
Distributions
Subject to the rights of holders of Preferred Units to receive cumulative preferential cash distributions in accordance with their series terms, distributions to partners of our company will be made only as determined by the BPY General Partner in its sole discretion. However, the BPY General Partner will not be permitted to cause our company to make a distribution if it does not have sufficient cash on hand to make the distribution (including as a result of borrowing), the distribution would render it insolvent, or if, in the opinion of the BPY General Partner, the distribution would leave it with insufficient funds to meet any future or contingent obligations, or the distribution would contravene the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883. For greater certainty, our company, the Property Partnership or one or more of the Holding Entities may (but none is obligated to) borrow money in order to obtain sufficient cash to make a distribution. The amount of taxes withheld or paid by us in respect of LP Units held by limited partners or the BPY General Partner shall be treated either as a distribution to such partner or as a general expense of our company as determined by the BPY General Partner in its sole discretion.
The BPY General Partner has sole authority to determine whether our company will make distributions and the amount and timing of these distributions. However, BPY will not be permitted to make a distribution on LP Units unless all accrued distributions have been paid in respect of the Preferred Units, and all other units of BPY ranking prior to or on a parity with the Preferred Units with respect to the payment of distributions.
Subject to certain adjustments as provided for in our limited partnership agreement, holders of the Preferred Units, Series 1 are entitled to receive a cumulative quarterly fixed distribution at a rate of 6.50% annually. Subject to certain adjustments as provided for in our limited partnership agreement, holders of the Preferred Units, Series 2 are entitled to receive a cumulative quarterly fixed distribution at a rate of 6.375% annually. Subject to certain adjustments as provided for in our limited
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partnership agreement, holders of the Preferred Units, Series 3 are entitled to receive a cumulative quarterly fixed distribution at a rate of 5.750% annually. Distributions to holders of Preferred Units in accordance with their terms rank higher in priority than distributions to holders of LP Units. Subject to the terms of any Preferred Units outstanding at the time, any distributions from our partnership will be made to the limited partners holding LP Units based on the quotient of the number of LP Units held by the limited partner divided by the total number of all GP Units and LP Units then outstanding, expressed as a percentage.
The BPY General Partner has adopted a distribution policy to retain sufficient cash flow within our operations to cover tenant improvements, leasing costs and other sustaining capital expenditures and to pay out substantially all remaining cash flow. In order to finance development projects, acquisitions and other investments, we plan to recycle capital or raise external capital. The current quarterly distribution on our LP Units is $0.35 per LP Unit (or $1.40 per LP Unit on an annualized basis).
Distributions made by the Property Partnership will be made pro rata with respect to the Property Partnership’s managing general partnership interest owned by us and those limited partnership interests owned by Brookfield and holders of AO LTIP Units and FV LTIP Units. Our company’s ability to make distributions will also be subject to additional risks and uncertainties, including those set forth in this Form 20-F under Item 3.D. “Key Information - Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Us and Our Structure” and Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects”. In particular, see Item 3.D. “Risks Relating to Our Relationship with Brookfield - Our organizational and ownership structure, as well as our contractual arrangements with Brookfield, may create significant conflicts of interest that may be managed and resolved in a manner that is not in our best interests or the best interests of our unitholders.”
Allocations of Income and Losses
Limited partners (other than partners holding Preferred Units) share in the net profits and net losses of our company generally in accordance with their respective percentage interest in our company.
Net income and net losses for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be allocated for each taxable year or other relevant period among our partners (other than partners holding Preferred Units) using a monthly, quarterly or other permissible convention pro rata on a per unit basis, except to the extent otherwise required by law or pursuant to tax elections made by our company. Each item of income, gain, loss and deduction so allocated to a partner of our partnership (other than partners holding Preferred Units) generally will be the same source and character as though such partner had realized the item directly.
The income for Canadian federal income tax purposes of our company for a given fiscal year will be allocated to each partner in an amount calculated by multiplying such income by a fraction, the numerator of which is the sum of the distributions received by such partner with respect to such fiscal year and the denominator of which is the aggregate amount of the distributions made by our company to partners with respect to such fiscal year; provided that the numerator and denominator will not include any distributions on the Preferred Units that are in satisfaction of accrued distributions on the Preferred Units that were not paid in a previous fiscal year where the BPY General Partner determines that the inclusion of such distributions would result in a holder of Preferred Units being allocated more income than it would have been if the distributions were paid in the fiscal year in which they were accrued. To such end, any person who was a partner at any time during such fiscal year but who has transferred all of their units before the last day of that fiscal year may be deemed to be a partner on the last day of such fiscal year for the purposes of subsection 96(1) of the Tax Act. Generally, the source and character of items of income so allocated to a partner with respect to a fiscal year of our company will be the same source and character as the distributions received by such partner with respect to such fiscal year. The BPY General Partner may adjust allocations of items that would otherwise be made pursuant to the terms of our limited partnership agreement to the extent necessary to avoid an adverse effect on our company’s limited partners, subject to the approval of a committee of the board of directors of the BPY General Partner made up of independent directors.
If, with respect to a given fiscal year, no distribution is made by our company or we have a loss for Canadian federal income tax purposes, one quarter of the income, or loss, as the case may be, for Canadian federal income tax purposes of our company for such fiscal year, will be allocated to the partners of record at the end of each calendar quarter ending in such fiscal year as follows:(i) to holders of Preferred Units in respect of Preferred Units held by them on each such date, such amount of the income for Canadian tax purposes or the loss for Canadian tax purposes, as the case may be, as the BPY General Partner determines is reasonable in the circumstances having regard to such factors as the BPY General Partner considers to be relevant, including, without limitation, the relative amount of capital contributed to our company on the issuance of Preferred Units as compared to all other units and the relative fair market value of the Preferred Units as compared to all other units, and (ii) to the partners other than in respect of Preferred Units, the remaining amount of the income for Canadian tax purposes or the loss for Canadian tax purposes, as the case may be, pro rata to their respective percentage interests in our company, which in the case of the BPY General Partner shall mean 0.2%, and in the case of all of our unitholders shall mean in the aggregate 99.8%, which aggregate percentage interest shall be allocated among the limited partners in the proportion that the number of
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our units held at each such date by a limited partner (other than Preferred Units) is of the total number of our units (other than Preferred Units) issued and outstanding at each such date. Generally, the source and character of such income or losses so allocated to a partner at the end of each calendar quarter will be the same source and character as the income or loss earned or incurred by our company in such calendar quarter.
Limited Liability
Assuming that a limited partner does not participate in the control or management of our company or conduct the affairs of, sign or execute documents for or otherwise bind our company within the meaning of the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 and otherwise acts in conformity with the provisions of our limited partnership agreement, such partner’s liability under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 and our limited partnership agreement will be limited to the amount of capital such partner is obligated to contribute to our company for its limited partner interest plus its share of any undistributed profits and assets, except as described below.
If it were determined, however, that a limited partner was participating in the control or management of our company or conducting the affairs of, signing or executing documents for or otherwise binding our company (or purporting to do any of the foregoing) within the meaning of the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 or the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992, such limited partner would be liable as if it were a general partner of our partnership in respect of all debts of our company incurred while that limited partner was so acting or purporting to act. Neither our limited partnership agreement nor the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 specifically provides for legal recourse against the BPY General Partner if a limited partner were to lose limited liability through any fault of the BPY General Partner. While this does preclude a limited partner from seeking legal recourse, we are not aware of any precedent for such a claim in Bermuda case law.
No Management or Control; Limited Voting
Our company’s limited partners, in their capacities as such, may not take part in the management or control of the activities and affairs of our company and do not have any right or authority to act for or to bind our company or to take part or interfere in the conduct or management of our company. Limited partners are not entitled to vote on matters relating to our company, although holders of LP Units are entitled to consent to certain matters with respect to certain amendments to our limited partnership agreement and certain matters with respect to the withdrawal of the BPY General Partner as described in further detail below. Each LP Unit entitles the holder thereof to one vote for the purposes of any approvals of holders of LP Units.
Holders of Preferred Units generally have no voting rights (except as otherwise provided by law and except for meetings of holders of Preferred Units as a class, and meetings of all holders of the Preferred Units, Series 1, Series 2 and Series 3 as a series, respectively). However, we may not adopt an amendment to our limited partnership agreement that has a material adverse effect on the powers, preferences, duties or special rights of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) unless such amendment (i) is approved by a resolution signed by the holders of Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) owning not less than the percentage of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) that would be necessary to authorize such action at a meeting of the holders of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) at which all holders of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) were present and voted or were represented by proxy or (ii) is passed by an affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the votes cast at a meeting of holders of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) duly called for that purpose and at which the holders of at least 33 1/3% of the outstanding Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) are present or represented by proxy.
Further, unless we have received the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding Preferred Units, voting as a class together with holders of any other parity securities upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable, we may not (i) create or issue any parity securities to the Preferred Units if the cumulative distributions on Preferred Units or any parity securities are in arrears or (ii) create or issue any senior securities to the Preferred Units.
In addition to their rights under our limited partnership agreement, limited partners have consent rights with respect to certain fundamental matters and on any other matters that require their approval in accordance with applicable securities laws and stock exchange rules. Each unit entitles the holder thereof to one vote for the purposes of any approvals of holders of units.
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Meetings
The BPY General Partner may call special meetings of the limited partners at a time and place outside of Canada determined by the BPY General Partner on a date not less than 10 days nor more than 60 days after the mailing of notice of the meeting. The limited partners do not have the ability to call a special meeting. Only holders of record on the date set by the BPY General Partner (which may not be less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the meeting) are entitled to notice of any meeting.
Written consents may be solicited only by or on behalf of the BPY General Partner. Any such consent solicitation may specify that any written consents must be returned to our company within the time period, which may not be less than 20 days, specified by the BPY General Partner.
For purposes of determining holders of partnership interests entitled to provide consents to any action described above, the BPY General Partner may set a record date, which may be not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date by which record holders are requested in writing by the BPY General Partner to provide such consents. Only those holders of partnership interests on the record date established by the BPY General Partner will be entitled to provide consents with respect to matters as to which a consent right applies.
Amendment of Our Limited Partnership Agreement
Amendments to our limited partnership agreement may be proposed only by or with the consent of the BPY General Partner. To adopt a proposed amendment, other than the amendments that do not require limited partner approval discussed below, the BPY General Partner must seek approval of a majority of our outstanding units required to approve the amendment, either by way of a meeting of the limited partners to consider and vote upon the proposed amendment or by written approval.
Notwithstanding the above, in addition to any other approvals required by law, we may not adopt an amendment to our limited partnership agreement that has a material adverse effect on the powers, preferences, duties or special rights of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) unless such amendment (i) is approved by a resolution signed by the holders of Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) owning not less than the percentage of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) that would be necessary to authorize such action at a meeting of the holders of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) at which all holders of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) were present and voted or were represented by proxy or (ii) is passed by an affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the votes cast at a meeting of holders of the Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) duly called for that purpose and at which the holders of at least 33 1/3% of the outstanding Preferred Units as a class (or the Preferred Units, Series 1, Preferred Units, Series 2 and/or the Preferred Units, Series 3, each as a series) are present or represented by proxy.
Prohibited Amendments
No amendment may be made that would:
1)enlarge the obligations of any limited partner without its consent, except that any amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or preferences of any class of partnership interests in relation to other classes of partnership interests may be approved by at least a majority of the type or class of partnership interests so affected; or
2)enlarge the obligations of, restrict in any way any action by or rights of, or reduce in any way the amounts distributable, reimbursable or otherwise payable by our company to, the BPY General Partner or any of its affiliates without the consent of the BPY General Partner, which may be given or withheld in its sole discretion.
The provision of our limited partnership agreement preventing the amendments having the effects described in clauses (1) and (2) above can be amended upon the approval of the holders of at least 90% of the outstanding units.
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No Limited Partner Approval
Subject to applicable law, the BPY General Partner may generally make amendments to our limited partnership agreement without the approval of any limited partner to reflect:
1)a change in the name of our company, the location of our registered office or our registered agent;
2)the admission, substitution or withdrawal of partners in accordance with our limited partnership agreement;
3)a change that the BPY General Partner determines is reasonable and necessary or appropriate for our company to qualify or to continue our company’s qualification as an exempted limited partnership under the laws of Bermuda or a partnership in which the limited partners have limited liability under the laws of any jurisdiction or is necessary or advisable in the opinion of the BPY General Partner to ensure that our company will not be treated as an association taxable as a corporation or otherwise taxed as an entity for tax purposes;
4)an amendment that the BPY General Partner determines to be necessary or appropriate to address certain changes in tax regulations, legislation or interpretation;
5)an amendment that is necessary, in the opinion of our counsel, to prevent our company or the BPY General Partner or its directors or officers, from in any manner being subjected to the provisions of the Investment Company Act or similar legislation in other jurisdictions;
6)an amendment that the BPY General Partner determines in its sole discretion to be necessary or appropriate for the creation, authorization or issuance of any class or series of partnership interests or options, rights, warrants or appreciation rights relating to partnership securities;
7)any amendment expressly permitted in our limited partnership agreement to be made by the BPY General Partner acting alone;
8)any amendment that the BPY General Partner determines in its sole discretion to be necessary or appropriate to reflect and account for the formation by our company of, or its investment in, any corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company or other entity, as otherwise permitted by our limited partnership agreement;
9)a change in our company’s fiscal year and related changes; or
10)any other amendments substantially similar to any of the matters described in (1) through (9) above.
In addition, the BPY General Partner may make amendments to our limited partnership agreement without the approval of any limited partner if those amendments, in the discretion of the BPY General Partner:
1)do not adversely affect our company’s limited partners considered as a whole (including any particular class of partnership interests as compared to other classes of partnership interests) in any material respect;
2)are necessary or appropriate to satisfy any requirements, conditions or guidelines contained in any opinion, directive, order, ruling or regulation of any governmental agency or judicial authority;
3)are necessary or appropriate to facilitate the trading of our units or to comply with any rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of any securities exchange on which our units are or will be listed for trading;
4)are necessary or appropriate for any action taken by the BPY General Partner relating to splits or combinations of our units under the provisions of our limited partnership agreement; or
5)are required to effect the intent of the provisions of our limited partnership agreement or are otherwise contemplated by our limited partnership agreement.
Opinion of Counsel and Limited Partner Approval
The BPY General Partner will not be required to obtain an opinion of counsel that an amendment will not result in a loss of limited liability to the limited partners if one of the amendments described above under “- No Limited Partner Approval”
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should occur. No other amendments to our limited partnership agreement will become effective without the approval of holders of at least 90% of our units, unless our company obtains an opinion of counsel to the effect that the amendment will not (i) cause our company to be treated as an association taxable as a corporation or otherwise taxable as an entity for tax purposes (provided that for U.S. tax purposes the BPY General Partner has not made the election described below under “- Election to be Treated as a Corporation”), or (ii) affect the limited liability under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 of any of our company’s limited partners.
In addition to the above restrictions, any amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or preferences of any type or class of partnership interests in relation to other classes of partnership interests will also require the approval of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding partnership interests of the class so affected.
In addition, any amendment that reduces the voting percentage required to take any action must be approved by the written consent or affirmative vote of limited partners whose aggregate outstanding voting units constitute not less than the voting requirement sought to be reduced.
Sale or Other Disposition of Assets
Our limited partnership agreement generally prohibits the BPY General Partner, without the prior approval of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of our LP Units, from causing our company to, among other things, sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets in a single transaction or a series of related transactions. However, the BPY General Partner, in its sole discretion, may mortgage, pledge, hypothecate or grant a security interest in all or substantially all of our assets (including for the benefit of persons who are not our company or our company’s subsidiaries) without that approval. The BPY General Partner may also sell all or substantially all of our assets under any forced sale of any or all of our assets pursuant to the foreclosure or other realization upon those encumbrances without that approval.
Election to be Treated as a Corporation
If the BPY General Partner determines in its sole discretion that it is no longer in our company’s best interests to continue as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the BPY General Partner may elect to treat our company as an association or as a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal (and applicable state) income tax purposes.
Termination and Dissolution
Our company will terminate upon the earlier to occur of: (i) the date on which all of our company’s assets have been disposed of or otherwise realized by us and the proceeds of such disposals or realizations have been distributed to partners; (ii) the service of notice by the BPY General Partner, with the special approval of a majority of its independent directors, that in its opinion the coming into force of any law, regulation or binding authority renders illegal or impracticable the continuation of our company; and (iii) at the election of the BPY General Partner, if our company, as determined by the BPY General Partner, is required to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act or similar legislation in other jurisdictions.
Our partnership will be dissolved upon the withdrawal of the BPY General Partner as the general partner of our partnership (unless a successor entity becomes the general partner as described in the following sentence or the withdrawal is effected in compliance with the provisions of our limited partnership agreement that are described below under “- Withdrawal of the BPY General Partner”) or the date on which any court of competent jurisdiction enters a decree of judicial dissolution of our partnership or an order to wind-up or liquidate the BPY General Partner without the appointment of a successor in compliance with the provisions of our limited partnership agreement that are described below under “- Withdrawal of the BPY General Partner”. Our partnership will be reconstituted and continue without dissolution if within 30 days of the date of dissolution (and provided a notice of dissolution has not been filed with the Bermuda Monetary Authority), a successor general partner executes a transfer deed pursuant to which the new general partner assumes the rights and undertakes the obligations of the general partner, but only if our partnership receives an opinion of counsel that the admission of the new general partner will not result in the loss of limited liability of any limited partner.
Liquidation and Distribution of Proceeds
Upon our dissolution, unless our company is continued as a new limited partnership, the liquidator authorized to wind-up our company’s affairs will, acting with all of the powers of the BPY General Partner that the liquidator deems necessary or appropriate in its judgment, liquidate our company’s assets and apply the proceeds of the liquidation first, to discharge our
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company’s liabilities as provided in our limited partnership agreement and by law, second to the holders any Preferred Units in accordance with the terms of such Preferred Units and thereafter to the partners holding LP Units pro rata according to the percentages of their respective partnership interests as of a record date selected by the liquidator. The liquidator may defer liquidation of our assets for a reasonable period of time or distribute assets to partners in kind if it determines that an immediate sale or distribution of all or some of our company’s assets would be impractical or would cause undue loss to the partners.
Withdrawal of the BPY General Partner
The BPY General Partner may withdraw as the general partner without first obtaining approval of our unitholders by giving written notice to the other partners, and that withdrawal will not constitute a violation of our limited partnership agreement.
Upon the withdrawal of a general partner, the holders of at least a majority of our LP Units may select a successor to that withdrawing general partner. If a successor is not selected, or is selected but an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability, tax matters and the Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions) cannot be obtained, our company will be dissolved, wound up and liquidated. See “- Termination and Dissolution” above.
In the event of the withdrawal of a general partner, where such withdrawal will violate our limited partnership agreement, a successor general partner will have the option to purchase the general partnership interest of the departing general partner for a cash payment equal to its fair market value. Under all other circumstances where a general partner withdraws, the departing general partner will have the option to require the successor general partner to purchase the general partnership interest of the departing general partner for a cash payment equal to its fair market value. In each case, this fair market value will be determined by agreement between the departing general partner and the successor general partner. If no agreement is reached within 30 days of the general partner’s departure, an independent investment banking firm or other independent expert selected by the departing general partner and the successor general partner will determine the fair market value. If the departing general partner and the successor general partner cannot agree upon an expert within 45 days of the general partner’s departure, then an expert chosen by agreement of the experts selected by each of them will determine the fair market value.
If the option described above is not exercised by either the departing general partner or the successor general partner, the departing general partner’s general partnership interest will automatically convert into units pursuant to a valuation of those interests as determined by an investment banking firm or other independent expert selected in the manner described in the preceding paragraph.
Transfer of the General Partnership Interest
The BPY General Partner may transfer all or any part of its general partnership interests without first obtaining approval of our unitholders. As a condition of this transfer, the transferee must: (i) be an affiliate of the general partner of the Property Partnership (or the transfer must be made concurrently with a transfer of the general partnership units of the Property Partnership to an affiliate of the transferee); (ii) agree to assume the rights and duties of the BPY General Partner to whose interest that transferee has succeeded; (iii) agree to assume and be bound by the provisions of our limited partnership agreement; and (iv) furnish an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability, tax matters and the Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions). Any transfer of the general partnership interest is subject to prior notice to and approval of the relevant Bermuda regulatory authorities. At any time, the members of the BPY General Partner may sell or transfer all or part of their shares in the BPY General Partner without the approval of our unitholders.
Partnership Name
If the BPY General Partner ceases to be the general partner of our partnership and our new general partner is not an affiliate of Brookfield, our company will be required by our limited partnership agreement to change our name to a name that does not include “Brookfield” and which could not be capable of confusion in any way with such name. Our limited partnership agreement explicitly provides that this obligation shall be enforceable and waivable by the BPY General Partner notwithstanding that it may have ceased to be the general partner of our partnership.
Transactions with Interested Parties
The BPY General Partner, its affiliates and their respective partners, members, directors, officers, employees and shareholders, which we refer to as “interested parties,” may become limited partners or beneficially interested in limited partners and may hold, dispose of or otherwise deal with our units with the same rights they would have if the BPY General Partner was not a party to our limited partnership agreement. An interested party will not be liable to account either to other
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interested parties or to our company, our company’s partners or any other persons for any profits or benefits made or derived by or in connection with any such transaction.
Our limited partnership agreement permits an interested party to sell investments to, purchase assets from, vest assets in and enter into any contract, arrangement or transaction with our company, the Property Partnership, any of the Holding Entities, any operating entity or any other holding entity established by our company and may be interested in any such contract, transaction or arrangement and shall not be liable to account either to our company, the Property Partnership, any of the Holding Entities, any operating entity or any other holding entity established by our company or any other person in respect of any such contract, transaction or arrangement, or any benefits or profits made or derived therefrom, by virtue only of the relationship between the parties concerned, subject to the bye-laws of the BPY General Partner.
Outside Activities of the BPY General Partner; Conflicts of Interest
Under our limited partnership agreement, the BPY General Partner is required to maintain as its sole activity the activity of acting as the general partner of our partnership. The BPY General Partner is not permitted to engage in any business or activity or incur or guarantee any debts or liabilities except in connection with or incidental to its performance as general partner or incurring, guaranteeing, acquiring, owning or disposing of debt or equity securities of the Property Partnership, a Holding Entity or any other holding entity established by our company.
Our limited partnership agreement provides that each person who is entitled to be indemnified by our company (other than the BPY General Partner), as described below under “- Indemnification; Limitations on Liability”, will have the right to engage in businesses of every type and description and other activities for profit, and to engage in and possess interests in business ventures of any and every type or description, irrespective of whether: (i) such businesses and activities are similar to our activities; or (ii) such businesses and activities directly compete with, or disfavor or exclude, the BPY General Partner, our company, the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, any operating entity or any other holding entity established by us. Such business interests, activities and engagements will be deemed not to constitute a breach of our limited partnership agreement or any duties stated or implied by law or equity, including fiduciary duties, owed to any of the BPY General Partner, our company, the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, any operating entity and any other holding entity established by us (or any of their respective investors), and shall be deemed not to be a breach of the BPY General Partner’s fiduciary duties or any other obligation of any type whatsoever of the BPY General Partner. None of the BPY General Partner, our company, the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, any operating entity, any other holding entity established by us or any other person shall have any rights by virtue of our limited partnership agreement or our partnership relationship established thereby or otherwise in any business ventures of any person who is entitled to be indemnified by our company as described below under “- Indemnification; Limitations on Liability”.
The BPY General Partner and the other indemnified persons described in the preceding paragraph do not have any obligation under our limited partnership agreement or as a result of any duties stated or implied by law or equity, including fiduciary duties, to present business or investment opportunities to our company, our unitholders, the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, any operating entity or any other holding entity established by our company. These provisions do not affect any obligation of an indemnified person to present business or investment opportunities to our company, the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, any operating entity or any other holding entity established by our company pursuant to any written agreement between such persons.
Any conflicts of interest and conflicts of interest considerations that are approved by the BPY General Partner’s independent directors from time to time will be deemed approved by all partners. See Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Conflicts of Interest”.
Indemnification; Limitations on Liability
Under our limited partnership agreement, our company is required to indemnify to the fullest extent permitted by law the BPY General Partner and any of its affiliates (and their respective officers, directors, agents, shareholders, partners, members and employees), any person who serves on a governing body of the Property Partnership, a Holding Entity, operating entity or any other holding entity established by our company and any other person designated by the BPY General Partner as an indemnified person, in each case, against all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, costs or expenses (including legal fees and expenses), judgments, fines, penalties, interest, settlements and other amounts arising from any and all claims, demands, actions, suits or proceedings, incurred by an indemnified person in connection with our investments and activities or by reason of their holding such positions, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the indemnified person’s bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful. In addition, under our limited partnership agreement: (i) the liability
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of such persons has been limited to the fullest extent permitted by law, except to the extent that their conduct involves bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful; and (ii) any matter that is approved by the independent directors of the BPY General Partner will not constitute a breach of our limited partnership agreement or any duties stated or implied by law or equity, including fiduciary duties. Our limited partnership agreement requires us to advance funds to pay the expenses of an indemnified person in connection with a matter in which indemnification may be sought until it is determined that the indemnified person is not entitled to indemnification.
Accounts, Reports and Other Information
Under our limited partnership agreement, within the time required by applicable laws and regulations, including any rules of any applicable securities exchange, the BPY General Partner is required to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS or such other appropriate accounting principles as determined from time to time and make publicly available as of a date selected by the BPY General Partner, in its sole discretion, our company’s financial statements together with a statement of the accounting policies used in their preparation, such information as may be required by applicable laws and regulations and such information as the BPY General Partner deems appropriate. Our company’s annual financial statements must be audited by an independent accounting firm of international standing. Our company’s quarterly financial statements may be unaudited and will be made available publicly as and within the time period required by applicable laws and regulations, including any rules of any applicable securities exchange.
The BPY General Partner is also required to use commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and send to the limited partners of our partnership on an annual basis a Schedule K-1 (or equivalent). The BPY General Partner will, where reasonably possible, prepare and send information required by the non-U.S. limited partners of our partnership for U.S. federal income tax reporting purposes. The BPY General Partner will also use commercially reasonable efforts to supply information required by limited partners of our partnership for Canadian federal income tax purposes.
Governing Law; Submission to Jurisdiction
Our limited partnership agreement is governed by and will be construed in accordance with the laws of Bermuda. Under our limited partnership agreement, each of our company’s partners (other than governmental entities prohibited from submitting to the jurisdiction of a particular jurisdiction) will submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of any court in Bermuda in any dispute, suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to our limited partnership agreement. Each partner waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any immunity from jurisdiction of any such court or from any legal process therein and further waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claim of inconvenient forum, improper venue or that any such court does not have jurisdiction over the partner. Any final judgment against a partner in any proceedings brought in a court in Bermuda will be conclusive and binding upon the partner and may be enforced in the courts of any other jurisdiction of which the partner is or may be subject, by suit upon such judgment. The foregoing submission to jurisdiction and waivers will survive the dissolution, liquidation, winding up and termination of our company.
Transfers of Units
We are not required to recognize any transfer of our units until certificates, if any, evidencing such units are surrendered for registration of transfer. Each person to whom a unit is transferred (including any nominee holder or an agent or representative acquiring such unit for the account of another person) will be admitted to our partnership as a partner with respect to the unit so transferred subject to and in accordance with the terms of our limited partnership agreement. Any transfer of our units will not entitle the transferee to share in the profits and losses of our company, to receive distributions, to receive allocations of income, gain, loss, deduction or credit or any similar item or to any other rights to which the transferor was entitled until the transferee becomes a partner and a party to our limited partnership agreement.
By accepting a unit for transfer in accordance with our limited partnership agreement, each transferee will be deemed to have:
•executed our limited partnership agreement and become bound by the terms thereof;
•granted an irrevocable power of attorney to the BPY General Partner or the liquidator of our company and any officer thereof to act as such partner’s agent and attorney-in-fact to execute, swear to, acknowledge, deliver, file and record in the appropriate public offices: (i) all certificates, documents and other instruments relating to the existence or qualification of our company as an exempted limited partnership (or a partnership in which the limited partners have limited liability) in Bermuda and in all jurisdictions in which our company may conduct activities and affairs or own property; any amendment, change, modification or restatement of our limited partnership agreement, subject to the
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requirements of our limited partnership agreement; the dissolution and liquidation of our company; the admission or withdrawal of any partner of our partnership or any capital contribution of any partner of our partnership; the determination of the rights, preferences and privileges of any class or series of units or other partnership interests of our company, and any tax election with any limited partner or general partner on behalf of our partnership or the partners; and (ii) subject to the requirements of our limited partnership agreement, all ballots, consents, approvals, waivers, certificates, documents and other instruments necessary or appropriate, in the sole discretion of the BPY General Partner or the liquidator of our company, to make, evidence, give, confirm or ratify any voting consent, approval, agreement or other action that is made or given by our company’s partners or is consistent with the terms of our limited partnership agreement or to effectuate the terms or intent of our limited partnership agreement;
•made the consents and waivers contained in our limited partnership agreement; and
•ratified and confirmed all contracts, agreements, assignments and instruments entered into on behalf of our company in accordance with our limited partnership agreement, including the granting of any charge or security interest over the assets of our company and the assumption of any indebtedness in connection with the affairs of our company.
The transfer of any unit and the admission of any new partner to our partnership will not constitute any amendment to our limited partnership agreement.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPERTY PARTNERSHIP LIMITED PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
The following is a description of the material terms of the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement. You are not a limited partner of the Property Partnership and do not have any rights under its limited partnership agreement. However, our company is the managing general partner of the Property Partnership and is responsible for the management and control of the Property Partnership.
We have included a summary of what we believe are the most important provisions of the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement because we conduct our operations through the Property Partnership and the Holding Entities and our rights with respect to our partnership interest in the Property Partnership are governed by the terms of the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement. Because this description is only a summary of the terms of the agreement, you should read the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement. The agreement is available electronically on the website of the SEC at www.sec.gov and on our SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com and is available to our unitholders as described under Item 10.C. “Additional Information - Material Contracts” and Item 10.H. “Additional Information - Documents on Display”.
Formation and Duration
The Property Partnership is a Bermuda exempted limited partnership registered under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 and the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992. The Property Partnership has a perpetual existence and will continue as a limited liability partnership unless our partnership is terminated or dissolved in accordance with its limited partnership agreement.
Management
As required by law, the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement provides for the management and control of the Property Partnership by its managing general partner, our company.
Nature and Purpose
Under its limited partnership agreement, the purpose of the Property Partnership is to: acquire and hold interests in the Holding Entities and, subject to the approval of our company, any other entity; engage in any activity related to the capitalization and financing of the Property Partnership’s interests in such entities; and engage in any other activity that is incidental to or in furtherance of the foregoing and that is approved by our company and that lawfully may be conducted by a limited partnership organized under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883, the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992 and our limited partnership agreement.
Units
As of the date hereof, the Property Partnership has six classes of units: Redemption-Exchange Units, Special LP Units, Managing General Partner Units, Property Partnership Preferred Units, AO LTIP Units and FV LTIP Units.
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Holders of any class of Property Partnership units are not entitled to the withdrawal or return of capital contributions in respect of their units, except to the extent, if any, that distributions are made to such holders pursuant to the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement or upon the dissolution of the Property Partnership as described below under “- Dissolution” or as otherwise required by applicable law. Holders of the Property Partnership’s units are not entitled to vote on matters relating to the Property Partnership except as described below under “- No Management or Control”. Except to the extent expressly provided in the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement and except as pursuant to the terms of any Property Partnership Preferred Units outstanding, a holder of Property Partnership units will not have priority over any other holder of the Property Partnership’s units, either as to the return of capital contributions or as to profits, losses or distributions. The Property Partnership Preferred Units rank senior to the other units of the Property Partnership with respect to priority in the payment of distributions and in the distribution of the assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Property Partnership, whether voluntary or involuntary. Each series of Property Partnership Preferred Units ranks on a parity with every other series of Property Partnership Preferred Units with respect to priority in the payment of distributions and in the distribution of assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Property Partnership, whether voluntary or involuntary.
Except with respect to the Property Partnership Preferred Units, the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement does not contain any restrictions on ownership of the Property Partnership’s units. The units of the Property Partnership have no par or other stated value.
All of the outstanding Redemption-Exchange Units and Special LP Units are held by certain subsidiaries of Brookfield, and all of the outstanding Managing General Partner Units, Property Partnership Preferred Units, Series 5, 6 and 7 are held by our company. All of the outstanding Class A Preferred Units, Series 2 and 3 are held by the Class A Preferred Unitholder. All of the outstanding Class A Preferred Units, Series 1 were acquired by Brookfield from the Class A Preferred Unitholder on December 30, 2021 and were subsequently cancelled. All of the outstanding AO LTIP Units are held by certain employees and former employees of GGP, which were issued to them in connection with the acquisition of GGP. All of the outstanding FV LTIP Units are held by our employees and officers and employees of Brookfield.
Issuance of Additional Partnership Interests
Subject to the rights of the holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units to approve issuances of additional partnership interests ranking senior to the Property Partnership Preferred Units with respect to priority in the payment of distributions and in the distribution of the assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Property Partnership, whether voluntary or involuntary, and subject to any approval required by applicable law, the Property Partnership may issue additional partnership interests (including Managing General Partner Units, Property Partnership Preferred Units, Special LP Units, Redemption-Exchange Units and FV LTIP Units as well as new classes of partnership interests and options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to such interests) for any partnership purpose, at any time and on such terms and conditions as our company may determine without the approval of any limited partners. Any additional partnership interests may be issued in one or more classes, or one or more series of classes, with such designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties (which may be senior to existing classes and series of partnership interests) as may be determined by our company in its sole discretion, all without the approval of our unitholders.
Redemption-Exchange Mechanism
At any time, the holders of the Redemption-Exchange Units have the right to require the Property Partnership to redeem all or a portion of the Redemption-Exchange Units for cash, subject to our company’s right to acquire such interests for LP Units as described below. Any such holder may exercise its right of redemption by delivering a notice of redemption to the Property Partnership and our company.
A holder of Redemption-Exchange Units who delivers a notice of redemption will receive, on the redemption-exchange date and subject to our company’s right to acquire such interests (in lieu of redemption) in exchange for LP Units of our company, either (a) cash in an amount equal to the market value of one of our LP Units as determined by our company multiplied by the number of LP Units to be redeemed or (b) such other amount of cash as may be agreed by such holder and the Property Partnership. Upon its receipt of the redemption notice, our company will have a right to elect, at its sole discretion, to acquire all (but not less than all) Redemption-Exchange Units presented to the Property Partnership for redemption in exchange for LP Units of our company on a one-for-one basis. Upon a redemption, the holder’s right to receive distributions with respect to the Redemption-Exchange Units so redeemed will cease.
The date of exchange specified in any redemption notice may not be less than five business days nor more than twenty business days after the date upon which the redemption notice is received by the Property Partnership and our company. At any
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time prior to the applicable redemption-exchange date, any holder of Redemption-Exchange Units who delivers a redemption notice will be entitled to withdraw such redemption notice.
Class A Preferred Units
The Class A Preferred Units were issued to the Class A Preferred Unitholder on December 4, 2014 in three tranches of $600 million each ($1.8 billion in the aggregate), with an average dividend yield of 6.5% and maturities of seven, ten and twelve years. In addition, a holder of the Class A Preferred Units is entitled to receive an additional distribution, or excess distribution, in any quarter in which the greater of (i) the aggregate distributions declared on an exchange number of our LP Units and (ii) the aggregate distributions paid on an exchange number of the Redemption-Exchange Units divided by an exchange ratio, exceeds the base distribution such holder is entitled to receive for such quarter. Pursuant to the terms of the Class A Preferred Units, the Property Partnership shall not declare or pay dividends on its Managing General Partner Units or Redemption-Exchange Units, or buy back such units, unless it has paid or also pays any arrears of dividends to the holder of the Class A Preferred Units. The first tranche of the Class A Preferred Units was redeemed in December 2021.
In connection with the issuance of the Class A Preferred Units, our company has agreed to guarantee the obligation of the Property Partnership to pay a liquidation amount in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Property Partnership equal to the issue price per each Class A Preferred Unit together with all accrued and unpaid dividends. Such guarantee ranks junior to any indebtedness of our company, pari passu with all obligations of our company in respect of any Preferred Units interested issued by our company from time to time, and senior to all obligations of our company with respect of all other non-preferred partnership units issued by our company from time to time.
Our company has entered into an investor agreement with the Class A Preferred Unitholder in connection with the issuance of the Class A Preferred Units. Pursuant to the investor agreement, the Class A Preferred Unitholder is also entitled, for so long as it owns an aggregate limited partnership interest in our company of at least 5% of our issued and outstanding LP Units on a fully-diluted basis, to designate one individual to the BPY General Partner’s board of directors. Such individual must meet the standards of independence established by the Nasdaq and the TSX and be reasonably acceptable to the board of directors. Further, the Class A Preferred Unitholder is not entitled to transfer the Class A Preferred Units except in accordance with the investor agreement. The rights under the investor agreement are only transferable to an affiliate of the Class A Preferred Unitholder.
Preferred Unit Exchange Mechanism
The Class A Preferred Units were originally exchangeable at the option of the Class A Preferred Unitholder into LP Units at a price of $26.00 per unit. Following the Privatization, the Class A Preferred Units became exchangeable into cash equal to the value of the consideration that would have been received on the Privatization (a combination of cash, BN and BAM shares and New LP Preferred Units), based on the value of that consideration on the date of exchange. We also have the option of delivering the actual consideration (a combination of cash, BN and BAM shares and New LP Preferred Units).
AO LTIP Units
The AO LTIP Units were granted to certain employees and former employees of GGP in connection with the closing of the acquisition of GGP pursuant to the Brookfield Property Partners BPY Unit Option Plan (GGP). The vesting terms of these grants are based on the vesting terms attached to the original GGP awards that were cancelled in connection with the GGP acquisition and all AO LTIP Units are vested. Each AO LTIP Unit will expire within ten years of the acquisition of GGP. AO LTIP Units are entitled to distributions by the Property Partnership as described below. AO LTIP Units are convertible at the option of the holder into that number of Redemption-Exchange Units based on the increase in value of our units from the time of closing of the GGP acquisition to the time of conversion.
FV LTIP Units
The FV LTIP Units may be granted from time to time pursuant to the Brookfield Property L.P. FV LTIP Unit Plan. Unless otherwise provided in the respective award agreement, FV LTIP Units fully vest on grant for FV LTIP Units granted in lieu of cash bonus or vest 20% annually over a period of five years, subject to continued service. Both vested and unvested FV LTIP Units are entitled to distributions by the Property Partnership as described below. Distributions on unvested FV LTIP Units are subject to a clawback of 50% of the value of the distributions received on such unvested FV LTIP Units if the underlying FV LTIP Units do not vest. FV LTIP Units which are vested, “booked up” and held for at least two years are redeemable at the option of the holder for either (i) an equal number of LP Units, or (ii) cash with an equal value based on the volume weighted average trading price of our LP Units over the five trading days prior to redemption or if our LP Units are not
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listed or admitted for trading on any stock exchange, the value of a LP Unit determined by the plan’s administrator, in its sole discretion, based on the net asset value of BPY calculated in good faith under IFRS. Our company may elect to deliver cash or equity. A holder of FV LTIP Units cannot transfer all or any portion of his or her FV LTIP Units except to the extent that rights may pass to a beneficiary or legal representative upon the death of a holder, or as expressly approved by the administrator of the plan.
Distributions
Subject to the rights of holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units to receive cumulative preferential cash distributions in accordance with the terms of the series of Property Partnership Preferred Units, distributions by the Property Partnership will be made in the sole discretion of our company. The holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units, Series 5, 6 and 7 will be entitled to receive the same distribution as the holders of BPY’s Preferred Units, Series 1, 2 and 3, respectively. However, our company will not be permitted to cause the Property Partnership to make a distribution if the Property Partnership does not have sufficient cash on hand to make the distribution, the distribution would render the Property Partnership insolvent or if, in the opinion of our company, the distribution would or might leave the Property Partnership with insufficient funds to meet any future or contingent obligations, or the distribution would contravene the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883. For greater certainty, the Property Partnership or one or more of the Holding Entities may (but none is obligated to) borrow money in order to obtain sufficient cash to make a distribution.
Except as set forth below, prior to the dissolution of the Property Partnership, distributions of available cash (if any), including cash that has been borrowed for such purpose, in any given quarter will be made by the Property Partnership as follows, referred to as the Regular Distribution Waterfall:
•first, 100% of any available cash to our company until our company has been distributed an amount equal to our expenses and outlays for the quarter properly incurred;
•second, but only at such times as there are no Property Partnership Preferred Units outstanding, to the extent distributions in respect of Redemption-Exchange Units have been deferred in previous quarters (as described in the next paragraph), 100% to all the holders of Redemption-Exchange Units pro rata in proportion to their respective percentage interests (which will be calculated using Redemption-Exchange Units only) (which distribution will be treated as having been made pursuant to the sixth and seventh provision below, as applicable) of all amounts that have been deferred in previous quarters and not yet recovered to the holders of Redemption-Exchange Units;
•third, an equity enhancement distribution of 100% of any available cash then remaining to Property Special LP until an amount equal to 0.3125% of the amount by which our company’s total capitalization value exceeds the total capitalization value of our company determined immediately following the Spin-off has been distributed to Property Special LP, provided that for any quarter in which our company determines that there is insufficient cash to pay this equity enhancement distribution, our company may elect to pay all or a portion of this distribution in Redemption-Exchange Units. This distribution for any quarter will be reduced by an amount equal to (i) the proportion of each cash payment in relation to such quarter made by an operating entity to Brookfield, including any payment made in the form of a dividend, distribution or other profit entitlement, which our company determines to be comparable to this equity enhancement distribution that is attributable to the amount that a Service Recipient has committed and/or contributed at such time (either as debt or equity) to such operating entity (and, in the case of a commitment, as set forth in the terms of the subscription agreement or other underlying documentation with respect to such operating entity at or prior to such time), provided that the aggregate amount of any such payments under this clause (i) will not exceed an amount equal to 0.3125% of the amount the Service Recipient has so committed and/or contributed and the deduction of such amount will not result in this equity enhancement adjustment being less than zero; and (ii) the amount, if any, by which the management fee payable under the Master Services Agreement exceeds $12.5 million (plus the amount of any annual escalation by the specified inflation factor), provided that the deduction of such amount under this clause (iv) will not result in this equity enhancement adjustment being less than zero. The total capitalization value of our company will be equal to the aggregate of the value of all of our outstanding units and the securities of other Service Recipients that are not held by our company, the Property Partnership, the Holding Entities, the operating entities or any other direct or indirect subsidiary of a Holding Entity, plus all outstanding third party debt (including, generally, debt owed to Brookfield but not amounts owed under the Brookfield revolving credit facility that was in place at closing of the Spin-off) with recourse against our company, the Property Partnership or a Holding Entity, less all cash held by such entities;
•fourth, 100% of any available cash then remaining to holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units pro rata to their respective relative percentage of Property Partnership Preferred Units held (determined by reference to the aggregate value of the issue price of the Property Partnership Preferred Units held by each such holder relative to the aggregate
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value of the issue price of all Property Partnership Preferred Units outstanding), until an amount equal to all preferential distributions to which the holders of the Property Partnership Preferred Units are entitled under the terms of the Property Partnership Preferred Units then outstanding (including any excess distribution and any outstanding accrued and unpaid preferential distributions from prior periods) has been distributed in respect of each Property Partnership Preferred Unit outstanding during such quarter;
•fifth, at any time that Property Partnership Preferred Units are outstanding, 100% of any available cash then remaining to holders of Redemption-Exchange Units pro rata in proportion to their respective percentage interests (which will be calculated using Redemption-Exchange Units only) (which distribution will be treated as having been made pursuant to the sixth and seventh provision below, as applicable) all amounts that have been deferred in previous quarters pursuant to the third provision above;
•sixth, 100% of any available cash then remaining to the owners of the Property Partnership’s partnership interests (other than owners of the Property Partnership Preferred Units), pro rata to their percentage interests (the percentage interests as to any holder of Property Partnership Preferred Units shall be zero), until an amount equal to the First Distribution Threshold, of $0.28 per unit, has been distributed in respect of each partnership interest of the Property Partnership during such quarter;
•seventh, 85% of any available cash then remaining to the owners of the Property Partnership’s partnership interests (other than owners of the Property Partnership Preferred Units), pro rata to their percentage interests (the percentage interests as to any holder of Property Partnership Preferred Units shall be zero), and an incentive distribution of 15% to Property Special LP, until an amount equal to the Second Distribution Threshold, of $0.30 per unit, has been distributed in respect of each partnership interest of the Property Partnership (other than Property Partnership Preferred Units) during such quarter; and
•thereafter; 75% of any available cash then remaining to the owners of the Property Partnership’s partnership interests (other than owners of the Property Partnership Preferred Units), pro rata to their percentage interests (the percentage interests as to any holder of Property Partnership Preferred Units shall be zero), and an incentive distribution of 25% to Property Special LP.
Notwithstanding the above, an AO LTIP Unit participates in the distributions made by the Property Partnership as if it were a Redemption-Exchange Unit in accordance with its designated fractional percentage interest.
If, prior to the dissolution of the Property Partnership, except at any time that Property Partnership Preferred Units are outstanding, available cash in any quarter is not sufficient to pay a distribution to the owners of all Property Partnership interests, pro rata to their percentage interest, then our company may elect to pay the distribution at the then current level first to our company, in respect of the Managing General Partner Units held by our company, and then to the holders of the Redemption-Exchange Units to the extent practicable, and shall accrue any such deficiency for payment from available cash in future quarters as described above.
If, prior to the dissolution of the Property Partnership, and subject to the terms of any Property Partnership Preferred Units then outstanding, available cash is deemed by our company, in its sole discretion, to be (i) attributable to sales or other dispositions of the Property Partnership’s assets, and (ii) representative of unrecovered capital, then such available cash shall be distributed (x) to the partners of the Property Partnership other than the holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units in proportion to the unrecovered capital attributable to the Property Partnership interests (other than Property Partnership Preferred Units) held by the partners until such time as the unrecovered capital attributable to each such partnership interest is equal to zero and (y) to holders of FV LTIP Units in an amount per FV LTIP Unit equal to (A) the amount distributed per Managing General Partner Unit pursuant to clause (x) multiplied by (B) 100% or any such designated lower percentage for performance-based FV LTIP Units; provided that distributions in respect of an FV LTIP Unit shall be limited to the holder’s economic capital account balance attributable to such FV LTIP Unit as of the date of distribution. Thereafter, distributions of available cash made by the Property Partnership (to the extent made prior to dissolution) will be made in accordance with the Regular Distribution Waterfall.
Upon the occurrence of an event resulting in the dissolution of the Property Partnership, all cash and property of the Property Partnership in excess of that required to discharge the Property Partnership’s liabilities will be distributed as follows: (i) to the extent such cash and/or property is attributable to a realization event occurring prior to the event of dissolution, such cash and/or property will be distributed in accordance with the Regular Distribution Waterfall and/or the distribution waterfall applicable to unrecovered capital, (ii) only if there are no Property Partnership Preferred Units outstanding, the aggregate
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amount of distributions previously deferred in respect of the Redemption-Exchange Units and not previously recovered and (iii) all other cash and/or property will be distributed in the manner set forth below:
•first, 100% to our company until our company has received an amount equal to the excess of: (i) the amount of our outlays and expenses incurred during the term of the Property Partnership; over (ii) the aggregate amount of distributions received by our company pursuant to the first tier of the Regular Distribution Waterfall during the term of the Property Partnership;
•second, 100% to Property Special LP until Property Special LP has received an amount equal to the fair market value of the equity enhancement distribution entitlement, as determined by a qualified independent valuator in accordance with the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement, provided that such amount may not exceed 2.5 times the aggregate equity enhancement distribution payments made to Property Special LP during the immediately prior 24 months;
•third, 100% to holders of the Property Partnership Preferred Units, pro rata to their respective relative percentage of Property Partnership Preferred Units held (determined by reference to the aggregate value of the issue price of the Property Partnership Preferred Units held by each such holder relative to the aggregate value of the issue price of all Property Partnership Preferred Units outstanding), until an amount equal to all preferential distribution to which the holders of the Property Partnership Preferred Units are entitled in the event of dissolution, liquidation, or winding-up of the Property Partnership under the terms of the Property Partnership Preferred Units then outstanding (including any outstanding accrued and unpaid preferential distributions from prior periods) has been distributed in respect of each Property Partnership Preferred Unit outstanding;
•fourth, if there are Property Partnership Preferred Units outstanding, an amount equal to the amount of cash or property held by the Property Partnership at such time, that is attributable to a realization event occurring prior to a dissolution event and that has been deemed by our company, in its sole discretion, to be (i) attributable to sales or other dispositions of the Property Partnership’s assets, and (ii) representative of unrecovered capital, shall be distributed to the partners of the Property Partnership other than holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units in proportion to the unrecovered capital attributable to the Property Partnership interests (other than Property Partnership Preferred Units) held by the partners until such time as the unrecovered capital attributable to each such partnership interest is equal to zero, as if such distribution were a distribution occurring prior to dissolution;
•fifth, if there are Property Partnership Preferred Units outstanding, to holders of Redemption-Exchange Units pro rata in proportion to their respective percentage interests (which will be calculated using Redemption-Exchange Units only), the aggregate amount of distributions previously deferred and not previously recovered;
•sixth, 100% to the partners of the Property Partnership other than holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units, in proportion to their respective amounts of unrecovered capital in the Property Partnership;
•seventh, 100% to the owners of the Property Partnership’s partnership interests other than holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units, pro rata to their percentage interests (the percentage interest as to the holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units shall be zero), until an amount has been distributed in respect of each partnership interest of the Property Partnership equal to the excess of: (i) the First Distribution Threshold for each quarter during the term of the Property Partnership (subject to adjustment upon the subsequent issuance of additional partnership interests in the Property Partnership); over (ii) the aggregate amount of distributions made in respect of a partnership interest of Property Partnership other than Property Partnership Preferred Units pursuant to the sixth tier of the Regular Distribution Waterfall during the term of the Property Partnership (subject to adjustment upon the subsequent issuance of additional partnership interests in the Property Partnership);
•eighth, 85% to the owners of the Property Partnership’s partnership interests other than holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units, pro rata to their percentage interests (the percentage interest as to the holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units shall be zero) and 15% to Property Special LP, until an amount has been distributed in respect of each partnership interest of the Property Partnership equal to the excess of: (i) the Second Distribution Threshold less the First Distribution Threshold for each quarter during the term of the Property Partnership (subject to adjustment upon the subsequent issuance of additional partnership interests in the Property Partnership); over (ii) the aggregate amount of distributions made in respect of a partnership interest of the Property Partnership other than Property Partnership Preferred Units pursuant to the seventh tier of the Regular Distribution Waterfall during the term of the Property Partnership (subject to adjustment upon the subsequent issuance of additional partnership interests in the Property Partnership); and
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•thereafter, 75% to the owners of the Property Partnership’s partnership interests other than holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units, pro rata to their percentage interests, and 25% to Property Special LP.
Notwithstanding the above, an AO LTIP Unit will participate in distributions as if it had been converted in accordance with its terms into Redemption-Exchange Units as of the date of such distributions.
Each partner’s percentage interest is determined by the relative portion of all outstanding partnership interests, other than Property Partnership Preferred Units, held by that partner from time to time and is adjusted upon and reflects the issuance of additional partnership interests of the Property Partnership. In addition, the unreturned capital attributable to each of our partnership interests, as well as certain of the distribution thresholds set forth above, may be adjusted pursuant to the terms of the limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership so as to ensure the uniformity of the economic rights and entitlements of: (i) the previously outstanding Property Partnership’s partnership interests; and (ii) the subsequently-issued Property Partnership’s partnership interests.
The limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership provides that, to the extent that any Holding Entity or any operating entity pays to Brookfield any comparable performance or incentive distribution, the amount of any incentive distributions paid to Property Special LP in accordance with the distribution entitlements described above will be reduced in an equitable manner to avoid duplication of distributions.
Property Special LP may elect, at its sole discretion, to reinvest equity enhancement distributions and incentive distributions in Redemption-Exchange Units.
No Management or Control
The Property Partnership’s limited partners, in their capacities as such, may not take part in the management or control of the activities and affairs of the Property Partnership and do not have any right or authority to act for or to bind the Property Partnership or to take part or interfere in the conduct or management of the Property Partnership. Limited partners are not entitled to vote on matters relating to the Property Partnership, although holders of units are entitled to consent to certain matters as described below under “- Amendment of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement”, “- Opinion of Counsel and Limited Partner Approval”, and “- Withdrawal of the Managing General Partner” which may be effected only with the consent of the holders of the percentages of outstanding units of the Property Partnership specified below. For purposes of any approval required from holders of the Property Partnership’s units, if holders of Redemption-Exchange Units are entitled to vote, they will be entitled to one vote per unit held subject to a maximum number of votes equal to 49% of the total voting power of all units of the Property Partnership then issued and outstanding. Each unit entitles the holder thereof to one vote for the purposes of any approvals of holders of units.
Meetings
Our company may call special meetings of the limited partners of the Property Partnership at a time and place outside of Canada determined by us on a date not less than 10 days nor more than 60 days after the mailing of notice of the meeting. Special meetings of the limited partners may also be called by limited partners owning 50% or more of the outstanding partnership interests of the class or classes for which a meeting is proposed. For this purpose, our partnership interests outstanding do not include partnership interests owned by our company or Brookfield. Only holders of record on the date set by our company (which may not be less than 10 days nor more than 60 days before the meeting) are entitled to notice of any meeting.
Except for meetings of the holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units as a class or meetings of the holders of a series thereof, the holders of Property Partnership Preferred Units are not entitled to receive notice of, attend, or vote at any meeting of holders of Property Partnership units.
Amendment of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement
Amendments to the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement may be proposed only by or with the consent of our company. To adopt a proposed amendment, other than the amendments that do not require limited partner approval discussed below, our company must seek approval of a majority of the Property Partnership’s outstanding units required to approve the amendment, either by way of a meeting of the limited partners to consider and vote upon the proposed amendment or by written approval. For this purpose, the Redemption-Exchange Units will not constitute a separate class and will vote together with the other outstanding limited partnership units of the Property Partnership.
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For purposes of any approval required from holders of the Property Partnership’s units, if holders of Redemption-Exchange Units are entitled to vote, they will be entitled to one vote per unit held subject to a maximum number of votes equal to 49% of the total voting power of all units of the Property Partnership then issued and outstanding.
Further, in addition to any other approvals required by law, a majority of the class or series, as applicable, of Property Partnership Preferred Units must approve, either by way of a meeting to consider and vote upon the proposed amendment or by written approval, all amendments to the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attaching to Property Partnership Preferred Units as a class or applicable series thereof.
Prohibited Amendments
No amendment may be made that would:
1) enlarge the obligations of any limited partner of the Property Partnership without its consent, except that any amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or preferences of any class of partnership interests in relation to other classes of partnership interests may be approved by at least a majority of the type or class of partnership interests so affected; or
2) enlarge the obligations of, restrict in any way any action by or rights of, or reduce in any way the amounts distributable, reimbursable or otherwise payable by the Property Partnership to Property Special LP or any of its affiliates without the consent of Property Special LP which may be given or withheld in its sole discretion.
The provision of the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement preventing the amendments having the effects described in clauses (1) or (2) above can be amended upon the approval of the holders of at least 90% of the outstanding limited partnership units of the Property Partnership.
No Limited Partner Approval
Subject to applicable law, our company may generally make amendments to the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement without the approval of any limited partner to reflect:
1) a change in the name of the Property Partnership, the location of the Property Partnership’s registered office or the Property Partnership’s registered agent;
2) the admission, substitution, withdrawal or removal of partners in accordance with the limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership;
3) a change that our company determines is reasonable and necessary or appropriate for the Property Partnership to qualify or to continue its qualification as an exempted limited partnership under the laws of Bermuda or a partnership in which the limited partners have limited liability under the laws of any jurisdiction or is necessary or advisable in the opinion of our company to ensure that the Property Partnership will not be treated as an association taxable as a corporation or otherwise taxed as an entity for tax purposes;
4) an amendment that our company determines to be necessary or appropriate to address certain changes in tax regulations, legislation or interpretation;
5) an amendment that is necessary, in the opinion of counsel, to prevent the Property Partnership or our company or its directors or officers, from in any manner being subjected to the provisions of the Investment Company Act or similar legislation in other jurisdictions;
6) an amendment that our company determines in its sole discretion to be necessary or appropriate for the creation, authorization or issuance of any class or series of partnership interests or options, rights, warrants or appreciation rights relating to partnership interests;
7) any amendment expressly permitted in the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement to be made by our company acting alone;
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8) any amendment that our company determines in its sole discretion to be necessary or appropriate to reflect and account for the formation by the Property Partnership of, or its investment in, any corporation, partnership, joint venture, limited liability company or other entity, as otherwise permitted by the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement;
9) a change in the Property Partnership’s fiscal year and related changes;
10) any amendment concerning the computation or allocation of specific items of income, gain, expense or loss among the partners that, in the sole discretion of our company, is necessary or appropriate to: (i) comply with the requirements of applicable law; (ii) reflect the partners’ interests in the Property Partnership; or (iii) consistently reflect the distributions made by the Property Partnership to the partners pursuant to the terms of the limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership;
11) any amendment that our company determines in its sole discretion to be necessary or appropriate to address any statute, rule, regulation, notice, or announcement that affects or could affect the U.S. federal income tax treatment of any allocation or distribution related to any interest of our company in the profits of the Property Partnership; or
12) any other amendments substantially similar to any of the matters described in (1) through (11) above.
In addition, our company may make amendments to the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement without the approval of any limited partner if those amendments, in the discretion of our company:
1) do not adversely affect the Property Partnership’s limited partners considered as a whole (including any particular class of partnership interests as compared to other classes of partnership interests) in any material respect;
2) are necessary or appropriate to satisfy any requirements, conditions or guidelines contained in any opinion, directive, order, ruling or regulation of any governmental agency or judicial authority;
3) are necessary or appropriate for any action taken by our company relating to splits or combinations of units under the provisions of the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement; or
4) are required to effect the intent expressed in the final registration statement and prospectus of our company filed in connection with the Spin-off or the intent of the provisions of the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement or are otherwise contemplated by the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement.
Opinion of Counsel and Limited Partner Approval
Our company will not be required to obtain an opinion of counsel that an amendment will not result in a loss of limited liability to the limited partners if one of the amendments described above under “- No Limited Partner Approval” should occur. Any other amendment to the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement will only become effective either with the approval of at least 90% of the Property Partnership’s units or if an opinion of counsel is obtained to effect that the amendment will not (i) cause the Property Partnership to be treated as an association taxable as a corporation or otherwise taxable as an entity for tax purposes (provided that for U.S. tax purposes our company has not made the election described below under “- Election to be Treated as a Corporation”), or (ii) affect the limited liability under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883 of any of the Property Partnership’s limited partners.
In addition to the above restrictions, any amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or preferences of any type or class of partnership interests in relation to other classes of partnership interests will also require the approval of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding partnership interests of the class so affected.
In addition, any amendment that reduces the voting percentage required to take any action must be approved by the written consent or affirmative vote of limited partners whose aggregate outstanding voting units constitute not less than the voting requirement sought to be reduced.
Sale or Other Disposition of Assets
The Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement generally prohibits our company, without the prior approval of the holders of a majority of the units of the Property Partnership, other than Property Partnership Preferred Units, from causing the Property Partnership to, among other things, sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the Property Partnership’s assets in a single transaction or a series of related transactions, including by approving on the Property
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Partnership’s behalf the sale, exchange or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Property Partnership’s subsidiaries. However, our company, in its sole discretion, may mortgage, pledge, hypothecate or grant a security interest in all or substantially all of the Property Partnership’s assets (including for the benefit of persons who are not the Property Partnership or the Property Partnership’s subsidiaries) without that approval. Our company may also sell all or substantially all of the Property Partnership’s assets under any forced sale of any or all of the Property Partnership’s assets pursuant to the foreclosure or other realization upon those encumbrances without that approval.
Election to be Treated as a Corporation
If our company determines that it is no longer in the Property Partnership’s best interests to continue as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our company may elect to treat the Property Partnership as an association or as a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal (and applicable state) income tax purposes.
Dissolution
The Property Partnership will dissolve and its affairs will be wound up upon the earlier to occur of: (i) the service of notice by our company, with the approval of a majority of the members of the independent directors of the BPY General Partner, that in the opinion of our company the coming into force of any law, regulation or binding authority renders illegal or impracticable the continuation of the Property Partnership; (ii) the election of our company if the Property Partnership, as determined by our company, is required to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act or similar legislation in other jurisdictions; (iii) the date that our company withdraws from the Property Partnership (unless a successor entity becomes the managing general partner of the Property Partnership as described below under “- Withdrawal of the Managing General Partner”); (iv) the date on which any court of competent jurisdiction enters a decree of judicial dissolution of the Property Partnership or an order to wind-up or liquidate our company without the appointment of a successor in compliance with the provisions of the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement that are described below under “- Withdrawal of the Managing General Partner”; and (v) the date on which our company decides to dispose of, or otherwise realize proceeds in respect of, all or substantially all of the Property Partnership’s assets in a single transaction or series of transactions.
The Property Partnership will be reconstituted and continue without dissolution if within 30 days of the date of dissolution (and provided that a notice of dissolution with respect to the Property Partnership has not been filed with the Bermuda Monetary Authority), a successor managing general partner executes a transfer deed pursuant to which the new managing general partner assumes the rights and undertakes the obligations of the original managing general partner, but only if the Property Partnership receives an opinion of counsel that the admission of the new managing general partner will not result in the loss of limited liability of any limited partner of the Property Partnership.
Withdrawal of the Managing General Partner
Our company may withdraw as managing general partner of the Property Partnership without first obtaining approval of unitholders of the Property Partnership by giving written notice, and that withdrawal will not constitute a violation of the limited partnership agreement.
Upon the withdrawal of our company, the holders of at least a majority of outstanding units of the Property Partnership may select a successor to that withdrawing managing general partner. If a successor is not selected, or is selected but an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability, tax matters and the Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions) cannot be obtained, the Property Partnership will be dissolved, wound up and liquidated. See “- Dissolution” above.
Our company may not be removed as managing general partner by the partners of the Property Partnership.
In the event of the withdrawal of a managing general partner as a result of certain events relating to the bankruptcy, insolvency or dissolution of that managing general partner, which withdrawal will violate the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement, a successor managing general partner will have the option to purchase the Managing General Partner Units of the departing managing general partner for a cash payment equal to its fair market value. Under all other circumstances where a managing general partner withdraws, the departing managing general partner will have the option to require the successor managing general partner to purchase the Managing General Partner Units of the departing managing general partner for a cash payment equal to its fair market value. In each case, this fair market value will be determined by agreement between the departing managing general partner and the successor managing general partner. If no agreement is reached within 30 days of the managing general partner’s departure, an independent investment banking firm or other independent expert selected by
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the departing managing general partner and the successor managing general partner will determine the fair market value. If the departing managing general partner and the successor managing general partner cannot agree upon an expert within 45 days of the managing general partner’s departure, then an expert chosen by agreement of the experts selected by each of them will determine the fair market value.
If the option described above is not exercised by either the departing managing general partner or the successor managing general partner, the departing managing general partner’s Managing General Partner Units will automatically convert into units of the Property Partnership pursuant to a valuation of those interests as determined by an investment banking firm or other independent expert selected in the manner described in the preceding paragraph.
Transfer of the Managing General Partner Units
Our company may transfer all or any part of its Managing General Partner Units without first obtaining approval of any unitholder of the Property Partnership. As a condition of this transfer, the transferee must: (i) be an affiliate of the BPY General Partner (or the transfer must be made concurrently with a transfer of the GP Units to an affiliate of the transferee); (ii) agree to assume the rights and duties of the managing general partner to whose interest that transferee has succeeded; (iii) agree to assume the provisions of the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement; and (iv) furnish an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability, tax matters and the Investment Company Act (and similar legislation in other jurisdictions). Any transfer of the Managing General Partner Units is subject to prior notice to and approval of the relevant Bermuda regulatory authorities. At any time, the BPY General Partner may transfer all or any part of its general partnership interests in our company without the approval of our unitholders as described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement - Transfer of the General Partnership Interest”.
Transactions with Interested Parties
Our company, its affiliates and their respective partners, members, directors, officers, employees and shareholders, which we refer to as “interested parties”, may become limited partners or beneficially interested in limited partners and may hold, dispose of or otherwise deal with units of the Property Partnership with the same rights they would have if our company were not a party to the limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership. An interested party will not be liable to account either to other interested parties or to the Property Partnership, its partners or any other persons for any profits or benefits made or derived by or in connection with any such transaction.
The limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership permits an interested party to sell investments to, purchase assets from, vest assets in and enter into any contract, arrangement or transaction with our company, the Property Partnership, any of the Holding Entities, any operating entity or any other holding entity established by the Property Partnership and may be interested in any such contract, transaction or arrangement and shall not be liable to account either to the Property Partnership, any of the Holding Entities, any operating entity or any other holding entity established by the Property Partnership or any other person in respect of any such contract, transaction or arrangement, or any benefits or profits made or derived therefrom, by virtue only of the relationship between the parties concerned, subject to the bye-laws of the BPY General Partner.
Outside Activities of the Managing General Partner
In accordance with our limited partnership agreement, our company is authorized to: (i) acquire and hold interests in the Property Partnership and, subject to the approval of the BPY General Partner, interests in any other entity; (ii) engage in any activity related to the capitalization and financing of our company’s interests in the Property Partnership and such other entities; (iii) serve as the managing general partner of the Property Partnership and execute and deliver, and perform the functions of a managing general partner specified in the limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership; and (iv) engage in any other activity that is incidental to or in furtherance of the foregoing and that is approved by the BPY General Partner and that lawfully may be conducted by a limited partnership organized under the Bermuda Limited Partnership Act 1883, the Bermuda Exempted Partnerships Act 1992 and our limited partnership agreement.
The Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement provides that each person who is entitled to be indemnified by the Property Partnership, as described below under “- Indemnification; Limitations on Liability”, will have the right to engage in businesses of every type and description and other activities for profit, and to engage in and possess interests in business ventures of any and every type or description, irrespective of whether: (i) such businesses and activities are similar to our activities; or (ii) such businesses and activities directly compete with, or disfavor or exclude, the BPY General Partner, our company, the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, any operating entity, or any other holding entity established by the Property Partnership. Such business interests, activities and engagements will be deemed not to constitute a breach of the
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Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement or any duties stated or implied by law or equity, including fiduciary duties, owed to any of the BPY General Partner, our company, the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, any operating entity, and any other holding entity established by the Property Partnership (or any of their respective investors), and shall be deemed not to be a breach of our company’s fiduciary duties or any other obligation of any type whatsoever of our company. None of the BPY General Partner, our company, the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, operating entity, any other holding entity established by the Property Partnership or any other person shall have any rights by virtue of the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement or our partnership relationship established thereby or otherwise in any business ventures of any person who is entitled to be indemnified by the Property Partnership as described below under “- Indemnification; Limitations on Liability”.
Our company and the other indemnified persons described in the preceding paragraph do not have any obligation under the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement or as a result of any duties stated or implied by law or equity, including fiduciary duties, to present business or investment opportunities to the Property Partnership, the limited partners of the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, operating entity, or any other holding entity established by the Property Partnership. These provisions do not affect any obligation of such indemnified person to present business or investment opportunities to our company, the Property Partnership, any Holding Entity, any operating entity or any other holding entity established by the Property Partnership pursuant to any separate written agreement between such persons.
Accounts, Reports and Other Information
Under the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement, our company is required to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS or such other appropriate accounting principles as determined from time to time by our company, in its sole discretion.
Our company is also required to use commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and send to the limited partners of the Property Partnership on an annual basis a Schedule K-1 (or equivalent). Our company will also, where reasonably possible, prepare and send information required by the non-U.S. limited partners of the Property Partnership for U.S. federal income tax reporting purposes.
Indemnification; Limitations on Liability
Under the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement, it is required to indemnify to the fullest extent permitted by law the BPY General Partner, our company and any of their respective affiliates (and their respective officers, directors, agents, shareholders, partners, members and employees), any person who serves on a governing body of the Property Partnership, a Holding Entity, operating entity or any other holding entity established by our company and any other person designated by its general partner as an indemnified person, in each case, against all losses, claims, damages, liabilities, costs or expenses (including legal fees and expenses), judgments, fines, penalties, interest, settlements and other amounts arising from any and all claims, demands, actions, suits or proceedings, incurred by an indemnified person in connection with its business, investments and activities or by reason of their holding such positions, except to the extent that the claims, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses are determined to have resulted from the indemnified person’s bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful. In addition, under the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement: (i) the liability of such persons has been limited to the fullest extent permitted by law, except to the extent that their conduct involves bad faith, fraud or willful misconduct, or in the case of a criminal matter, action that the indemnified person knew to have been unlawful; and (ii) any matter that is approved by the independent directors will not constitute a breach of any duties stated or implied by law or equity, including fiduciary duties. The Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement requires it to advance funds to pay the expenses of an indemnified person in connection with a matter in which indemnification may be sought until it is determined that the indemnified person is not entitled to indemnification.
Governing Law
The Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement is governed by and will be construed in accordance with the laws of Bermuda.
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10.C. MATERIAL CONTRACTS
The following are the only material contracts, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, which have been entered into by us in the two years preceding the date of this Form 20-F or prior to that which remain outstanding:
1) Third Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement dated August 3, 2021 by and among Brookfield Corporation, the Service Recipients and the Service Providers described under Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Our Master Services Agreement”;
2) Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our partnership dated August 8, 2013 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement”;
3) Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership dated February 20, 2019 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement”;
4) Guarantee Agreement between our company and the Class A Preferred Unitholder dated December 4, 2014 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement - Class A Preferred Units”;
5) Investor Agreement between our company and the Class A Preferred Unitholder dated December 4, 2014 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement - Class A Preferred Units”;
6) Refinancing Agreement by and among our company, the Property Partnership and Brookfield Corporation dated December 4, 2014 described under Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Relationship with Brookfield - Maturity of Class A Preferred Units”;
7) First Amendment to the Third Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement dated February 2, 2022 by and among Brookfield Corporation, the Service Recipients and the Service Providers described under Item 7.B. “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - Related Party Transactions - Our Master Services Agreement”;
8) First Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our partnership dated November 5, 2015 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement”;
9) Second Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our partnership dated March 21, 2019 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement”;
10) Third Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our partnership dated August 20, 2019 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement”;
11) Fourth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our partnership dated February 18, 2020 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement”;
12) Fifth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our partnership dated April 21, 2020 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement”;
13) Sixth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our partnership dated March 31, 2021 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement”;
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14) Seventh Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our partnership dated July 26, 2021 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of Our LP Units, Preferred Units and Our Limited Partnership Agreement”;
15) First Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership dated March 21, 2019 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement”;
16) Second Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership dated April 28, 2019 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement”;
17) Third Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership dated August 20, 2019 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement”;
18) Fourth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership dated February 18, 2020 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement”;
19) Fifth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership dated April 21, 2020 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement”;
20) Sixth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership dated July 26, 2021 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement”;
21) Seventh Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership dated August 3, 2021 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the Property Partnership Limited Partnership Agreement ”;
22) Limited Partnership Agreement of New LP dated April 13, 2021 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the New LP Limited Partnership Agreement ”; and
23) First Amendment to the Limited Partnership Agreement of New LP dated July 26, 2021 described under Item 10.B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Description of the New LP Limited Partnership Agreement ”.
Copies of the agreements noted above are available, free of charge, from the BPY General Partner and are available electronically on the website of the SEC at www.sec.gov and on our SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com . Written requests for such documents should be directed to our Corporate Secretary at 73 Front Street, 5th Floor, Hamilton HM 12, Bermuda.
10.D. EXCHANGE CONTROLS
There are currently no governmental laws, decrees, regulations or other legislation of Bermuda which restrict the import or export of capital or the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to non-residents of Bermuda holding our units.
10.E. TAXATION
The following summary discusses certain material U.S. and Canadian tax considerations related to the holding and disposition of Preferred LP Units and New LP Preferred Units as of the date hereof. Prospective purchasers of such units are advised to consult their own tax advisers concerning the consequences under the tax laws of the country of which they are resident or in which they are otherwise subject to tax of making an investment in our units.
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U.S. Tax Considerations
The following is a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders relating to the ownership and disposition of Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as of the date hereof. This summary is based on provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, on the regulations promulgated thereunder (the “Treasury Regulations”), and on published administrative rulings, judicial decisions, and other applicable authorities, all as in effect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change at any time, possibly with retroactive effect. Later changes in these authorities may cause the tax consequences to vary materially from the consequences described herein.
The following summary does not comment on all U.S. federal income tax matters affecting BPY, New LP, Preferred Unitholders, or New LP Preferred Unitholders and does not describe the application of the alternative minimum tax. Moreover, this summary focuses on prospective holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units who, except as otherwise indicated, are individual citizens or residents of the United States and has only limited application to corporations, estates, entities treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, trusts, nonresident aliens, U.S. expatriates and former citizens or long-term residents of the United States, or other Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders subject to specialized tax treatment, including, without limitation, banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions, tax-exempt organizations, foreign persons (including, without limitation, controlled foreign corporations, passive foreign investment companies, and foreign persons eligible for the benefits of an applicable income tax treaty with the United States), individual retirement accounts, real estate investment trusts, mutual funds, dealers in securities or currencies, traders in securities, U.S. persons whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar, persons holding Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units as part of a “straddle”, “hedge”, “conversion transaction” or other risk-reduction transaction, persons subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units being taken into account in an applicable financial statement, persons deemed to sell their Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units under the constructive sale provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, persons that own (directly, indirectly or constructively, applying certain attribution rules) more than 5% of the Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units, persons that own (directly, indirectly or constructively, applying certain attribution rules) 5% or more of the equity interests in BPY or New LP, persons whose Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units are loaned to a short seller to cover a short sale, persons who hold Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units through a partnership or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and persons for whom Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units (or other equity interests in BPY or New LP) are not a capital asset. This summary does not address any tax consequences to holders of any interests in BPY or New LP other than Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units. The actual tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units will vary according to a holder’s individual circumstances.
