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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes:
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated investments, and current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) are composed of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated investments:
Domestic$41,346 $190,195 $223,702 
Foreign332,173 372,755 570,999 
Total$373,519 $562,950 $794,701 
Current income tax expense (benefit):
Federal$(140)$21,258 $(2,712)
State(193)5,453 6,793 
Foreign56,734 47,056 91,581 
Total$56,401 $73,767 $95,662 
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense:
Federal$4,564 $13,255 $15,573 
State(2,893)(7,369)1,614 
Foreign(3,647)8,508 31,977 
Total$(1,976)$14,394 $49,164 
Total income tax expense$54,425 $88,161 $144,826 
As a result of the TCJA signed into law in 2017, the Company recorded net benefits of $29.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, including measurement period adjustments, primarily related to the one-time transition tax, the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities and other TCJA impacts.
As of January 1, 2018, the Company recorded a cumulative adjustment to decrease Retained earnings by $18.1 million as a result of the adoption of income tax standard updates.
The reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows:
% of Income Before Income Taxes
202020192018
Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit0.3 (0.5)0.9 
Change in valuation allowance (a)
1.9 1.9 0.7 
Impact of foreign earnings, net(b)
(8.4)(3.7)(0.3)
Global intangible low tax inclusion1.9 1.8 0.8 
Change in U.S. federal statutory rate— — 0.1 
Transition tax on deferred foreign earnings(c)
— — (5.3)
Subpart F income1.3 0.6 0.9 
Stock-based compensation(1.0)(0.6)(0.7)
Depletion(0.9)(0.7)(0.6)
Revaluation of unrecognized tax benefits/reserve requirements(0.4)(2.7)— 
Other items, net(1.1)(1.4)0.7 
Effective income tax rate14.6 %15.7 %18.2 %
(a)The year ended December 31, 2019 includes a $2.1 million benefit due to the release of a foreign valuation allowance due to changes in expected profitability. 2018 includes an $8.2 million expense due to the establishment of a valuation allowance due to a foreign restructuring plan and a $1.5 million benefit due to the release of a foreign valuation allowance due to changes in expected profitability.
(b)Our statutory rate is decreased by of our share of the income of JBC, a Free Zones company under the laws of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The applicable provisions of the Jordanian law, and applicable regulations thereunder, do not have a termination provision and the exemption is indefinite. As a Free Zones company, JBC is not subject to income taxes on the profits of products exported from Jordan, and currently, substantially all of the profits are from exports. This resulted in a rate benefit of 11.9%, 8.0%, and 3.3% for 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
(c)During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded an income tax benefit of $42.3 million to refine the impact of the one-time transition tax calculation resulting from the TCJA.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31,
20202019
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued employee benefits$21,878 $17,462 
Operating loss carryovers(a)
1,321,942 1,134,410 
Pensions78,683 64,230 
Tax credit carryovers1,582 1,497 
Other57,370 64,955 
Gross deferred tax assets