For purposes of this summary, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units that is for U.S. federal tax purposes: (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States; (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia; (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or (iv) a trust (a) that is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and all substantial decisions of which one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control or (b) that has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.
A “Non-U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, other than a U.S. Holder or an entity classified as a partnership or other fiscally transparent entity for U.S. federal tax purposes.
If a partnership holds Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, the tax treatment of a partner of such partnership generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partners of partnerships that hold Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units should consult their own tax advisers.
This discussion does not constitute tax advice and is not intended to be a substitute for tax planning. You should consult your own tax adviser concerning the U.S. federal, state, and local income tax consequences particular to your ownership and disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as well as any tax consequences under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.
Partnership Status of BPY, the Property Partnership, and New LP
Each of BPY, the Property Partnership, and New LP has made a protective election to be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal tax purposes. Subject to the discussion of “publicly traded partnerships” set forth below, an entity that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal tax purposes generally incurs no U.S. federal income tax liability. Instead, each partner generally is required to take into account its allocable share of items of income, gain, loss, or deduction of the partnership in computing its U.S. federal income tax liability, regardless of whether cash distributions are made. However, BPY and New LP expect to treat Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders as generally not sharing in allocations of BPY’s or New LP’s
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income, gain, loss, or deduction. Instead, BPY and New LP will treat distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as guaranteed payments for the use of capital. See the discussion below under the headings “– Consequences to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units – Treatment of Distributions” and “– Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units”.
An entity that would otherwise be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes may nonetheless be taxable as a corporation if it is a “publicly traded partnership” unless an exception applies. The Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units are publicly traded. However, an exception, referred to as the “Qualifying Income Exception”, exists with respect to a publicly traded partnership if (i) at least 90% of such partnership’s gross income for every taxable year consists of “qualifying income” and (ii) the partnership would not be required to register under the Investment Company Act of 1940 if it were a U.S. corporation. Qualifying income includes certain interest income, dividends, real property rents, gains from the sale or other disposition of real property, and any gain from the sale or disposition of a capital asset or other property held for the production of income that otherwise constitutes qualifying income.
The BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner intend to manage the affairs of BPY, the Property Partnership, and New LP so that BPY and New LP will meet the Qualifying Income Exception in each taxable year. Accordingly, the BPY General Partner and New LP General Partner believe that BPY and New LP will be treated as partnerships and not as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
If BPY or New LP fails to meet the Qualifying Income Exception, other than a failure which is determined by the IRS to be inadvertent and which is cured within a reasonable time after discovery, or if BPY or New LP is required to register under the Investment Company Act of 1940, it will be treated as if it had transferred all of its assets, subject to liabilities, to a newly formed corporation, on the first day of the year in which it fails to meet the Qualifying Income Exception, in return for stock in such corporation, and then distributed the stock to holders of its partnership interests in liquidation. This deemed contribution and liquidation could result in the recognition of gain (but not loss) to U.S. Holders, except that U.S. Holders of Preferred Units generally would not recognize the portion of such gain attributable to stock or securities of non-U.S. corporations held by BPY. If, at the time of such contribution, BPY or New LP (as applicable) were to have liabilities in excess of the tax basis of its assets, U.S. Holders might be required to recognize gain in respect of such excess liabilities upon the deemed transfer, depending on the facts and circumstances. Thereafter, BPY or New LP (as applicable) would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
If BPY or New LP were treated as a corporation in any taxable year, either as a result of a failure to meet the Qualifying Income Exception or otherwise, its items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit would be reflected only on its tax return rather than being passed through to holders of its partnership interests, and it would be subject to U.S. corporate income tax and potentially branch profits tax with respect to its income, if any, effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. Moreover, BPY or New LP might be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes under certain circumstances, and a U.S. Holder that holds Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units would be subject to the rules applicable to PFICs discussed below. See generally “– Consequences to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units – Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY”. Subject to the PFIC rules, distributions on Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units made to U.S. Holders would be treated as taxable dividend income to the extent of BPY’s or New LP’s respective current or accumulated earnings and profits. Any distribution in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits would first be treated as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of a U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units. Thereafter, to the extent such distribution were to exceed a U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, the distribution would be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of such units. The amount of a distribution treated as a dividend and received by a non-corporate U.S. Holder could be eligible for reduced rates of taxation, provided certain conditions are met. In addition, dividends, interest and certain other passive income received by BPY or New LP with respect to U.S. investments generally would be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a rate of 30%. Depending on the circumstances, additional adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could result. Based on the foregoing consequences, the treatment of BPY or New LP as a corporation could result in a substantial reduction of the value of the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units. If the Property Partnership were to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, consequences similar to those described above would apply.
The remainder of this summary assumes that BPY, the Property Partnership, and New LP will be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal tax purposes.
Limited Partner Status of Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders
The tax treatment of the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units is uncertain. BPY and New LP will treat holders of Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as partners entitled to a guaranteed payment for the use of capital on such units, although the IRS may disagree with this treatment. If the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units are not partnership interests, they would likely constitute indebtedness for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and distributions on such units would constitute ordinary interest income.
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The remainder of this discussion assumes that the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units are partnership interests for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units should consult their own tax advisers regarding their treatment as partners in BPY or New LP under their particular circumstances.
Consequences to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units
Treatment of Distributions
The tax treatment of distributions on Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units is uncertain. As noted above, BPY and New LP will treat distributions on Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as guaranteed payments for the use of capital that generally will be taxable to U.S. Holders as ordinary income and will be deductible by BPY and New LP, as applicable. Although a U.S. Holder will recognize taxable income from the accrual of such a guaranteed payment (even in the absence of a contemporaneous cash distribution), BPY and New LP anticipate accruing and making the guaranteed payment distributions quarterly. U.S. Holders generally are not expected to share in BPY’s or New LP’s items of income, gain, loss, or deduction, nor will BPY or New LP allocate any share of its nonrecourse liabilities, if any, to such holders.
If the distributions on Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units are not respected as guaranteed payments for the use of capital, U.S. Holders may be treated as receiving an allocable share of gross income from BPY or New LP (as applicable) equal to their cash distributions, to the extent BPY or New LP (as applicable) has sufficient gross income to make such allocations of gross income. In the event such gross income were not sufficient to match such distributions, the distributions on the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units would reduce the capital accounts of the applicable U.S. Holders, requiring a subsequent allocation of income or gain to provide the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units (as applicable) with their liquidation preference, if possible.
With respect to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units, the foregoing general summary is subject to the discussion below under “– Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY” and “– Controlled Foreign Corporation Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY”.
Basis
The initial tax basis of a U.S. Holder in Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units generally will be equal to the sum of the cash and the fair market value of other property paid by the holder to acquire such units, plus the U.S. Holder’s share, if any, of BPY’s or New LP’s liabilities (as applicable). A holder’s basis in its Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units generally will not be affected by distributions on such units. BPY and New LP do not expect Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders to be allocated any share of BPY’s or New LP’s liabilities. The IRS has ruled that a partner who acquires interests in a partnership in separate transactions must combine those interests and maintain a single adjusted tax basis for all of those interests. U.S. Holders who have acquired Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units at different dates, or who acquire additional Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units at a later date, should consult their own tax advisers regarding the effect of such acquisitions on their tax basis in any Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units.
For purposes of the foregoing rules, the rules discussed immediately below, and the rules applicable to a sale or exchange of Preferred Units, BPY’s liabilities generally will include BPY’s share of any liabilities of the Property Partnership.
Limitations on Deductibility of Losses
Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders will only be allocated loss once the capital accounts of the holders of other partnership interests in BPY or New LP, as applicable, have been reduced to zero. Although it is not anticipated that a U.S. Holder would be allocated loss, the deductibility of any such loss allocation may be limited for various reasons. Any U.S. Holder that is allocated loss with respect to the holder’s Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units should consult its own tax adviser as to the application of any limitation on the deductibility of that loss.
Allocation of Income, Gain, Loss, and Deduction
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a BPY or New LP partner’s allocable share of BPY’s or New LP’s items of income, gain, loss, or deduction will be governed by the limited partnership agreement of the respective partnership if such allocations have “substantial economic effect” or are determined to be in accordance with the partner’s interest in the partnership. Similarly, BPY’s allocable share of items of income, gain, loss, or deduction of the Property Partnership will be governed by the limited partnership agreement of the Property Partnership if such allocations have “substantial economic effect” or are determined to be in accordance with BPY’s interest in the Property Partnership.
In general, after giving effect to any special allocation provisions, BPY’s and New LP’s items of income, gain, loss, and deduction generally will be allocated among holders of partnership interests in BPY or New LP, respectively (other than
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holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units), in accordance with their percentage interests in the respective partnership. Holders of Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units are not expected to be allocated items of income or gain and will only be allocated net loss in the event that the capital accounts of the holders of other partnership interests in BPY or New LP, as applicable, have been reduced to zero.
The BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner believe the foregoing allocations should be given effect for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and the BPY General Partner and New LP General Partner intend to prepare and file tax returns based on such allocations. However, the application of the Treasury Regulations to BPY’s method of allocating income, gain, loss, and deduction is subject to uncertainty. If the IRS were to successfully challenge the allocations made pursuant to the limited partnership agreements of BPY, the Property Partnership, or New LP, then the resulting allocations for U.S. federal income tax purposes might be less favorable than the allocations set forth in such agreements.
With respect to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units, the foregoing general summary is subject to the discussion below under “– Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY” and “– Controlled Foreign Corporation Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY”.
Recognition of Gain or Loss from Disposition
A U.S. Holder will recognize gain or loss on the sale or taxable exchange of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized and the holder’s tax basis in the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units sold or exchanged. The amount realized will be measured by the sum of the cash or the fair market value of other property received plus the U.S. Holder’s share of liabilities, if any, of BPY or New LP, as applicable. As described above, Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders are not expected to be allocated any such liabilities.
Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder upon the sale or exchange of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units generally will be taxable as capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units were held for more than one year as of the date of such sale or exchange. BPY and New LP do not expect any gain realized upon the sale or exchange of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units to be characterized as ordinary income rather than as capital gain by reason of being attributable to “unrealized receivables” or “inventory items”. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Gain recognized on a sale of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units may be subject to the 3.8% Medicare tax on net investment income in certain circumstances. See the discussion below under the heading “– Additional Tax on Net Investment Income”.
Each U.S. Holder who acquires Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units at different times and intends to sell all or a portion of such holder’s Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units within a year of the most recent purchase should consult its own tax adviser regarding the application of certain “split holding period” rules to such sale and the treatment of any gain or loss as long-term or short-term capital gain or loss.
With respect to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units, the foregoing general summary is subject to the discussion below under “– Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY” and “– Controlled Foreign Corporation Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY”.
Recognition of Gain or Loss on Redemption
In general, the receipt by a U.S. Holder of amounts in redemption of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units will result in the recognition of taxable gain to the holder for U.S. federal income tax purposes only if and to the extent the amount of redemption proceeds received exceeds the holder’s tax basis in all partnership interests in BPY or New LP (as applicable) held by the holder immediately before the redemption. Any such redemption of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units would result in the recognition of taxable loss to a U.S. Holder for U.S. federal income tax purposes only if the holder does not hold any other partnership interests in BPY or New LP (as applicable) immediately after the redemption and the holder’s tax basis in the redeemed Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units exceeds the amounts received by the holder in redemption thereof. Any taxable gain or loss recognized under the foregoing rules would be treated in the same manner as taxable gain or loss recognized on a sale of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as described above under the heading “– Recognition of Gain or Loss from Disposition”.
Additional Tax on Net Investment Income
U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates, or trusts may be required to pay a 3.8% Medicare tax on the lesser of (i) the excess of such U.S. Holders’ “modified adjusted gross income” (or “adjusted gross income” in the case of estates and trusts) over certain thresholds and (ii) such U.S. Holders’ “net investment income” (or “undistributed net investment income” in the case of estates and trusts). Net investment income generally includes guaranteed payments and gain realized by a U.S. Holder
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from a sale of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the implications of the 3.8% Medicare tax for their ownership and disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Deduction for Qualified Business Income
For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026, non-corporate U.S. taxpayers who have domestic “qualified business income” from a partnership generally are, subject to limitations, entitled to a deduction equal to 20% of such qualified business income. The 20% deduction is also allowed for “qualified publicly traded partnership income” and “qualified REIT dividends”. The 20% deduction is not expected to be available with respect to income or gain recognized with respect to Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the implications of the foregoing rules for their ownership of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY
U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY may be subject to special rules applicable to indirect investments in foreign corporations, including an investment through BPY in a PFIC. A PFIC is defined as any foreign corporation with respect to which (after applying certain look-through rules) either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for a taxable year is “passive income” or (ii) 50% or more of its assets in any taxable year produce or are held for the production of “passive income”. There are no minimum stock ownership requirements for PFICs. If a U.S. person holds an interest in a non-U.S. corporation for any taxable year during which the corporation is classified as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. person, then the corporation will continue to be classified as a PFIC with respect to the U.S. person for any subsequent taxable year during which the U.S. person continues to hold an interest in the corporation, even if the corporation’s income or assets would not cause it to be a PFIC in such subsequent taxable year, unless an exception applies.
Based on BPY’s organizational structure, as well as anticipated income and assets, the BPY General Partner currently believes that one or more of BPY’s corporate subsidiaries is likely to be classified as a PFIC. In general, subject to the discussion in the following paragraph, if a U.S. person owns a partnership interest in BPY, then any gain realized on the disposition of stock of a PFIC owned by such U.S. person indirectly through BPY (including upon the disposition of such U.S. person’s partnership interest), as well as income realized on certain “excess distributions” by such PFIC, would be treated as though realized ratably over the shorter of the U.S. person’s holding period of the partnership interest in BPY or BPY’s holding period for the PFIC, subject to certain elections. Such gain or income generally would be taxable as ordinary income. In addition, an interest charge would apply, based on the tax deemed deferred from prior years.
Notwithstanding the general PFIC rules described above, based on BPY’s treatment of distributions on Preferred Units as guaranteed payments for the use of capital, BPY intends to take the position that the PFIC rules generally do not apply to U.S. Holders whose indirect interest in a PFIC arises solely by reason of owning Preferred Units. If this position is correct, gain on the disposition of stock of such a PFIC or income realized on excess distributions by such a PFIC generally would not be taxable to such U.S. Holders under the PFIC rules. Consistent with BPY’s position, BPY does not anticipate allocating to a U.S. Holder any ordinary earnings or net capital gain attributable to any subsidiary PFIC with respect to which it has made a “qualified electing fund” election (“QEF Election”), if such U.S. Holder’s interest in such PFIC arises solely by reason of owning Preferred Units. Nor does BPY currently anticipate allocating any gain from the disposition (including a deemed disposition) of stock of a subsidiary PFIC to such U.S. Holder, regardless whether any QEF Election has been made with respect to such PFIC.
However, the treatment of preferred partnership interests under the PFIC rules and the application of the PFIC rules to U.S. Holders are uncertain in certain respects. There can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not treat a U.S. Holder as subject to the PFIC rules that apply to U.S. persons holding partnership interests in BPY generally. In such case, a U.S. Holder’s ownership of Preferred Units may produce taxable income that is not related to distributions on the Preferred Units, such as income realized on excess distributions by a PFIC or gain from the disposition of stock of a PFIC. Such U.S. Holder may be required to take such income into account in determining the holder’s gross income subject to tax. With respect to gain realized upon the sale of and excess distributions from a PFIC for which a QEF Election for current inclusions is not made, such income would be taxable at ordinary income rates and subject to an additional tax equivalent to an interest charge on the deferral of income inclusions from the PFIC, unless the U.S. Holder had made a timely and effective election to “mark to market” the stock of such PFIC on an annual basis (a “Mark-to-Market Election”). However, the Mark-to-Market Election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock regularly traded on certain qualified exchanges, and therefore the Mark-to-Market Election generally is not expected to be available with respect to any PFIC in which a U.S. Holder is treated as owning an indirect interest through BPY. U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY should consult their own tax advisers regarding the application of the PFIC rules to their ownership of Preferred Units in light of their particular circumstances.
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Controlled Foreign Corporation Considerations for U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY
A non-U.S. entity will be treated as a CFC if it is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and more than 50% of (i) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the non-U.S. entity entitled to vote or (ii) the total value of the stock of the non-U.S. entity is owned by U.S. Shareholders on any day during the taxable year of such non-U.S. entity. For this purpose, a “U.S. Shareholder” with respect to a non-U.S. entity means a U.S. person (including a U.S. partnership) that owns (directly, indirectly or constructively) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the non-U.S. entity entitled to vote or 10% or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of the non-U.S. entity.
If a U.S. partnership in which BPY owns an interest is a U.S. Shareholder of a CFC, then any gain allocated to a U.S. Holder of Preferred Units from the disposition of an equity interest in the CFC may be treated as dividend income to the extent of the holder’s allocable share of the current and/or accumulated earnings and profits of the CFC, as calculated under the CFC rules. Based on BPY’s organizational structure, the BPY General Partner currently believes that one or more of its existing subsidiaries is likely to be classified as a CFC. Moreover, BPY may in the future acquire certain investments or operating entities through one or more subsidiaries treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and such future subsidiaries or other companies in which BPY acquires an interest may be treated as CFCs.
Notwithstanding the CFC rules described above, based on BPY’s treatment of distributions on Preferred Units as guaranteed payments for the use of capital, BPY intends to take the position that the CFC rules generally do not apply to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units whose indirect interest in a CFC arises solely by reason of owning the Preferred Units. If this position is correct, gain on the disposition of stock of such a CFC by such U.S. Holders (including indirectly, by reason of the disposition of Preferred Units by such holders) generally would not be taxable to such holders under the CFC rules. Nor does BPY currently anticipate allocating any gain from the disposition (including a deemed disposition) of stock of a CFC to such U.S. Holders.
However, the treatment of preferred partnership interests under the CFC rules is uncertain. There can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not treat a U.S. Holder of Preferred Units as subject to the CFC rules. In such case, all or a portion of any gain realized from the disposition (including a deemed disposition) of stock of a CFC may be taxable to a U.S. Holder at ordinary income rates. U.S. Holders of Preferred Units of BPY should consult their own tax advisers regarding the application of the CFC rules to their ownership of Preferred Units in light of their particular circumstances.
U.S. Federal Estate Tax Consequences
If Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units are included in the gross estate of a U.S. citizen or resident for U.S. federal estate tax purposes, then a U.S. federal estate tax might be payable in connection with the death of such person. Individual U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers concerning the potential U.S. federal estate tax consequences with respect to Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Tax-Exempt Organizations
Ownership of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units by U.S. tax-exempt organizations raises issues unique to them and may result in adverse tax consequences. In general, employee benefit plans and most other organizations exempt from U.S. federal income tax, including individual retirement accounts and other retirement plans, are subject to U.S. federal income tax on UBTI. As noted above, BPY and New LP will treat distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as guaranteed payments for the use of capital. Assuming BPY and New LP do not have income attributable to debt-financed property, the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units are not treated as debt-financed by the tax-exempt holder thereof, and BPY and New LP are not engaged in a trade or business, then distributions on, or gain from the disposition of, the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units generally are not expected to be treated as UBTI. However, BPY and New LP are not prohibited from financing the acquisition of property with debt, and the treatment of guaranteed payments for the use of capital to tax-exempt organizations is not certain. Depending on the circumstances, such payments, or gain from the disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units may be treated as UBTI for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Tax-exempt organizations should consult their own tax advisers regarding the consequences of owning and disposing of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units
The tax treatment of distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units to Non-U.S. Holders is uncertain. The BPY General Partner and New LP General Partner will treat distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as guaranteed payments for the use of capital made from sources outside the United States for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and the BPY General Partner and New LP General Partner generally do not expect to cause BPY or New LP to withhold U.S. federal income tax on such guaranteed payments made to Non-U.S. Holders, provided that BPY and New
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LP are not engaged in a trade or business within the United States. Assuming that the distributions qualify as guaranteed payments, Non-U.S. Holders generally are not expected to share in BPY’s or New LP’s items of income, gain, loss, or deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, the tax treatment of guaranteed payments for source and withholding tax purposes is uncertain, and the IRS may disagree with this treatment. As a result, it is possible that the IRS could assert that Non-U.S. Holders would be subject to U.S. federal income and withholding tax on their share of BPY’s or New LP’s ordinary income from sources within the United States, even if distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units are treated as guaranteed payments.
If, contrary to expectation, distributions on the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units are not treated as guaranteed payments, then a Non-U.S. Holder will share in BPY’s or New LP’s items of income, gain, loss, or deduction, even if BPY and New LP are not engaged in a U.S. trade or business and the holder is not otherwise engaged in a U.S. trade or business. As a result, the holder may be subject to a withholding tax of 30% on the gross amount of certain U.S.-source income of BPY or New LP (as applicable) which is not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. Income subjected to such a flat tax rate includes income of a fixed or determinable annual or periodic nature, such as dividends and certain interest income. Such withholding tax may be reduced or eliminated with respect to certain types of income under an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and a Non-U.S. Holder’s country of residence or under the “portfolio interest” rules or other provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, provided that the holder properly certifies its eligibility for such treatment. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the tax treatment of distributions on the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units as guaranteed payments and the U.S. federal withholding and other income tax consequences thereof.
Based on the organizational structures of BPY and New LP, as well as their expected income and assets, the BPY General Partner and New LP General Partner currently believe that BPY and New LP, respectively, are unlikely to earn income treated as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, including effectively connected income attributable to the sale of a “United States real property interest”, as defined in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Specifically, each of BPY and New LP intends not to make an investment, whether directly or through an entity which would be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, if the BPY General Partner or New LP General Partner (as applicable) believes at the time of such investment that the investment would generate income treated as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. If, as anticipated, BPY and New LP are not treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business or as deriving income which is treated as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, and provided that a Non-U.S. Holder is not itself engaged in a U.S. trade or business, then the Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal tax return filing requirements solely as a result of owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units and generally will not be subject to U.S. federal net income tax on distributions on the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
In addition, if, as anticipated, BPY and New LP are not engaged in a U.S. trade or business, the amount realized by a Non-U.S. Holder upon the disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including U.S. federal withholding tax. Under Section 1446(f) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, the transferee of an interest in a partnership that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business generally is required to withhold 10% of the amount realized by the transferor, unless the transferor certifies that it is not a foreign person. In the case of a transfer of an interest in a publicly traded partnership effected through a broker, the broker bears the primary responsibility for such withholding. Moreover, if Section 1446(f) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code applies, a broker may be required to withhold 10% of the amount of a distribution exceeding a publicly traded partnership’s cumulative net income. However, under Treasury Regulations, no withholding is required if the broker properly relies on a certification made by a publicly traded partnership in a “qualified notice” that the “10-percent exception” applies. The 10-percent exception applies to a transfer of a publicly traded interest in a publicly traded partnership if: (i) the publicly traded partnership was not engaged in a U.S. trade or business at any time during a specified period of time; or (ii) upon a hypothetical sale of the publicly traded partnership’s assets at fair market value, (1) the amount of net gain that would have been effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States would be less than 10% of the total net gain, or (2) no gain would have been effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States.
Based on the intentions of the BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner not to make an investment, whether directly or through an entity which would be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, if the BPY General Partner or the New LP General Partner, respectively, believes at the time of such investment that the investment would generate income treated as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, the BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner have provided and intend to continue to provide timely qualified notices on a quarterly basis certifying that the 10-percent exception applies, so that no withholding under Section 1446(f) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code applies to a Non-U.S. Holder’s sale or other disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units (as applicable) effected through a broker or to any distributions on the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
However, there can be no assurance that the law will not change or that the IRS will not deem BPY or New LP to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business. If, contrary to the BPY General Partner’s and New LP General Partner’s expectations, BPY or New LP is treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business, then a Non-U.S. Holder of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, generally would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return, even if no effectively connected income were allocable to the Non-U.S. Holder. In addition, distributions to the Non-U.S. Holder might be treated as
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“effectively connected income” (which would subject the holder to U.S. net income taxation) and might be subject to withholding tax imposed at the highest effective tax rate applicable to the Non-U.S. Holder. If the amount of withholding were to exceed the amount of U.S. federal income tax actually due, the Non-U.S. Holder might be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return in order to seek a refund of such excess. A corporate Non-U.S. Holder might also be subject to branch profits tax at a rate of 30%, or at a lower treaty rate, if applicable. Guaranteed payments paid or accrued within BPY’s or New LP’s taxable year might be included as income to applicable Non-U.S. Holders, whether or not a distribution of such payments had actually been made. If, contrary to expectation, BPY or New LP were treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business, then gain or loss from the sale of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units (as applicable) by a Non-U.S. Holder generally would be treated as effectively connected with such trade or business to the extent that the Non-U.S. Holder would have had effectively connected gain or loss had the applicable partnership sold all of its assets at their fair market value as of the date of the sale. In such case, any such effectively connected gain generally would be taxable at the regular graduated U.S. federal income tax rates, and the amount realized from any such sale by a Non-U.S. Holder, as well as the amount of any distribution on Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units exceeding the cumulative net income of BPY or New LP, respectively, generally would be subject to the 10% U.S. federal withholding tax under Section 1446(f) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the consequences of BPY or New LP being engaged in a trade or business within the United States.
Assuming that BPY and New LP are not engaged in a U.S. trade or business (as discussed above), a Non-U.S. Holder generally is not expected to be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain or loss realized upon the sale or other disposition, including redemption, of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Special rules may apply to any Non-U.S. Holder subject to specialized treatment, including, without limitation, any Non-U.S. Holder (i) that has an office or fixed place of business in the United States; (ii) that is present in the United States for 183 days or more in a taxable year; or (iii) that is (a) a former citizen or long-term resident of the United States, (b) a foreign insurance company that is treated as holding a partnership interest in BPY or New LP in connection with its U.S. business, (c) a PFIC, (d) a CFC, or (e) a corporation that accumulates earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the application of these special rules.
Taxes in Other Jurisdictions
Based on their expected assets and method of operation, neither BPY nor New LP expects any holder of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, solely as a result of owning such Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, to be subject to any additional income taxes imposed on a net basis or additional tax return filing requirements in any jurisdiction in which either of BPY or New LP engages in activity or owns property. However, BPY’s or New LP’s method of operation and current structure may change, and there can be no assurance that, solely as a result of owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder will not be subject to certain taxes, including non-U.S., state, and local income taxes, unincorporated business taxes and estate, inheritance, or intangible taxes imposed by the various jurisdictions in which BPY or New LP (as applicable) does business or owns property now or in the future, even if the holder does not reside in any of these jurisdictions. Consequently, a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder may also be required to file non-U.S., state, and local income tax returns in some or all of these jurisdictions. Further, a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with these requirements. It is the responsibility of each Preferred Unitholder and New LP Preferred Unitholder to file all U.S. federal, state, local, and non-U.S. tax returns that may be required of the holder.
Income or gain from investments held by BPY or New LP may be subject to withholding or other taxes in jurisdictions outside the United States, except to the extent an income tax treaty applies. If a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder wishes to claim the benefit of an applicable income tax treaty, the holder might be required to submit information to one or more of BPY, New LP, an intermediary, or a tax authority in such jurisdiction. Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the U.S. state, local, and non-U.S. tax consequences of owning and disposing of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Administrative Matters
Information Returns and Audit Procedures
Each of BPY and New LP has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to furnish to their respective Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders, within 90 days after the close of each calendar year, U.S. tax information (including IRS Schedule K-1), which describes on a U.S. dollar basis the holders’ share of any income, gain, loss, and deduction of BPY or New LP, respectively, for their preceding taxable years. Under IRS guidance, certain partnerships are also required to provide IRS Schedule K-3, which generally describes a partner’s share of certain items of international tax relevance from the operations of the partnership. BPY and New LP generally expect to provide IRS Schedule K-3 (as applicable) to their respective unitholders, except that BPY and New LP generally do not expect to be able to provide IRS Schedule K-3 within
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such 90-day period. Moreover, providing this U.S. tax information to Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders will also be subject to delay in the event of, among other reasons, the late receipt of any necessary tax information from other entities, such as subsidiaries. It is therefore possible that, in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder (or a Non-U.S. Holder that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation on a net basis) will need to apply for an extension of time to file its own tax returns. In preparing this U.S. tax information, each of BPY and New LP will use various accounting and reporting conventions to determine each holder’s share of income, gain, loss, and deduction (if any). The IRS may successfully contend that certain of these reporting conventions are impermissible, which could result in an adjustment to a holder’s income or loss. Due to administrative reporting limitations, and notwithstanding the rules requiring the aggregation of partnership interests purchased in separate transactions, as described above under the heading “– Consequences to U.S. Holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units – Basis”, a U.S. Holder may receive separate Schedules K-1 for any other partnership interests in BPY or New LP, such as other series of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable.
BPY or New LP may be audited by the IRS. Adjustments resulting from an IRS audit could require a U.S. Holder to adjust a prior year’s tax liability and result in an audit of the holder’s own tax return. Any audit of a Preferred Unitholder’s or New LP Preferred Unitholder’s own tax return could result in adjustments not related to BPY’s or New LP’s tax returns, as well as those related to BPY’s or New LP’s tax returns. If the IRS makes an audit adjustment to BPY’s or New LP’s income tax returns, it may assess and collect any taxes (including penalties and interest) resulting from such audit adjustment directly from BPY or New LP (as applicable) instead of holders of Preferred Units, New LP Preferred Units, or other partnership interests in BPY or New LP.
BPY may be permitted to elect to have the BPY General Partner, Preferred Unitholders, and other holders of partnership interests in BPY take any IRS audit adjustment into account in accordance with their interests in BPY during the taxable year under audit. However, there can be no assurance that BPY will choose to make such election or that it will be available in all circumstances. If BPY does not make the election, and BPY pays taxes, penalties, or interest as a result of an audit adjustment, then cash available for distribution might be substantially reduced. As a result, holders of partnership interests in BPY, including Preferred Unitholders, might bear some or all of the cost of the tax liability resulting from such audit adjustment, even if such holders did not own partnership interests in BPY during the taxable year under audit. The foregoing considerations also apply with respect to BPY’s interest in the Property Partnership.
Similarly, New LP may be permitted to elect to have the New LP General Partner, New LP Preferred Unitholders, and other holders of partnership interests in New LP take any IRS audit adjustment into account in accordance with their interests in New LP during the taxable year under audit. However, there can be no assurance that New LP will choose to make such election or that it will be available in all circumstances. If New LP does not make the election, and New LP pays taxes, penalties, or interest as a result of an audit adjustment, then cash available for distribution might be substantially reduced. As a result, holders of partnership interests in New LP, including New LP Preferred Unitholders, might bear some or all of the cost of the tax liability resulting from such audit adjustment, even if such holders did not own partnership interests in New LP during the taxable year under audit.
Pursuant to the partnership audit rules, the BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner or their designees will be the “partnership representatives” of BPY and New LP, respectively, and will have the sole authority to act on behalf of BPY and New LP, respectively, in connection with any administrative or judicial review of BPY’s or New LP’s items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit. In particular, the partnership representative will have the sole authority to bind both former and current holders of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units (as applicable) and to make certain elections on behalf of BPY or New LP (as applicable) pursuant to the partnership audit rules.
The application of the partnership audit rules to BPY and New LP and to holders of Preferred Units, New LP Preferred Units, or other partnership interests in BPY and New LP is uncertain. Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the implications of the partnership audit rules for their ownership and disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Reporting with Respect to Foreign Financial Assets
Under Treasury Regulations, certain U.S. persons that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate fair market value exceeding either $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or $75,000 at any time during the taxable year generally are required to file an information report with respect to such assets with their tax returns. Significant penalties may apply to persons who fail to comply with these rules. Specified foreign financial assets include not only financial accounts maintained in foreign financial institutions, but also, unless held in accounts maintained by a financial institution, any stock or security issued by a non-U.S. person (such as Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units), any financial instrument or contract held for investment that has an issuer or counterparty other than a U.S. person, and any interest in a foreign entity. The failure to report information required under the current regulations could result in substantial penalties and in the extension of the statute of limitations with respect to federal income tax returns filed by a U.S. Holder. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the implications of these Treasury Regulations for their ownership and disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
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Certain Reporting Requirements
A U.S. Holder who invests more than $100,000 in BPY or New LP may be required to file IRS Form 8865 reporting the investment with the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year that includes the date of the investment. A U.S. Holder may be subject to substantial penalties for the failure to comply with this and other information reporting requirements with respect to an investment in Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding such reporting requirements.
Tax Shelter Regulations and Related Reporting Requirements
If either of BPY or New LP were to engage in a “reportable transaction”, then it (and possibly its Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders, as applicable) would be required to make a detailed disclosure of the transaction to the IRS in accordance with regulations governing tax shelters and other potentially tax-motivated transactions. A transaction may be a reportable transaction based upon any of several factors, including the fact that it is a type of tax avoidance transaction publicly identified by the IRS as a “listed transaction” or “transaction of interest”, or that it produces certain kinds of losses exceeding certain thresholds. An investment in BPY or New LP may be considered a “reportable transaction” if, for example, BPY or New LP (as applicable) were to recognize certain significant losses in the future. In certain circumstances, a holder of a partnership interest in BPY or New LP who disposes of an interest in a transaction resulting in the recognition by such holder of significant losses in excess of certain threshold amounts may be obligated to disclose its participation in such transaction. Certain of these rules are unclear, and the scope of reportable transactions can change retroactively. Therefore, it is possible that the rules may apply to transactions other than significant loss transactions.
Moreover, if BPY or New LP were to participate in a reportable transaction with a significant purpose to avoid or evade tax, or in any listed transaction, a U.S. Holder might be subject to significant accuracy-related penalties with a broad scope, including, for those persons otherwise entitled to deduct interest on federal tax deficiencies, non-deductibility of interest on any resulting tax liability, and in the case of a listed transaction, an extended statute of limitations. Neither BPY nor New LP intends to participate in any reportable transaction with a significant purpose to avoid or evade tax, nor do BPY or New LP intend to participate in any listed transactions. However, no assurance can be provided that the IRS will not assert that BPY or New LP has participated in such a transaction.
U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers concerning any possible disclosure obligation under the regulations governing tax shelters with respect to the disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
Taxable Year
Both BPY and New LP intend to use the calendar year as their respective taxable years for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Under certain circumstances which BPY and New LP currently believe are unlikely to apply, a taxable year other than the calendar year may be required for such purposes.
Backup Withholding
For each calendar year, BPY and New LP will report to Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders, respectively, and to the IRS the amount of distributions made and the amount of tax (if any) withheld on these distributions. Under the backup withholding rules, a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder may be subject to backup withholding tax with respect to distributions paid unless the holder (i) is an exempt recipient and demonstrates this fact when required or (ii) provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding tax, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding tax rules. A U.S. Holder that is exempt should certify such status on a properly completed IRS Form W-9. A Non-U.S. Holder may qualify as an exempt recipient by submitting an appropriate, properly completed IRS Form W-8. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder will be allowed as a credit against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle the holder to a refund from the IRS, provided the holder supplies the required information to the IRS in a timely manner.
If a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder does not timely provide BPY or New LP (as applicable), or the applicable nominee, broker, clearing agent, or other intermediary, with IRS Form W-9 or an appropriate IRS Form W-8 (as applicable), or the form is not properly completed, then the aggregate amount of U.S. backup withholding tax required to be withheld may exceed the amount that would have been withheld had BPY or New LP (as applicable) or the applicable intermediary received properly completed forms from all Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders, respectively. For administrative reasons, and in order to maintain the respective fungibility of Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units, such excess U.S. backup withholding tax, and if necessary similar items, may be treated by BPY or New LP as an expense that generally will be borne indirectly by the respective holders of partnership interests in BPY or New LP on a pro rata basis, since BPY or New LP may be unable to allocate any such excess withholding tax cost to the relevant holders that failed to timely provide the proper U.S. tax forms.
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Allocations Between Transferors and Transferees
Holders owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units as of the applicable record date with respect to a distribution payment date will be entitled to receive the cash distribution with respect to their Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units on the distribution payment date. Purchasers of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units after such applicable record date will therefore not become entitled to receive a cash distribution on their Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units until the next applicable record date.
Nominee Reporting
Persons who hold an interest in BPY or New LP as a nominee for another person may be required to furnish to BPY or New LP, respectively:
•the name, address and taxpayer identification number of the beneficial owner and the nominee;
•whether the beneficial owner is (i) a person that is not a U.S. person, (ii) a foreign government, an international organization, or any wholly owned agency or instrumentality of either of the foregoing, or (iii) a tax-exempt entity;
•the amount and description of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units held, acquired, or transferred for the beneficial owner; and
•specific information including the dates of acquisitions and transfers, means of acquisitions and transfers, and acquisition cost for purchases, as well as the amount of net proceeds from sales.
Brokers and financial institutions may be required to furnish additional information, including whether they are U.S. persons and specific information regarding Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units they acquire, hold, or transfer for their own account. A penalty of $250 per failure (as adjusted for inflation), up to a maximum of $3,000,000 per calendar year (as adjusted for inflation), generally is imposed under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code for the failure to report such information to BPY or New LP (as applicable). The nominee is required to supply the beneficial owner of the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units with the information furnished to BPY or New LP (as applicable).
Foreign Account Tax Compliance
Under FATCA, a 30% U.S. federal withholding tax applies to “withholdable payments” made to a “foreign financial institution” or a “non-financial foreign entity”, unless the financial institution or entity satisfies certain information reporting or other requirements. Withholdable payments include certain U.S.-source income, such as interest, dividends, and other passive income. Proposed Treasury Regulations eliminate the requirement to withhold tax under FATCA on gross proceeds from the sale or disposition of property that can produce U.S.-source interest or dividends. The IRS has announced that taxpayers are permitted to rely on the proposed regulations until final Treasury Regulations are issued.
BPY and New LP intend to comply with FATCA, so as to ensure that the 30% withholding tax does not apply to any withholdable payments received by BPY or New LP. Although BPY and New LP do not expect the 30% withholding tax to apply to a Preferred Unitholder’s or New LP Preferred Unitholder’s allocable share of distributions attributable to withholdable payments, this is subject to uncertainty. To avoid being subject to withholding under FATCA, Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders are urged to properly certify their FATCA status on an appropriate IRS Form W-8 or IRS Form W-9 (or other applicable form) and to satisfy any additional requirements under FATCA.
In compliance with FATCA, information regarding certain holders’ ownership of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units may be reported to the IRS or to a non-U.S. governmental authority. FATCA remains subject to modification by an applicable intergovernmental agreement between the United States and another country, such as the agreement in effect between the United States and Bermuda for cooperation to facilitate the implementation of FATCA, or by future Treasury Regulations or other guidance. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers regarding the consequences under FATCA of owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
New Legislation or Administrative or Judicial Action
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders depends, in some instances, on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Preferred Unitholders and New LP Preferred Unitholders should be aware that the U.S. federal income tax rules, particularly those applicable to partnerships, are constantly under review (including currently) by the Congressional tax-writing committees and other persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the courts, frequently resulting in revised interpretations of established concepts, statutory changes, revisions to regulations, and other modifications and interpretations, any of which could adversely affect the value of the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units and be effective on a retroactive basis. For example, changes to the U.S. federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could make it more difficult or impossible for BPY or New LP to be treated as a partnership that is not taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, change the character or treatment of portions of BPY’s or New
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LP’s income, reduce the net amount of distributions available to holders of partnership interests in BPY or New LP, or otherwise affect the tax considerations of owning Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units. Such changes could also affect or cause BPY or New LP to change the way it conducts its activities and adversely affect the respective values of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
The organizational documents and agreements of BPY and New LP permit the BPY General Partner and the New LP General Partner to modify their respective limited partnership agreements from time to time, without the consent of Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders, to elect to treat BPY or New LP (as applicable) as a corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes, or to address certain changes in U.S. federal income tax regulations, legislation, or interpretation. In some circumstances, such revisions could have a material adverse impact on some or all Preferred Unitholders or New LP Preferred Unitholders.
THE FOREGOING DISCUSSION IS NOT INTENDED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CAREFUL TAX PLANNING. THE TAX MATTERS RELATING TO BPY, NEW LP, AND HOLDERS OF PREFERRED UNITS OR NEW LP PREFERRED UNITS ARE COMPLEX AND ARE SUBJECT TO VARYING INTERPRETATIONS. MOREOVER, THE EFFECT OF EXISTING INCOME TAX LAWS, THE MEANING AND IMPACT OF WHICH IS UNCERTAIN, AND OF PROPOSED CHANGES IN INCOME TAX LAWS WILL VARY WITH THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF EACH HOLDER OF PREFERRED UNITS OR NEW LP PREFERRED UNITS, AND IN REVIEWING THIS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 20-F THESE MATTERS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. EACH HOLDER OF PREFERRED UNITS OR NEW LP PREFERRED UNITS SHOULD CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISER WITH RESPECT TO THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF PREFERRED UNITS OR NEW LP PREFERRED UNITS.
Certain Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following is a summary of the principal Canadian federal income tax consequences under the Tax Act of the holding and disposition of Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units generally applicable to a Preferred Unitholder or New LP Preferred Unitholder, as applicable, who for purposes of the Tax Act and at all relevant times, (i) holds such units as capital property, (ii) is not a partnership, and (iii) deals at arm’s length with and is not affiliated with BPY, the Property Partnership, the BPY General Partner, New LP, the New LP General Partner, and their respective affiliates (a “Holder”). Generally, the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units will be considered to be capital property to a Holder, provided that the Holder does not use or hold such units in the course of carrying on a business of buying and selling securities and has not acquired them in one or more transactions considered to be an adventure or concern in the nature of trade.
This summary is not applicable to a holder: (i) that is a “financial institution” (as defined in the Tax Act) for the purposes of the “mark-to-market” property rules; (ii) that is a “specified financial institution” (as defined in the Tax Act); (iii) who makes or has made a functional currency reporting election pursuant to section 261 of the Tax Act; (iv) an interest in which would be a “tax shelter investment” (as defined in the Tax Act) or who acquires Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, as a “tax shelter investment” (and this summary assumes that no such persons hold such units); (v) that has, directly or indirectly, a “significant interest” (as defined in subsection 34.2(1) of the Tax Act) in BPY or New LP, as applicable; (vi) if any affiliate of BPY or New LP, as applicable, is, or becomes as part of a series of transactions that includes the acquisition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, a “foreign affiliate” (for purposes of the Tax Act) of such Holder or of any corporation that does not deal at arm’s length with such Holder for purposes of the Tax Act; or (vii) that has entered into or will enter into a “derivative forward agreement” (as defined in the Tax Act) with respect to their Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable. Any such Holders should consult their own tax advisors with respect to an investment in Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
This summary is based on the current provisions of the Tax Act, all specific proposals to amend the Tax Act publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) prior to the date hereof (the “Tax Proposals”) and the current published administrative and assessing policies and practices of the CRA. This summary assumes that all Tax Proposals will be enacted in the form proposed, but no assurance can be given that the Tax Proposals will be enacted in the form proposed or at all. This summary does not otherwise take into account or anticipate any changes in law, whether by judicial, administrative or legislative decision or action, or changes in the CRA’s administrative and assessing policies and practices, nor does it take into account provincial, territorial or foreign income tax legislation or considerations, which may differ significantly from those described herein. This summary is not exhaustive of all possible Canadian federal income tax consequences that may affect our Holders. Holders should consult their own tax advisors in respect of the provincial, territorial or foreign income tax consequences to them of holding and disposing of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
This summary assumes that none of BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP is a “tax shelter” or a “tax shelter investment”, each as defined in the Tax Act. However, no assurance can be given in this regard.
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This summary also assumes that none of BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP will be a “SIFT partnership” at any relevant time for purposes of the SIFT Rules on the basis that none of BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP will be a “Canadian resident partnership” at any relevant time. However, there can be no assurance that the SIFT Rules will not be revised or amended such that the SIFT Rules will apply.
This summary also assumes that the assets of New LP will at all relevant times consist of only debt issued by CanHoldco and certain U.S. corporations.
This summary does not address the deductibility of interest on money borrowed to acquire Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, nor whether any amounts in respect of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units could be “split income” for the purposes of the Tax Act.
This summary is of a general nature only and is not intended to be, nor should it be construed to be, legal or tax advice to any particular Holder, and no representation with respect to the Canadian federal income tax consequences to any particular Holder is made. Consequently, Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisors with respect to their particular circumstances. See also Item 3.D. “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Taxation — Canada”.
For purposes of the Tax Act, all amounts relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units must be expressed in Canadian dollars including any distributions, adjusted cost base and proceeds of disposition. For purposes of the Tax Act, amounts denominated in a currency other than the Canadian dollar generally must be converted into Canadian dollars using the appropriate exchange rate determined in accordance with the detailed rules in the Tax Act in that regard.
Taxation of Canadian Resident Holders
The following portion of the summary is generally applicable to a Holder who, for purposes of the Tax Act and at all relevant times, is resident or is deemed to be resident in Canada (a “Resident Holder”).
Computation of Income or Loss
Each Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units is required to include (or, subject to the “at-risk rules” discussed below, entitled to deduct) in computing his or her income for a particular taxation year the Resident Holder’s share of the income (or loss) of BPY for its fiscal year ending in, or coincidentally with, the Resident Holder’s taxation year, whether or not any of that income is distributed to the Resident Holder in the taxation year and regardless of whether or not Preferred Units were held throughout such year.
Each Resident Holder that holds New LP Preferred Units is required to include in computing his or her income for a particular taxation year the Resident Holder’s share of the income of New LP for its fiscal year ending in, or coincidentally with, the Resident Holder’s taxation year, whether or not any of that income is distributed to the Resident Holder in the taxation year and regardless of whether or not New LP Preferred Units were held throughout such year.
Each of BPY and New LP will not itself be a taxable entity and is not expected to be required to file an income tax return in Canada for any taxation year. However, the income (or loss) of BPY and New LP for a fiscal period for purposes of the Tax Act will be computed as if BPY and New LP were separate persons resident in Canada and the partners will be allocated a share of that income (or loss) in accordance with our limited partnership agreement and New LP’s limited partnership agreement. The income (or loss) of BPY will include BPY’s share of the income (or loss) of the Property Partnership for a fiscal year determined in accordance with the Property Partnership’s limited partnership agreement. Further, the income (or loss) of the Property Partnership will include the Property Partnership’s share of the income (or loss) of New LP for a fiscal year determined in accordance with New LP’s limited partnership agreement. For this purpose, the fiscal year end of each of BPY, the Property Partnership, and New LP will be December 31.
The income for tax purposes of BPY for a given fiscal year will be allocated to each Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units in an amount calculated by multiplying such income by a fraction, the numerator of which is the sum of the distributions received by such Resident Holder on the Preferred Units with respect to such fiscal year and the denominator of which is the aggregate amount of the distributions made by BPY to all partners with respect to such fiscal year, provided that the numerator and denominator will not include any distributions on the Preferred Units that are in satisfaction of accrued distributions on the Preferred Units that were not paid in a previous fiscal year of BPY where the BPY General Partner determines that the inclusion of such distributions would result in a Preferred Unitholder being allocated more income than it would have been if the distributions were paid in the fiscal year of BPY in which they were accrued.
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If, with respect to a given fiscal year, no distribution is made by BPY to its partners or BPY has a loss for tax purposes, one quarter of the income, or loss, as the case may be, for tax purposes for such fiscal year that is allocable to Preferred Unitholders, will be allocated to Preferred Unitholders of record at the end of each calendar quarter ending in such fiscal year as follows: (i) to Preferred Unitholders in respect of the Preferred Units held by them on each such date, such amount of BPY’s income or loss for tax purposes (as the case may be) as the BPY General Partner determines is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to such factors as the BPY General Partner considers to be relevant, including, without limitation, the relative amount of capital contributed to BPY on the issuance of the Preferred Units as compared to all other units and the relative fair market value of the Preferred Units as compared to all other units, and (ii) to the partners, other than in respect of the Preferred Units, the remaining amount of BPY’s income or loss for tax purposes, as the case may be, pro rata in the proportion that the number of units of BPY (other than the Preferred Units) held at each such date by a partner is of the total number of units of BPY (other than the Preferred Units) that are issued and outstanding at each such date.
The income for tax purposes of New LP for a given fiscal year will be allocated to each Resident Holder that holds New LP Preferred Units in an amount equal to the distributions received by such Resident Holder for such fiscal year (up to the amount of New LP’s income for tax purposes for such fiscal year) and the balance (if any) of New LP’s income for such fiscal year will be allocated to its partners other than in respect of New LP Preferred Units. If, with respect to a given fiscal year, no distribution is made by New LP to its partners or New LP has a loss for tax purposes, one quarter of the income, or loss, as the case may be, for tax purposes for such fiscal year is allocated to the partners other than in respect of New LP Preferred Units at the end of each calendar quarter based on the proportionate number of units (other than New LP Preferred Units) held.
The income of BPY and New LP as determined for purposes of the Tax Act may differ from its income as determined for accounting purposes and may not be matched by cash distributions. In addition, for purposes of the Tax Act, all income (or losses) of BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP must be calculated in Canadian currency. Where BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP holds investments denominated in U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies, gains and losses may be realized by BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP as a consequence of fluctuations in the relative values of the Canadian and foreign currencies.
In computing the income (or loss) of BPY and New LP, as applicable, deductions may be claimed in respect of reasonable administrative costs, interest and other expenses incurred by BPY and New LP, as applicable, for the purpose of earning income, subject to the relevant provisions of the Tax Act. BPY and New LP, as applicable, may also deduct from its income for the year a portion of the reasonable expenses, if any, incurred by BPY and New LP, as applicable, to issue partnership interests. The portion of such issue expenses deductible by BPY and New LP, as applicable, in a taxation year is 20% of such issue expenses, pro-rated where BPY’s or New LP’s taxation year is less than 365 days. On November 3, 2022, the Department of Finance released revised draft Tax Proposals to implement the interest deductibility limitations announced in the 2021 Canadian federal budget. These Tax Proposals would have the effect of denying the deductibility of net interest and financing expenses for taxpayers that are corporations or trusts in certain circumstances where such taxpayer’s net interest expense exceeds a fixed ratio of the taxpayer’s adjusted taxable income. Where a corporation or trust is a partner of a partnership that is determined to have excess interest and financing expenses as determined under these Tax Proposals, the corporation or trust would include an amount in income in respect of its share of the partnership’s excessive interest and financing expenses as opposed to the deduction of such expenses being denied at the partnership level. These Tax Proposals could apply to corporations and trusts within our group and to certain Resident Holders in respect of their interest in BPY. However, these Tax Proposals do not apply to a corporation or trust that qualifies as an “excluded entity” for a taxation year. For these purposes, an “excluded entity” is generally a taxpayer that: (a) is a “Canadian controlled private corporation” that, together with associated corporations, has taxable capital employed in Canada of less than $50 million for the particular year, (b) together with eligible group entities, has interest and financing expenses and exempt interest and financing expenses (net of applicable interest and financing revenues) of $1 million or less for the particular year, or (c) together with eligible group entities, meets certain conditions with respect to domestic activities and ownership. These Tax Proposals will generally apply in respect of taxation years beginning on or after October 1, 2023.
In general, a Resident Holder’s share of any income (or loss) of BPY or share of income of New LP, as applicable, from a particular source will be treated as if it were income (or loss) of the Resident Holder from that source, and any provisions of the Tax Act applicable to that type of income (or loss) will apply to the Resident Holder. BPY holds managing general partner interests of the Property Partnership and BPY holds general partner interests in New LP. In computing BPY’s income (or loss) under the Tax Act, each of the Property Partnership and New LP will itself be deemed to be a separate person resident in Canada which computes its income (or loss) and allocates to its partners their respective share of such income (or loss). Accordingly, the source and character of amounts included in (or deducted from) the income of a Resident Holder in respect of their Preferred Units on account of income (or loss) earned by the Property Partnership and New LP generally will be determined by reference to the source and character of such amounts when earned by the Property Partnership and New LP.
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A Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units’ share of taxable dividends received or considered to be received by BPY in a fiscal year from a corporation resident in Canada will be treated as a dividend received by the Resident Holder and will be subject to the normal rules in the Tax Act applicable to such dividends, including the enhanced gross-up and dividend tax credit for “eligible dividends” (as defined in the Tax Act) when the dividend received by the Property Partnership is designated as an “eligible dividend”.
Foreign taxes paid by BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP, and taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP (other than for the account of a particular partner), will be allocated pursuant to the governing partnership agreement. Each Resident Holder’s share of the “business-income tax” and “non-business-income tax” paid to the government of a foreign country for a year will be creditable against its Canadian federal income tax liability to the extent permitted by the detailed foreign tax credit rules contained in the Tax Act. Although the foreign tax credit rules are designed to avoid double taxation, the maximum credit is limited. Because of this, and because of timing differences in recognition of expenses and income and other factors, the foreign tax credit rules may not provide a full foreign tax credit for the “business-income tax” and “non-business-income tax” paid by BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP to the government of a foreign country. Under the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules, the foreign “business-income tax” or “non-business-income tax” allocated to a Resident Holder for the purpose of determining such Resident Holder’s foreign tax credit for any taxation year may be limited in certain circumstances, including where a Resident Holder’s share of the income of BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP, as applicable, under the income tax laws of any country (other than Canada) under whose laws the income of BPY, the Property Partnership, or New LP, as applicable, is subject to income taxation (the “Relevant Foreign Tax Law”) is less than the Resident Holder’s share of such income for purposes of the Tax Act. For this purpose, a Resident Holder is not considered to have a lesser direct or indirect share of the income of BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP, as applicable, under the Relevant Foreign Tax Law than for the purposes of the Tax Act solely because, among other reasons, of a difference between the Relevant Foreign Tax Law and the Tax Act in the manner of computing the income of BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP or in the manner of allocating the income of BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP because of the admission or withdrawal of a partner. No assurance can be given that the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules will not apply to any Resident Holder. If the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules apply, the allocation to a Resident Holder of foreign “business-income tax” or “non-business-income tax” paid by BPY or the Property Partnership, and therefore such Resident Holder’s foreign tax credits, will be limited.
BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP will each be deemed to be a non-resident person in respect of certain amounts paid or credited or deemed to be paid or credited to them by a person resident or deemed to be resident in Canada, including dividends or interest. Interest (other than interest not subject to Canadian federal withholding tax) paid or deemed to be paid by a person resident or deemed to be resident in Canada to the Property Partnership or New LP, or dividends paid or deemed to be paid by a person resident or deemed to be resident in Canada to the Property Partnership, will be subject to withholding tax under Part XIII of the Tax Act at the rate of 25%. However, the CRA’s administrative practice in similar circumstances is to permit the rate of Canadian federal withholding tax applicable to such payments to be computed by looking through the partnership and taking into account the residency of the partners (including partners who are resident in Canada) and any reduced rates of Canadian federal withholding tax that any non-resident partners may be entitled to under an applicable income tax treaty or convention, provided that the residency status and entitlement to the treaty benefits can be established. Under the Treaty, a Canadian resident payer is required in certain circumstances to look-through fiscally transparent partnerships, such as BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP, to the residency and Treaty entitlements of their partners and to take into account any reduced rates of Canadian federal withholding tax that such partners may be entitled to under the Treaty. In determining the rate of Canadian federal withholding tax applicable to amounts paid by the Holding Entities to the Property Partnership, the BPY General Partner expects the Holding Entities to look-through BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP to the residency of the partners of BPY and New LP (including partners who are resident in Canada) and to take into account any reduced rates of Canadian federal withholding tax that non-resident partners may be entitled to under an applicable income tax treaty or convention in order to determine the appropriate amount of Canadian federal withholding tax to withhold from interest paid to the Property Partnership or New LP or from dividends paid to the Property Partnership. However, there can be no assurance that the CRA will apply its administrative practice in this context.
If BPY incurs losses for tax purposes, each Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units will be entitled to deduct in the computation of income for tax purposes the Resident Holder’s share of any net losses for tax purposes of BPY for its fiscal year, to the extent that the Resident Holder’s investment is “at-risk” within the meaning of the Tax Act. The Tax Act contains “at-risk rules” which may, in certain circumstances, restrict the deduction of a limited partner’s share of any losses of a limited partnership. The BPY General Partner does not anticipate that BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP will incur losses, but no assurance can be given in this regard. Accordingly, Resident Holders should consult their own tax advisors for specific advice with respect to the potential application of the “at-risk rules”.
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Section 94.1 of the Tax Act contains rules relating to interests held by a taxpayer in Non-Resident Entities that could, in certain circumstances, cause income to be imputed to Resident Holders that hold Preferred Units, either directly or by way of allocation of such income imputed to BPY or the Property Partnership. These rules would apply if it is reasonable to conclude, having regard to all the circumstances, that one of the main reasons for the Resident Holder, BPY or the Property Partnership acquiring, holding or having an investment in a Non-Resident Entity is to derive a benefit from “portfolio investments” in certain assets from which the Non-Resident Entity may reasonably be considered to derive its value in such a manner that taxes under the Tax Act on income, profits and gains from such assets for any year are significantly less than they would have been if such income, profits and gains had been earned directly. In determining whether this is the case, section 94.1 of the Tax Act provides that consideration must be given to, among other factors, the extent to which the income, profits and gains for any fiscal period are distributed in that or the immediately following fiscal period. No assurance can be given that section 94.1 of the Tax Act will not apply to a Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units, BPY or the Property Partnership. If these rules apply to a Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units, BPY or the Property Partnership, income, determined by reference to a prescribed rate of interest plus two percent applied to the “designated cost”, as defined in section 94.1 of the Tax Act, of the interest in the Non-Resident Entity, will be imputed directly to the Resident Holder or to BPY or the Property Partnership and allocated to the Resident Holder in accordance with the rules in section 94.1 of the Tax Act. The rules in section 94.1 of the Tax Act are complex and Resident Holders that hold Preferred Units should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of these rules to them in their particular circumstances.
Dividends paid to the Property Partnership by a CFA of the Property Partnership will be included in computing the income of the Property Partnership. To the extent that any CFA or Indirect CFA of the Property Partnership earns income that is characterized as FAPI in a particular taxation year of the CFA or Indirect CFA, the FAPI allocable to the Property Partnership under the rules in the Tax Act must be included in computing the income of the Property Partnership for Canadian federal income tax purposes for the fiscal period of the Property Partnership in which the taxation year of that CFA or Indirect CFA ends, whether or not the Property Partnership actually receives a distribution of that FAPI. BPY will include its share of such FAPI of the Property Partnership in computing its income for Canadian federal income tax purposes and Resident Holders that hold Preferred Units will be required to include their proportionate share of such FAPI allocated from BPY in computing their income for Canadian federal income tax purposes. As a result, Resident Holders that hold Preferred Units may be required to include amounts in their income even though they have not and may not receive an actual cash distribution of such amounts. If an amount of FAPI is included in computing the income of the Property Partnership for Canadian federal income tax purposes, an amount may be deductible in respect of the “foreign accrual tax” applicable to the FAPI. Any amount of FAPI included in income net of the amount of any deduction in respect of “foreign accrual tax” will increase the adjusted cost base to the Property Partnership of its shares of the particular CFA in respect of which the FAPI was included. At such time as the Property Partnership receives a dividend of this type of income that was previously included in the Property Partnership’s income as FAPI, such dividend will effectively not be included in computing the income of the Property Partnership and there will be a corresponding reduction in the adjusted cost base to the Property Partnership of the particular CFA shares. Under the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules, the “foreign accrual tax” applicable to a particular amount of FAPI included in the Property Partnership’s income in respect of a particular “foreign affiliate” of the Property Partnership may be limited in certain specified circumstances, including where the direct or indirect share of the income allocated to any member of the Property Partnership (which is deemed for this purpose to include a Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units) that is a person resident in Canada or a “foreign affiliate” of such a person is, under a Relevant Foreign Tax Law, less than such member’s share of such income for purposes of the Tax Act. No assurance can be given that the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules will not apply to the Property Partnership. For this purpose, a Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units is not considered to have a lesser direct or indirect share of the income of the Property Partnership under the Relevant Foreign Tax Law than for the purposes of the Tax Act solely because, among other reasons, of a difference between the Relevant Foreign Tax Law and the Tax Act in the manner of computing the income of the Property Partnership or in the manner of allocating the income of the Property Partnership because of the admission or withdrawal of a partner. If the Foreign Tax Credit Generator Rules apply, the “foreign accrual tax” applicable to a particular amount of FAPI included in the Property Partnership’s income in respect of a particular “foreign affiliate” of the Property Partnership will be limited.
Disposition of Preferred Units
The disposition (or deemed disposition) by a Resident Holder of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units will result in the realization of a capital gain (or capital loss) by such Resident Holder in the amount, if any, by which the proceeds of disposition of the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, less any reasonable costs of disposition, exceed (or are exceeded by) the adjusted cost base of such units. Subject to the general rules on averaging of cost base, the adjusted cost base of a Resident Holder’s Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, would generally be equal to: (i) the actual cost of the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units (excluding any portion thereof financed with limited recourse indebtedness), as applicable; plus (ii) the share of the income of BPY or New LP, as applicable, allocated to the Resident Holder for fiscal years of BPY or New LP, as applicable, ending before the relevant time in respect of the Preferred Units or
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New LP Preferred Units, as applicable; less (iii) the aggregate of the pro-rata share of losses of BPY allocated to the Resident Holder (other than losses which cannot be deducted because they exceed the Resident Holder’s “at-risk” amount in respect of the Preferred Units) for the fiscal years of BPY ending before the relevant time in respect of the Preferred Units; and less (iv) the Resident Holder’s distributions received from BPY or New LP, as applicable, before the relevant time in respect of the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable. The adjusted cost base of each Preferred Unit or New LP Preferred Unit will be subject to the averaging provisions contained in the Tax Act.
The foregoing discussion of the calculation of the adjusted cost base assumes that each class or series of partnership interests in BPY or New LP are treated as separate property for purposes of the Tax Act. However, the CRA’s position is to treat all the different types of interests in a partnership that a partner may hold as one capital property, including for purposes of determining the adjusted cost base of all such partnership interests. As a result, on a disposition of a particular type of unit, a partner’s total adjusted cost base is required to be allocated in a reasonable manner to the particular type of unit being disposed of. As acknowledged by the CRA, there is no particular method for determining a reasonable allocation of the adjusted cost base of a partnership interest to the part of the partnership interest that is disposed of. Furthermore, more than one method may be reasonable. If the CRA’s position applies, on a disposition by a Resident Holder of a particular type of unit of BPY or New LP, as applicable, the Resident Holder should generally be able to allocate his or her adjusted cost base in a manner that treats the different classes or series of units of BPY and New LP, as applicable, as separate property. Accordingly, the BPY General Partner intends to provide partners with partnership information returns using such allocation.
Where a Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units disposes of all of its Preferred Units, it will no longer be a partner of BPY. If, however, the Resident Holder is entitled to receive a distribution from BPY after the disposition of all such units, then the Resident Holder will be deemed to dispose of such units at the later of: (i) the end of the fiscal year of BPY during which the disposition occurred; and (ii) the date of the last distribution made by BPY to which the Resident Holder was entitled. The share of the income (or loss) of BPY for tax purposes for a particular fiscal year that is allocated to a Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units who has ceased to be a partner will generally be added (or deducted) in the computation of the adjusted cost base of the Resident Holder’s Preferred Units immediately prior to the time of the disposition. Similarly, where a Resident Holder that holds New LP Preferred Units disposes of all of its New LP Preferred Units, it will no longer be a partner of New LP. If, however, the Resident Holder is entitled to receive a distribution from New LP after the disposition of all such units, then the Resident Holder will be deemed to dispose of such units at the later of: (i) the end of the fiscal year of New LP during which the disposition occurred; and (ii) the date of the last distribution made by New LP to which the Resident Holder was entitled. The share of the income (or loss) of New LP for tax purposes for a particular fiscal year that is allocated to a Resident Holder that holds Preferred Units who has ceased to be a partner will generally be added (or deducted) in the computation of the adjusted cost base of the Resident Holder’s Preferred Units immediately prior to the time of the disposition.
A Resident Holder will generally realize a deemed capital gain if, and to the extent that, the adjusted cost base of the Resident Holder’s Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units is negative at the end of any fiscal year of BPY or New LP, as applicable. In such a case, the adjusted cost base of the Resident Holder’s applicable Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units will be nil at the beginning of the next fiscal year of BPY or New LP, as applicable.
Resident Holders should consult their own tax advisors for advice with respect to the specific tax consequences to them of disposing of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units.
The taxation of capital gains and capital losses is discussed below under “— Taxation of Capital Gains and Capital Losses”.
Alternative Minimum Tax
Resident Holders that are individuals or trusts may be subject to the alternative minimum tax rules. Such Resident Holders should consult their own tax advisors.
Taxation of Capital Gains and Capital Losses
In general, one-half of a capital gain realized by a Resident Holder must be included in computing such Resident Holder’s income as a taxable capital gain. One-half of a capital loss is deducted as an allowable capital loss against taxable capital gains realized in the year and any remainder may be deducted against net taxable capital gains in any of the three years preceding the year or any year following the year, to the extent and under the circumstances described in the Tax Act.
Special rules in the Tax Act may apply to disallow the one-half treatment on all or a portion of a capital gain realized on a disposition of Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, if a partnership interest in BPY or New LP, as
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applicable, is acquired by a tax-exempt person or a non-resident person (or by a partnership or trust (other than certain trusts) of which a tax-exempt person or a non-resident person is a member or beneficiary, directly or indirectly through one or more partnerships or trusts (other than certain trusts)). Resident Holders contemplating such a disposition should consult their own tax advisors in this regard.
A Resident Holder that is throughout the relevant taxation year a “Canadian-controlled private corporation” (as defined in the Tax Act) may be liable to pay an additional refundable tax on its “aggregate investment income” (as defined in the Tax Act) for the year, which is defined to include taxable capital gains. The additional tax and refund mechanism in respect of “aggregate investment income” would also apply to “substantive CCPCs”, as defined in the Tax Proposals. Resident Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisors in this regard.
Eligibility for Investment
Provided that the Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, are listed on a “designated stock exchange” (which currently includes the Nasdaq and the TSX), the Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, will be “qualified investments” under the Tax Act for trusts governed by RRSPs, deferred profit sharing plans, RESPs, RDSPs and TFSAs.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, an annuitant under an RRSP or RRIF, a holder of a TFSA or an RDSP or a subscriber of an RESP, as the case may be, will be subject to a penalty tax if Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, held in the RRSP, RRIF, TFSA, RDSP or RESP are “prohibited investments”, as defined in the Tax Act, for the RRSP, RRIF, TFSA, RDSP or RESP, as the case may be. Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, will generally not be a “prohibited investment” if the annuitant under the RRSP or RRIF, the holder of the TFSA or RDSP or the subscriber of an RESP, as applicable, deals at arm’s length with BPY or New LP, as applicable, for purposes of the Tax Act and does not have a “significant interest”, as defined in the Tax Act for purposes of the “prohibited investment” rules, in BPY or New LP, as applicable. Resident Holders who will hold Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, in an RRSP, RRIF, TFSA, RDSP or RESP should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the application of the foregoing “prohibited investment” rules having regard to their particular circumstances.
Taxation of Non-Resident Holders
The following portion of the summary is generally applicable to a Holder who, for purposes of the Tax Act and at all relevant times, is not, and is not deemed to be, resident in Canada and who does not use or hold and is not deemed to use or hold Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, in connection with a business carried on in Canada (a “Non-Resident Holder”).
The following portion of the summary assumes that (i) Preferred Units and New LP Preferred Units, as applicable, are not and will not at any relevant time constitute “taxable Canadian property” of any Non-Resident Holder, and (ii) BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP will not dispose of property that is “taxable Canadian property”. “Taxable Canadian property” includes, but is not limited to, property that is used or held in a business carried on in Canada and shares of corporations that are not listed on a “designated stock exchange” if more than 50% of the fair market value of the shares is derived from certain Canadian properties in the 60-month period immediately preceding the particular time. In general, Preferred Units will not constitute “taxable Canadian property” of any Non-Resident Holder at the time of disposition or deemed disposition, unless (a) at any time during the 60-month period immediately preceding the disposition or deemed disposition, more than 50% of the fair market value of Preferred Units was derived, directly or indirectly (excluding through a corporation, partnership or trust, the shares or interests in which were not themselves “taxable Canadian property”), from one or any combination of: (i) real or immovable property situated in Canada; (ii) “Canadian resource properties”; (iii) “timber resource properties”; and (iv) options in respect of, or interests in, or for civil law rights in, such property, whether or not such property exists, or (b) the Preferred Units are otherwise deemed to be “taxable Canadian property”. Since BPY’s assets will consist principally of units of the Property Partnership, Preferred Units would generally be “taxable Canadian property” at a particular time if the units of the Property Partnership held by BPY derived, directly or indirectly (excluding through a corporation, partnership or trust, the shares or interests in which were not themselves “taxable Canadian property”), more than 50% of their fair market value from properties described in (i) to (iv) above at any time in the 60-month period preceding the particular time. The BPY General Partner does not expect Preferred Units or the New LP Preferred Units, respectively, to be “taxable Canadian property” at any relevant time and does not expect BPY, the Property Partnership, or New LP, as applicable, to dispose of “taxable Canadian property”. However, no assurance can be given that the Preferred Units will not be “taxable Canadian property” or that BPY will not dispose of “taxable Canadian property”.
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The following portion of the summary also assumes that none of BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP will be considered to carry on business in Canada. The BPY General Partner intends to organize and conduct the affairs of BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP, respectively, to the extent possible, so that none of these entities should be considered to carry on business in Canada for purposes of the Tax Act. However, no assurance can be given in this regard. If any of these entities carry on business in Canada, the tax implications to BPY, the Property Partnership, New LP, and to Non-Resident Holders may be materially and adversely different than as set out herein.
Special rules, which are not discussed in this summary, may apply to a Non-Resident Holder that is an insurer carrying on business in Canada and elsewhere.
Taxation of Income or Loss
A Non-Resident Holder will not be subject to Canadian federal income tax under Part I of the Tax Act on its share of income from a business carried on by BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP outside Canada or the non-business-income earned by BPY, the Property Partnership or New LP from sources in Canada. However, such holder may be subject to Canadian federal withholding tax under Part XIII of the Tax Act, as described below.
BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP will each be deemed to be a non-resident person in respect of certain amounts paid or credited or deemed to be paid or credited to them by a person resident or deemed to be resident in Canada, including dividends or interest. Interest (other than interest not subject to Canadian federal withholding tax) paid or deemed to be paid by a person resident or deemed to be resident in Canada to the Property Partnership or New LP, or dividends paid or deemed to be paid by a person resident or deemed to be resident in Canada to the Property Partnership, will be subject to withholding tax under Part XIII of the Tax Act at the rate of 25%. However, the CRA’s administrative practice in similar circumstances is to permit the rate of Canadian federal withholding tax applicable to such payments to be computed by looking through the partnership and taking into account the residency of the partners (including partners who are resident in Canada) and any reduced rates of Canadian federal withholding tax that any non-resident partners may be entitled to under an applicable income tax treaty or convention, provided that the residency status and entitlement to the treaty benefits can be established. Under the Treaty, a Canadian resident payer is required in certain circumstances to look-through fiscally transparent partnerships, such as BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP, to the residency and Treaty entitlements of their partners and to take into account any reduced rates of Canadian federal withholding tax that such partners may be entitled to under the Treaty. In determining the rate of Canadian federal withholding tax applicable to amounts paid by the Holding Entities to the Property Partnership and New LP, the BPY General Partner expects the Holding Entities to look-through BPY, the Property Partnership and New LP to the residency of the partners of BPY and New LP (including partners who are resident in Canada) and to take into account any reduced rates of Canadian federal withholding tax that non-resident partners may be entitled to under an applicable income tax treaty or convention in order to determine the appropriate amount of Canadian federal withholding tax to withhold from interest paid to the Property Partnership or New LP or from dividends paid to the Property Partnership. However, there can be no assurance that the CRA will apply its administrative practice in this context.
10.F. DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS
Not applicable.
10.G. STATEMENT BY EXPERTS
Not applicable.
10.H DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY
Our company is subject to the information filing requirements of the Exchange Act, and accordingly is required to file periodic reports and other information with the SEC. As a foreign private issuer under the SEC’s regulations, we file annual reports on Form 20-F and furnish other reports on Form 6-K. The information disclosed in our reports may be less extensive than that required to be disclosed in annual and quarterly reports on Forms 10-K and 10-Q required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. issuers. Moreover, as a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the proxy requirements under Section 14 of the Exchange Act, and the BPY General Partner’s directors and our major unitholders are not subject to the insider short swing profit reporting and recovery rules under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains an Internet website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. You may obtain our SEC filings on the SEC website or on our website bpy.brookfield.com. The information on our website is not part of this annual report.
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In addition, our company is required by Canadian securities laws to file documents electronically with Canadian securities regulatory authorities and these filings are available on our SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com. Written requests for such documents should be directed to our Corporate Secretary at 73 Front Street, 5th Floor, Hamilton HM 12, Bermuda.
10.I. SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION
Not applicable.
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
See the information contained in this Form 20-F in Note 31, Financial Instruments in our annual 2022 financial statements for further information..
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
None.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not applicable.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2022, an evaluation of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us and our Service Providers. Based upon that evaluation, the persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us have concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective: (i) to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and (ii) to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
It should be noted that while our management, including persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us, believe our disclosure controls and procedures provide a reasonable level of assurance that such controls and procedures are effective, they do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including persons performing the functions of principal executive and principal financial officers for us, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting, excluding Watermark Lodging Trust, was effective as of December 31, 2022.
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Our management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at Watermark Lodging Trust, for which control was acquired on December 9, 2022, and whose financial statements constitute 3% of total assets, 3% of net assets, —% of total revenue and —% of net income as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Effective December 31, 2022, we are a non-accelerated filer and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 is not subject to attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm.
Changes in Internal Control
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2022, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16. [RESERVED]
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERTS
The BPY General Partner’s board of directors has determined that Stephen DeNardo possesses specific accounting and financial management expertise and that he is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC and is independent within the meaning of the rules of the Nasdaq. The BPY General Partner’s board of directors has also determined that other members of the Audit Committee have sufficient experience and ability in finance and compliance matters to enable them to adequately discharge their responsibilities.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
On April 4, 2013, the BPY General Partner adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to the members of the board of directors of the BPY General Partner, our company and any officers or employees of the BPY General Partner. The Code is reviewed and updated annually. We have posted a copy of the Code on our website at bpy.brookfield.com.
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The BPY General Partner has retained Deloitte LLP (PCAOB ID No. 1208) to act as our company’s independent registered public accounting firm.
The table below summarizes the fees for professional services rendered by Deloitte LLP for the audit of our annual financial statements for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

| December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021
(US$ Thousands) | Total | % | Total | %
Audit fees(1) | $ | 8,117 |  | 31 | % | $ | 10,141 |  | 34 | %
Audit-related fees(2) | 18,027 |  | 68 | % | 19,510 |  | 66 | %
Tax fees(3) | — |  | — | % | 62 |  | — | %
Other(4) | 167 |  | 1 | % | 81 |  | — | %
Total | $ | 26,311 |  | 100 | % | $ | 29,794 |  | 100 | %

(1)Audit fees include fees for the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements, internal control over financing reporting and interim reviews of the consolidated financial statements included in our quarterly interim reports. This category also includes fees for comfort letters, consents and review of certain documents filed with securities regulatory authorities.
(2)Audit-related fees include fees for the audit or review of financial statements for certain of our subsidiaries, including audits of individual properties to comply with lender, joint venture partner or tenant requirements.
(3)Tax fees are principally for assistance in tax return preparation and tax advisory services.
(4)All other fees include fees for certain permissible consulting and advisory services, including assistance with corporate and social responsibility reporting.
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The audit committee of the BPY General Partner pre-approves all audit and non-audit services provided to our partnership by Deloitte LLP.
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
None.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
During the period ended December 31, 2022, there were no LP Units, Preferred Units or New LP Preferred Units purchased by our company or any affiliated purchasers.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
None.
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Subject to certain exceptions, Nasdaq permits foreign private issuers to follow home country practice in lieu of Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements. Our corporate governance practices are not materially different from those required of domestic limited partnerships under the Nasdaq listing standards, except that we follow Bermuda law in respect of approval of equity compensation plans and material amendments thereto, which only requires approval by the board of directors of the BPY General Partner, whereas Nasdaq rules generally require unitholder approval of such plans and amendments.
ITEM 16H. MINING SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Pursuant to Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, issuers that are operators, or that have a subsidiary that is an operator, of a coal or other mine in the United States are required to disclose in their periodic reports filed with the SEC information regarding specified health and safety violations, orders and citations, related assessments and legal actions, and mining-related fatalities under the regulation of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration (the “MSHA”) under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, as amended, (the “Mine Act”). During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, our company did not have any mines in the United States subject to regulation by MSHA under the Mine Act.
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
- 151 -

PART III
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
See the list of financial statements beginning on page F-1 which are filed as part of the annual report on Form 20-F.
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Number |  | Description
1.1 |  | Certificate of registration of our company, registered as of January 3, 2013(1)
1.2 |  | Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our company, dated August 8, 2013(2)
1.3 |  | First Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our company, dated November 5, 2015(3)
1.4 |  | Second Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our company, dated March 21, 2019(4)
1.5 |  | Third Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our company, dated August 20, 2019(5)
1.6 |  | Fourth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our company, dated February 18, 2020(6)
1.7 |  | Fifth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our company dated April 21, 2020(7)
1.8 |  | Sixth Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our company dated March 31, 2021(8)
1.9 |  | Seventh Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of our company dated July 26, 2021(9)
2.1 |  | Description of Securities(10)
4.2 |  | Third Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement by and among Brookfield Corporation, the Service Recipients and the Service Providers, dated August 3, 2021(11)
4.3 |  | First Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement by and among Brookfield Corporation, the Service Recipients and the Service Providers, dated February 2, 2022(12)
4.2 |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership, dated February 20, 2019(13)
4.3 |  | First Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership, dated March 21, 2019(14)
4.4 |  | Second Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership, dated April 28, 2019(15)
4.5 |  | Third Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership, dated August 20, 2019(16)
4.6 |  | Fourth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership, dated February 18, 2020(17)
4.7 |  | Fifth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership, dated April 21, 2020(18)
4.8 |  | Sixth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership, dated July 26, 2021(19)
4.9 |  | Seventh Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Property Partnership, dated August 3, 2021(20)
4.11 |  | Guarantee Agreement between our company and the Class A Preferred Unitholder dated December 4, 2014(21)
4.12 |  | Investor Agreement between our company and the Class A Preferred Unitholder dated December 4, 2014(22)
4.13 |  | Indenture dated July 3, 2018 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(23)

- 152 -

4.14 |  | First Supplemental Indenture dated July 3, 2018 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(23)
4.15 |  | Guarantee dated July 3, 2018 between Brookfield Property Partners LP, Brookfield Property LP, Brookfield BPY Holdings Inc., Brookfield BPY Retail Holdings II Inc., BPY Bermuda Holdings Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings II Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings IV Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings V Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings VI Limited and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(23)
4.16 |  | Supplemental Indenture to First Supplemental Indenture dated October 19, 2018 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(24)
4.17 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture dated October 19, 2018 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(24)
4.18 |  | Amendment to the First Supplemental Indenture dated November 26, 2018 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(25)
4.19 |  | Third Supplemental Indenture dated February 13, 2019 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(26)
4.20 |  | Supplemental Indenture to Third Supplemental Indentured dated May 17, 2019 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(27)
4.21 |  | Fourth Supplemental Indenture dated January 15, 2020 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(28)
4.22 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture to First Supplemental Indentured dated January 15, 2020 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(28)
4.23 |  | Fifth Supplemental Indenture dated August 24, 2020 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(29)
4.24 |  | Sixth Supplemental Indenture dated October 12, 2021 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(30)
4.25 |  | Seventh Supplemental Indenture dated February 13, 2023 between Brookfield Property Finance ULC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada(31)
4.2 6 |  | Limited Partnership Agreement, dated April 13, 2021, of Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. (32)
4.27 |  | First Amendment, dated July 26, 2021, to the Limited Partnership Agreement of Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. (33)
4.28 |  | Subordinated Guarantee, dated July 26, 2021, in favor of Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. by Brookfield Property Partners L.P., Brookfield Property L.P., Brookfield BPY Holdings Inc., Brookfield BPY Retail Holdings II Inc., BPY Bermuda Holdings Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings II Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings IV Limited, BPY Bermuda Holdings V Limited and BPY Bermuda Holdings VI Limited (34)
12.1 |  | Certification of Brian W. Kingston, Chief Executive Officer, Brookfield Property Group LLC, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002(10)
12.2 |  | Certification of Bryan K. Davis, Chief Financial Officer, Brookfield Property Group LLC, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002(10)
13.1 |  | Certification of Brian W. Kingston, Chief Executive Officer, Brookfield Property Group LLC, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002(10)
13.2 |  | Certification of Bryan K. Davis, Chief Financial Officer, Brookfield Property Group LLC, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002(10)
17.1 |  | List of Subsidiary Issuers and Guarantors (33)
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document(10)
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document(10)
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document(10)
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document(10)
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document(10)
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document(10)
(1) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form 20-F on June 12, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference.
(2) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on August 8, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference.
(3) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 20-F on March 17, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.
(4) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on March 21, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference
(5) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on August 20, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

- 153 -

(6) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on February 18, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference
(7) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on May 11, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.
(8) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on April 5, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
(9) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on July 27, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
(10) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 20-F filed on February 24, 2023 and incorporated by reference.
(11) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on August 30, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
(12) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on February 11, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.
(13) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on February 20, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.
(14) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on March 21, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.
(15) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on April 30, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.
(16) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on August 20, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.
(17) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on February 18, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.
(18) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on May 11, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.
(19) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on July 27, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
(20) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on August 30, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
(21) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on December 4, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference.
(22) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on December 4, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference.
(23) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on July 3, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference.
(24) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on October 22, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference.
(25) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on November 27, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference.
(26) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on February 13, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.
(27) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on May 21, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.
(28) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on January 16, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.
(29) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on August 27, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.
(30) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on October 18, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
(31) |  | Filed as an exhibit to Form 6-K on February 13, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.
(32) |  | Filed as Exhibit 3.4 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File Nos. 333-255512, 333-255512-01, 333-255512-02, 333-255512-03, 333-255512-04, 333-255512-05, 333-255512-06, 333-255512-07, 333-255512-08, 333-255512-09 and 333-255512-10) of Brookfield Corporation Inc., Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. and the guarantors described therein on May 27, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
(33) |  | Filed as Exhibit 22.1 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File Nos. 333-255512, 333-255512-01, 333-255512-02, 333-255512-03, 333-255512-04, 333-255512-05, 333-255512-06, 333-255512-07, 333-255512-08, 333-255512-09 and 333-255512-10) of Brookfield Corporation Inc., Brookfield Property Preferred L.P. and the guarantors described therein on May 27, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.
(34) |  | Filed as Form 8-A on July 26, 2021 and incorporated herein by reference.

The registrant hereby agrees to furnish to the SEC at its request copies of long-term debt instruments defining the rights of holders of outstanding long-term debt that are not required to be filed herewith.
- 154 -

SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

| BROOKFIELD PROPERTY PARTNERS L.P.,
| by its general partner, BROOKFIELD PROPERTY PARTNERS LIMITED
| By: | /s/ Jane Sheere
|  | Name: Jane Sheere
|  | Title: Secretary

Date: February 24, 2023
- 155 -

Index to Financial Statements

| Page
Consolidated financial statements of Brookfield Property Partners L.P. as at December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022 | F-2

F-1

Brookfield Property Partners L.P.
Consolidated financial statements
As at December 31, 2022 and 2021 and
for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
F-2

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Unitholders of Brookfield Property Partners L.P.,
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Brookfield Property Partners L.P. and subsidiaries (the "Partnership") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and the supplemental schedule of investment property information (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Partnership as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and its financial performance and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Partnership's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Partnership's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Partnership in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Partnership is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Fair Value of Investment Property - Refer to Notes 2(e), 2(v)(v) and 4 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Partnership has elected the fair value model for all investment properties and accordingly measures all investment properties at fair value subsequent to initial recognition on the balance sheet. The fair value of investment properties is generally determined by management, with substantially all of the investment properties valued using one of two accepted income approaches.
While there are several assumptions that are required to determine the fair value of an investment property, the judgments with the highest degree of subjectivity and impact on fair values are future expected market rents, discount rates and terminal capitalization rates. Auditing these estimates and assumptions of certain investment properties required a high degree of auditor judgment as the estimations made by management contain significant measurement uncertainty. This resulted in the need to involve a fair value specialist.
F-3

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the future expected market rents, discount rates and terminal capitalization rates used to determine the fair value of certain investment properties included the following, among others:
•Evaluated the effectiveness of controls over management’s process for determining the fair value of investment properties including those over the forecasts of future expected market rents, discount rates and terminal capitalization rates.
•Evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecast of future expected market rents by comparing management’s forecasts with historical results, internal communications to management and the Board of Directors and contractual information, where applicable.
•With the assistance of a fair value specialist, evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecast of future expected market rents, discount rates and terminal capitalization rates by considering recent market transactions and industry surveys.
/s/ Deloitte LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Licensed Public Accountants
Toronto, Canada
February 24, 2023
We have served as the Partnership's auditor since 2011.
F-4

Brookfield Property Partners L.P.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(US$ Millions) | Note | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Assets |  |  |
Non-current assets |  |  |
Investment properties | 4 | $ | 68,585 |  | $ | 64,613 |
Equity accounted investments | 6 | 19,943 |  | 20,807 |
Property, plant and equipment | 8 | 9,401 |  | 5,623 |
Goodwill | 9 | 946 |  | 832 |
Intangible assets | 10 | 966 |  | 964 |
Other non-current assets | 11 | 5,217 |  | 3,578 |
Loans and notes receivable |  | 372 |  | 152 |
Total non-current assets |  | 105,430 |  | 96,569 |
Current assets |  |  |
Loans and notes receivable |  | 314 |  | 73 |
Accounts receivable and other | 12 | 2,176 |  | 2,276 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 4,020 |  | 2,576 |
Total current assets |  | 6,510 |  | 4,925 |
Assets held for sale | 13 | 576 |  | 10,510 |
Total assets |  | $ | 112,516 |  | $ | 112,004 |
Liabilities and equity |  |  |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |
Debt obligations | 14 | $ | 38,858 |  | $ | 38,579 |
Capital securities | 15 | 2,233 |  | 3,024 |
Other non-current liabilities | 17 | 2,443 |  | 1,499 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 16 | 3,064 |  | 3,250 |
Total non-current liabilities |  | 46,598 |  | 46,352 |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Debt obligations | 14 | 19,704 |  | 13,742 |
Capital securities | 15 | 600 |  | 61 |
Accounts payable and other liabilities | 18 | 3,877 |  | 3,762 |
Total current liabilities |  | 24,181 |  | 17,565 |
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale | 13 | — |  | 3,082 |
Total liabilities |  | 70,779 |  | 66,999 |
Equity |  |  |
Limited partners | 19 | 8,217 |  | 8,805 |
General partner | 19 | 4 |  | 4 |
Preferred equity |  | 699 |  | 699 |
Non-controlling interests attributable to: |  |  |
Redeemable/exchangeable and special limited partnership units | 19,20 | 14,688 |  | 15,736 |
FV LTIP units of the Operating Partnership | 19,20 | 45 |  | 55 |
Interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties | 5,20 | 18,084 |  | 19,706 |
Total equity |  | 41,737 |  | 45,005 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 112,516 |  | $ | 112,004 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
F-5

Brookfield Property Partners L.P.
Consolidated Statements of Income

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | Note | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Commercial property revenue | 21 | $ | 4,849 |  | $ | 5,163 |  | $ | 5,397 |
Hospitality revenue | 22 | 1,511 |  | 1,073 |  | 702 |
Investment and other revenue | 23 | 1,005 |  | 864 |  | 494 |
Total revenue |  | 7,365 |  | 7,100 |  | 6,593 |
Direct commercial property expense | 24 | 1,852 |  | 1,931 |  | 1,975 |
Direct hospitality expense | 25 | 1,141 |  | 910 |  | 908 |
Investment and other expense |  | 328 |  | 294 |  | 69 |
Interest expense |  | 2,683 |  | 2,593 |  | 2,592 |
General and administrative expense | 26 | 930 |  | 924 |  | 816 |
Total expenses |  | 6,934 |  | 6,652 |  | 6,360 |
Fair value gains (losses), net | 27 | 20 |  | 2,521 |  | (1,322) |
Share of net earnings from equity accounted investments | 6 | 826 |  | 1,020 |  | (749) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 1,277 |  | 3,989 |  | (1,838) |
Income tax expense | 16 | 281 |  | 490 |  | 220 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 996 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | (2,058) |
Net income (loss) attributable to: |  |  |  |
Limited partners |  | $ | (47) |  | $ | 530 |  | $ | (1,098) |
General partner |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Non-controlling interests attributable to: |  |  |  |
Redeemable/exchangeable and special limited partnership units |  | (85) |  | 716 |  | (1,119) |
Limited partnership units of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP |  | — |  | 2 |  | (7) |
FV LTIP units of the Operating Partnership |  | — |  | 3 |  | (4) |
Class A shares of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC |  | — |  | 25 |  | (130) |
Interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties |  | 1,128 |  | 2,223 |  | 300 |
Total |  | $ | 996 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | (2,058) |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
.
F-6

Brookfield Property Partners L.P.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | Note | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 996 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | (2,058) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 28 |  |  |
Items that may be reclassified to net income: |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  | (505) |  | (277) |  | 737 |
Cash flow hedges |  | 49 |  | 95 |  | 116 |
Equity accounted investments |  | 128 |  | 54 |  | (58) |
Items that will not be reclassified to net income: |  |  |  |
Securities - fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”) |  | (26) |  | (33) |  | 17 |
Share of revaluation surplus on equity accounted investments |  | 113 |  | 354 |  | (206) |
Remeasurement of defined benefit obligations |  | 1 |  | — |  | (1) |
Revaluation surplus |  | 655 |  | 811 |  | (191) |
Total other comprehensive income |  | 415 |  | 1,004 |  | 414 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 1,411 |  | $ | 4,503 |  | $ | (1,644) |
Comprehensive income attributable to: |  |  |  |
Limited partners |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (47) |  | $ | 530 |  | $ | (1,098) |
Other comprehensive income |  | 8 |  | 116 |  | 211 |
|  | (39) |  | 646 |  | (887) |
General partner |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | — |  | — |  | — |
|  | — |  | — |  | — |
Non-controlling interests |  |  |  |
Redeemable/exchangeable and special limited partnership units |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  | (85) |  | 716 |  | (1,119) |
Other comprehensive income |  | 14 |  | 200 |  | 215 |
|  | (71) |  | 916 |  | (904) |
Limited partnership units of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | — |  | 2 |  | (7) |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |
|  | — |  | 2 |  | (6) |
FV LTIP units of the Operating Partnership |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | — |  | 3 |  | (4) |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |
|  | — |  | 4 |  | (3) |
Class A shares of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | — |  | 25 |  | (130) |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  | 1 |  | 25 |
|  | — |  | 26 |  | (105) |
Interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties |  |  |  |
Net income |  | 1,128 |  | 2,223 |  | 300 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 393 |  | 686 |  | (39) |
|  | 1,521 |  | 2,909 |  | 261 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 1,411 |  | $ | 4,503 |  | $ | (1,644) |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
- F-7 -

Brookfield Property Partners L.P.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

|  |  | Limited partners |  | General partner |  | Preferred Equity |  | Non-controlling interests |
(US$ Millions) |  |  |  |  | Capital | Retained earnings | Ownership changes | Accumulated other compre-hensive (loss) income | Limited partners equity |  | Capital | Retained earnings | Ownership changes | Accumulated other compre-hensive (loss) income | General partner equity |  | Total preferred equity |  | Redeemable/ exchangeable and special limited partnership units | Limited partnership units of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP | FV LTIP units of the Operating Partnership | Class A shares of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC | Interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties | Total equity
Balance as at Dec. 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,861 |  | $ | 457 |  | $ | 2,598 |  | $ | (111) |  | $ | 8,805 |  |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 15,736 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 55 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 19,706 |  | $ | 45,005 |
Net (loss) income |  |  |  |  | — |  | (47) |  | — |  | — |  | (47) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (85) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,128 |  | 996 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 8 |  | 8 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 393 |  | 415 |
Total comprehensive (loss) income |  |  |  |  | — |  | (47) |  | — |  | 8 |  | (39) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (71) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,521 |  | 1,411 |
Distributions |  |  |  |  | — |  | (419) |  | — |  | — |  | (419) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (748) |  | — |  | (2) |  | — |  | (3,755) |  | (4,924) |
Preferred distributions |  |  |  |  | — |  | (16) |  | — |  | — |  | (16) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (28) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (44) |
Issuances / repurchases of equity interests in operating subsidiaries |  |  |  |  | — |  | (42) |  | (78) |  | — |  | (120) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  | (207) |  | — |  | 4 |  | — |  | 612 |  | 289 |
Change in relative interests of non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | 6 |  | — |  | 6 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  | — |  | (12) |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Balance as at Dec. 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,861 |  | $ | (67) |  | $ | 2,526 |  | $ | (103) |  | $ | 8,217 |  |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 14,688 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 45 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 18,084 |  | $ | 41,737 |
Balance as at Dec. 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,562 |  | $ | 486 |  | $ | 3,010 |  | $ | (349) |  | $ | 11,709 |  |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 12,249 |  | $ | 73 |  | $ | 52 |  | $ | 1,050 |  | $ | 15,687 |  | $ | 41,523 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | — |  | 530 |  | — |  | — |  | 530 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 716 |  | 2 |  | 3 |  | 25 |  | 2,223 |  | 3,499 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 116 |  | 116 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 200 |  | — |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 686 |  | 1,004 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  | — |  | 530 |  | — |  | 116 |  | 646 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 916 |  | 2 |  | 4 |  | 26 |  | 2,909 |  | 4,503 |
Distributions |  |  |  |  | — |  | (358) |  | — |  | — |  | (358) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (504) |  | (1) |  | (2) |  | (13) |  | (3,295) |  | (4,173) |
Preferred distributions |  |  |  |  | — |  | (19) |  | — |  | — |  | (19) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |  | — |  | — |  | (1) |  | — |  | (44) |
Issuances / repurchases of equity interests in operating subsidiaries |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 17 |  | 4 |  | — |  | 23 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,630 |  | — |  | — |  | (30) |  | 2,065 |  | 3,688 |
Privatization of the Partnership |  |  |  |  | (2,872) |  | (199) |  | (483) |  | 100 |  | (3,454) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,502 |  | (71) |  | 3 |  | (811) |  | 2,340 |  | (491) |
Exchange of exchangeable units |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  | 1 |  | (1) |  | 2 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | (3) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1) |
Conversion of Class A shares of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC |  |  |  |  | 167 |  | — |  | 74 |  | — |  | 241 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (241) |  | — |  | — |
Change in relative interests of non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | (8) |  | 23 |  | 15 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |  | — |  | (2) |  | 20 |  | — |  | — |
Balance as at Dec. 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,861 |  | $ | 457 |  | $ | 2,598 |  | $ | (111) |  | $ | 8,805 |  |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 15,736 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 55 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 19,706 |  | $ | 45,005 |
Balance as at Dec. 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,257 |  | $ | 2,539 |  | $ | 1,960 |  | $ | (482) |  | $ | 13,274 |  |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 13,200 |  | $ | 87 |  | $ | 35 |  | $ | 1,930 |  | $ | 15,985 |  | $ | 44,935 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | — |  | (1,098) |  | — |  | — |  | (1,098) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,119) |  | (7) |  | (4) |  | (130) |  | 300 |  | (2,058) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 211 |  | 211 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 215 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 25 |  | (39) |  | 414 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  | — |  | (1,098) |  | — |  | 211 |  | (887) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (904) |  | (6) |  | (3) |  | (105) |  | 261 |  | (1,644) |
Distributions |  |  |  |  | — |  | (583) |  | — |  | — |  | (583) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (587) |  | (4) |  | (2) |  | (68) |  | (923) |  | (2,167) |
Preferred distributions |  |  |  |  | — |  | (20) |  | — |  | — |  | (20) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (20) |  | — |  | — |  | (2) |  | — |  | (42) |
Issuances / repurchases of equity interests in operating subsidiaries |  |  |  |  | (857) |  | (352) |  | 1,012 |  | (34) |  | (231) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 279 |  |  | 198 |  | — |  | 5 |  | (174) |  | 364 |  | 441 |
Exchange of exchangeable units |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 3 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | (4) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Conversion of Class A shares of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC |  |  |  |  | 160 |  | — |  | 177 |  | — |  | 337 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (337) |  | — |  | — |
Change in relative interests of non-controlling interests |  |  |  |  | — |  | — |  | (140) |  | (44) |  | (184) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 361 |  | — |  | 17 |  | (194) |  | — |  | — |
Balance as at Dec. 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,562 |  | $ | 486 |  | $ | 3,010 |  | $ | (349) |  | $ | 11,709 |  |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 12,249 |  | $ | 73 |  | $ | 52 |  | $ | 1,050 |  | $ | 15,687 |  | $ | 41,523 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
- F-8 -

Brookfield Property Partners L.P.Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | Note | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 996 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | (2,058) |
Share of equity accounted earnings, net of distributions |  | (563) |  | (848) |  | 1,367 |
Fair value (gains) losses, net | 27 | (20) |  | (2,521) |  | 1,322 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) | 16 | 118 |  | 356 |  | 162 |
Depreciation and amortization | 24, 25 | 287 |  | 308 |  | 319 |
Working capital and other |  | (871) |  | (188) |  | 220 |
|  | (53) |  | 606 |  | 1,332 |
Financing activities |  |  |  |
Debt obligations, issuance |  | 9,048 |  | 16,010 |  | 11,392 |
Debt obligations, repayments |  | (10,704) |  | (15,704) |  | (9,821) |
Capital securities, issued | 15 | 57 |  | 932 |  | — |
Capital securities, redeemed | 15 | (3) |  | (301) |  | (13) |
Preferred equity, issued |  | — |  | — |  | 278 |
Non-controlling interests, issued |  | 2,605 |  | 4,624 |  | 350 |
Non-controlling interests, purchased |  | (2,455) |  | (263) |  | (30) |
Settlement of deferred consideration |  | (5) |  | — |  | — |
Repayment of lease liabilities |  | (26) |  | (23) |  | (22) |
Limited partnership units, issued |  | — |  | — |  | 738 |
Issuances to redeemable/exchangeable and special limited partnership unitholders |  | — |  | 1,252 |  | 225 |
Exchange LP Units, repurchased |  | — |  | (18) |  | — |
Limited partnership units, repurchased |  | — |  | (2,660) |  | (935) |
Class A shares of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC, repurchased |  | — |  | (370) |  | (171) |
Redemption of FV LTIP units of the Operating Partnership |  | (5) |  | — |  | — |
Distributions to non-controlling interests in operating subsidiaries |  | (3,757) |  | (3,223) |  | (920) |
Preferred distributions |  | (44) |  | (44) |  | (42) |
Distributions to limited partnership unitholders |  | (419) |  | (358) |  | (583) |
Distributions to redeemable/exchangeable and special limited partnership unitholders |  | (748) |  | (504) |  | (587) |
Distributions to holders of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP units |  | — |  | (1) |  | (4) |
Distributions to holders of FV LTIP units of the Operating Partnership |  | (2) |  | (2) |  | (2) |
Distributions to holders of Class A shares of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC |  | — |  | (13) |  | (68) |
|  | (6,458) |  | (666) |  | (215) |
Investing activities |  |  |  |
Acquisitions |  |  |  |
Investment properties |  | (1,395) |  | (2,107) |  | (2,306) |
Property, plant and equipment |  | (207) |  | (156) |  | (169) |
Equity accounted investments |  | (91) |  | (688) |  | (522) |
Financial assets and other |  | (889) |  | (1,290) |  | (1,169) |
Cash acquired in business combinations |  | 70 |  | 35 |  | — |
Dispositions |  |  |  |
Investment properties |  | 1,861 |  | 2,431 |  | 2,252 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 58 |  | 373 |  | 29 |
Equity accounted investments |  | 972 |  | 796 |  | 124 |
Financial assets and other |  | 1,702 |  | 1,267 |  | 1,273 |
Disposition of subsidiaries |  | 5,689 |  | (203) |  | 522 |
Cash impact of deconsolidation and reclassification to assets held for sale |  | (73) |  | — |  | (32) |
Restricted cash and deposits |  | 114 |  | (276) |  | (101) |
|  | 7,811 |  | 182 |  | (99) |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents during the year |  | 1,300 |  | 122 |  | 1,018 |
Net change in cash classified within assets held for sale |  | 203 |  | — |  | — |
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents held in foreign currencies |  | (59) |  | (19) |  | 17 |
Balance, beginning of year |  | 2,576 |  | 2,473 |  | 1,438 |
Balance, end of year |  | $ | 4,020 |  | $ | 2,576 |  | $ | 2,473 |
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |  |
Cash paid for: |  |  |  |
Income taxes, net of refunds received |  | $ | 114 |  | $ | 67 |  | $ | 107 |
Interest (excluding dividends on capital securities) |  | $ | 2,450 |  | $ | 2,312 |  | $ | 2,276 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
- F-9 -

Brookfield Property Partners L.P.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF THE BUSINESS
Brookfield Property Partners L.P. (“BPY” or the “partnership”) was formed as a limited partnership under the laws of Bermuda, pursuant to a limited partnership agreement dated January 3, 2013, as amended and restated on August 8, 2013. BPY is a subsidiary of Brookfield Corporation, formerly known as Brookfield Asset Management Inc. (“BAM”) (“Brookfield Corporation,” “BN,” “The Corporation,”or the “parent company”) and is the primary entity through which the parent company and its affiliates own, operate, and invest in commercial and other income producing property on a global basis.
The partnership’s sole direct investment is a 36% managing general partnership units (“GP Units”) interest in Brookfield Property L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”). The GP Units provide the partnership with the power to direct the relevant activities of the Operating Partnership.
The partnership’s limited partnership units (“BPY Units” or “LP Units”) were delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) and the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) on July 26, 2021. See Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership for further information. The partnership’s 6.50% Preferred Units, Series 1, 6.375% Preferred Units, Series 2, 5.75% Preferred Units, Series 3, and Brookfield Property Preferred L.P.’s (“New LP”) 6.25% Preferred Units, Series 1 are traded on the Nasdaq under the symbols “BPYPP”, “BPYPO”, “BPYPN”, and “BPYPM” respectively. The New LP 6.25% Preferred Units, Series 1 are also traded on the TSX under the symbol “BPYP.PR.A”.
The registered head office and principal place of business of the partnership is 73 Front Street, 5th Floor, Hamilton HM 12, Bermuda.
NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
a)Statement of compliance
These consolidated financial statements of the partnership and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
The consolidated financial statements were approved and authorized for issue by the Board of Directors of the partnership on February 24, 2023.
b)Basis of presentation
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and are presented in United States (“U.S.”) Dollars rounded to the nearest million unless otherwise indicated.
(i)Subsidiaries
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the partnership and its subsidiaries over which the partnership has control. Control exists when the partnership has power over its investee, has exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amount of its returns. The partnership considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether or not the partnership’s interests in the investee are sufficient to give it power over the investee.
Consolidation of a subsidiary begins on the date on which the partnership obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the partnership loses control over the subsidiary. Income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during a reporting period are consolidated only for the period when the partnership has control over the subsidiary. Changes in the partnership’s ownership interests in subsidiaries that do not result in loss of control over the subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions whereby the difference between the amount by which the non-controlling interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received, are recognized directly in equity and attributed to owners of the partnership.
All accounts and transactions among the partnership and its subsidiaries are eliminated on consolidation. In cases where a subsidiary reports under a different accounting policy, adjustments are made to the financial statements of the subsidiary to present its financial position and financial performance in accordance with the partnership’s accounting policy.
Net income and each component of other comprehensive income are attributed to owners of the partnership and to non-controlling interests. During the third quarter of 2021, Brookfield Corporation acquired all LP Units and limited partnership units of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP (“Exchange LP”) Units that it did not previously own (“Privatization”), in
- F-10 -

exchange for cash consideration, BN class A limited voting shares (“BN shares”) and BPY preferred units (“New LP Preferred Units”). See Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership for further discussion.
Non-controlling interests in the partnership’s operating subsidiaries and properties, redeemable/exchangeable partnership units of the Operating Partnership (“Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units” or “REUs”), special limited partnership units of the Operating Partnership (“Special LP Units”) and FV LTIP units of the Operating Partnership (“FV LTIP Units”) are presented separately in equity on the consolidated balance sheets. No Exchange LP Units or Class A stock of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC (“BPYU Units”) are held by public holders following the Privatization. The Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units have the same economic attributes as LP Units and prior to the Privatization, Exchange LP Units and BPYU Units had the same economic attributes as LP Units. Accordingly, the net income and components of other comprehensive income allocated to these units are equivalent to that allocated to the LP Units (on a per unit basis).
Net income and the components of comprehensive income of the partnership’s operating subsidiaries and properties are generally allocated between the partnership and non-controlling equity holders based on the relative proportion of equity interests. Certain of the partnership’s subsidiaries are subject to profit sharing arrangements with affiliated entities who hold non-controlling interests that result in allocation of income on an other than proportionate basis if specified targets are met. In these circumstances, net income is allocated between the partnership and non-controlling interests based on proportionate equity interest until the attribution of profits under the agreement is no longer subject to adjustment based on future events. In the period that allocation of the subsidiary’s cumulative earnings under the profit-sharing arrangement is no longer subject to adjustment, it is recognized as a fair value loss attributable to unitholders for the period.
(ii)Associates and joint ventures
An associate is an entity over which the partnership has significant influence. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee. The partnership is presumed to have significant influence when it holds 20 percent or more of the voting rights of an investee, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is not the case. The partnership does not control its associates.
A joint arrangement is an arrangement in which two or more parties have joint control. Joint control is the contractually agreed upon sharing of control where decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control. A joint venture is a joint arrangement where the parties that have joint control have rights to the net assets of the arrangement. None of the parties involved have unilateral control of a joint venture.
The partnership accounts for its interests in associates and joint ventures using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, investment balances in an associate or joint venture are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at initial cost as adjusted for the partnership’s proportionate share of profit or loss and other comprehensive income of the joint venture or associate. When an interest in an associate or joint venture is initially acquired or increases, the partnership determines its share of the net fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of the investee that it has acquired, consistent with the procedure performed when acquiring control of a business. Goodwill relating to an associate or joint venture, represented as an excess of the cost of the investment over the net fair value of the partnership’s share of the net fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities, is included in the carrying amount of the investment. Any excess of the partnership’s share of the net fair value of the associate’s or joint venture’s identifiable assets and liabilities over the cost of the investment results in a gain that is included in the partnership’s share of the associate or joint venture’s profit or loss in the period in which the investment is acquired or increases.
The partnership determines at the end of each reporting period whether there exist any indications that an investment may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the partnership estimates the recoverable amount of the asset, which is the higher of (i) fair value less costs to sell and (ii) value in use. Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from such an investment and may result in a measure which is different from fair value less costs to sell. For equity accounted investments, for which quoted market prices exist, the partnership also considers whether a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the equity instrument below its carrying value is also objective evidence of impairment.
When the partnership transacts with a joint venture or an associate, any gain or loss is eliminated only to the extent of the partnership’s proportionate share and the remaining amounts are recognized in the partnership’s consolidated financial statements. Outstanding balances between the partnership and jointly controlled entities are not eliminated on the balance sheet.
- F-11 -

(iii)Joint operations
A joint operation is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to assets and obligations for liabilities relating to the arrangement. This usually results from direct interests in the assets and liabilities of an investee rather than through the establishment of a separate legal entity. None of the parties involved have unilateral control of a joint operation. The partnership recognizes its assets, its liabilities and its share of revenues and expenses of the joint operations in accordance with the IFRS applicable to the particular assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.
When the partnership sells or contributes assets to a joint operation in which it is a joint operator, the partnership is considered to be conducting transactions with the other parties to the joint operation, and any gain or loss resulting from the transactions is recognized in the partnership’s consolidated financial statements only to the extent of the other parties’ interests in the joint operation. When the partnership purchases an asset from a joint operation in which it is a joint operator, the partnership does not recognize its share of the gain or loss until those assets are resold to a third party.
c)Foreign currency translation and transactions
The U.S. Dollar is the functional currency and presentation currency of the partnership. The functional currency of each of the partnership’s subsidiaries, associates, joint ventures and joint operations is determined based on their primary economic environment, the currency in which funds from financing activities are generated and the currency in which receipts from operating activities are usually retained.
Subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures having a functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar translate the carrying amounts of their assets and liabilities when reporting to the partnership at the rate of exchange prevailing as of the balance sheet date, and their revenues and expenses at average exchange rates during the quarterly reporting period. Any gains or losses on foreign currency translation are recognized by the partnership in other comprehensive income. On disposition or partial disposition resulting in the loss of control of a foreign operation, the accumulated foreign currency translation relating to that foreign operation is reclassified to fair value gain or loss in net income. On partial disposal of a foreign operation in which control is retained, the proportionate share of the accumulated foreign currency translation relating to that foreign operation is reattributed to the non-controlling interests.
The partnership’s foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using exchange rates as of the date of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are translated to the functional currency using the exchange rate prevailing as of the balance sheet date with any gain or loss recognized in net income, except for those related to monetary liabilities qualified as hedges of the partnership’s investment in foreign operations or intercompany loans with foreign operations for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future, which are included in other comprehensive income. Non-monetary assets and liabilities measured at fair value are translated at the exchange rate prevailing as of the date when the fair value was determined. Foreign currency denominated non-monetary assets and liabilities, measured at historic cost, are translated at the rate of exchange at the transaction date.
d)Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand and all non-restricted highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.
e)Investment properties
Investment properties consists of commercial properties which are principally held to earn rental income and commercial developments that are being constructed or developed for future use as commercial properties. Investment properties are measured initially at cost, or fair value if acquired in a business combination (see Note 2(p), Business Combinations, for further discussion). The cost of commercial development properties includes direct development costs, realty taxes, borrowing costs directly attributable to the development and administrative costs, e.g., salaries and overhead that are specifically attributable to a development project. The partnership elects the fair value model for all investment properties and measures them at fair value subsequent to initial recognition on the consolidated balance sheet. As a result, it is not necessary to assess the carrying amounts of the investment properties for impairment.
Substantially all of the partnership’s investment properties are valued using one of two accepted income approaches, the discounted cash flow approach or the direct capitalization approach. Under the discounted cash flow approach, cash flows for each property are forecast for an assumed holding period, generally, ten years. A capitalization rate is applied to the terminal year net operating income and an appropriate discount rate is applied to those cash flows to determine a value at the reporting date. Under the direct capitalization method, a capitalization rate is applied to estimated stabilized annual net operating income to determine value. In accordance with its policy, the partnership generally measures and records its commercial properties and developments using valuations prepared by management. However, for certain subsidiaries, the partnership relies on quarterly or annual valuations prepared by external valuation professionals. Where an external appraisal is obtained for a property that is
- F-12 -

valued using a model developed by management, the partnership compares the results of those external appraisals to its internally prepared values and reconciles significant differences when they arise. Discount and terminal capitalization rates are verified by comparing to market data, third party reports, research material and brokers opinions. Where there has been a recent market transaction for a specific property, such as an acquisition or sale of a partial interest, the partnership values the property on that basis. Certain of the partnership’s investment properties are right-of-use assets arising from leases where the partnership is the lessee, which are subsequently measured at fair value (see Note 2(j), Leases, for further discussion).
Borrowing costs associated with direct expenditures on properties under development or redevelopment are capitalized. Borrowing costs are also capitalized on those properties acquired specifically for redevelopment in the short-term where activities necessary to prepare them for redevelopment are in progress. The amount of borrowing costs capitalized is determined first by borrowings specific to a property where relevant, and then by applying a weighted average borrowing cost to eligible expenditures after adjusting for borrowings specific to other developments. Where borrowings are associated with specific developments, the amount capitalized is the gross borrowing costs incurred less any incidental investment income. Borrowing costs are capitalized from the commencement of the development until the date of practical completion. The capitalization of borrowing costs is suspended if there are prolonged periods when development activity is interrupted. The partnership considers practical completion to have occurred when the property is capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Generally this occurs upon completion of construction and receipt of all necessary occupancy and other material permits. Where the partnership has pre-leased space as of or prior to the start of the development and the lease requires the partnership to construct tenant improvements which enhance the value of the property, practical completion is considered to occur on completion of such improvements.
Initial direct leasing costs incurred by the partnership in negotiating and arranging tenant leases are included in the cost of investment properties.
f)Assets held for sale
Non-current assets and groups of assets and liabilities which comprise disposal groups are presented as assets held for sale where the asset or disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition, and the sale is highly probable. For this purpose, a sale is highly probable if management is committed to a plan to achieve the sale; there is an active program to find a buyer; the non-current asset or disposal group is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value; the sale is anticipated to be completed within one year from the date of classification; and it is unlikely there will be significant changes to the plan or that the plan will be withdrawn. Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale that are not investment properties are recorded at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell on the consolidated balance sheet. Any gain or loss arising from the change in measurement basis as a result of reclassification is recognized in the profit or loss at the time of reclassification. Investment properties that are held for sale are recorded at fair value determined in accordance with IFRS 13, Fair Value Measurement.
Where a component of an entity has been disposed of, or is classified as held for sale, and it represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations or is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale, the related results of operations and gain or loss on reclassification or disposition are presented in discontinued operations.
g)Hospitality assets
The partnership accounts for its investments in hospitality properties as property, plant and equipment under the revaluation model. Hospitality properties are recognized initially at cost if acquired in an asset acquisition, or fair value if acquired in a business combination (see Note 2(p), Business Combinations, for further discussion) and subsequently carried at fair value at the revaluation date less any accumulated impairment and subsequent accumulated depreciation. The partnership evaluates the carrying amount of hospitality properties when events or circumstances indicate there may be an impairment. The partnership depreciates these assets on a straight-line basis over their relevant estimated useful lives. Fair values of hospitality properties are determined using a depreciated replacement cost method based on the age, physical condition and the construction costs of the assets. Fair value estimates for hospitality properties represent the estimated fair value of the property, plant and equipment of the hospitality business only and do not include any associated intangible assets.
Revaluations of hospitality properties are performed annually at December 31, the end of the fiscal year. Where the carrying amount of an asset is increased as a result of a revaluation, the increase is recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity within revaluation surplus, unless the increase reverses a previously recognized revaluation loss recorded through prior period net income, in which case that portion of the increase is recognized in net income. Where the carrying amount of an asset is decreased, the decrease is recognized in other comprehensive income to the extent of any balance existing in revaluation surplus in respect of the asset, with the remainder recognized in net income. Revaluation gains are recognized in other comprehensive income, and are not subsequently recycled into profit or loss. The cumulative revaluation surplus is transferred directly to retained earnings when the asset is derecognized.Certain of the partnership’s hospitality assets are right-
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of-use assets arising from leases where the partnership is the lessee, which are subsequently measured on a depreciated cost basis since they represent a separate class of property, plant and equipment to the partnership’s owned hospitality assets (see Note 2(j), Leases, for further discussion).
h)Inventory
Develop-for-sale multifamily projects, residential development lots, homes and residential condominium projects are recorded in inventory. Residential development lots are recorded at the lower of cost, including pre-development expenditures and capitalized borrowing costs, and net realizable value, which the partnership determines as the estimated selling price of the inventory in the ordinary course of business in its completed state, less estimated expenses, including holding costs, costs to complete and costs to sell. Certain of the partnership’s inventory are right-of-use assets arising from leases where the partnership is the lessee, which are subsequently measured at cost subject to impairment (see Note 2(j), Leases, for further discussion).
i)Fair value measurement
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the partnership takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability and how market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.
Inputs to fair value measurement techniques are disaggregated into three hierarchical levels, which are directly based on the degree to which inputs to fair value measurement techniques are observable by market participants:
•Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.
•Level 2 – Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the asset’s or liability’s anticipated life.
•Level 3 – Inputs are unobservable and reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs in determining the estimate.
Fair value measurements are adopted by the partnership to calculate the carrying amounts of various assets and liabilities.
j)Leases
The partnership determines at the inception of a contract if the arrangement is, or contains, a lease. A lease conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Lease components and non-lease components are separated on a relative stand-alone selling price basis for the partnership’s leases as lessor. For the partnership’s leases as lessee, the partnership applies the practical expedient which is available by asset class not to allocate contract consideration between lease and non-lease components. The partnership determines whether a contract contains a lease on the basis of whether the customer has the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
The partnership recognizes a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a corresponding lease liability with respect to all lease agreements in which it is the lessee, except for leases with a lease term of 12 months or less (“short-term leases”) and leases of low value assets (“low-value leases”). For these leases, the partnership recognizes the lease payments as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the rate implicit in the lease if that rate can be readily determined. If the rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined, the partnership uses the incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value to the ROU asset in a similar economic environment. This rate is expected to be similar to the interest rate implicit in the lease. Where a lease contains a parental guarantee, the incremental borrowing rate may be determined with reference to the parent rather than the lessee. The partnership uses a single discount rate to account for portfolios of leases with similar characteristics. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability is comprised of i) fixed lease payments, less any lease incentives; ii) variable lease payments that depend on an index or rate, initially measured using the index or rate at the commencement date; iii) the amount expected to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees; iv) the exercise price of purchase options, if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise the options; and v) payments of
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penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the exercise of an option to terminate the lease. Lease liabilities are presented in Accounts payable and other liabilities (current) and Other non-current liabilities (non-current) on the consolidated balance sheets. Lease liabilities are subsequently measured under the effective interest method that is increased by the interest expense on the lease liabilities recognized on the consolidated statements of income and reduced by lease payments made that are recognized in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Lease payments not included in the measurement of lease liabilities continue to be recognized in the direct commercial property expense, direct hospitality expense or general and administrative expense lines on the consolidated statements of income.
A ROU asset comprises the initial measurement of the corresponding lease liability, lease payments made at or before the commencement day and any initial direct costs. ROU assets classified as investment properties are subsequently measured at fair value. ROU assets classified as property, plant and equipment are subsequently measured on a depreciated cost basis over the lease term. If such a lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset or the cost of the ROU asset reflects that the partnership expects to exercise a purchase option, the related ROU asset is depreciated over the useful life of the underlying asset. The depreciation starts at the commencement date of the lease. ROU assets classified as inventory are subsequently carried at cost subject to impairment. ROU assets are presented in the respective lines based on their classification on the consolidated balance sheets. Whenever the partnership incurs an obligation for costs to dismantle and remove a leased asset, restore the site on which it is located or restore the underlying asset to the condition required by the terms and conditions of the lease, a provision is recognized and measured under IAS 37 - Provision, Contingent Liabilities, and Contingent Assets. The costs are included in the related ROU asset.
The partnership remeasures lease liabilities and makes a corresponding adjustment to the related ROU assets when i) the lease term has changed or there is a change in the assessment of exercise of a purchase option, in which case the lease liability is remeasured by discounting the revised lease payments using a revised discount rate; ii) the lease payments have changed due to changes in an index or rate or a change in expected payment under a guaranteed residual value, in which cases the lease liability is remeasured by discounting the revised lease payments using the initial discount rate (unless the lease payments change is due to a change in a floating interest rate, in which case a revised discount rate is used); or iii) a lease contract is modified and the lease modification is not accounted for as a separate lease, in which case the lease liability is remeasured by discounting the revised lease payments using a revised discount rate.
The partnership early adopted COVID-19 Related Rent Concessions, Amendment to IFRS 16 - Leases (“2020 IFRS 16 Amendment”) as of April 1, 2020. The 2020 IFRS 16 Amendment provides the partnership as lessee only with an optional exemption from assessing whether rent concessions related to COVID-19 meeting certain conditions are lease modifications. Such qualifying rent concessions are accounted for as if they are not lease modifications, generally resulting in the effects of rent abatements being recognized as variable lease payments. The partnership has applied the practical expedient to all such qualifying rent concessions. The adoption of the 2020 IFRS 16 Amendment did not have a material impact on the results of the partnership.
The partnership adopted COVID-19 Related Rent Concessions beyond June 30 2021, Amendment to IFRS 16 – Leases (“2021 IFRS 16 Amendment”) as of January 1, 2021 in advance of its April 1, 2021 mandatory effective date. The 2021 IFRS 16 Amendment provides the partnership as lessee only with an extension to the scope of the exemption from assessing whether rent concessions related to COVID-19 meeting certain conditions are lease modifications. Such qualifying rent concessions are accounted for as if they are not lease modifications, generally resulting in the effects of rent abatements being recognized as variable lease payments. The partnership has applied the practical expedient to all such qualifying rent concessions. The adoption of the 2021 IFRS 16 Amendment did not have a material impact on the results of the partnership.
k)Intangible assets
Intangible assets acquired in a business combination and recognized separately from goodwill are initially recognized at fair value at the acquisition date. The partnership’s intangible assets are comprised primarily of trademarks and licensing agreements.
Subsequent to initial recognition, intangible assets with a finite life are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the intangible asset and is recognized in net income for the respective reporting period. Intangible assets with an indefinite life are measured at cost as adjusted for subsequent impairment. Impairment tests for intangible assets with an indefinite life are performed annually. Impairment losses previously taken may be subsequently reversed in net income of future reporting periods.
l)Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the acquisition price paid for a business combination over the fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired. Upon initial recognition, goodwill is allocated to the cash-generating unit
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to which it relates. The partnership identifies a cash-generating unit as the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or group of assets.
The partnership evaluates the carrying amount of goodwill annually as of December 31 or more often when events or circumstances indicate there may be an impairment. The partnership’s goodwill impairment test is performed at the cash-generating unit level. If assets within a cash-generating unit or the cash-generating unit are impaired, impairments are taken for those assets or the cash-generating unit before any goodwill impairment test is performed. In assessing whether goodwill is impaired, the partnership assesses if the carrying value of a cash-generating unit, including the allocated goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount determined as the greater of the estimated fair value less costs to sell and the present value of future cash flows expected from the cash-generating unit. Impairment losses recognized first reduce the carrying value of goodwill and any excess is allocated to the carrying amount of assets in the cash-generating unit. Any goodwill impairment is charged to net income in the respective reporting period. Impairment losses on goodwill are not subsequently reversed.
On disposal of a subsidiary, any attributable amount of goodwill is included in determination of the gain or loss on disposal.
m)Financial instruments and hedge accounting
(i)Classification and measurement
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized in the partnership’s balance sheet when the partnership becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized immediately in profit or loss.
All recognized financial assets are measured subsequently in their entirety at either amortized cost or fair value, depending on the classification of the financial assets.
Debt instruments are subsequently measured at amortized cost where the financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Debt instruments are measured subsequently at fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”) where the financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling the financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. By default, all other financial assets are measured subsequently at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”). Despite the foregoing, the partnership may make an irrevocable election/designation at initial recognition of a financial asset to present subsequent changes in fair value of an equity investment in other comprehensive income or to designate a debt investment that meets the amortized cost or FVTOCI criteria as measured at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch.
Debt and equity instruments issued by the partnership are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument. Equity instruments issued by the partnership that meet the definition of a financial liability are presented within capital securities on the partnership’s consolidated balance sheets.
All financial liabilities are measured subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest method or at FVTPL. Financial liabilities are measured at FVTPL when they are (i) contingent consideration of an acquirer in a business combination, (ii) held‑for‑trading, or (iii) designated as at FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as held for trading if it has been acquired principally for the purpose of repurchasing it in the near term, or on initial recognition it is part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that is managed together and has a recent actual pattern of short‑term profit‑taking or it is a derivative, except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument. A financial liability other than a financial liability held for trading or contingent consideration of an acquirer in a business combination may be designated as at FVTPL in limited circumstances specified in IFRS 9. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss to the extent that they are not part of a designated hedging relationship.
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The following table presents the types of financial instruments held by the partnership within each financial instrument classification:

|  | Classification and measurement basis
Financial assets |  |  |
Loans and notes receivable |  |  | Amortized cost
Other non-current assets |  |  |
Securities designated as fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”) |  |  | FVTPL
Derivative assets |  |  | FVTPL
Securities designated as fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”) |  |  | FVTOCI
Restricted cash |  |  | Amortized cost
Accounts receivable and other |  |  |
Derivative assets |  |  | FVTPL
Other receivables |  |  | Amortized cost
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | Amortized cost
Financial liabilities |  |  |
Debt obligations |  |  | Amortized cost
Capital securities |  |  | Amortized cost
Capital securities - fund subsidiaries |  |  | FVTPL
Other non-current liabilities |  |  |
Loan payable |  |  | FVTPL
Other non-current financial liabilities |  |  | Amortized cost
Derivative liabilities |  |  | FVTPL
Accounts payable and other liabilities |  |  | Amortized cost

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts or payments (including transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) excluding expected credit losses, through the expected life of the instrument to the gross carrying amount of the debt instrument on initial recognition. Amortized cost is the amount at which the financial instrument is measured at initial recognition minus the principal repayments, plus the cumulative amortization using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount and the maturity amount, adjusted for any loss allowance (in the case of financial assets).
Financial instruments carried at fair value give rise to fair value gains or losses in each reporting period. Fair values of those financial instruments are determined by reference to quoted bid or ask prices or prices within the bid ask spread, as appropriate, and when unavailable, to the closing price of the most recent transaction of that instrument. Fair values of certain financial instruments also incorporate significant use of unobservable inputs which reflect the partnership’s market assumptions. Fair value gains and losses on FVTOCI financial assets are recognized in other comprehensive income. Fair value gains and losses on financial instruments designated as FVTPL are recognized in fair value gains, net.
(ii)Impairment of financial instruments
The partnership recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses (“ECL”) on debt instruments that are measured at amortized cost or at FVTOCI and other receivables. The amount of expected credit losses is updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition of the respective financial instrument. For debt instruments, the partnership recognizes lifetime ECL when there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If the credit risk on the financial instrument has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the loss allowance for that financial instrument is measured at an amount equal to 12‑month ECL. Lifetime ECL represents the expected credit losses that will result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. In contrast, 12‑month ECL represents the portion of lifetime ECL that is expected to result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date. The partnership always recognizes lifetime ECL for other receivables. Any related loss allowances are recorded through profit or loss. Refer to Note 12, Accounts Receivable And Other for detail on the current year loss allowance.
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(iii)Derivatives and hedging
The partnership enters into a variety of derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange rate risks, including foreign exchange forward contracts, options, interest rate swaps and interest rate caps. Derivatives are recognized initially at fair value at the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at each reporting date. The resulting gain or loss is recognized in net income immediately unless the derivative is designated and effective as a hedging instrument, in which event the timing of the recognition in profit or loss depends on the nature of the hedge relationship.
The partnership designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments in respect of foreign currency risk and interest rate risk in cash flow hedges, fair value hedges, or hedges of net investments in foreign operations. The partnership also applies hedge accounting to certain non-derivative financial instruments designated as hedges of net investments in foreign subsidiaries. Hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively when the hedge relationship is terminated or no longer qualifies as a hedge, or when the hedging item is sold or terminated.
In a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income while the ineffective portion is recognized in fair value gains, net. Hedging gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to net income in the periods when the hedged item affects net income, or recognized as part of the transaction price when the hedged transaction occurs. The partnership discontinues hedge accounting only when the hedging relationship (or a part thereof) ceases to meet the qualifying criteria. This includes instances when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised. The discontinuation is accounted for prospectively. Any gain or loss recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve at that time remains in equity and is reclassified to profit or loss when the forecast transaction occurs. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the gain or loss accumulated in cash flow hedge reserve is reclassified immediately to net income.
In a fair value hedge relationship, the fair value change on a qualifying hedging instrument is recognized in profit or loss except when the hedging instrument hedges an equity instrument designated at FVTOCI in which case it is recognized in other comprehensive income. The carrying amount of a hedged item not already measured at fair value is adjusted for the fair value change attributable to the hedged risk with a corresponding entry in profit or loss. Where hedging gains or losses are recognized in profit or loss, they are recognized in the same line as the hedged item. The partnership discontinues hedge accounting only when the hedging relationship (or a part thereof) ceases to meet the qualifying criteria. This includes instances when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised. The discontinuation is accounted for prospectively. The fair value adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item arising from the hedged risk is amortized to profit or loss from that date.
In a net investment hedging relationship, the effective portion of the fair value of the hedging instruments is recognized in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognized in net income. The amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to net income, together with the related cumulative translation gain or loss, when there is a disposition or partial disposition that results in the loss of control of foreign operations or the derivatives are not part of any other hedge relationships.
In assessing whether a hedge relationship impacted by Interest Rate Benchmark Reform (“IBOR Reform”) is expected to be highly effective on a forward-looking basis, the partnership assumes the interest rate benchmark on which the cash flows of the derivative which hedges borrowings is not altered by IBOR Reform. These reliefs cease to apply to a hedged item or hedging instrument as applicable at the earlier of (i) when the uncertainty arising from IBOR Reform is no longer present with respect to the timing and amount of the interest rate benchmark based future cash flows, and (ii) when the hedging relationship is discontinued.
The partnership adopted Interest Rate Benchmark Reform-Phase 2, Amendments to IFRS 9, IAS 39, IFRS 7, IFRS 4, and IFRS 16, issued by the IASB in August 2020, (“Phase 2 IBOR Amendments”) as of January 1, 2021, its mandatory effective date. The Phase 2 IBOR Amendments provide additional guidance to address issues that will arise during the transition of benchmark interest rates. The Phase 2 IBOR Amendments primarily relate to the modification of financial instruments where the basis for determining the contractual cash flows changes as a result of IBOR Reform, allowing for prospective application of the applicable benchmark interest rate, and to the application of hedge accounting, providing an exception such that changes in the formal designation and documentation of hedge accounting relationships that are needed to reflect the changes required by IBOR reform do not result in the discontinuation of hedge accounting or the designation of new hedging relationships.
It is currently expected that Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) will replace US$ LIBOR effective June 30, 2023 for those tenors used by the partnership, but effective December 31, 2021 for certain tenors not used by the partnership, and that Canadian Overnight Rep Rate Average (“CORRA”) will replace CDOR effective June 30, 2024. The partnership is progressing
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through its transition plan to address the impact and effect required changes as a result of amendments to the contractual terms of US$ LIBOR and CDOR referenced floating-rate borrowings, interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, and to update hedge designations. The adoption is not expected to have a significant impact on the partnership’s financial reporting.
Sterling Overnight Index Average (“SONIA”) replaced £ LIBOR effective December 31, 2021, and Euro Short-term Rate was published as an alternative to EURIBOR during 2021, though EURIBOR remains available for Euro lending. The partnership has addressed the impact and effected the changes required as a result of amendments to the contractual terms of £ LIBOR referenced floating-rate borrowings, interest rate swaps, interest rate caps, and to update hedge designations. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the partnership’s financial reporting.
Note 31, Financial Instruments provides details of the hedging instruments and hedged exposures to which the IBOR Amendments are applied.
n)Income taxes
The partnership is a flow-through entity for tax purposes and as such is not subject to Bermudian taxation. However, income tax expenses are recognized for taxes payable by holding entities and their direct or indirect corporate subsidiaries.
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be paid to tax authorities by the holding entities in respect of the partnership or directly by the partnership’s taxable subsidiaries, net of recoveries, based on the tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date.
Deferred income tax liabilities are provided for using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax basis used in the computation of taxable income and carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that deductions, tax credits and tax losses will be utilized. The carrying amounts of deferred income tax assets are reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent it is no longer probable that the income tax asset will be recovered. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability settled, based on the tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date.
o)Provisions
A provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount. Provisions are recognized when the partnership has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the partnership will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated. Provisions are not recognized for future operating losses. Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. Provisions are re-measured at each balance sheet date using the current discount rate. The increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognized as interest expense.
p)Business combinations
The partnership accounts for business combinations in which control is acquired under the acquisition method. When an acquisition is made, the partnership considers the inputs, processes and outputs of the acquiree in assessing whether it meets the definition of a business. When the acquired set of activities and assets lack a substantive process, the acquisition fails to meet the definition of a business and is accounted for as asset acquisition. The partnership uses the optional concentration test on a transaction by transaction basis, and where used, if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar assets, accounts for the acquisition as an asset acquisition. Assets acquired through asset acquisitions are initially measured at cost, which includes the transaction costs incurred for the acquisitions.
For business combinations, consideration is the aggregate of the fair values, at the date of exchange, of assets transferred, liabilities incurred by the partnership to the former owners, and equity instruments issued in exchange for control of the acquiree. Acquisitions-related costs are recognized in net income as incurred. At the acquisition date, the partnership recognizes the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair values, except for non-current assets classified as held-for-sale, which are recognized at fair value less costs to sell, and deferred tax assets or liabilities, which are measured in accordance with IAS 12, Income Taxes. The partnership also evaluates whether there are intangible assets acquired that have not previously been recognized by the acquiree and recognizes them as identifiable intangible assets.
For business combinations, non-controlling shareholders’ interests in the acquiree are initially measured at either fair value or their proportionate share of acquiree’s identifiable assets if the non-controlling interest represents a present ownership interest
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that entitles its holder to a proportionate share of the acquiree’s net assets. Other components of non-controlling interests in acquirees are recognized at fair value.
Goodwill for a business combination is measured as the excess of the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non‑controlling interests in the acquiree, and the fair value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree (if any) over the acquisition date values of the net assets acquired. If, after reassessment, the value of the net assets acquired exceeds the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non‑controlling interests in the acquiree and the fair value of the acquirer’s previously held interest in the acquiree (if any), the excess is recognized immediately in net income as a bargain purchase gain.
Where a business combination is achieved in stages, previously held interests in the acquired entity are re-measured to fair value at the acquisition date, which is the date control is obtained, and the resulting gain or loss (if any), is recognized in net income. Amounts arising from interests in the acquiree prior to the acquisition date that have previously been recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to net income. Changes in the partnership’s ownership interest of an investee that do not result in a change of control are accounted for as equity transactions and are recorded as a component of equity. Acquisition costs are recorded as an expense in the reporting period as incurred.
Measurement period adjustments for business combinations are adjustments that arise from additional information obtained during the ‘measurement period’ (which cannot exceed one year from the acquisition date) about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date. If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the business combination occurs, the partnership reports provisional amounts for items for where the accounting is incomplete. Those provisional amounts are adjusted during the measurement period, or additional assets or liabilities are recognized, to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognized as of that date.
q)Revenue recognition
The partnership recognizes revenue from the following major sources:
(i)Commercial property revenue
Revenue from investment properties is presented within commercial property revenue on the consolidated statements of income. The partnership has retained substantially all of the risks and benefits of ownership of its investment properties and therefore accounts for leases with its tenants as operating leases. Revenue recognition under a lease commences when the tenant has a right to use the leased asset. Generally, this occurs on the lease commencement date or, where the partnership is required to make additions to the property in the form of tenant improvements to enhance the value of the property, upon substantial completion of those improvements. The total amount of contractual rents expected from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, including contractual base rent and subsequent rent increases as a result of rent escalation clauses. A rent receivable, included within the carrying amount of investment properties, is used to record the difference between the rental revenue recorded and the contractual amount received.
Rental receivables and related revenue also includes percentage participating rents and recoveries of operating expenses. However, recoveries of operating expenses related to property taxes and insurance are deemed as other rental revenue. Percentage participating rents are recognized when tenants’ specified sales targets have been met. Operating expense recoveries classified as rental income or non-rental income are recognized in the period that recoverable costs are chargeable to tenants. Where a tenant is legally responsible for operating expenses and pays them directly in accordance with the terms of the lease, the partnership does not recognize the expenses or any related recovery revenue.
Under IFRS 16, where the partnership is the intermediate lessor, it accounts for the head lease and the sublease as two separate contracts, classifying the sublease as a finance or operating lease with reference to the right-of-use asset arising from the head lease.
(ii)Hospitality revenue
Revenue from hospitality properties is presented within hospitality revenue on the consolidated statements of income. Room, food and beverage and other revenues are recognized as services are provided. The partnership recognizes room revenue net of taxes and levies. Advance deposits are deferred and included as a liability until services are provided to the customer. The partnership recognizes net wins from casino gaming activities (the difference between gaming wins and losses) as gaming revenue. The partnership recognizes liabilities for funds deposited by patrons before gaming play occurs and for chips in the patrons’ possession, both of which are included in accounts payable and other liabilities. Revenue and expenses from tour operations include the sale of travel and leisure packages and are recognized on the first day the travel package is in use.
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(iii)Performance and management fee revenue
Fee revenue is presented on the consolidated statements of income within investment and other revenue. Fee revenue is recognized when services are provided and the amount can be estimated reliably.
r)Unit-based compensation
Prior to the Privatization, the partnership and its subsidiaries issued unit-based awards to certain employees and non-employee directors of certain subsidiaries. The cost of cash-settled unit-based transactions, comprised of unit options, deferred share units and restricted share units, is measured as the fair value at the grant date and expensed on a proportionate basis over the vesting period. The corresponding accrued liability is measured at each reporting date at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The cost of equity-settled unit-based transactions, comprised of unit options and restricted units, is determined as the fair value of the award on the grant date. The cost of equity-settled unit-based transactions is recognized as each tranche vests and is recorded within equity.
s)Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units
The Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units may, at the request of the holder, be redeemed in whole or in part, for cash in an amount equal to the market value of one of the partnership’s LP Units multiplied by the number of units to be redeemed (subject to certain adjustments). This right is subject to the partnership’s right, at its sole discretion, to elect to acquire any unit presented for redemption in exchange for one of the partnership’s LP Units (subject to certain customary adjustments). If the partnership elects not to exchange the Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units for LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units are required to be redeemed for cash. The Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units provide the holder the direct economic benefits and exposures to the underlying performance of the Operating Partnership and accordingly to the variability of the distributions of the Operating Partnership, whereas the partnership’s unitholders have indirect access to the economic benefits and exposures of the Operating Partnership through direct ownership interest in the partnership which owned a direct interest in the managing general partnership interest. Accordingly, the Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units have been presented within non-controlling interests on the consolidated balance sheets. The Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units do not entail a contractual obligation on the part of the partnership to deliver cash and can be settled by the partnership, at its sole discretion, by issuing a fixed number of its own equity instruments.
t)BPYU Units
Prior to the Privatization, BPYU Units were, at the request of the holder, able to be redeemed in whole or in part, for cash in an amount equal to the market value of one of the partnership’s LP Units multiplied by the number of units to be redeemed (subject to certain adjustments). This right was subject to the partnership’s right, at its sole discretion, to satisfy the redemption request with its LP Units, rather than cash, on a one-for-one basis. The BPYU Units provided the holder with direct economic benefits and exposures to Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC (“BPYU”) and accordingly to the variability of the distributions of BPYU. Accordingly, the BPYU Units were presented within non-controlling interests on the consolidated balance sheets. The BPYU Units did not entail a contractual obligation on the part of the partnership to deliver cash and could be settled by the partnership, at its sole discretion, by issuing a fixed number of its own equity instruments. As a result of the Privatization detailed in Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership, the terms of the BPYU Units were subsequently amended to, among other things, remove the entitlement to be exchanged for LP Units.
u)Earnings per limited partnership unit
Subsequent to the Privatization, there are no longer publicly traded LP Units. As such, earnings per limited partnership unit is no longer presented.
v)Critical judgments and estimates in applying accounting policies
The preparation of the partnership’s consolidated financial statements requires management to make critical judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources, during the reporting period. These estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Critical judgments and estimates made by management and utilized in the normal course of preparing the partnership’s consolidated financial statements are outlined below.
(i)Control
In determining whether the partnership has power over an investee, the partnership makes judgments in identifying relevant activities that would significantly affect the returns of an investee, in assessing the partnership’s voting rights or other contractual rights that would give it power to unilaterally make decisions, and in assessing rights held by other stakeholders which might give them decision-making authority. In assessing if the partnership has exposure or rights to variable returns from its involvement with the investee, the partnership makes judgments concerning the variability of the returns from an investee
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based on the substance of the arrangement, the absolute and relative size of those returns. In determining if the partnership has the ability to use its power to affect its returns in an investee, the partnership makes judgments in assessing whether it is acting as a principal or an agent in decision-making and whether another entity with decision-making rights is acting as an agent for the partnership. Where other stakeholders have decision making authority, the partnership makes judgments as to whether its decision-making rights provide it with control, joint control or significant influence over the investee.
In addition to the above, the partnership makes judgments in respect of joint arrangements that are carried on through a separate vehicle in determining whether the partnership’s interest represents an interest in the assets and liabilities of the arrangement (a joint operation) or in its net assets (a joint venture).
(ii)Attribution of net income
Certain of the partnership’s subsidiaries are subject to profit sharing arrangements between the partnership and the non-controlling equity holders. In determining whether the attribution of profits is subject to uncertainty, the partnership makes the judgment in considering a variety of factors, including but not limited to uncertainties arising from future events, timing of anticipated acquisition, disposition and financing activities, as well as past events of similar nature.
(iii)Common control transactions
The purchase and sale of businesses or subsidiaries between entities under common control are not specifically addressed in IFRS and accordingly, management uses judgment when determining a policy to account for such transactions taking into consideration other guidance in the IFRS framework and pronouncements of other standard-setting bodies. The partnership’s policy is to record assets and liabilities recognized as a result of transfers of businesses or subsidiaries between entities under common control at carrying value. Differences between the carrying amount of the consideration given or received and the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities transferred are recorded directly in equity.
(iv)Business combinations
Judgment is applied in determining whether an acquisition is a business combination or an asset acquisition by considering the nature of the assets acquired and the processes applied to those assets, or if the integrated set of assets and activities is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return to investors or other owners. Judgment is also applied in identifying acquired assets and assumed liabilities and determining their fair values.
(v)Investment properties
In applying relevant accounting policies, judgment is made in determining whether certain costs are additions to the carrying amount of the property, in identifying the point at which practical completion of the development property occurs, and in identifying borrowing costs directly attributable to the carrying amount of the development property. In certain instances, on a case by case basis, the partnership applies judgment in determining whether a significant amount of development activities undertaken would trigger the reclassification of an operating property to a development property.
The key valuation assumptions in determining the fair value of investment properties include discount rates and terminal capitalization rates for properties valued using a discounted cash flow model and capitalization rates for properties valued using a direct capitalization approach. Management also uses assumptions and estimates in determining expected future cash flows in discounted cash flow models and stabilized net operating income used in values determined using the direct capitalization approach. Properties under active development are recorded at fair value using a discounted cash flow model which includes estimates in respect of the timing and cost to complete the development.
(vi) Assets held for sale
The partnership’s accounting policies relating to assets held for sale are described in Note 2(f), Assets Held for Sale. In applying this policy, judgment is applied in determining whether sale of certain assets is highly probable, which is a necessary condition for being presented within assets held for sale.
(vii) Revaluation of hospitality assets
When the partnership determines the carrying amounts under the revaluation method, critical assumptions and estimates include estimates of replacement costs and estimates of remaining economic life.
(viii) Income taxes
In applying relevant accounting policies, judgments are made in determining the probability of whether deductions, tax credits and tax losses can be utilized. In addition, the consolidated financial statements include estimates and assumptions for determining the future tax rates applicable to subsidiaries and identifying the temporary differences that relate to each subsidiary. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply during the period when the assets are realized or the liabilities settled, using the tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted at the
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consolidated balance sheet dates. The partnership measures deferred income taxes associated with its investment properties based on its specific intention with respect to each asset at the end of the reporting period. Where the partnership has a specific intention to sell a property in the foreseeable future, deferred taxes on the building portion of the investment property are measured based on the tax consequences following from the disposition of the property. Otherwise, deferred taxes are measured on the basis that the carrying value of the investment property will be recovered substantially through use. Judgment is required in determining the manner in which the carrying amount of each investment property will be recovered.
The partnership also makes judgments with respect to the taxation of gains inherent in its investments in foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures. While the partnership believes that the recovery of its original investment in these foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures will not result in additional taxes, certain unremitted gains inherent in those entities could be subject to foreign taxes depending on the manner of realization.
(ix) Leases
In applying its accounting policy for recognition of lease revenue, the partnership makes judgments with respect to whether tenant improvements provided in connection with a lease enhance the value of the leased property, which in turn is used to determine whether these amounts are treated as additions to operating property and the point in time to recognize revenue under the lease. In addition, where a lease allows a tenant to elect to take all or a portion of any unused tenant improvement allowance as a rent abatement, the partnership must exercise judgment in determining the extent to which the allowance represents an inducement that is amortized as a reduction of lease revenue over the term of the lease.
The partnership also makes judgments in determining whether certain leases, in particular those tenant leases with long contractual terms where the lessee is the sole tenant in a property and long-term ground leases where the partnership is lessor, are operating or finance leases. The partnership has determined most of its leases are operating leases, with several finance leases that are not material. Where operating costs are paid directly by tenants, the partnership exercises judgment in determining whether those costs are expenses of the partnership or the tenant which impacts the extent to which operating costs recovery revenue is recognized.
The partnership has applied critical judgments in respect of contracts where it is the lessee including identifying whether a contract (or part of a contract) includes a lease, determining whether it is reasonably certain that a lease extension or termination option will be exercised in determining the lease term, determining whether variable payments are in-substance fixed, establishing whether there are multiple leases in an arrangement, and determining the fair value method of ROU assets classified as investment properties.
The partnership uses critical estimates in accounting for leases where it is a tenant, including the estimation of lease term and determination of the appropriate rate to discount the lease payments.
(x) Financial instruments
The critical judgments inherent in the relevant accounting policies relate to the classification of financial assets or financial liabilities, designation of financial instruments as FVTOCI or FVTPL, the assessment of the effectiveness of hedging relationships, the determination of whether the partnership has significant influence over investees with which it has contractual relationships, and the identification of embedded derivatives subject to fair value measurement in certain hybrid instruments.
Estimates and assumptions used in determining the fair value of financial instruments are: equity and commodity prices; future interest rates; the credit risk of the partnership and its counterparties; amount and timing of estimated future cash flows; discount rates and volatility utilized in option valuations.
The partnership holds other financial instruments that represent equity interests in investment property entities that are measured at fair value as these financial instruments are designated as FVTPL or FVTOCI. Estimation of the fair value of these instruments is also subject to the estimates and assumptions associated with investment properties. The fair value of interest rate caps is determined based on generally accepted pricing models using quoted market interest rates for the appropriate term. Interest rate swaps are valued at the present value of estimated future cash flows and discounted based on applicable yield curves derived from market interest rates.
(xi) Indicators of impairment
Judgment is applied when determining whether indicators of impairment exist when assessing the carrying values of the partnership’s assets for potential impairment. Consideration is given to a combination of factors, including but not limited to forecasts of revenues and expenses, values derived from publicly traded prices, and projections of market trends and economic environments. Judgment is also applied when quantifying the amount of impairment loss where indicators of impairment exist.
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(xii) Other critical judgments
Other critical judgments utilized in the preparation of the partnership’s consolidated financial statements are: assets’ recoverable amounts; assets’ net realizable values; depreciation and amortization rates and assets’ useful lives; determination of assets held for sale and discontinued operations; impairment of goodwill and intangible assets; the determination of functional currency; the likelihood and timing of anticipated transactions for hedge accounting; and the selection of accounting policies, among others.
(xiii) Changes in accounting policies
As a result of the finalization in October 2022 of the IFRS interpretations committee’s tentative agenda decision regarding lessor forgiveness of lease payments, the partnership has changed its accounting policy. Previously the partnership’s accounting policy was to account for the sole forgiveness of lease payments negotiated as part of a lease contract as a lease modification under IFRS 16 – Leases, resulting in the straight-lining of the impact over the remaining lease term. The partnership’s revised accounting policy is to account for the forgiveness of lease payments accounted for in accounts receivable as a derecognition event under IFRS 9, resulting in an expense to net operating income. Prior periods were not adjusted to reflect this change as the change in accounting policy had no impact on net income.
As a result of the finalization of the IFRS interpretations committee’s tentative agenda decision regarding demand deposits with restrictions on use arising from a contract with a third party, the partnership has aligned its accounting policy. The partnership’s accounting policy is to account for demand deposits subject to contractual restrictions on use as cash and cash equivalents and not restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheet. The updated accounting policy was applied retroactively and did not have a material impact to prior periods.
(xiv) Future accounting policies
The following are accounting policies issued that the partnership expects to adopt in the future:
Amendments to IAS 1 – Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current
The amendments to IAS 1 affect only the presentation of liabilities as current or non-current in the consolidated balance sheets and not the amount or timing of recognition of any asset, liability, income or expenses, or the information disclosed about those items. The amendments clarify that the classification of liabilities as current or non-current is based on rights that are in existence at the end of the reporting period, specify that classification is unaffected by expectations about whether the partnership will exercise its right to defer settlement of a liability, explain that rights are in existence if covenants with which an entity is required to comply on or before the end of the reporting period, and introduce a definition of ‘settlement’ to make clear that settlement refers to the transfer to the counterparty of cash, equity instruments, other assets or services. The amendments are applied retrospectively for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024, with early application permitted. The partnership is in the process of determining the impact of the amendments on its consolidated financial statements.
Amendments to IAS 1 – Disclosure of Accounting Policies
The amendments to IAS 1 require that the partnership discloses its material accounting policies instead of its significant accounting policies. The amendments are applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. The impact is limited to disclosure.
There are no other accounting policies issued as of December 31, 2022 that the partnership expects to adopt in the future and which the partnership expects will have a material impact.
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NOTE 3. PRIVATIZATION OF THE PARTNERSHIP
During the first quarter of 2021, Brookfield Corporation announced a proposal to acquire all LP Units and limited partnership units of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP (“Exchange LP Units”) that it did not previously own (“Privatization”) for $18.17 cash per unit, BN shares, or New LP Preferred Units with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per unit (see Note 15, Capital Securities for further information), subject to pro-ration. On July 16, 2021, the Privatization was approved by the unitholders. On July 16, 2021, the Privatization was approved by the unitholders. On July 26, 2021, BN completed the Privatization and the acquisition of all BPYU Units, par value $.01 per share (“BPYU Units”) that it did not previously own. The LP Units were delisted from the TSX and Nasdaq at market close on July 26, 2021. The BPYU Units were delisted from Nasdaq at market close on the same date. The New LP Preferred Units issued in the privatization began trading on the TSX under the symbol “BPYP.PR.A” and Nasdaq under the symbol “BPYPM” on July 27, 2021.
Based on unitholder elections, together with the amounts to be delivered to holders of BPYU Units, an aggregate of 51,971,192 units elected for cash, 271,358,615 units elected for BN shares and 17,970,971 units elected for New LP Preferred Units. As holders elected to receive more BN shares than were available under the transaction, unitholders that elected to receive BN shares received 54.5316% of the aggregate BN shares they elected to receive and the balance was delivered 93.05% in cash and 6.95% in New LP Preferred Units. Unitholders who made an election to receive 100% of their consideration in cash received $18.17 in cash and Unitholders who made an election to receive 100% of their consideration in New LP Preferred Units received 0.7268 New LP Preferred Units per LP Unit.
Cash consideration of approximately $3.0 billion was paid by the partnership, whilst BN distributed 59,279,263 BN Class A shares and 19,287,783 New LP Preferred Units to holders of LP Units, BPYU Units and Exchange LP Units. The cash consideration was funded to the partnership by BN in exchange for approximately $2.5 billion non-voting common equity of a BPY subsidiary which is accounted for as non-controlling interests by BPY (“Canholdco Non-Voting Common Shares”) with the remainder for New LP Preferred Units. The New LP Preferred Units were recognized at a fair value of approximately $474 million upon issuance and classified as a financial liability under the amortized cost basis on the balance sheet. See Note 15, Capital Securities for further information on New LP Preferred Units.
The impacts of the Privatization are disclosed separately in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Privatization was accounted for by the partnership as a redemption of LP Units, Exchange LP Units and BPYU Units for cash and REUs. The difference between the carrying value of the redeemed LP Units, Exchange LP Units, and BPYU Units and the fair value of the consideration paid was recognized in Ownership Changes and was attributed pro-rata to the remaining LP Units and the REUs. After the Privatization, all of the outstanding LP Units are owned by BN. No Exchange LP Units or BPYU Units are held by public holders following the Privatization. In connection with the Privatization, approximately $250 million of preferred equity of BPYU was fully redeemed for cash.
Subsequent to the Privatization, there are no longer publicly traded LP Units. As such, earnings per unit is no longer presented.
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NOTE 4. INVESTMENT PROPERTIES
The following table presents a roll forward of investment property balances for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

| Year ended Dec. 31, 2022 | Year ended Dec. 31, 2021
(US$ Millions) | Commercial properties | Commercial developments | Total | Commercial properties | Commercial developments | Total
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 62,313 |  | $ | 2,300 |  | $ | 64,613 |  | $ | 70,294 |  | $ | 2,316 |  | $ | 72,610 |
Changes resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |
Property acquisitions | 760 |  | — |  | 760 |  | 491 |  | 80 |  | 571 |
Capital expenditures | 870 |  | 428 |  | 1,298 |  | 796 |  | 758 |  | 1,554 |
Property dispositions(1) | (307) |  | (1) |  | (308) |  | (1,299) |  | (351) |  | (1,650) |
Fair value (losses) gains, net | (1,122) |  | 64 |  | (1,058) |  | 1,791 |  | 171 |  | 1,962 |
Foreign currency translation | (1,528) |  | (149) |  | (1,677) |  | (558) |  | (37) |  | (595) |
Transfers between commercial properties and commercial developments | 387 |  | (387) |  | — |  | 635 |  | (635) |  | — |
Impact of deconsolidation due to loss of control(2) | (575) |  | — |  | (575) |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Manager Reorganization(3) | 6,321 |  | 758 |  | 7,079 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Reclassifications of assets held for sale and other changes | (1,052) |  | (495) |  | (1,547) |  | (9,837) |  | (2) |  | (9,839) |
Balance, end of year(4) | $ | 66,067 |  | $ | 2,518 |  | $ | 68,585 |  | $ | 62,313 |  | $ | 2,300 |  | $ | 64,613 |

(1)Property dispositions represent the carrying value on date of sale.
(2)The partnership deconsolidated its investment in a subsidiary as a result of the dilution of its interest. Prior to the transaction, the partnership's interest was consolidated and is now reflected as a financial asset.
(3)See Note 32, Related Parties for further information on the Manager Reorganization.
(4)Includes right-of-use commercial properties and commercial developments of $1,045 million and $127 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022 (2021 - $557 million and $24 million, respectively). Current lease liabilities of $122 million (2021 - $118 million) has been included in accounts payable and other liabilities and non-current lease liabilities of $810 million (2021 - $558 million) have been included in other non-current liabilities.
The partnership determines the fair value of each commercial property based upon, among other things, rental income from current leases and assumptions about rental income from future leases reflecting market conditions at the applicable balance sheet dates, less future cash outflows in respect of such leases. Investment property valuations are generally completed by undertaking one of two accepted income approach methods, which include either: i) discounting the expected future cash flows, generally over a term of 10 years including a terminal value based on the application of a capitalization rate to estimated year 11 cash flows; or ii) undertaking a direct capitalization approach whereby a capitalization rate is applied to estimated current year cash flows. Where there has been a recent market transaction for a specific property, such as an acquisition or sale of a partial interest, the partnership values the property on that basis. In determining the appropriateness of the methodology applied, the partnership considers the relative uncertainty of the timing and amount of expected cash flows and the impact such uncertainty would have in arriving at a reliable estimate of fair value. The partnership prepares these valuations considering asset and market specific factors, as well as observable transactions for similar assets. The determination of fair value requires the use of estimates, which are internally determined and compared with market data, third-party reports and research as well as observable conditions. Except for the impacts of interest rates and inflation, there are currently no known trends, events or uncertainties that the partnership reasonably believes could have a sufficiently pervasive impact across the partnership’s businesses to materially affect the methodologies or assumptions utilized to determine the estimated fair values reflected in these financial statements. Discount rates and capitalization rates are inherently uncertain and may be impacted by, among other things, movements in interest rates in the geographies and markets in which the assets are located. Changes in estimates of discount and capitalization rates across different geographies and markets are often independent of each other and not necessarily in the same direction or of the same magnitude. Further, impacts to the partnership’s fair values of commercial properties from changes in discount or capitalization rates and cash flows are usually inversely correlated. Decreases (increases) in the discount rate or capitalization rate result in increases (decreases) of fair value. Such decreases (increases) may be mitigated by decreases (increases) in cash flows included in the valuation analysis, as circumstances that typically give rise to increased interest rates (e.g., strong economic growth, inflation) usually give rise to increased cash flows at the asset level. Refer to the table below for further information on valuation methods used by the partnership for its asset classes.
Commercial developments are also measured using a discounted cash flow model, net of costs to complete, as of the balance sheet date. Development sites in the planning phases are measured using comparable market values for similar assets.
In accordance with its policy, the partnership generally measures and records its commercial properties and developments using valuations prepared by management. However, for certain subsidiaries, the partnership relies on quarterly valuations prepared by external valuation professionals to support its internal valuations. Management compares the external valuations to the
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partnership’s internal valuations to review the work performed by the external valuation professionals. Additionally, a number of properties are externally appraised each year and the results of those appraisals are compared to the partnership’s internally prepared values.
In 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic caused disruption to business activities and supply chains as well as disrupted travel and adversely impacted market economic conditions. As a result, future revenues and cash flows produced by these investment properties and our equity accounted investment properties, as discussed on Note 6, Equity Accounted Investments, was more uncertain than normal. The subsequent economic recovery resulted in a significant increase in inflation rates in most jurisdictions that the partnership operates in during 2022, rising above target inflation rates set by governing central banks. As a result, most central banks raised their benchmark interest rates in an attempt to counter the economic effects leading to inflation. The impact continues to be more uncertainty than normal of future revenues and cash flows, as well as the cost of capital and appropriate capital spreads, which the partnership has reflected in adjusted cash flow assumptions and changes to discount and terminal capitalization rates.
The key valuation metrics for the partnership’s consolidated commercial properties are set forth in the following tables below on a weighted-average basis:

|  | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Consolidated properties | Primary valuation method | Discount rate | Terminal capitalization rate | Investment horizon (yrs.) | Discount rate | Terminal capitalization rate | Investment horizon (yrs.)
Core Office | Discounted cash flow | 6.8 | % | 5.4 | % | 11 | 6.5 | % | 5.3 | % | 11
Core Retail | Discounted cash flow | 7.2 | % | 5.3 | % | 10 | 7.0 | % | 5.3 | % | 10
LP Investment(1) | Discounted cash flow | 9.1 | % | 6.3 | % | 8 | 9.4 | % | 7.0 | % | 8

(1) The valuation method used to value multifamily and manufactured housing properties is the direct capitalization method. At December 31, 2022, the overall implied capitalization rate used for properties using the direct capitalization method was 4.3% (December 31, 2021 - 4.3%).
Operating investment properties with a fair value of approximately $15.3 billion (December 31, 2021 - $11.3 billion) are situated on land held under leases or other agreements largely expiring after the year 2065. Investment properties do not include any buildings held under operating leases.
The following table presents the partnership’s investment properties measured at fair value in the consolidated financial statements and the level of the inputs used to determine those fair values in the context of the hierarchy as defined above in Note 2(i), Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Fair value measurement.

| Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
|  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Level 3
(US$ Millions) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Commercial properties | Commercial developments | Level 1 | Level 2 | Commercial properties | Commercial developments
Core Office | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 22,129 |  | $ | 1,355 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 24,644 |  | $ | 1,023 |
Core Retail | — |  | — |  | 19,438 |  | 106 |  | — |  | — |  | 18,991 |  | — |
LP Investments | — |  | — |  | 24,500 |  | 1,057 |  | — |  | — |  | 18,678 |  | 1,277 |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 66,067 |  | $ | 2,518 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 62,313 |  | $ | 2,300 |

(1)Represents excess land held for capital appreciation rather than an operating hotel asset.
There were no transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy related to investment properties during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Investment properties with a fair value of $63.9 billion (December 31, 2021 - $61.9 billion) are pledged as security for property debt.
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Fair value sensitivity
The following table presents a sensitivity analysis to the impact of a 25 basis point (“bps”) increase of the discount rate and terminal capitalization or overall implied capitalization rate (“ICR”) on fair values of the partnership’s commercial properties for the year ended December 31, 2022, for properties valued using the discounted cash flow or direct capitalization method, respectively:

| Dec. 31, 2022
(US$ Millions) | Impact of +25bps DR | Impact of +25bps TCR | Impact of +25bps DR and +25bps TCR or +25bps ICR
Core Office | $ | 487 |  | $ | 732 |  | $ | 1,199 |
Core Retail | 384 |  | 643 |  | 1,012 |
LP Investments(1) | 757 |  | 605 |  | 1,357 |
Total | $ | 1,628 |  | $ | 1,980 |  | $ | 3,568 |

(1)The valuation method used to value multifamily, student housing, and manufactured housing properties is the direct capitalization method. The impact of the sensitivity analysis on the discount rate includes properties valued using the DCF method as well as properties valued using an overall implied capitalization rate under the direct capitalization method.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the partnership capitalized a total of $428 million (December 31, 2021 - $758 million) of costs related to development properties. Included in this amount is $405 million (December 31, 2021 - $730 million) of construction and related costs and $23 million (December 31, 2021 - $28 million) of borrowing costs capitalized. The weighted average interest rate used for the capitalization of borrowing costs to development properties for the year ended December 31, 2022 is 1.6% (December 31, 2021 - 1.2%).
NOTE 5. INVESTMENTS IN SUBSIDIARIES
The partnership considers all relevant facts and circumstances in determining that its decision making rights over the entities listed below are sufficient to give it power over these subsidiaries. In addition, the partnership has exposure and rights to substantial variable returns from its economic interests in these subsidiaries, even after consideration of material non-controlling interests in certain subsidiaries. The partnership is able to use its power to affect the amount of its returns and consolidates these subsidiaries.
The following table presents the partnership’s material subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

| Jurisdiction of formation | Economic interest | Voting interest
| Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Subsidiary of the partnership(1) | Bermuda | 36 | % | 36 | % | 100 | % | 100 | %
Holding entities of the Operating Partnership | Various | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | %
Real estate subsidiaries of the holding entities |  |  |  |  |
BPO | Canada | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | %
Australia Office(2) | Canada | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | %
U.S. Retail(3) | United States | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | %
U.K. Short Stay(4) | United Kingdom | 27 | % | 27 | % | — | % | — | %
Korea Mixed-use(4) | South Korea | 22 | % | 22 | % | — | % | — | %
U.K. Student Housing(4) | Bermuda | 25 | % | 25 | % | — | % | — | %
U.S. Hospitality | United States | 23 | % | — | % | — | % | — | %
U.S. Manufactured Housing(4) | United States | 24 | % | 26 | % | — | % | — | %

(1)BPY holds all managing general partner units of the Operating Partnership and therefore has the power to direct the relevant activities and affairs of the Operating Partnership. The managing general partner units represent 36% and 36% of the total number of the Operating Partnership’s units at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(2)This entity holds certain Australian properties not held through BPO.
(3)The partnership controls BPYU as it held 100% of the voting stock of BPYU through its 100% ownership of the BPYU Class B and Class C shares.
(4)The partnership holds its economic interest in these assets primarily through limited partnership interests in Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds. By their nature, limited partnership interests do not have any voting rights. The partnership has entered into voting agreements to provide the partnership with the ability to contractually direct the relevant activities of the investees.
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The table below shows details of non-wholly owned subsidiaries of the partnership that have material non-controlling interests:

| Jurisdiction of formation | Proportion of economic interests held by non- controlling interests | Non-controlling interests: Interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties
(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Corporate Holding Entities(2) | Bermuda/Canada | — | % | — | % | $ | 5,033 |  | $ | 3,871 |
BPO(1) | Canada | — | % | — | % | 2,835 |  | 5,020 |
U.K Student Housing(4) | Bermuda | 75 | % | 75 | % | 1,594 |  | 1,190 |
U.S. Retail(3) | United States | — | % | — | % | 1,280 |  | 1,274 |
U.S. Manufactured Housing(4) | United States | 76 | % | 74 | % | 1,191 |  | 932 |
Korea Mixed-use(4) | South Korea | 78 | % | 78 | % | 936 |  | 936 |
U.K. Short Stay(4) | United Kingdom | 73 | % | 73 | % | 756 |  | 799 |
U.S. Hospitality(4)(5) | United States | 77 | % | — | % | 724 |  | — |
Other LP Investments | Various | 33% - 99% | 33% -82% | 3,735 |  | 5,684 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 18,084 |  | $ | 19,706 |

(1) Includes non-controlling interests in BPO subsidiaries which vary from 1% - 100%.
(2) Includes non-controlling interests in various corporate entities of the partnership
(3) Includes non-controlling interests in BPYU subsidiaries.
(4) Includes non-controlling interests representing interests held by other investors in Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds and holding entities through which the partnership participates in such funds. Also includes non-controlling interests in underlying operating entities owned by these funds.
(5) Includes non-controlling interests acquired as part of the Manager Arrangement during the fourth quarter of 2022.
Summarized financial information in respect of each of the partnership’s subsidiaries that have material non-controlling interests is set out below. The summarized financial information below represents amounts before intercompany eliminations.

| Dec. 31, 2022
|  |  |  |  | Equity attributable to
(US$ Millions) | Current assets | Non-current assets | Current liabilities | Non-current liabilities | Non- controlling interests | Owners of the entity
Corporate Holding Entities | $ | 6,385 |  | $ | 579 |  | $ | 6,087 |  | $ | 7,877 |  | $ | 5,457 |  | $ | (12,457) |
BPO | 4,304 |  | 33,911 |  | 10,656 |  | 14,390 |  | 3,129 |  | 10,040 |
U.K. Student Housing | 2,255 |  | — |  | 114 |  | — |  | 1,594 |  | 547 |
U.S. Retail | 561 |  | 29,681 |  | 2,293 |  | 11,559 |  | 1,280 |  | 15,110 |
U.S. Manufactured Housing | 61 |  | 4,279 |  | 2,593 |  | 178 |  | 1,191 |  | 378 |
Korea Mixed-use | 167 |  | 3,745 |  | 64 |  | 2,642 |  | 936 |  | 270 |
U.K. Short Stay | 197 |  | 4,419 |  | 485 |  | 3,068 |  | 756 |  | 307 |
U.S. Hospitality | 159 |  | 3,530 |  | 373 |  | 2,378 |  | 724 |  | 214 |
Total | $ | 14,089 |  | $ | 80,144 |  | $ | 22,665 |  | $ | 42,092 |  | $ | 15,067 |  | $ | 14,409 |

| Dec. 31, 2021
|  |  |  |  | Equity attributable to
(US$ Millions) | Current assets | Non-current assets | Current liabilities | Non-current liabilities | Non- controlling interests | Owners of the entity
Corporate Holding Entities | $ | 3,991 |  | $ | 3,120 |  | $ | 6,242 |  | $ | 13,647 |  | $ | 4,249 |  | $ | (17,027) |
BPO | 7,168 |  | 40,341 |  | 9,664 |  | 16,648 |  | 5,232 |  | 15,965 |
U.K. Student Housing | 62 |  | 3,562 |  | 1,378 |  | 651 |  | 1,190 |  | 405 |
U.S. Retail | 1,051 |  | 29,534 |  | 3,023 |  | 11,333 |  | 1,274 |  | 14,955 |
U.S. Manufactured Housing | 86 |  | 3,843 |  | 11 |  | 2,688 |  | 932 |  | 298 |
Korea Mixed-use | 3,972 |  | — |  | 83 |  | 2,683 |  | 936 |  | 270 |
U.K. Short Stay | 338 |  | 4,701 |  | 350 |  | 3,586 |  | 799 |  | 304 |
Total | $ | 16,668 |  | $ | 85,101 |  | $ | 20,751 |  | $ | 51,236 |  | $ | 14,612 |  | $ | 15,170 |

- F-29 -

| Year ended Dec. 31, 2022
|  | Attributable to non-controlling interests | Attributable to owners of the partnership
(US$ Millions) | Revenue | Net income (loss) | Total compre-hensive income | Distributions | Net income (loss) | Total compre-hensive income
Corporate Holding Entities | $ | 406 |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | 59 |  | $ | 113 |  | $ | (20) |  | $ | 156 |
BPO | 2,105 |  | 124 |  | 106 |  | 24 |  | (759) |  | (802) |
U.K. Student Housing | 191 |  | 492 |  | 482 |  | 65 |  | 148 |  | 134 |
U.S. Retail | 1,557 |  | (2) |  | 2 |  | 4 |  | 165 |  | 203 |
U.S. Manufactured Housing | 287 |  | 254 |  | 254 |  | 13 |  | 81 |  | 81 |
Korea Mixed-use | 228 |  | 28 |  | — |  | — |  | 8 |  | (28) |
U.K. Short Stay | 794 |  | 44 |  | 114 |  | 151 |  | 16 |  | 114 |
Total | $ | 5,568 |  | $ | 976 |  | $ | 1,017 |  | $ | 370 |  | $ | (361) |  | $ | (142) |

| Year ended Dec. 31, 2021
|  | Attributable to non-controlling interests | Attributable to owners of the partnership
(US$ Millions) | Revenue | Net income (loss) | Total compre-hensive income | Distributions | Net income (loss) | Total compre-hensive income
Corporate Holding Entities | $ | 444 |  | $ | (7) |  | $ | (11) |  | $ | 389 |  | $ | (122) |  | $ | (48) |
BPO | 2,151 |  | 264 |  | 257 |  | 79 |  | 494 |  | 482 |
U.K. Student Housing | 160 |  | 204 |  | 191 |  | — |  | 69 |  | 51 |
U.S. Retail | 1,511 |  | (22) |  | (22) |  | 10 |  | (126) |  | (101) |
U.S. Manufactured Housing | 266 |  | 572 |  | 572 |  | 675 |  | 183 |  | 183 |
Korea Mixed-use | 211 |  | 364 |  | 304 |  | — |  | 105 |  | 28 |
U.K. Short Stay | 546 |  | (52) |  | 26 |  | — |  | (20) |  | 108 |
Total | $ | 5,289 |  | $ | 1,323 |  | $ | 1,317 |  | $ | 1,153 |  | $ | 583 |  | $ | 703 |

| Year ended Dec. 31, 2020
|  | Attributable to non-controlling interests | Attributable to owners of the partnership
(US$ Millions) | Revenue | Net income (loss) | Total compre-hensive income | Distributions | Net income (loss) | Total compre-hensive income
Corporate Holding Entities | $ | 455 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (50) |  | $ | 385 |
BPO | 2,079 |  | 142 |  | 152 |  | 69 |  | (37) |  | 7 |
U.K. Student Housing | 129 |  | 63 |  | 99 |  | 8 |  | 21 |  | 33 |
U.S. Retail | 1,612 |  | (211) |  | (214) |  | 16 |  | (1,974) |  | (1,999) |
U.S. Manufactured Housing | 252 |  | 281 |  | 281 |  | 11 |  | 90 |  | 90 |
Korea Mixed-use | 268 |  | (187) |  | (187) |  | — |  | (177) |  | (177) |
U.K. Short Stay | 189 |  | 128 |  | 174 |  | 5 |  | 37 |  | 50 |
Total | $ | 4,984 |  | $ | 217 |  | $ | 306 |  | $ | 109 |  | $ | (2,090) |  | $ | (1,611) |

Certain of the partnership’s subsidiaries are subject to restrictions over the extent to which they can remit funds to the partnership in the form of cash dividends, or repayment of loans and advances as a result of borrowing arrangements, regulatory restrictions and other contractual requirements.
- F-30 -

NOTE 6. EQUITY ACCOUNTED INVESTMENTS
The partnership has investments in joint arrangements that are joint ventures, and also has investments in associates. Joint ventures hold individual commercial properties and portfolios of commercial properties and developments that the partnership owns together with co-owners where decisions relating to the relevant activities of the joint venture require the unanimous consent of the co-owners. Details of the partnership’s investments in joint ventures and associates, which have been accounted for in accordance with the equity method of accounting, are as follows:

|  |  | Proportion of ownership interests/voting rights held by the partnership | Carrying value
(US$ Millions) | Principal activity | Principal place of business | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Joint ventures |  |  |  |  |  |
London Mixed-use District | Property holding company | United Kingdom | 50 | % | 50 | % | $ | 3,192 |  | $ | 3,529 |
Midtown New York Mixed-use Complex | Property holding company | United States | 56 | % | 56 | % | 2,518 |  | 2,396 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool A | Property holding company | United States | 50 | % | 50 | % | 1,848 |  | 1,810 |
Honolulu Shopping Center | Property holding company | United States | 50 | % | 50 | % | 1,507 |  | 1,939 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool B | Property holding company | United States | 51 | % | 51 | % | 1,132 |  | 1,140 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool C | Property holding company | United States | 50 | % | 50 | % | 737 |  | 679 |
Bryant Park Office Tower | Property holding company | United States | 50 | % | 50 | % | 719 |  | 702 |
Las Vegas Mall A | Property holding company | United States | 50 | % | 50 | % | 702 |  | 856 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool D | Property holding company | United States | 48 | % | 48 | % | 646 |  | 612 |
Las Vegas Mall B | Property holding company | United States | 50 | % | 50 | % | 625 |  | 455 |
Other(1) | Various | Various | 15% - 68% | 15% - 68% | 5,778 |  | 6,361 |
|  |  |  |  | 19,404 |  | 20,479 |
Associates |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | Various | Various | 16% - 50% | 13% - 50% | 539 |  | 328 |
|  |  |  |  | 539 |  | 328 |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,943 |  | $ | 20,807 |

(1)Other joint ventures consists of approximately 50 joint ventures, each of which has a carrying value below $500 million.
The following table presents the change in the balance of the partnership’s equity accounted investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021
Equity accounted investments, beginning of year | $ | 20,807 |  | $ | 19,719 |
Additions | 100 |  | 698 |
Disposals and return of capital distributions | (967) |  | (459) |
Share of net (losses) earnings from equity accounted investments | 826 |  | 1,020 |
Distributions received | (263) |  | (172) |
Foreign currency translation | (578) |  | (145) |
Reclassification from (to) assets held for sale | (276) |  | (210) |
Impact of change in accounting basis(1) | (706) |  | — |
Manager Reorganization(2) | 1,061 |  | — |
Other comprehensive income and other | (61) |  | 356 |
Equity accounted investments, end of year | $ | 19,943 |  | $ | 20,807 |

(1)The current year includes the impact of change in accounting basis of assets that were accounted for under the equity method which are now accounted for as financial assets.
(2)See Note 32, Related Parties for further information on the Manager Reorganization.
- F-31 -

The key valuation metrics for the partnership’s commercial properties held within the partnership’s equity accounted investments are set forth in the table below on a weighted-average basis:

|  | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Equity accounted investments | Primary valuation method | Discount rate | Terminal capitalization rate | Investment horizon (yrs.) | Discount rate | Terminal capitalization rate | Investment horizon (yrs.)
Core Office | Discounted cash flow | 6.4 % | 4.9 % | 11 | 6.0 | % | 4.7 | % | 11
Core Retail | Discounted cash flow | 6.6 | % | 4.9 | % | 10 | 6.3 | % | 4.9 | % | 10
LP Investments(1) | Discounted cash flow | 7.8 | % | 5.5 | % | 10 | 6.9 | % | 5.6 | % | 10

(1)The valuation method used to value multifamily investments is the direct capitalization method. The rates presented as the discount rate relate to the overall implied capitalization rate. The terminal capitalization rate and investment horizon are not applicable.
The following tables present the gross assets and liabilities of the partnership’s equity accounted investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

| Dec. 31, 2022
(US$ Millions) | Current assets | Non-current assets | Current liabilities | Non-current liabilities | Net assets
Joint ventures |  |  |  |  |
London Mixed-use District | $ | 879 |  | $ | 11,709 |  | $ | 972 |  | $ | 5,232 |  | $ | 6,384 |
Midtown New York Mixed-use Complex | 198 |  | 8,132 |  | 276 |  | 3,558 |  | 4,496 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool A | 158 |  | 5,777 |  | 253 |  | 1,985 |  | 3,697 |
Honolulu Shopping Center | 100 |  | 5,352 |  | 40 |  | 2,397 |  | 3,015 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool B | 210 |  | 5,587 |  | 1,348 |  | 2,230 |  | 2,219 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool C | 43 |  | 2,219 |  | 45 |  | 663 |  | 1,554 |
Bryant Park Office Tower | 67 |  | 2,636 |  | 23 |  | 1,240 |  | 1,440 |
Las Vegas Mall A | 22 |  | 2,231 |  | 16 |  | 833 |  | 1,404 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool D | 28 |  | 1,833 |  | 508 |  | — |  | 1,353 |
Las Vegas Mall B | 22 |  | 2,220 |  | 15 |  | 979 |  | 1,248 |
Other | 1,912 |  | 25,951 |  | 3,283 |  | 10,603 |  | 13,977 |
| 3,639 |  | 73,647 |  | 6,779 |  | 29,720 |  | 40,787 |
Associates |  |  |  |  |
Other | 183 |  | 2,705 |  | 109 |  | 1,057 |  | 1,722 |
| 183 |  | 2,705 |  | 109 |  | 1,057 |  | 1,722 |
Total | $ | 3,822 |  | $ | 76,352 |  | $ | 6,888 |  | $ | 30,777 |  | $ | 42,509 |

| Dec. 31, 2021
(US$ Millions) | Current assets | Non-current assets | Current liabilities | Non-current liabilities | Net assets
Joint ventures |  |  |  |  |
London Mixed-use District | $ | 1,276 |  | $ | 13,213 |  | $ | 1,242 |  | $ | 6,187 |  | $ | 7,060 |
Midtown New York Mixed-use Complex | 229 |  | 8,434 |  | 153 |  | 4,231 |  | 4,279 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool A | 249 |  | 5,763 |  | 122 |  | 2,269 |  | 3,621 |
Honolulu Shopping Center | 131 |  | 5,695 |  | 52 |  | 1,895 |  | 3,879 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool B | 353 |  | 5,508 |  | 231 |  | 3,396 |  | 2,234 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool C | 52 |  | 2,100 |  | 44 |  | 669 |  | 1,439 |
Bryant Park Office Tower | 73 |  | 2,593 |  | 20 |  | 1,238 |  | 1,408 |
Las Vegas Mall A | 23 |  | 2,538 |  | 19 |  | 829 |  | 1,713 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool D | 40 |  | 1,763 |  | 49 |  | 471 |  | 1,283 |
Las Vegas Mall B | 56 |  | 1,867 |  | 40 |  | 974 |  | 909 |
Other | 1,827 |  | 27,422 |  | 1,861 |  | 11,866 |  | 15,522 |
| 4,309 |  | 76,896 |  | 3,833 |  | 34,025 |  | 43,347 |
Associates |  |  |  |  |
Other | 180 |  | 1,253 |  | 81 |  | 796 |  | 556 |
| 180 |  | 1,253 |  | 81 |  | 796 |  | 556 |
Total | $ | 4,489 |  | $ | 78,149 |  | $ | 3,914 |  | $ | 34,821 |  | $ | 43,903 |

- F-32 -

Summarized financial information in respect of the partnership’s equity accounted investments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is set out below:

| Year ended December 31, 2022
(US$ Millions) | Revenue | Expenses | Fair value gains (losses) | Income from EAI(1) |  | Net (loss) income | Other compre- hensive (loss)income | Partnership’s share of net income | Distributions received
Joint ventures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
London Mixed-use District | $ | 582 |  | $ | 477 |  | $ | (61) |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 133 |  | $ | 23 |  | $ | 66 |  | $ | — |
Midtown New York Mixed-use Complex | 282 |  | 227 |  | 515 |  | 91 |  |  | 661 |  | 120 |  | 370 |  | 34 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool A | 343 |  | 107 |  | (96) |  | — |  |  | 140 |  | 1 |  | 70 |  | — |
Honolulu Shopping Center | 261 |  | 195 |  | (405) |  | — |  |  | (339) |  | 30 |  | (170) |  | — |
U.S. Retail JV Pool B | 467 |  | 348 |  | (148) |  | 5 |  |  | (24) |  | 6 |  | (12) |  | — |
U.S. Retail JV Pool C | 152 |  | 81 |  | 77 |  | — |  |  | 148 |  | — |  | 74 |  | 11 |
Bryant Park Office Tower | 157 |  | 88 |  | 9 |  | — |  |  | 78 |  | — |  | 39 |  | 20 |
Las Vegas Mall A | 106 |  | 56 |  | (321) |  | — |  |  | (271) |  | — |  | (135) |  | 8 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool D | 88 |  | 46 |  | 47 |  | — |  |  | 89 |  | — |  | 43 |  | 4 |
Las Vegas Mall B | 108 |  | 69 |  | 344 |  | — |  |  | 383 |  | — |  | 192 |  | 1 |
Other | 2,138 |  | 1,683 |  | 120 |  | 42 |  |  | 618 |  | 289 |  | 285 |  | 185 |
| 4,684 |  | 3,377 |  | 81 |  | 227 |  |  | 1,616 |  | 469 |  | 822 |  | 263 |
Associates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 230 |  | 244 |  | 8 |  | — |  |  | (6) |  | 69 |  | 4 |  | — |
| 230 |  | 244 |  | 8 |  | — |  |  | (6) |  | 69 |  | 4 |  | — |
Total | $ | 4,914 |  | $ | 3,621 |  | $ | 89 |  | $ | 227 |  |  | $ | 1,610 |  | $ | 538 |  | $ | 826 |  | $ | 263 |

(1)Share of net earnings from equity accounted investments recorded by the partnership’s joint ventures and associates.

| Year ended December 31, 2021
(US$ Millions) | Revenue | Expenses | Fair value gains (losses) | Income from EAI(1) |  | Net income | Other compre- hensive income | Partnership’s share of net income | Distributions received
Joint ventures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
London Mixed-use District | $ | 607 |  | $ | 453 |  | $ | 60 |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 256 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 128 |  | $ | 2 |
Midtown New York Mixed-use Complex | 350 |  | 225 |  | 101 |  | — |  |  | 226 |  | 72 |  | 127 |  | 48 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool A | 329 |  | 220 |  | 92 |  | — |  |  | 201 |  | — |  | 100 |  | — |
Honolulu Shopping Center | 241 |  | 154 |  | 121 |  | — |  |  | 208 |  | — |  | 104 |  | 3 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool B | 458 |  | 347 |  | (46) |  | 4 |  |  | 69 |  | — |  | 35 |  | — |
U.S. Retail JV Pool C | 138 |  | 88 |  | (13) |  | — |  |  | 37 |  | — |  | 19 |  | 2 |
Bryant Park Office Tower | 151 |  | 86 |  | 47 |  | — |  |  | 112 |  | — |  | 56 |  | 27 |
Las Vegas Mall A | 98 |  | 54 |  | 63 |  | — |  |  | 107 |  | — |  | 53 |  | 8 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool D | 80 |  | 37 |  | 121 |  | — |  |  | 164 |  | — |  | 78 |  | 1 |
Las Vegas Mall B | 93 |  | 75 |  | 61 |  | — |  |  | 79 |  | — |  | 40 |  | — |
Other | 1,825 |  | 1,576 |  | 424 |  | 89 |  |  | 762 |  | 301 |  | 330 |  | 81 |
| 4,370 |  | 3,315 |  | 1,031 |  | 135 |  |  | 2,221 |  | 375 |  | 1,070 |  | 172 |
Associates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 103 |  | 174 |  | (8) |  | 7 |  |  | (72) |  | 949 |  | (50) |  | — |
| 103 |  | 174 |  | (8) |  | 7 |  |  | (72) |  | 949 |  | (50) |  | — |
Total | $ | 4,473 |  | $ | 3,489 |  | $ | 1,023 |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 2,149 |  | $ | 1,324 |  | $ | 1,020 |  | $ | 172 |

(1)Share of net earnings from equity accounted investments recorded by the partnership’s joint ventures and associates.
- F-33 -

| Year ended December 31, 2020
(US$ Millions) | Revenue | Expenses | Fair value gains (losses) | Income from EAI(1) |  | Net income | Other compre- hensive income | Partnership’s share of net income | Distributions received
Joint ventures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
London Mixed-use District | $ | 619 |  | $ | 377 |  | $ | (713) |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (452) |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (226) |  | $ | 4 |
Honolulu Shopping Center | 269 |  | 158 |  | (279) |  | — |  |  | (168) |  | — |  | (84) |  | 9 |
Midtown New York Mixed-use Complex | 259 |  | 179 |  | 379 |  | — |  |  | 459 |  | (75) |  | 257 |  | 221 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool A | 353 |  | 230 |  | (543) |  | — |  |  | (420) |  | — |  | (210) |  | — |
U.S. Retail JV Pool B | 483 |  | 356 |  | (601) |  | 4 |  |  | (470) |  | — |  | (240) |  | — |
Las Vegas Mall A | 103 |  | 56 |  | (46) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 8 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool C | 145 |  | 80 |  | (222) |  | — |  |  | (157) |  | — |  | (78) |  | 6 |
Bryant Park Office Tower | 108 |  | 95 |  | 121 |  | — |  |  | 134 |  | — |  | 67 |  | 123 |
U.S. Retail JV Pool D | 71 |  | 36 |  | (203) |  | 17 |  |  | (151) |  | — |  | (72) |  | 3 |
Las Vegas Mall B | 92 |  | 84 |  | (18) |  | — |  |  | (10) |  | — |  | (5) |  | — |
Other | 1,766 |  | 1,299 |  | (480) |  | 44 |  |  | 31 |  | (28) |  | (68) |  | 244 |
| 4,268 |  | 2,950 |  | (2,605) |  | 84 |  |  | (1,203) |  | (107) |  | (659) |  | 618 |
Associates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 92 |  | 186 |  | (39) |  | (2) |  |  | (135) |  | (939) |  | (90) |  | — |
| 92 |  | 186 |  | (39) |  | (2) |  |  | (135) |  | (939) |  | (90) |  | — |
Total | $ | 4,360 |  | $ | 3,136 |  | $ | (2,644) |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | (1,338) |  | $ | (1,046) |  | $ | (749) |  | $ | 618 |

(1)Share of net earnings from equity accounted investments recorded by the partnership’s joint ventures and associates.
Certain of the partnership’s investment in joint ventures and associates are subject to restrictions over the extent to which they can remit funds to the partnership in the form of the cash dividends or repayments of loans and advances as a result of borrowing arrangements, regulatory restrictions and other contractual requirements.
NOTE 7. INVESTMENTS IN JOINT OPERATIONS
The partnership’s interests in the following properties are subject to joint control and, accordingly, the partnership has recorded its share of the assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses of the properties in these consolidated financial statements:

|  | Place of incorporation and principal place of business | Ownership(1)
Name of property | Principal activity | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Brookfield Place - Retail & Parking | Property | Toronto | 56 | % | 56 | %
Brookfield Place III | Development property | Toronto | 54 | % | 54 | %
Exchange Tower | Property | Toronto | 50 | % | 50 | %
First Canadian Place(1) | Property | Toronto | 25 | % | 25 | %
2 Queen Street East | Property | Toronto | 25 | % | 25 | %
Bankers Hall | Property | Calgary | 50 | % | 50 | %
Bankers Court | Property | Calgary | 50 | % | 50 | %
Bankers West Parkade | Development property | Calgary | 50 | % | 50 | %
Suncor Energy Centre | Property | Calgary | 50 | % | 50 | %
Fifth Avenue Place | Property | Calgary | 50 | % | 50 | %
52 Goulburn Street(2) | Property | Sydney | — | % | 24 | %
235 St Georges Terrace(2) | Property | Perth | — | % | 24 | %
108 St Georges Terrace(3) | Property | Perth | — | % | 50 | %
Southern Cross West | Property | Melbourne | 50 | % | 50 | %
Shopping Patio Higienópolis | Property | São Paulo | 25 | % | 25 | %
Shopping Patio Higienópolis - Expansion | Property | São Paulo | 32 | % | 32 | %
Shopping Patio Higienópolis - Co-Invest | Property | São Paulo | 5 | % | 5 | %
Shopping Patio Higienópolis Expansion - Co-Invest | Property | São Paulo | 6 | % | 6 | %
G2-Infospace Gurgaon | Property | NCR-Delhi Region | 72 | % | 72 | %

(1)First Canadian Place in Toronto is subject to a ground lease with respect to 50% of the land on which the property is situated. At the expiry of the ground lease, the other land owner will have the option to acquire, for a nominal amount, an undivided 50% beneficial interest in the property.
(2)The partnership deconsolidated its investment as a result of the dilution of its interest. Prior to the transaction, the partnership's interest was consolidated and is now reflected as a financial asset.
(3)108 St Georges Terrace was sold during 2022.
- F-34 -

NOTE 8. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant, and equipment primarily consists of hospitality assets such as Center Parcs UK and a portfolio of select-service hotels in the U.S.
The following table presents the useful lives of each hospitality asset by class:

Hospitality assets by class | Useful life (in years)
Building and building improvements | 2 to 50 +
Land improvements | 15
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 1 to 20

Hospitality properties are accounted for under the revaluation model with revaluation to fair value performed annually at December 31. Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) in estimating hospitality property values under the revaluation method include estimates of replacement cost and estimates of remaining economic life.
Hospitality properties with a fair value of approximately $5.7 billion (December 31, 2021 - $2.5 billion) are situated on land held under leases or other agreements largely expiring after the year 2065.
On June 30, 2021, the partnership obtained control over a portfolio of select-service hotels (“Hospitality Investors Trust”) after converting its preferred equity interest and becoming the 100% common equity holder. The partnership’s investment in the subsidiary was accounted for as a financial asset prior to this date. This transaction was accounted for as a business combination.
The following table summarizes the amounts recognized as of the acquisition date for each major class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, in addition to the consideration paid in connection with this business combination:

(US$ Millions) | Hospitality Investors Trust
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 50 |
Accounts receivable and other | 74 |
Equity accounted investments | 7 |
Property, plant and equipment | 1,727 |
Total assets | 1,858 |
Less: |
Debt obligations | (1,319) |
Accounts payable and other | (75) |
Net assets acquired | $ | 464 |
Consideration(1) | $ | 464 |

(1) Consideration includes $8 million of contingent consideration, with the balance related to the fair value of the partnership’s forfeited preferred equity interest.
There were no impairment indicators for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
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The following table presents the change to the components of the partnership’s hospitality assets from the beginning of the year:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Cost: |  |
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 5,723 |  | $ | 5,575 |
Additions | 203 |  | 1,885 |
Disposals | (47) |  | (323) |
Foreign currency translation | (363) |  | (83) |
Manager Reorganization(1) | 3,298 |  | — |
Impact of deconsolidation due to loss of control and other(2) | 236 |  | (1,331) |
| 9,050 |  | 5,723 |
Accumulated fair value changes: |  |
Balance, beginning of year | 763 |  | 488 |
Revaluation gains (losses) gains, net | 727 |  | 930 |
Impact of deconsolidation due to loss of control and other(2) | 29 |  | (593) |
Disposals | (1) |  | (65) |
Provision for impairment | (93) |  | 7 |
Foreign currency translation | (49) |  | (4) |
| 1,376 |  | 763 |
Accumulated depreciation: |  |
Balance, beginning of year | (863) |  | (828) |
Depreciation | (279) |  | (294) |
Disposals | 44 |  | 84 |
Foreign currency translation | 76 |  | 13 |
Impact of deconsolidation due to loss of control and other(2) | (3) |  | 162 |
| (1,025) |  | (863) |
Total property, plant and equipment(2) | $ | 9,401 |  | $ | 5,623 |

(1)See Note 32, Related Parties for further information on the Manager Reorganization.
(2)The current year reflects the reclassification of a mixed-use asset out of assets held for sale, and the reclassification of a student housing asset to held for sale. The prior year includes the reclassification of a hospitality portfolio to held for sale..
(3)Includes right-of-use assets of $393 million (December 31, 2021 - $204 million).
NOTE 9. GOODWILL
Goodwill of $946 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $832 million) was primarily attributable to short-break destinations across the United Kingdom and Ireland owned by Center Parcs UK of $728 million (December 31, 2021 - $815 million) and IFC Seoul of $207 million (December 31, 2021 - nil ). The partnership performs a goodwill impairment test annually by assessing if the carrying value of the cash-generating unit, including the allocated goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount determined as the greater of the estimated fair value less costs to sell or the value in use.
The partnership tested the goodwill and trademark assets recorded as an intangible asset (Refer to Note 10, Intangible Assets), attributed to Center Parcs UK for impairment as of December 31, 2022. The current year analysis uses a 10-year cash flow projection with a 3% long-term growth rate used to extrapolate cash flows after the third year, a discount rate derived from a market-based-weighted-average cost of capital, and a terminal capitalization rate derived from a market-based EBITDA multiple. Based on the impairment test, no impairment was recorded as the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit of $4,980 million (2021 - $5,623 million) exceeded the carrying value of the cash-generating unit of $4,124 million (2021 - $4,391 million). The recoverable amount was determined based on a value-in-use approach based on a terminal capitalization rate of 6.2% (2021 - 6.6%) and a discount rate of 10.3% (2021 - 9.3%). A discount rate of 11.0% (2021 - 12.7%), a long-term growth rate of (2.0)% (2021 - (2.7)%), or a terminal capitalization rate of 8.0% (2021 - 9.4%) used in the impairment analysis would eliminate the headroom between the recoverable amount and carrying value of the cash-generating unit.
NOTE 10. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The partnership’s intangible assets are presented on a cost basis, net of accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses in the consolidated balance sheets. These intangible assets primarily represent the trademark assets related to Center Parcs UK.
The trademark assets of Center Parcs UK had a carrying amount of $859 million as of December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $964 million). They have been determined to have an indefinite useful life as the partnership has the legal right to operate
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these trademarks exclusively in certain territories and in perpetuity. The business model of Center Parcs UK is not subject to technological obsolescence or commercial innovations in any material way. Refer to Note 9, Goodwill for detail on the Center Parcs impairment analysis.

Intangible assets by class | Useful life (in years)
Trademarks | Indefinite
Other | 4 to 88

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use, are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their respective useful lives as listed above. Amortization is recorded as part of depreciation and amortization included in Direct Hospitality Expense. Refer to Note 25, Direct Hospitality Expense.
The following table presents the components of the partnership’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Cost | $ | 1,017 |  | $ | 1,012 |
Accumulated amortization | (51) |  | (48) |
Balance, end of year | $ | 966 |  | $ | 964 |

The following table presents a roll forward of the partnership’s intangible assets December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 964 |  | $ | 982 |
Acquisitions | 5 |  | 6 |
Amortization | (8) |  | (14) |
Manager Reorganization(1) | 108 |  | — |
Foreign currency translation | (103) |  | (10) |
Balance, end of year | $ | 966 |  | $ | 964 |

(1) See Note 32, Related Parties for further information on the Manager Reorganization.
NOTE 11. OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS
The components of other non-current assets are as follows:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Securities - FVTPL | $ | 2,523 |  | $ | 2,200 |
Derivative assets | 170 |  | 111 |
Securities - FVTOCI | 69 |  | 108 |
Restricted cash | 584 |  | 356 |
Inventory | 1,267 |  | 652 |
Accounts receivable | 464 |  | 2 |
Other | 140 |  | 149 |
Total other non-current assets | $ | 5,217 |  | $ | 3,578 |

Securities - FVTPL
Securities - FVTPL primarily consists of the partnership’s investment in the Brookfield Strategic Real Estate Partners III (“BSREP III”) fund, with a carrying value of the financial asset at December 31, 2022 of $1,183 million (December 31, 2021 - $1,154 million).
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NOTE 12. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND OTHER
The components of accounts receivable and other are as follows:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative assets | $ | 124 |  | $ | 33 |
Accounts receivable - net of expected credit loss of $63 million (December 31, 2021 - $112 million) | 787 |  | 852 |
Restricted cash and deposits | 342 |  | 331 |
Prepaid expenses | 405 |  | 367 |
Inventory | 176 |  | 574 |
Other current assets | 342 |  | 119 |
Total accounts receivable and other | $ | 2,176 |  | $ | 2,276 |

NOTE 13. HELD FOR SALE
Non-current assets and groups of assets and liabilities which comprise disposal groups are presented as assets held for sale where the asset or disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition, and the sale is highly probable.
The following is a summary of the assets and liabilities that were classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Investment properties | $ | 300 |  | $ | 8,037 |
Property, plant and equipment | — |  | 1,749 |
Equity accounted investments | 276 |  | — |
Accounts receivables and other assets | — |  | 724 |
Assets held for sale | 576 |  | 10,510 |
Debt obligations | — |  | 3,006 |
Accounts payable and other liabilities | — |  | 76 |
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale | $ | — |  | $ | 3,082 |

The following table presents the change to the components of the assets held for sale from the beginning of the year:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 10,510 |  | $ | 588 |
Reclassification to/(from) assets held for sale, net | 1,208 |  | 12,561 |
Disposals | (11,110) |  | (2,610) |
Fair value adjustments | 261 |  | — |
Foreign currency translation | (290) |  | (57) |
Other | (3) |  | 28 |
Assets held for sale | $ | 576 |  | $ | 10,510 |

At December 31, 2021, assets held for sale included a triple net lease portfolio in the U.S, a hospitality portfolio in the U.S., a mixed-use asset in South Korea, ten malls in the U.S., an office asset in the U.S., an office asset in Brazil, a multifamily asset in the U.S. and a hotel in the U.S.
In the first quarter of 2022, the partnership sold three malls in the U.S, a triple-net lease portfolio in the U.S., a multifamily asset in the U.S, a hospitality asset in the U.S. and a hospitality portfolio in the U.S. for net proceeds of approximately $1,481 million.
In the second quarter of 2022, the partnership sold eleven multifamily assets in the U.S., an office asset in the U.K., and one mall in the U.S. for net proceeds of approximately $365 million.
In the third quarter of 2022, the partnership sold five hospitality assets in the U.S., two office assets in the U.S., two malls in the U.S., and a multifamily asset in the U.S. for net proceeds of approximately $161 million and reclassified a mixed-use asset in Seoul out of assets held for sale and into commercial properties.
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In the fourth quarter of 2022, the partnership sold five malls in the U.S., one student housing portfolio in the U.K., one office asset in the U.S., and one multifamily asset in the U.S. for net proceeds of approximately $2,229 million.
At December 31, 2022, assets held for sale included three malls in the U.S., two hospitality assets in the U.S., and one office asset in the U.S. as the partnership intends to sell controlling interests in these assets to third parties in the next 12 months.
NOTE 14. DEBT OBLIGATIONS
The partnership’s debt obligations include the following:

| Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
(US$ Millions) | Weighted- average rate | Debt balance | Weighted- average rate | Debt balance
Unsecured facilities: |  |  |  |
Brookfield Property Partners’ credit facilities | 6.19 | % | $ | 3,090 |  | 2.00 | % | $ | 2,257 |
Brookfield Property Partners’ corporate bonds | 4.12 | % | 1,847 |  | 4.11 | % | 1,982 |
Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC term debt | 6.90 | % | 1,514 |  | 2.61 | % | 1,869 |
Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC senior secured notes | 5.20 | % | 1,695 |  | 5.20 | % | 1,695 |
Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC corporate facility | 7.17 | % | 320 |  | 3.10 | % | 70 |
Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC junior subordinated notes | 5.86 | % | 192 |  | 1.58 | % | 206 |
Subsidiary borrowings | 7.10 | % | 458 |  | 3.29 | % | 537 |
Secured debt obligations: |  |  |  |
Funds subscription credit facilities(1) | 6.19 | % | 4,177 |  | 2.44 | % | 371 |
Fixed rate | 4.47 | % | 16,155 |  | 4.31 | % | 26,248 |
Variable rate | 6.99 | % | 29,416 |  | 3.29 | % | 20,341 |
Deferred financing costs |  | (302) |  |  | (249) |
Total debt obligations |  | $ | 58,562 |  |  | $ | 55,327 |
Current |  | $ | 19,704 |  |  | $ | 13,742 |
Non-current |  | 38,858 |  |  | 38,579 |
Debt associated with assets held for sale |  | — |  |  | 3,006 |
Total debt obligations |  | $ | 58,562 |  |  | $ | 55,327 |

(1)Funds subscription credit facilities are secured by co-investors’ capital commitments.
The partnership generally believes that it will be able to either extend the maturity date, repay, or refinance the debt that is scheduled to mature in 2023 to 2024, however, approximately 2% of its debt obligations represent non-recourse mortgages where the partnership has suspended contractual payment. The partnership is currently engaging in modification or restructuring discussions with the respective creditors. These negotiations may, under certain circumstances, result in certain properties securing these loans being transferred to the lender.
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Debt obligations include foreign currency denominated debt in the functional currencies of the borrowing subsidiaries. Debt obligations by local currency are as follows:

| Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
(US$ Millions) | U.S. Dollars | Local currency | U.S. Dollars | Local currency
U.S. dollars | $ | 44,049 |  | $ | 44,049 |  | $ | 37,559 |  | $ | 37,559 |
British pounds | 5,079 |  | £ | 4,203 |  | 7,030 |  | £ | 5,196 |
Canadian dollars | 4,027 |  | C$ | 5,455 |  | 4,419 |  | C$ | 5,585 |
South Korean Won | 1,808 |  | ₩ | 2,280,000 |  | 1,918 |  | ₩ | 2,280,000 |
Australian dollars | 1,300 |  | A$ | 1,908 |  | 2,014 |  | A$ | 2,773 |
Indian Rupee | 1,777 |  | Rs | 146,860 |  | 1,801 |  | Rs | 134,378 |
Brazilian reais | 554 |  | R$ | 2,888 |  | 476 |  | R$ | 2,655 |
Chinese Yuan | 174 |  | C¥ | 1,204 |  | 69 |  | C¥ | 437 |
Euros | 96 |  | € | 90 |  | 290 |  | € | 255 |
Deferred financing costs | (302) |  |  |  | (249) |  |  |
Total debt obligations | $ | 58,562 |  |  |  | $ | 55,327 |  |  |

The components of changes in debt obligations, including changes related to cash flows from financing activities, are summarized in the table below:

|  |  |  |  | Non-cash changes in debt obligations |
(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2021 | Debt obligation issuance, net of repayments |  |  | Debt from asset acquisitions | Assumed by purchaser | Amortization of deferred financing costs and (premium) discount | Foreign currency translation | Manager Reorganization(1) | Impact of deconsolidation due to loss of control | Dec. 31, 2022
Debt obligations | $ | 55,327 |  | (1,656) |  |  |  | 350 |  | (3,836) |  | 94 |  | (1,489) |  | 10,274 |  | (502) |  | $ | 58,562 |

(1)See Note 32, Related Parties for further information on the Manager Reorganization.
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NOTE 15. CAPITAL SECURITIES
The partnership had the following capital securities outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(US$ Millions, except where noted) | Shares outstanding | Cumulative dividend rate | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Operating Partnership Class A Preferred Equity Units: |  |  |  |
Series 2 | 24,000,000 |  | 6.50 | % | $ | 575 |  | $ | 565 |
Series 3 | 24,000,000 |  | 6.75 | % | 556 |  | 546 |
New LP Preferred Units(1) | 19,273,654 |  | 6.25 | % | 474 |  | 474 |
BPO Class B Preferred Shares: |  |  |  |
Series 1(2) | 3,600,000 |  | 70% of bank prime | — |  | — |
Series 2(2) | 3,000,000 |  | 70% of bank prime | — |  | — |
Brookfield Property Split Corp. (“BOP Split”) Senior Preferred Shares: |  |  |
Series 1 | 829,334 |  | 5.25 | % | 21 |  | 21 |
Series 2 | 555,146 |  | 5.75 | % | 10 |  | 11 |
Series 3 | 668,228 |  | 5.00 | % | 12 |  | 15 |
Series 4 | 541,892 |  | 5.20 | % | 10 |  | 12 |
Rouse Series A Preferred Shares | 5,600,000 |  | 5.00 | % | 142 |  | 142 |
Brookfield India Real Estate Trust | 155,003,656 |  | See footnote (3) | 456 |  | 440 |
Capital Securities – Fund Subsidiaries |  |  | 577 |  | 859 |
Total capital securities |  |  | $ | 2,833 |  | $ | 3,085 |
Current |  |  | $ | 600 |  | $ | 61 |
Non-current |  |  | 2,233 |  | 3,024 |
Total capital securities |  |  | $ | 2,833 |  | $ | 3,085 |

(1)New LP Preferred Units shares outstanding is presented net of intracompany shares held by Holding LP.
(2)Class B, Series 1 and 2 capital securities - corporate are owned by Brookfield Corporation. BPO has an offsetting loan receivable against these securities earning interest at 95% of bank prime.
(3)The dividend rate pertaining to India REIT is equal to a minimum of 90% of net distributable cash flows.
The capital securities presented above represent interests in the partnership or its subsidiaries that are in legal form equity and are accounted for as liabilities in accordance with IAS 32 - Financial Instruments due to the redemption features of these instruments.
The Class A Preferred Units were issued on December 4, 2014 in three tranches of $600 million each, with an average dividend yield of 6.5% and maturities of seven, ten and twelve years. The Class A Preferred Units were originally exchangeable at the option of the Class A Preferred Unitholder into LP Units at a price of $25.70 per unit. Following the Privatization, the Class A Preferred Units became exchangeable into cash equal to the value of the consideration that would have been received on the Privatization (a combination of cash, BN shares and New LP Preferred Units), based on the value of that consideration on the date of exchange. We also have the option of delivering the actual consideration (a combination of cash, BN shares and New LP Preferred Units). Following the Privatization, Brookfield has agreed with the Class A Preferred Unitholder to grant Brookfield the right to purchase all or any portion of the Class A Preferred Units held by the Class A Preferred Unitholder at maturity, and to grant the Class A Preferred Unitholder the right to sell all or any portion of the Class A Preferred Units held by the Class A Preferred Unitholder at maturity, in each case at a price equal to the issue price for such Class A Preferred Units plus accrued and unpaid distributions. On December 30, 2021, Brookfield acquired the seven-year tranche of Class A Preferred Units, Series 1 units from the holder and exchanged such units for Redemption-Exchange Units. The Class A Preferred Units, Series 1 were subsequently cancelled.
The holders of each series of the BOP Split Senior Preferred Shares are each entitled to receive fixed cumulative preferential cash dividends, if, as and when declared by the Board of Directors of BOP Split. Dividends on each series of the BOP Split Senior Preferred Shares are payable quarterly on the last day of March, June, September and December in each year.
Capital securities includes $474 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $474 million) of preferred equity interests issued in connection with the Privatization which have been classified as a liability, rather than as a non-controlling interest, due to the fact that the holders of such interests can demand cash payment upon maturity of July 26, 2081, for the liquidation preference of $25.00 per unit and any accumulated unpaid dividends.
Capital securities also includes $142 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $142 million) of preferred equity interests held by a third party investor in Rouse Properties, L.P. which have been classified as a liability, rather than as a non-
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controlling interest, due to the fact that the interests are mandatorily redeemable on or after November 12, 2025 for a set price per unit plus any accrued but unpaid distributions; distributions are capped and accrue regardless of available cash generated.
Capital securities also includes $456 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $440 million) of preferred equity interests held by third party investors in the India REIT, which have been classified as a liability, rather than as a non-controlling interest, due to the fact BIRET has a contractual obligation to make distributions to unitholders every six months at an amount no less than 90% of net distributable cash flows.
The Capital Securities - Fund Subsidiaries includes $545 million (December 31, 2021 - $810 million) of equity interests in Brookfield DTLA Holdings LLC (“DTLA”) held by co-investors in DTLA which have been classified as a liability, rather than as non-controlling interest, as holders of these interests can cause DTLA to redeem their interests in the fund for cash equivalent to the fair value of the interests on October 15, 2023, and on every fifth anniversary thereafter. Capital Securities – Fund Subsidiaries are measured at FVTPL.
Capital Securities - Fund Subsidiaries also includes $32 million at December 31, 2022 (December 31, 2021 - $49 million) which represents the equity interests held by the partnership’s co-investor in the Brookfield D.C. Office Partners LLC ("D.C. Fund") which have been classified as a liability, rather than as non-controlling interest, due to the fact that on October 31, 2025, and on every second anniversary thereafter, the holders of these interests can redeem their interests in the D.C. Fund for cash equivalent to the fair value of the interests.
Reconciliation of cash flows from financing activities from capital securities is shown in the table below:

|  |  |  | Non-cash changes on capital securities |
(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2021 | Capital securities issued | Capital securities redeemed | Equity conversion of capital securities | Fair value changes |  |  |  | Other | Dec. 31, 2022
Capital securities | $ | 3,085 |  | $ | 57 |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (321) |  |  |  |  | $ | 15 |  | $ | 2,833 |

Capital securities includes $33 million (December 31, 2021 - $38 million) repayable in Canadian Dollars of C$45 million (December 31, 2021 - C$49 million).
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NOTE 16. INCOME TAXES
The partnership is a flow-through entity for tax purposes and as such is not subject to Bermudian taxation. However, income taxes are recognized for the amount of taxes payable by the primary holding subsidiaries of the partnership (“Holding Entities”), any direct or indirect corporate subsidiaries of the Holding Entities and for the impact of deferred tax assets and liabilities related to such entities.
The components of net deferred tax liability are presented as follows:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred income tax assets: |  |
Non-capital losses (Canada) | $ | 102 |  | $ | 95 |
Capital losses (Canada) | 32 |  | 34 |
Net operating losses (United States) | 570 |  | 352 |
Non-capital losses (foreign) | 142 |  | 118 |
Tax credit carryforwards | 61 |  | 77 |
Capital losses (United States) | 758 |  | 203 |
Other | 26 |  | 31 |
| 1,691 |  | 910 |
Deferred income tax (liabilities): |  |
Properties | (4,755) |  | (4,160) |
| (4,755) |  | (4,160) |
Net deferred tax (liability) | $ | (3,064) |  | $ | (3,250) |

The changes in deferred tax balances are presented as follows:

|  |  | Recognized in |
(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2021 |  | Income | Equity | Acquisitions and Dispositions | OCI | Other Balance Sheet | Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred tax assets | $ | 910 |  |  | $ | 810 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (29) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,691 |
Deferred tax (liabilities) | (4,160) |  |  | (928) |  | — |  | 143 |  | 190 |  | — |  | (4,755) |
Net deferred tax (liability) | $ | (3,250) |  |  | $ | (118) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 143 |  | $ | 161 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (3,064) |

|  |  | Recognized in |
(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2020 |  | Income | Equity | Acquisitions and Dispositions | OCI | Other Balance Sheet | Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred tax assets | $ | 772 |  |  | $ | 164 |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (5) |  | $ | (28) |  | $ | 910 |
Deferred tax (liabilities) | (3,630) |  |  | (519) |  | — |  | 85 |  | (96) |  | — |  | (4,160) |
Net deferred tax (liability) | $ | (2,858) |  |  | $ | (355) |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | 85 |  | $ | (101) |  | $ | (28) |  | $ | (3,250) |

During 2022, the partnership and its subsidiaries have disposed of a corporate entity in BSREP II, as a result they have derecognized deferred tax liabilities of $143 million associated with that corporation.
The Holding Entities and their Canadian subsidiaries have deferred tax assets of $102 million (December 31, 2021 - $95 million) related to non-capital losses that will begin to expire in 2032, and $32 million (December 31, 2021 - $34 million) related to capital losses that have no expiry. The Holding Entities and their U.S. subsidiaries have deferred tax assets of $570 million (December 31, 2021 - $352 million) related to net operating losses that will begin to expire in 2026. The Holding Entities and their U.S. subsidiaries have deferred tax assets of $758 million (December 31, 2021 - $203 million) related to non-capital losses which will begin to expire in 2023. The holding entities and their foreign subsidiaries, mainly in India, South Korea and the United Kingdom, have deferred tax assets of $142 million (December 31, 2021 - $118 million) related to non-capital losses which will begin to expire in 2023.
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The gross deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, and unused tax credits for which no deferred tax asset is recognized are as follows:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Unused tax losses - gross |  |
Net operating losses (United States) | $ | 24 |  | $ | 34 |
Capital losses (United States) | — |  | 275 |
Net operating losses (foreign) | 341 |  | 513 |
Other unrecognized tax attributes | 37 |  | — |
Unrecognized deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, and unused tax credits | $ | 402 |  | $ | 822 |

The Holding Entities, their U.S. subsidiaries, and foreign subsidiaries have gross deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, and unused tax credits which have not been recognized of $402 million (December 31, 2021 - $822 million) related to net operating losses and capital losses. Approximately $178 million of the foreign net operating losses will expire by 2031. The remaining foreign net operating losses have no expiry. The majority of the U.S. net operating losses will begin to expire in 2035. The majority of U.S. capital losses will begin to expire in 2035.
The aggregate amount of gross temporary differences associated with investments and interests in joint arrangements in subsidiaries for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognized as of December 31, 2022 is approximately $4 billion (December 31, 2021 - $10 billion).
The major components of income tax expense include the following:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Current income tax expense | $ | 163 |  | $ | 134 |  | $ | 58 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) | 118 |  | 356 |  | 162 |
Income tax expense | $ | 281 |  | $ | 490 |  | $ | 220 |

The decrease in income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year primarily relates to tax rate changes in jurisdictions in which the partnership holds investments.

Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Statutory income tax rate | 26 | % | 26 | % | 26 | %
Increase (decrease) in rate resulting from: |  |  |
International operations subject to different tax rates | (7) | % | (7) | % | (35) | %
Non-controlling interests in income of flow-through entities | (2) | % | (10) | % | 8 | %
Change in tax rates applicable to temporary differences in other jurisdictions | 4 | % | 2 | % | (8) | %
Other | 1 | % | 1 | % | (3) | %
Effective income tax rate | 22 | % | 12 | % | (12) | %

As the partnership is not subject to tax, the analyses used the applicable Canadian blended Federal and Provincial tax rate as the statutory income tax rate.
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NOTE 17. OTHER NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
The components of other non-current liabilities are as follows:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 824 |  | $ | 499 |
Lease liabilities(1) | 1,049 |  | 690 |
Derivative liability | 371 |  | 277 |
Provisions | 7 |  | 16 |
Deferred revenue | 21 |  | 16 |
Loans and notes payable | 171 |  | 1 |
Total other non-current liabilities | $ | 2,443 |  | $ | 1,499 |

(1)For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense relating to total lease liabilities (see Note 18, Accounts Payable And Other Liabilities for the current portion) was $58 million (2021 - $59 million).
NOTE 18. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND OTHER LIABILITIES
The components of accounts payable and other liabilities are as follows:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 2,852 |  | $ | 2,021 |
Loans and notes payable | 226 |  | 899 |
Derivative liabilities | 167 |  | 221 |
Deferred revenue | 436 |  | 445 |
Lease liabilities(1) | 163 |  | 160 |
Other liabilities | 33 |  | 16 |
Total accounts payable and other liabilities | $ | 3,877 |  | $ | 3,762 |

(1)See Note 17, Other Non-Current Liabilities for further information on the interest expense related to these liabilities.
NOTE 19. EQUITY
The partnership’s capital structure is comprised of five classes of partnership units: GP Units, LP Units, REUs, Special LP Unit and FV LTIP Units. In addition, the partnership issued Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units, Series 1 in the first quarter of 2019, Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units, Series 2 in the third quarter of 2019 and Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units, Series 3 in the first quarter of 2020 (“Preferred Equity Units”).
As part of the Privatization, the partnership fully redeemed two classes of partnership units: Exchange LP Units and BPYU Units. Refer to Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership for discussion of the impacts of the privatization to the partnership’s equity structure.
a)General and limited partnership units
GP Units entitle the holder to the right to govern the financial and operating policies of the partnership. The GP Units are entitled to a 1% general partnership interest.
LP Units entitle the holder to their proportionate share of distributions. Each LP Unit entitles the holder thereof to one vote for the purposes of any approval at a meeting of limited partners, provided that holders of the Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units that are exchanged for LP Units will only be entitled to a maximum number of votes in respect of the Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units equal to 49% of the total voting power of all outstanding units.
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The following table presents changes to the GP Units and LP Units from the beginning of the year:

| GP Units | LP Units
(Thousands of units), Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Outstanding, beginning of year | 139 |  | 139 |  | 139 |  | 298,987 |  | 435,980 |  | 439,802 |
Privatization |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (146,278) |  | — |
Exchange LP Units exchanged | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 128 |  | 169 |
BPYU Units exchanged |  |  |  | — |  | 8,922 |  | 11,580 |
Distribution reinvestment program | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 123 |  | 998 |
Issued under unit-based compensation plan | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 112 |  | — |
LP Units issued | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 59,497 |
Repurchases of LP Units | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (76,066) |
Outstanding, end of year | 139 |  | 139 |  | 139 |  | 298,987 |  | 298,987 |  | 435,980 |

b)Units of the Operating Partnership held by Brookfield Corporation
Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units
There were 529,473,303 Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and 451,365,017 outstanding at December 31, 2020.
Special limited partnership units
Brookfield Property Special L.P. (“Special LP”) is entitled to receive equity enhancement distributions and incentive distributions from the Operating Partnership as a result of its ownership of the Special LP Units.
There were 4,759,997 Special LP Units outstanding at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
c)Limited partnership units of Brookfield Office Properties Exchange LP
The following table presents changes to the Exchange LP Units from the beginning of the year:

| Exchange LP Units
(Thousands of units) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020
Outstanding, beginning of year | — |  | 2,714 |  | 2,883 |
Exchange LP Units exchanged (1) | — |  | (128) |  | (169) |
Privatization | — |  | (2,586) |  | — |
Outstanding, end of year | — |  | — |  | 2,714 |

(1)Exchange LP Units issued for the acquisition of incremental BPO common shares that have been exchanged are held by an indirect subsidiary of the partnership. Refer to the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the impact of such exchanges on the carrying value of Exchange LP Units.
d) FV LTIP Units
The partnership issued FV LTIP units under the Brookfield Property L.P. FV LTIP Unit Plan to certain participants in 2019. Each FV LTIP Unit will vest over a period of five years and is redeemable for LP Units or a cash payment subject to a conversion adjustment. There were 1,571,709, 1,818,717 and 1,899,661 FV LTIP Units outstanding at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
e) Class A stock of Brookfield Properties Retail Holding LLC
In connection with the Privatization discussed in Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership, all public outstanding BPYU Units were acquired. The partnership indirectly owns all of the remaining outstanding Units.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, there were 8,922,243 BPYU Units exchanged for LP Units, 841,950 BPYU Units repurchased, 377,209 BPYU Units issued, and 6,091 BPYU Unit forfeitures.
f) Preferred Equity Units
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the partnership issued 7,360,000 Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units, Series 1 at $25.00 per unit at a coupon rate of 6.5% and 10,000,000 Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units, Series 2 at $25.00 per unit at a coupon rate of 6.375%. In total $722 million of gross proceeds were raised and $24 million in underwriting and issuance costs were incurred. The Series 1 Units were redeemed in the fourth quarter of 2021.
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During the year ended December 31, 2020, the partnership issued 11,500,000 Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Units, Series 3 at $25.00 per unit at a coupon rate of 5.75%. In total $288 million of gross proceeds were raised and $9 million in underwriting and issuance costs were incurred. At December 31, 2022, Preferred Equity Units had a total carrying value of $699 million (December 31, 2021 - $699 million).
g) Distributions
Distributions made to each class of partnership units, including units of subsidiaries that are exchangeable into LP Units, are as follows:

(US$ Millions, except per unit information) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Limited partners | $ | 419 |  | $ | 358 |  | $ | 583 |
Holders of: |  |  |
Redeemable/exchangeable partnership units | 743 |  | 499 |  | 581 |
Special LP Units | 5 |  | 5 |  | 6 |
Exchange LP Units | — |  | 1 |  | 4 |
FV LTIP of the Operating Partnership | 2 |  | 2 |  | 2 |
BPYU Units | — |  | 13 |  | 68 |
Total distributions | $ | 1,169 |  | $ | 878 |  | $ | 1,244 |
Per unit(1) | $ | 1.40 |  | $ | 1.05 |  | $ | 1.33 |

(1)Per unit outstanding on the record date for each.
NOTE 20. NON-CONTROLLING INTERESTS
Non-controlling interests consists of the following:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units and Special LP Units(1) | $ | 14,688 |  | $ | 15,736 |
FV LTIP units of the Operating Partnership(1) | 45 |  | 55 |
Interest of others in operating subsidiaries and properties: |  |
Preferred shares held by Brookfield Corporation(2) | 2,490 |  | 1,015 |
Preferred equity of subsidiaries | 2,772 |  | 2,750 |
Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries and properties | 12,822 |  | 15,941 |
Total interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties | 18,084 |  | 19,706 |
Total non-controlling interests | $ | 32,817 |  | $ | 35,497 |

(1)Each unit within these classes of non-controlling interest has economic terms substantially equivalent to those of an LP Unit. As such, income attributed to each unit or share of non-controlling interest is equivalent to that allocated to an LP Unit. The proportion of interests held by holders of the Redeemable/Exchangeable Units changes as a result of issuances, repurchases and exchanges. Consequently, the partnership adjusted the relative carrying amounts of the interests held by limited partners and non-controlling interests based on their relative share of the equivalent LP Units. The difference between the adjusted value and the previous carrying amounts was attributed to current LP Units as ownership changes in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.
(2)See Note 32, Related Parties for further information on the Manager Reorganization.
NOTE 21. COMMERCIAL PROPERTY REVENUE
The components of commercial property revenue are as follows:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Base rent | $ | 3,153 |  | $ | 3,462 |  | $ | 3,613 |
Straight-line rent | 25 |  | 25 |  | 133 |
Lease termination | 27 |  | 68 |  | 27 |
Other lease income(1) | 662 |  | 662 |  | 627 |
Other revenue from tenants(2) | 982 |  | 946 |  | 997 |
Total commercial property revenue | $ | 4,849 |  | $ | 5,163 |  | $ | 5,397 |

(1)Other lease income includes parking revenue and recovery of property tax and insurance expense from tenants.
(2)Consists of recovery of certain operating expenses and other revenue from tenants which are accounted for in accordance with IFRS 15.
As a result of pandemic-related closures and restrictions, certain of the partnership’s tenants, primarily in the Core Retail segment, requested rental assistance, in the form of either a deferral or rent reduction. Lease concessions granted in response to the pandemic are accounted for as a lease modification and are recognized prospectively over the remaining lease term when they become legally enforceable. In the current period, the partnership granted abatements of $13 million (2021 - $82 million)
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for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, primarily related to prior year rents in response to tenants impacted by the pandemic.
The partnership leases properties under operating leases generally with lease terms of between 1 and 15 years, with options to extend. Minimum rental commitments under non-cancellable tenant operating leases are as follows:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Less than 1 year | $ | 2,933 |  | $ | 2,776 |
1-5 years | 9,266 |  | 9,029 |
More than 5 years | 8,559 |  | 8,522 |
Total | $ | 20,758 |  | $ | 20,327 |

NOTE 22. HOSPITALITY REVENUE
The components of hospitality revenue are as follows:

(US$ Millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Room, food and beverage | $ | 1,300 |  | $ | 931 |  | $ | 562 |
Gaming, and other leisure activities | 175 |  | 111 |  | 106 |
Other hospitality revenue | 36 |  | 31 |  | 34 |
Total hospitality revenue | $ | 1,511 |  | $ | 1,073 |  | $ | 702 |

NOTE 23. INVESTMENT AND OTHER REVENUE
The components of investment and other revenue are as follows:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Investment income | $ | 518 |  | $ | 476 |  | $ | 177 |
Fee revenue | 285 |  | 255 |  | 228 |
Dividend income | 114 |  | 77 |  | 44 |
Interest income and other | 88 |  | 56 |  | 45 |
Total investment and other revenue | $ | 1,005 |  | $ | 864 |  | $ | 494 |

NOTE 24. DIRECT COMMERCIAL PROPERTY EXPENSE
The components of direct commercial property expense are as follows:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Property maintenance | $ | 727 |  | $ | 713 |  | $ | 679 |
Real estate taxes | 548 |  | 580 |  | 610 |
Employee compensation and benefits | 148 |  | 155 |  | 158 |
Depreciation and amortization | 29 |  | 39 |  | 39 |
Lease expense(1) | 11 |  | 11 |  | 16 |
Other(2) | 389 |  | 433 |  | 473 |
Total direct commercial property expense | $ | 1,852 |  | $ | 1,931 |  | $ | 1,975 |

(1)Represents the operating expenses relating to variable lease payments not included in the measurement of the lease liability.
(2)For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the partnership recorded a loss recovery of $11 million (loss allowance of 2021 - $49 million, 2020 - $99 million) in commercial property operating expenses.
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NOTE 25. DIRECT HOSPITALITY EXPENSE
The components of direct hospitality expense are as follows:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Employee compensation and benefits | $ | 230 |  | $ | 160 |  | $ | 180 |
Cost of food, beverage, and retail goods sold | 245 |  | 158 |  | 142 |
Depreciation and amortization | 258 |  | 269 |  | 280 |
Maintenance and utilities | 105 |  | 99 |  | 112 |
Marketing and advertising | 26 |  | 23 |  | 28 |
Other | 277 |  | 201 |  | 166 |
Total direct hospitality expense | $ | 1,141 |  | $ | 910 |  | $ | 908 |

NOTE 26. GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSE
The components of general and administrative expense are as follows:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Employee compensation and benefits | $ | 376 |  | $ | 360 |  | $ | 385 |
Management fees | 281 |  | 241 |  | 116 |
Transaction costs | 26 |  | 48 |  | 24 |
Professional fees | 92 |  | 97 |  | 98 |
Facilities and technology fees | 43 |  | 47 |  | 54 |
Other | 112 |  | 131 |  | 139 |
Total general and administrative expense | $ | 930 |  | $ | 924 |  | $ | 816 |

NOTE 27. FAIR VALUE GAINS (LOSSES), NET
The components of fair value gains (losses), net, are as follows:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Commercial properties(1) | $ | (1,122) |  | $ | 1,791 |  | $ | (1,607) |
Commercial developments | 64 |  | 171 |  | 219 |
Incentive fees(2) | (45) |  | (24) |  | (16) |
Financial instruments and other(3) | 1,123 |  | 583 |  | 82 |
Total fair value (losses) gains, net | $ | 20 |  | $ | 2,521 |  | $ | (1,322) |

(1)For the year ended December 31, 2022, includes fair value loss on right-of-use investment properties of $2 million (2021 - $5 million, 2020 - $16 million).
(2)Represents incentive fees the partnership is obligated to pay to the general partner of the partnership’s various fund investments.
(3)For the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily includes fair value gains on the disposition of a student housing portfolio.
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NOTE 28. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Other comprehensive (loss) income consists of the following:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Items that may be reclassified to net income: |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  |  |
Unrealized foreign currency translation (losses) gains in respect of foreign operations | $ | (1,233) |  | $ | (467) |  | $ | 87 |
Reclassification of realized foreign currency translation gains to net income on disposition of foreign operations | 189 |  | 27 |  | — |
Gains (losses) on hedges of net investments in foreign operations | 539 |  | 163 |  | 650 |
| (505) |  | (277) |  | 737 |
Cash flow hedges |  |  |
Gains on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of income tax expense (benefit) of $(9) million (2021 - $(12) million; 2020 - $4 million) | 49 |  | 95 |  | 116 |
| 49 |  | 95 |  | 116 |
Equity accounted investments |  |  |
Share of unrealized foreign currency translations (losses) gains in respect of foreign operations | (1) |  | (2) |  | 4 |
Share of gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges | 129 |  | 56 |  | (62) |
| 128 |  | 54 |  | (58) |
Items that will not be reclassified to net income: |  |  |
Unrealized (losses) gains on securities - FVTOCI, net of income tax (expense) benefit of $(2) million (2021 - $(59) million; 2020 - $11 million) | (26) |  | (33) |  | 17 |
Share of revaluation surplus (losses) on equity accounted investments | 113 |  | 354 |  | (206) |
Net remeasurement gains (losses) on defined benefit plan | 1 |  | — |  | (1) |
Revaluation surplus (loss), net of income tax (expense) benefit of $(72) million (2021 –$(120) million; 2020 – $49 million) | 655 |  | 811 |  | (191) |
| 743 |  | 1,132 |  | (381) |
Total other comprehensive income | $ | 415 |  | $ | 1,004 |  | $ | 414 |

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NOTE 29. OBLIGATIONS, GUARANTEES, CONTINGENCIES AND OTHER
In the normal course of operations, the partnership and its consolidated entities execute agreements that provide for indemnification and guarantees to third parties in transactions such as business dispositions, business acquisitions, sales of assets and sales of services.
Certain of the partnership’s operating subsidiaries have also agreed to indemnify their directors and certain of their officers and employees. The nature of substantially all of the indemnification undertakings prevent the partnership from making a reasonable estimate of the maximum potential amount that it could be required to pay third parties as the agreements do not specify a maximum amount and the amounts are dependent upon the outcome of future contingent events, the nature and likelihood of which cannot be determined at this time. Historically, neither the partnership nor its consolidated subsidiaries have made significant payments under such indemnification agreements.
The partnership and its operating subsidiaries may be contingently liable with respect to litigation and claims that arise from time to time in the normal course of business or otherwise.
At December 31, 2022, the partnership had commitments totaling:
•approximately $203 million for the development of Manhattan West in Midtown New York, 1100 Avenue of the Americas redevelopment in Midtown New York, Greenpoint Landing in Brooklyn, 755 Figueroa in Los Angeles and Halley Rise in Washington, D.C; and
•approximately A$135 million ($92 million) primarily for the development of 1 The Esplanade in Sydney and Elizabeth Quay in Perth.
During 2013, Brookfield Corporation announced the final close on the $4.4 billion BSREP I fund, a global private fund focused on making opportunistic investments in commercial property. The partnership, as lead investor, committed approximately $1.3 billion to the fund. As of December 31, 2022, there remained approximately $147 million of uncontributed capital commitments.
In April 2016, Brookfield Corporation announced the final close on the $9.0 billion BSREP II fund to which the partnership had committed $2.3 billion as lead investor. As of December 31, 2022, there remained approximately $644 million of uncontributed capital commitments.
In November 2017, Brookfield Corporation announced the final close on the $2.9 billion fifth Brookfield Real Estate Finance Fund to which the partnership had committed $400 million as lead investor. As of December 31, 2022, there remained approximately $157 million of uncontributed capital commitments.
In September 2018, Brookfield Corporation announced the final close of the $1.0 billion third Brookfield Fairfield U.S. Multifamily Value Add Fund to which the partnership had committed $300 million. As of December 31, 2022, there remained approximately $159 million of uncontributed capital commitments.
In January 2019, Brookfield Corporation announced the final close on the $15.0 billion BSREP III fund to which the partnership has committed $1.0 billion. As of December 31, 2022, there remained approximately $347 million of uncontributed capital commitments.
In December 2022, Brookfield Corporation announced the final close on the $15.3 billion BSREP IV fund to which the partnership has committed $3.5 billion. As of December 31, 2022, there remained approximately $2.8 billion of uncontributed capital commitments.
In October of 2020, Brookfield Corporation announced the final close on the €619 million ($663 million) Brookfield European Real Estate Partnership fund to which the partnership has committed €100 million ($107 million). As of December 31, 2022, all capital commitments have been contributed.
The partnership maintains insurance on its properties in amounts and with deductibles that it believes are in line with what owners of similar properties carry. The partnership maintains all risk property insurance and rental value coverage (including coverage for the perils of flood, earthquake and named windstorm). The partnership does not conduct its operations, other than those of equity accounted investments, through entities that are not fully or proportionately consolidated in these financial statements, and has not guaranteed or otherwise contractually committed to support any material financial obligations not reflected in these financial statements.
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NOTE 30. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
The capital of the partnership’s business consists of debt obligations, capital securities, preferred stock and equity. The partnership’s objective when managing this capital is to maintain an appropriate balance between holding a sufficient amount of equity capital to support its operations and reducing its weighted average cost of capital to improve its return on equity. As at December 31, 2022, capital totaled $103 billion (December 31, 2021 - $100 billion).
The partnership attempts to maintain a level of liquidity to ensure it is able to participate in investment opportunities as they arise and to better withstand sudden adverse changes in economic circumstances. The partnership’s primary sources of liquidity include cash, undrawn committed credit facilities, construction facilities, cash flow from operating activities and access to public and private capital markets. In addition, the partnership structures its affairs to facilitate monetization of longer-duration assets through financings and co-investor participations.
The partnership seeks to increase income from its existing properties by maintaining quality standards for its properties that promote high occupancy rates and support increases in rental rates while reducing tenant turnover and related costs, and by controlling operating expenses. Consequently, the partnership believes its revenue, along with proceeds from financing activities and divestitures, will continue to provide the necessary funds to cover its short-term liquidity needs. However, material changes in the factors described above may adversely affect the partnership’s net cash flows.
The partnership’s principal liquidity needs for the current year and for periods beyond include:
•Recurring expenses;
•Debt service requirements;
•Distributions to preferred equity unitholders;
•Distributions to unitholders;
•Capital expenditures deemed mandatory, including tenant improvements;
•Development costs not covered under construction loans;
•Investing activities which could include:
◦Fulfilling the partnership’s capital commitments to various funds;
◦Discretionary capital expenditures;
◦Property acquisitions; and
◦Future development.
Most of the partnership’s borrowings are in the form of long-term asset-specific financings with recourse only to the specific assets. Limiting recourse to specific assets ensures that poor performance within one area does not compromise the partnership’s ability to finance the balance of its operations.
In addition, the partnership may, from time to time, issue equity instruments, including, but not limited to, LP Units, preferred equity and Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, to the public in private placements in certain circumstances to provide financing for significant transactions.
The partnership’s operating subsidiaries are subject to limited covenants in respect of their corporate debt and are in full compliance with all such covenants at December 31, 2022. The partnership’s operating subsidiaries are also in compliance with all covenants and other capital requirements related to regulatory or contractual obligations of material consequence to the partnership. The partnership generally believes that it will be able to either extend the maturity date, repay, or refinance the debt that is scheduled to mature in 2023 to 2024, however, approximately 2% of its debt obligations represent non-recourse mortgages where the partnership has suspended contractual payment, and is currently engaging in modification or restructuring discussions with the respective creditors. The partnership is generally seeking relief given the circumstances resulting from the current economic slowdown, and may or may not be successful with these negotiations. If the partnership is unsuccessful, it is possible that certain properties securing these loans could be transferred to the lenders.
The partnership’s strategy is to satisfy its liquidity needs in respect of the partnership using the partnership’s cash on hand, cash flows generated from operating activities and provided by financing activities, as well as proceeds from asset sales, primarily held in the LP Investments segment. The operating subsidiaries of the partnership also generate liquidity by accessing capital markets on an opportunistic basis.
The partnership’s principal liquidity needs for periods beyond the next year are for scheduled debt maturities, distributions, recurring and non-recurring capital expenditures, development costs, potential property acquisitions, capital contributions to operating subsidiaries impacted by the shutdown and the partnership’s capital commitments to various funds. The partnership plans to meet these needs with one or more of: cash flows from operations; construction loans; creation of new funds; proceeds
- F-52 -

from sales of assets; proceeds from sale of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries and properties; and credit facilities and refinancing opportunities.
The table below presents the partnership’s contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022:

(US$ Millions) |  | Payments due by period
Dec. 31, 2022 | Total | < 1 Year | 1 Year | 2 Years | 3 Years | 4 Years | > 5 Years
Debt obligations(1) | $ | 58,864 |  | $ | 19,777 |  | $ | 13,486 |  | $ | 7,906 |  | $ | 4,189 |  | $ | 7,991 |  | $ | 5,515 |
Capital securities | 2,833 |  | 600 |  | 575 |  | 172 |  | 555 |  | — |  | 931 |
Lease obligations | 3,790 |  | 51 |  | 48 |  | 48 |  | 48 |  | 48 |  | 3,547 |
Commitments(2) | 345 |  | 275 |  | 68 |  | 2 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Interest expense(3): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt obligations | 8,872 |  | 3,072 |  | 1,932 |  | 1,329 |  | 982 |  | 657 |  | 900 |
Capital securities | 1,169 |  | 152 |  | 154 |  | 118 |  | 109 |  | 73 |  | 563 |
Interest rate swaps | (75) |  | (16) |  | (16) |  | (15) |  | (13) |  | (15) |  | — |

(1)Debt obligations gross of deferred financing costs of $302 million.
(2)Primarily consists of construction commitments on commercial developments.
(3)Represents aggregate interest expense expected to be paid over the term of the obligations. Variable interest rate payments have been calculated based on current rates.
NOTE 31. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
a)Derivatives and hedging activities
The partnership and its operating entities use derivative and non-derivative instruments to manage financial risks, including interest rate, commodity, equity price and foreign exchange risks. The use of derivative contracts is governed by documented risk management policies and approved limits. The partnership does not use derivatives for speculative purposes. The partnership and its operating entities use the following derivative instruments to manage these risks:
•foreign currency forward contracts to hedge exposures to Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, British Pound, Euro, Chinese Yuan, Brazilian Real, Indian Rupee and South Korean Won denominated net investments in foreign subsidiaries and foreign currency denominated financial assets;
•interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk associated with planned refinancings and existing variable rate debt;
•interest rate caps to hedge interest rate risk on certain variable rate debt; and
•cross currency swaps to manage interest rate and foreign currency exchange rates on existing variable rate debt.
The partnership also designates Canadian Dollar financial liabilities of certain of its operating entities as hedges of its net investments in its Canadian operations.
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Interest Rate Hedging
The following table provides the partnership’s outstanding derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges of variability in interest rates associated with forecasted fixed rate financings and existing variable rate debt as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(US$ Millions) | Hedging item | Notional | Rates | Maturity dates | Fair value
Dec. 31, 2022 | Interest rate caps of US$ LIBOR debt | $ | 2,042 |  | 2.5% - 5.0% | May 2023 - Apr. 2027 | $ | 20 |
| Interest rate caps of US$ SOFR debt | 3,989 |  | 1.0% - 6.0% | Aug. 2023 - Nov. 2024 | 74 |
| Interest rate swaps of US$ SOFR debt | 2,500 |  | 3.7% | Dec. 2027 | 3 |
| Interest rate caps of £ SONIA debt | 1,024 |  | 1.0% - 2.5% | Jul. 2024 - Mar. 2025 | 41 |
| Interest rate swaps of £ SONIA debt | 804 |  | 2.7% | Jan. 2023 - Jul. 2024 | 20 |
| Interest rate caps of € EURIBOR debt | 96 |  | 1.3% | Apr. 2023 | — |
| Interest rate caps of C$ LIBOR debt | 177 |  | 4.0% | Oct. 2024 | 2 |
| Interest rate swaps of AUD BBSW/BBSY debt | 132 |  | 5.3% - 5.8% | Apr. 2024 | — |
Dec. 31, 2021 | Interest rate caps of US$ LIBOR debt | $ | 9,590 |  | 2.5% - 5.0% | Jan. 2022 - Jun. 2024 | $ | — |
| Interest rate swaps of US$ LIBOR debt | 2,130 |  | 1.0% - 2.6% | Nov. 2022 - Feb. 2024 | (50) |
| Interest rate caps of £ LIBOR debt | 2,301 |  | 1.0% - 2.5% | Jan. 2022 - Dec. 2023 | — |
| Interest rate caps of £ SONIA debt | 974 |  | 2.0% | Oct. 2022 - Mar. 2025 | 5 |
| Interest rate caps of € EURIBOR debt | 102 |  | 1.3% | Apr. 2022 | — |
| Interest rate caps of C$ LIBOR debt | 240 |  | 2.0% | Oct. 2022 | — |
| Interest rate swaps of AUD BBSW/BBSY debt | 422 |  | 0.8% - 1.6% | Apr. 2023 - Apr. 2024 | — |

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the amount of hedge ineffectiveness recorded in earnings in connection with the partnership’s interest rate hedging activities was nil (December 31, 2021 - nil).
Foreign Currency Hedging
The following table presents the partnership’s outstanding derivatives that are designated as net investment hedges in foreign subsidiaries or cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(US$ Millions) | Hedging item | Net Notional | Rates | Maturity dates | Fair value
Dec. 31, 2022 | Net investment hedges | € | 105 |  | €0.91/$ - €1.02/$ | Feb. 2023 - Dec. 2025 | (7) |
| Net investment hedges | £ | 1,319 |  | £0.76/$ - £0.93/$ | Jan. 2023 - Jul. 2023 | (243) |
| Net investment hedges | A$ | — |  | A$1.49/$ - A$1.55/$ | May. 2023 | (1) |
| Net investment hedges | C¥ | 2,703 |  | C¥6.59/$ - C¥6.99/$ | Jun. 2023 - Mar. 2025 | (9) |
| Net investment hedges | R$ | 908 |  | R$6.24/$ - R$7.00/$ | May. 2023 - Dec. 2024 | (22) |
| Net investment hedges | ₩ | 820,473 |  | ₩1,283.60/$ - ₩1,410.00/$ | Jan. 2023 - Nov. 2024 | (42) |
| Net investment hedges | Rs | 84,251 |  | Rs79.40/$ - Rs89.84/$ | Mar. 2023 - Jul. 2024 | (5) |
| Net investment hedges | £ | 374 |  | £0.86/€ | Jul. 2023 | (16) |
| Cross currency swaps of C$ LIBOR debt | C$ | 2,500 |  | C$1.25/$ - C$1.38/$ | Jul. 2023 - Jan. 2027 | (45) |
Dec. 31, 2021 | Net investment hedges | € | 389 |  | €0.81/$ - €0.88/$ | Jul. 2022 - Sep. 2024 | $ | (2) |
| Net investment hedges | £ | 4,395 |  | £0.71/$ - £0.76/$ | Jun. 2022 - Mar. 2023 | (89) |
| Net investment hedges | A$ | 974 |  | A$1.35/$ - A$1.41/$ | Mar. 2022 - Mar. 2023 | (14) |
| Net investment hedges | C¥ | 1,596 |  | C¥6.68/$ - C¥6.99/$ | Jun. 2022 - Jun. 2023 | (7) |
| Net investment hedges | R$ | 2,546 |  | R$5.87/$ - R$6.54/$ | Sep. 2022 - Oct. 2022 | (5) |
| Net investment hedges | ₩ | 720,095 |  | ₩1,165.75/$ - ₩1,197.60/$ | Jun. 2022 - Jun. 2023 | 4 |
| Net investment hedges | Rs | 75,690 |  | Rs76.35/$ - Rs87.13/$ | Jan. 2022 - Jul. 2024 | (27) |
| Net investment hedges | £ | 90 |  | £0.91/€ | Apr. 2022 | 9 |
| Cross currency swaps of C$ LIBOR debt | C$ | 2,500 |  | C$1.25/$ - C$1.38/$ | Jul. 2023 - Jan. 2027 | 56 |

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amount of hedge ineffectiveness recorded in earnings in connection with the partnership’s foreign currency hedging activities was not significant.
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Other Derivatives
The following tables provide detail of the partnership’s other derivatives, not designated as hedges for accounting purposes, that have been entered into to manage financial risks as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(US$ millions) | Derivative type | Notional | Rates | Maturity dates | Fair value |
Dec. 31, 2022 | Interest rate caps | $ | 7,622 |  | 2.0% - 6.0% | Jan. 2023 - Nov. 2032 | $ | 30 |  |
| Interest rate swaps on forecasted fixed rate debt | 335 |  | 3.6% - 5.3% | Jun. 2023 | (21) |  |
Dec. 31, 2021 | Interest rate caps | $ | 5,388 |  | 3.0% - 5.0% | Jan. 2022 - Feb. 2027 | $ | — |  |
| Interest rate swaps on forecasted fixed rate debt | 1,285 |  | 2.7% - 6.4% | Jun. 2022 - Jun. 2033 | (253) |  |
| Interest rate swaps of US$ debt | 1,696 |  | 0.8% - 5.1% | Nov. 2022 - Mar. 2024 | (8) |  |

The partnership recognized fair value losses of approximately nil (December 31, 2021 - losses of $31 million) related to the settlement of certain forward starting interest rate swaps that have not been designated as hedges.
b)Measurement and classification of financial instruments
Fair value is the amount that willing parties would accept to exchange a financial instrument based on the current market for instruments with the same risk, principal and remaining maturity. The fair value of interest bearing financial assets and liabilities is determined by discounting the contractual principal and interest payments at estimated current market interest rates for the instrument. Current market rates are determined by reference to current benchmark rates for a similar term and current credit spreads for debt with similar terms and risk.
- F-55 -

Classification and Measurement
The following table outlines the classification and measurement basis, and related fair value for disclosures, of the financial assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements:

|  | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
(US$ Millions) | Classification and measurement basis | Carrying value | Fair value | Carrying value | Fair value
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |
Loans and notes receivable | Amortized cost | 686 |  | 686 |  | 225 |  | 225 |
Other non-current assets |  |  |  |  |
Securities - FVTPL | FVTPL | 2,523 |  | 2,523 |  | 2,200 |  | 2,200 |
Derivative assets | FVTPL | 170 |  | 170 |  | 111 |  | 111 |
Accounts receivable | Amortized cost | 464 |  | 464 |  | 2 |  | 2 |
Securities - FVTOCI | FVTOCI | 69 |  | 69 |  | 108 |  | 108 |
Restricted cash | Amortized cost | 584 |  | 584 |  | 356 |  | 356 |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |
Securities - FVTOCI | FVTOCI | 36 |  | 36 |  | — |  | — |
Derivative assets | FVTPL | 124 |  | 124 |  | 33 |  | 33 |
Accounts receivable(1) | Amortized cost | 787 |  | 787 |  | 1,128 |  | 1,128 |
Restricted cash | Amortized cost | 342 |  | 342 |  | 331 |  | 331 |
Cash and cash equivalents | Amortized cost | 4,020 |  | 4,020 |  | 2,576 |  | 2,576 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 9,805 |  | $ | 9,805 |  | $ | 7,070 |  | $ | 7,070 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Debt obligations(2) | Amortized cost | $ | 58,562 |  | $ | 57,790 |  | $ | 55,327 |  | $ | 55,474 |
Capital securities | Amortized cost | 2,256 |  | 2,256 |  | 2,226 |  | 2,226 |
Capital securities - fund subsidiaries | FVTPL | 577 |  | 577 |  | 859 |  | 859 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Loan payable | FVTPL | 171 |  | 171 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Accounts payable | Amortized cost | 824 |  | 824 |  | 499 |  | 499 |
Derivative liabilities | FVTPL | 371 |  | 371 |  | 277 |  | 277 |
Accounts payable and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and other(3) | Amortized cost | 2,852 |  | 2,852 |  | 2,097 |  | 2,097 |
Loans and notes payable | Amortized cost | 226 |  | 226 |  | 899 |  | 899 |
Derivative liabilities | FVTPL | 167 |  | 167 |  | 221 |  | 221 |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | 66,006 |  | $ | 65,234 |  | $ | 62,406 |  | $ | 62,553 |

(1)Includes other receivables associated with assets classified as held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets in the amounts of nil and $276 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(2)Includes debt obligations associated with assets classified as held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets in the amount of nil and $3,006 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(3)Includes accounts payable and other liabilities associated with assets classified as held for sale on the consolidated balance sheets in the amount of nil and $76 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
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The following table outlines financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value in the financial statements and the level of the inputs used to determine those fair values in the context of the hierarchy as defined above:

| Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
(US$ Millions) | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities designated as FVTPL | 10 |  | 305 |  | 2,208 |  | 2,523 |  | 17 |  | 218 |  | 1,965 |  | 2,200 |
Securities designated as FVTOCI | 36 |  | — |  | 69 |  | 105 |  | 13 |  | — |  | 95 |  | 108 |
Derivative assets | — |  | 294 |  | — |  | 294 |  | — |  | 144 |  | — |  | 144 |
Total financial assets | $ | 46 |  | $ | 599 |  | $ | 2,277 |  | $ | 2,922 |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | 362 |  | $ | 2,060 |  | $ | 2,452 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital securities - fund subsidiaries | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 577 |  | $ | 577 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 859 |  | $ | 859 |
Derivative liabilities | — |  | 538 |  | — |  | 538 |  | — |  | 498 |  | — |  | 498 |
Total financial liabilities | $ | — |  | $ | 538 |  | $ | 577 |  | $ | 1,115 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 498 |  | $ | 859 |  | $ | 1,357 |

The following table presents the valuation techniques and inputs of the partnership’s Level 2 assets and liabilities:

Type of asset/liability |  | Valuation technique
Foreign currency forward contracts |  | Discounted cash flow model - forward exchange rates (from observable forward exchange rates at the end of the reporting period) and discounted at a credit adjusted rate
Interest rate contracts |  | Discounted cash flow model - forward interest rates (from observable yield curves) and applicable credit spreads discounted at a credit adjusted rate

The table below presents the valuation techniques and inputs of Level 3 assets:

Type of asset/liability |  | Valuation techniques |  | Significant unobservable input(s) |  | Relationship of unobservable input(s) to fair value
Securities - FVTPL/FVTOCI |  | Net asset valuation |  | (a) Forward exchange rates (from observable forward exchange rates at the end of the reporting period) (b) Discount rate |  | (a) Increases (decreases) in the forward exchange rate would increase (decrease) fair value (b) Decreases (increases) in the discount rate would increase (decrease) fair value

The following table presents the change in the balance of financial assets and financial liabilities classified as Level 3 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

| Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
(US$ Millions) | Financial assets | Financial liabilities | Financial assets | Financial liabilities
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 2,060 |  | $ | 859 |  | $ | 1,682 |  | $ | 863 |
Additions | 353 |  | — |  | 553 |  | — |
Dispositions | (222) |  | — |  | (88) |  | — |
Fair value (losses) gains, net and OCI | 86 |  | (292) |  | 366 |  | 2 |
Other | — |  | 10 |  | (453) |  | (6) |
Balance, end of year | $ | 2,277 |  | $ | 577 |  | $ | 2,060 |  | $ | 859 |

c)Market Risk
Interest rate risk
The partnership faces interest rate risk on its variable rate financial assets and liabilities. In addition, there is interest rate risk associated with the partnership’s fixed rate debt due to the expected requirement to refinance such debt in the year of maturity.
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The following table outlines the impact on interest expense of a 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates on the partnership’s variable rate liabilities and fixed rate debt maturing within one year:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Variable rate property debt | $ | 367 |  | $ | 255 |
Fixed rate property debt due within one year | 35 |  | 31 |
Total | $ | 402 |  | $ | 286 |

The partnership manages interest rate risk by primarily entering into fixed rate operating property debt and staggering the maturities of its mortgage portfolio over a 10-year horizon when the market permits. The partnership also makes use of interest rate derivatives to manage interest rate risk on specific variable rate debts and on anticipated refinancing of fixed rate debt.
Foreign currency risk
The partnership is structured such that its foreign operations are primarily conducted by entities with a functional currency which is the same as the economic environment in which the operations take place. As a result, the net income impact of currency risk associated with financial instruments is limited as its financial assets and liabilities are generally denominated in the functional currency of the subsidiary that holds the financial instrument. However, the partnership is exposed to foreign currency risk on the net assets of its foreign currency denominated operations.
The partnership’s exposures to foreign currencies and the sensitivity of net income and other comprehensive income, on a pre-tax basis, to a 10% change in the exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar is summarized below:

| Dec. 31, 2022
(Millions) | Equity attributable to Unitholders | OCI | Net income
Canadian Dollar(1) | C$ | 142 |  | $ | (11) |  | $ | — |
Australian Dollar | A$ | 1,560 |  | (106) |  | — |
British Pound | £ | 4,059 |  | (490) |  | — |
Euro | € | 690 |  | (74) |  | — |
Brazilian Real | R$ | 3,129 |  | (60) |  | — |
Indian Rupee | Rs | 33,212 |  | (40) |  | — |
Chinese Yuan | C¥ | 2,554 |  | (37) |  | — |
South Korean Won | ₩ | 417,865 |  | (33) |  | — |
United Arab Emirates Dirham | AED | 1,287 |  | (35) |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | (886) |  | $ | — |

(1)Net of Canadian Dollar denominated loans.

| Dec. 31, 2021
(Millions) | Equity attributable to Unitholders | OCI | Net income
Canadian Dollar(1) | C$ | 339 |  | $ | (27) |  | $ | — |
Australian Dollar | A$ | 1,708 |  | (124) |  | — |
British Pound | £ | 6,375 |  | (863) |  | — |
Euro | € | 1,297 |  | (147) |  | — |
Brazilian Real | R$ | 745 |  | (13) |  | — |
Indian Rupee | Rs | 617 |  | (1) |  | — |
Chinese Yuan | C¥ | 730 |  | (11) |  | — |
South Korean Won | ₩ | 289,443 |  | (24) |  | — |
United Arab Emirates Dirham | AED | 342 |  | (9) |  | — |
Czech Koruna | CZK | 5 |  | — |  | — |
Hungarian Forint | HUF | 5 |  | — |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | (1,219) |  | $ | — |

(1)Net of Canadian Dollar denominated loans.
- F-58 -

| Dec. 31, 2020
(Millions) | Equity attributable to Unitholders | OCI | Net income
Canadian Dollar(1) | C$ | 521 |  | $ | (41) |  | $ | — |
Australian Dollar | A$ | 2,056 |  | (158) |  | — |
British Pound | £ | 4,206 |  | (575) |  | — |
Euro | € | 328 |  | (40) |  | — |
Brazilian Real | R$ | 3,364 |  | (65) |  | — |
Indian Rupee | Rs | 28,281 |  | (39) |  | — |
Hong Kong Dollar | HK$ | — |  | — |  | — |
Chinese Yuan | C¥ | 1,084 |  | (17) |  | — |
South Korean Won | ₩ | 204,795 |  | (19) |  | — |
United Arab Emirates Dirham | AED | 708 |  | (19) |  | — |
Czech Koruna | CZK | 8 |  | — |  | — |
Hungarian Forint | HUF | 334 |  | — |  | — |
Poland Zloty | PLN | 3 |  | — |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | (973) |  | $ | — |

(1)Net of Canadian Dollar denominated loans.
d)Credit risk
The partnership’s maximum exposure to credit risk associated with financial assets is equivalent to the carrying value of each class of financial asset as separately presented in loans and notes receivable, certain other non-current assets, accounts receivables and other, and cash and cash equivalents.
Credit risk arises on loans and notes receivables in the event that borrowers default on the repayment to the partnership. The partnership mitigates this risk by attempting to ensure that adequate security has been provided in support of such loans and notes.
Credit risk related to accounts receivable arises from the possibility that tenants may be unable to fulfill their lease commitments. The partnership mitigates this risk through diversification, ensuring that tenants meet minimum credit quality requirements and by ensuring that its tenant mix is diversified and by limiting its exposure to any one tenant. The partnership maintains a portfolio that is diversified by property type so that exposure to a business sector is lessened.
Currently no one tenant represents more than 10% of operating property revenue.
NOTE 32. RELATED PARTIES
In the normal course of operations, the partnership enters into transactions with related parties. These transactions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. These transactions have been measured at exchange value and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The immediate parent of the partnership is the BPY General Partner. The ultimate parent of the partnership is Brookfield Corporation. Other related parties of the partnership include the partnership’s and Brookfield Corporation’s subsidiaries and operating entities, certain joint ventures and associates accounted for under the equity method, as well as officers of such entities and their spouses.
The partnership has a management agreement with its service providers, wholly-owned subsidiaries of Brookfield Corporation. Pursuant to a Master Services Agreement, which was amended in connection with the Privatization, the partnership pays a management fee (“base management fee”), to the service providers. For the third and fourth quarters of 2021, the management fee was calculated one quarter in arrears based on the equity attributable to Unitholders of the Core Office, Core Retail and Corporate segments. Prior to the Privatization, the partnership paid a base management fee equal to 0.5% of the total capitalization of the partnership, subject to an annual minimum of $50 million, plus annual inflation adjustments. Post-Privatization, The management fee is calculated as 1.05% of the sum of the following amounts, as of the last day of the immediately preceding quarter: (i) the equity attributable to unitholders for the partnership’s Core Office, Core Retail and the Corporate segments; and (ii) the carrying value of the outstanding non-voting common shares of CanHoldco. The amount of the equity enhancement distribution is reduced by the amount by which the base management fee is greater than $50 million per annum, plus annual inflation adjustments. In connection with the 2018 acquisition of all of the outstanding common stock of GGP, the Master Services Agreement was amended so that the base management fee took into account any management fee payable by BPYU under its master services agreement with Brookfield Corporation and certain of its subsidiaries. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the partnership paid a base management fee of $223 million (2021 - $155 million; 2020 - $73 million).
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In connection with the issuance of Preferred Equity Units to the Class A Preferred Unitholder in 2014, Brookfield Corporation contingently agreed to acquire the seven-year and ten-year tranches of Preferred Equity Units from the Class A Preferred Unitholder for the initial issuance price plus accrued and unpaid distributions and to exchange such units for Preferred Equity Units with terms and conditions substantially similar to the twelve-year tranche to the extent that the market price of the LP Units is less than 80% of the exchange price at maturity. On December 30, 2021, BN acquired the seven-year tranche of Class A Preferred Units, Series 1 units from the holder and exchanged such units for REUs. The Class A Preferred Units, Series 1 were subsequently cancelled.
The following table summarizes transactions and balances with related parties:

(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021
Balances outstanding with related parties: |  |
Net (payables)/receivables within equity accounted investments | (110) |  | (378) |
Loans and notes receivable | 273 |  | 170 |
Receivables and other assets | — |  | 71 |
Deposit payable to Brookfield Corporation(1) | — |  | (680) |
Property-specific obligations | (2,429) |  | (250) |
Loans and notes payable and other liabilities | (721) |  | (259) |
Preferred shares held by Brookfield Corporation | (2,490) |  | (1,015) |
Brookfield Asset Management interest in Canholdco | (1,759) |  | (2,083) |

(1) As of December 31, 2022, a nil million on-demand deposit was payable to Brookfield Corporation, provided for in the deposit agreement between the partnership and Brookfield Corporation. The deposit limit was increased to $3.0 billion in the second quarter of 2021.

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Transactions with related parties: |  |  |
Commercial property revenue(1) | $ | 53 |  | $ | 35 |  | $ | 32 |
Management fee income | 92 |  | 42 |  | 32 |
Income from equity accounted investments | (22) |  | 26 |  | (11) |
Interest expense on debt obligations | 20 |  | 24 |  | 19 |
Interest on capital securities held by Brookfield Corporation | — |  | — |  | — |
General and administrative expense(2) | 327 |  | 271 |  | 164 |
Construction costs(3) | (68) |  | 132 |  | 265 |
Return of capital distributions on Brookfield Corporation’s interest in Canholdco | 118 |  | 176 |  | — |
Distributions on Brookfield Corporation’s interest in Canholdco | 113 |  | 369 |  | — |
Incentive Fees(4) | 45 |  | 35 |  | 16 |

(1)Amounts received from Brookfield Corporation and its subsidiaries for the rental of office premises.
(2)Includes amounts paid to Brookfield Corporation and its subsidiaries for management fees, management fees associated with the partnership’s investments in Brookfield-sponsored real estate funds, and administrative services.
(3)Includes amounts paid to Brookfield Corporation and its subsidiaries for construction costs of development properties.
(4)Represents incentive fees the partnership is obligated to pay to the general partner of the partnership’s various fund investments.
On December 9, 2022, Brookfield Corporation completed the distribution of 25% of its asset management business, through Brookfield Asset Management Ltd. (“the Manager”), by way of a plan of arrangement (the “Manager Distribution”). The transaction resulted in the division of Brookfield into two publicly traded companies – the Manager under the stock ticker BAM and Brookfield Corporation under the stock ticker BN. In advance of the Manager Distribution, a reorganization took place within Brookfield Corporation whereby the partnership redeemed $1 billion of preferred units issued by a subsidiary of the partnership and acquired certain LP interests in several real estate funds and other investment interests from the Corporation (“Manager Reorganization”) for net consideration of $2,475 million through the issuance of Class D junior preferred shares, Series 1 and 2 of a subsidiary of the partnership, Brookfield BPY Holdings Inc. (“CanHoldco Class D Junior Preferred Shares”), to the Corporation. The LP interests and other investment interests acquisitions, including related working capital balances acquired, were accounted for as a business acquisition under common control, as discussed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, whereby the partnership records assets and liabilities recognized as a result of transfers of businesses or subsidiaries between entities under common control at carrying value. Differences between the consideration given or received and the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities transferred are recorded within ownership changes in equity.
During the fourth quarter of 2021, the partnership sold two multifamily assets in the U.S. for approximately $73 million and a partial interest in an office asset in the U.K. for approximately $101 million to Brookfield Real Estate Income Trust Inc.
- F-60 -

On September 13, 2021, the partnership issued approximately 34 million Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units and non-voting perpetual preferred shares of two of the partnership’s subsidiary holding entities to affiliates of Brookfield Corporation for aggregate consideration of $2 billion.
On July 26, 2021, Brookfield Corporation completed its previously announced acquisition of all of the LP units of BPY it did not previously own. Cash consideration was funded to the partnership by BN in exchange for approximately $2.5 billion of Canholdco Non-Voting Common Shares, which is accounted for as non-controlling interests by BPY, with the remainder for New LP Preferred Units. For the year ended December 31, 2022, distributions of $113 million were paid to BN related to the Canholdco Non-Voting Common Shares. Refer to Note 3, Privatization of the Partnership, for further detail.
On June 29, 2021, Brookfield Premier Real Estate Partners Australia acquired Brookfield Place Sydney from BSREP I for approximately $153 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the partnership issued 9,416,816 LP Units at $11.36 per unit, 2,696,841 LP Units at $12.00 per unit, 5,967,063 LP Units at $12.65 per unit, 13,392,277 LP Units at $13.92 per unit, and 18,715,912 Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units at $12.00 per unit to Brookfield Corporation.
During the third quarter of 2020, the partnership completed the recapitalization of the Atlantis with an investment from a Brookfield Corporation affiliate.
NOTE 33. PAYROLL EXPENSE
The partnership has no employees or directors; therefore the partnership does not remunerate key management personnel. Key decision makers of the partnership are all employees of Brookfield Corporation, the ultimate parent company, who provide management services under the Master Services Agreement.
Throughout the year, the partnership’s general partner incurs director fees, a portion of which are charged to the partnership in accordance with the limited partnership agreement.
NOTE 34. SEGMENT INFORMATION
a)Operating segments
IFRS 8, Operating Segments, requires operating segments to be determined based on internal reports that are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for the purpose of allocating resources to the segment and to assessing its performance. The partnership’s operating segments are organized into four reportable segments: i) Core Office, ii) Core Retail, iii) LP Investments and iv) Corporate. These segments are independently and regularly reviewed and managed by the Chief Executive Officer, who is considered the CODM.
b)Basis of measurement
The CODM measures and evaluates the operating performance of the partnership’s operating segments based on funds from operations (“FFO”). This performance metric does not have standardized meanings prescribed by IFRS and therefore may differ from similar metrics used by other companies and organizations. Management believes that while not an IFRS measure, FFO is the most consistent metric to measure the partnership’s financial statements and for the purpose of allocating resources and assessing its performance.
The partnership defines FFO as net income, prior to fair value gains, net, depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, and income taxes less non-controlling interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties share of these items. When determining FFO, the partnership also includes its proportionate share of the FFO of unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures and associates.
- F-61 -

c) Reportable segment measures
The following summaries present certain financial information regarding the partnership’s operating segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

(US$ Millions) | Total revenue | FFO
Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Core Office | $ | 2,210 |  | $ | 2,198 |  | $ | 2,049 |  | $ | 325 |  | $ | 539 |  | $ | 495 |
Core Retail | 1,557 |  | 1,510 |  | 1,612 |  | 626 |  | 450 |  | 521 |
LP Investments | 3,593 |  | 3,387 |  | 2,920 |  | 288 |  | 179 |  | 64 |
Corporate | 5 |  | 5 |  | 12 |  | (653) |  | (590) |  | (373) |
Total | $ | 7,365 |  | $ | 7,100 |  | $ | 6,593 |  | $ | 586 |  | $ | 578 |  | $ | 707 |

The following summary presents the detail of total revenue from the partnership’s operating segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

(US$ Millions) | Lease revenue | Other revenue from tenants | Hospitality revenue | Investment and other revenue | Total revenue
Year ended Dec. 31, 2022
Core Office | $ | 1,373 |  | $ | 469 |  | $ | 22 |  | $ | 346 |  | $ | 2,210 |
Core Retail | 1,138 |  | 264 |  | — |  | 155 |  | 1,557 |
LP Investments | 1,357 |  | 248 |  | 1,489 |  | 499 |  | 3,593 |
Corporate | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5 |  | 5 |
Total | $ | 3,868 |  | $ | 981 |  | $ | 1,511 |  | $ | 1,005 |  | $ | 7,365 |

(US$ Millions) | Lease revenue | Other revenue from tenants | Hospitality revenue | Investment and other revenue | Total revenue
Year ended Dec. 31, 2021
Core Office | $ | 1,467 |  | $ | 442 |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | 280 |  | $ | 2,198 |
Core Retail | 1,113 |  | 259 |  | — |  | 138 |  | 1,510 |
LP Investments | 1,639 |  | 243 |  | 1,064 |  | 441 |  | 3,387 |
Corporate | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5 |  | 5 |
Total | $ | 4,219 |  | $ | 944 |  | $ | 1,073 |  | $ | 864 |  | $ | 7,100 |

(US$ Millions) | Lease revenue | Other revenue from tenants | Hospitality revenue | Investment and other revenue | Total revenue
Year ended Dec. 31, 2020
Core Office | $ | 1,429 |  | $ | 446 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 168 |  | $ | 2,049 |
Core Retail | 1,166 |  | 284 |  | — |  | 162 |  | 1,612 |
LP Investments | 1,805 |  | 267 |  | 696 |  | 152 |  | 2,920 |
Corporate | — |  | — |  | — |  | 12 |  | 12 |
Total | $ | 4,400 |  | $ | 997 |  | $ | 702 |  | $ | 494 |  | $ | 6,593 |

The following summaries presents share of net earnings from equity accounted investments and interest expense from the partnership’s operating segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

(US$ Millions) | Share of net earnings from equity accounted investments | Interest expense
Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
Core Office | $ | 550 |  | $ | 644 |  | $ | 150 |  | $ | (723) |  | $ | (570) |  | $ | (586) |
Core Retail | 234 |  | 472 |  | (743) |  | (660) |  | (649) |  | (647) |
LP Investments | 42 |  | (96) |  | (156) |  | (1,000) |  | (1,069) |  | (1,104) |
Corporate | — |  | — |  | — |  | (300) |  | (305) |  | (255) |
Total | $ | 826 |  | $ | 1,020 |  | $ | (749) |  | $ | (2,683) |  | $ | (2,593) |  | $ | (2,592) |

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The following summary presents information about certain consolidated balance sheet items of the partnership, on a segmented basis, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

| Total assets | Total liabilities | Equity accounted investments |
(US$ Millions) | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 |  |
Core Office | $ | 34,039 |  | $ | 37,661 |  | $ | 17,581 |  | $ | 18,172 |  | $ | 8,547 |  | $ | 9,819 |  |  |
Core Retail | 30,363 |  | 30,585 |  | 13,850 |  | 14,316 |  | 9,674 |  | 9,945 |  |  |
LP Investments | 47,458 |  | 43,403 |  | 32,146 |  | 27,516 |  | 1,722 |  | 1,043 |  |  |
Corporate | 656 |  | 355 |  | 7,202 |  | 6,995 |  | — |  | — |  |  |
Total | $ | 112,516 |  | $ | 112,004 |  | $ | 70,779 |  | $ | 66,999 |  | $ | 19,943 |  | $ | 20,807 |  |  |

The following summary presents a reconciliation of FFO to net income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(US$ Millions) Years ended Dec. 31, | 2022 | 2021 | 2020
FFO(1) | $ | 586 |  | $ | 578 |  | $ | 707 |
Add (deduct): |  |  |
Fair value gains (losses), net | 20 |  | 2,521 |  | (1,322) |
Share of equity accounted income (losses) - non-FFO | 120 |  | 404 |  | (1403) |
Depreciation and amortization of real-estate assets | (190) |  | (203) |  | (249) |
Income tax (expense) | (281) |  | (490) |  | (220) |
Non-controlling interests of others in operating subsidiaries and properties - non-FFO | (387) |  | (1,534) |  | 129 |
Net income (loss) attributable to unitholders(2) | (132) |  | 1,276 |  | (2,358) |
Non-controlling interests of others in operational subsidiaries and properties | 1,128 |  | 2,223 |  | 300 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 996 |  | $ | 3,499 |  | $ | (2,058) |

(1)FFO represents interests attributable to GP Units, LP Units, Exchange LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, Special LP Units, FV LTIP Units and BPYU Units. The interests attributable to Exchange LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Units, Special LP Units, FV LTIP Units and BPYU Units are presented as non-controlling interests in the consolidated statements of income.
(2)Includes net income attributable to GP Units, LP Units, Exchange LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Partnership Units, Special LP Units, FV LTIP Units and BPYU Units. The interests attributable to Exchange LP Units, Redeemable/Exchangeable Units, Special LP Units, FV LTIP Units and BPYU Units are presented as non-controlling interests in the consolidated statements of income.
The following summary presents financial information by the partnership’s geographic regions in which it operates:

| Total revenue for the years ended Dec. 31, | Total non-current assets as at Dec. 31,
(US$ Millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 | 2021
United States | $ | 4,740 |  | $ | 4,911 |  | $ | 4,743 |  | $ | 76,145 |  | $ | 64,695 |
Canada | 491 |  | 421 |  | 424 |  | 5,120 |  | 5,446 |
Australia | 360 |  | 322 |  | 182 |  | 2,338 |  | 4,081 |
Europe | 1,151 |  | 887 |  | 592 |  | 11,949 |  | 16,956 |
Brazil | 102 |  | 71 |  | 82 |  | 1,411 |  | 656 |
China | 5 |  | 3 |  | 94 |  | 389 |  | 294 |
India | 288 |  | 274 |  | 287 |  | 4,014 |  | 4,191 |
South Korea | 228 |  | 211 |  | 189 |  | 3,745 |  | — |
United Arab Emirates | — |  | — |  | — |  | 319 |  | 250 |
Total | $ | 7,365 |  | $ | 7,100 |  | $ | 6,593 |  | $ | 105,430 |  | $ | 96,569 |

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NOTE 35. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On January 1, 2023, the Corporation transferred a 23% LP interest in the foreign investments owned by BSREP IV to the partnership for a non-interest bearing note of $588 million.
On January 30, 2023, the board of directors declared the following quarterly distribution on the partnership’s:
–LP Units of $0.35 per unit ($1.40 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders of record at the close of business on February 28, 2023;
–Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 1, $0.40625 per unit ($1.625 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders of record on March 1, 2023;
–Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 2, $0.3984375 per unit ($1.59375 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders on March 1, 2023;
–Class A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Units, Series 3, $0.359375 per unit ($1.4375 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders of record on March 1, 2023; and
–New LP Preferred Units, $0.390625 per unit ($1.5625 on an annualized basis) payable on March 31, 2023 to unitholders of record on March 1, 2023.
On February 13, 2023, the partnership issued medium term notes for C$500 million at 7.125% per annum, with a term of five years via private placement. Interest on the notes are payable semi-annually.
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SCHEDULE III – SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENT PROPERTY INFORMATION
The table below presents the partnership’s number of commercial properties, the related fair value, debt obligations, weighted average year of acquisition and weighted average year of construction by asset class as of December 31, 2022.

| Dec. 31, 2022
| Number of properties | Fair value(1) | Debt(2) | Weighted average year of acquisition(3) | Weighted average year of construction(3)
(US$ millions, except where noted)
Core Office |  |  |  |  |
United States | 35 |  | $ | 13,459 |  | $ | 9,000 |  | 2004 | 1987
Canada | 20 |  | 4,218 |  | 1,827 |  | 2002 | 1994
Australia | 5 |  | 1,730 |  | 1,052 |  | 2013 | 2013
Europe | 2 |  | 1,932 |  | 1,486 |  | 2020 | 2019
Brazil | 2 |  | 374 |  | 55 |  | 2014 | 2014
| 64 |  | $ | 21,713 |  | $ | 13,420 |  | 2006 | 1994
Core Retail | 54 |  | 19,406 |  | 9,141 |  | 2018 | 1975
Opportunistic Office | 110 |  | 8,780 |  | 5,381 |  | 2017 | 1991
Opportunistic Retail | 18 |  | 1,838 |  | 1,008 |  | 2015 | 1977
Logistics | 33 |  | 673 |  | 3 |  | 2021 | 1989
Multifamily | 10 |  | 1,995 |  | 1,651 |  | 2020 | 1990
Self-storage | 19 |  | 95 |  | 61 |  | 2022 | 1998
Alternatives | 1 |  | 66 |  | 195 |  | 2022 | 1960
Student Housing | 41 |  | 1,712 |  | 1,238 |  | 2021 | 2012
Manufactured Housing | 218 |  | 4,417 |  | 2,779 |  | 2018 | 1974
Mixed-use | 7 |  | 3,098 |  | 1,904 |  | 2016 | 2010
Secondaries | 44 |  | 917 |  | 551 |  | 2022 | 1985
Total | $ | 619 |  | $ | 64,710 |  | $ | 37,332 |  | 2014 | 1987

(1)Excludes right-of-use assets, development properties and land/parking lots with a fair value of $3,875 million.
(2)Excludes debt related to development properties and land in the amount of $1,339 million, unsecured and corporate facilities of $13,378 million, debt on hospitality assets of $6,815 million and deferred financing costs of $302 million.
(3)Weighted against the fair value of the properties at December 31, 2022.
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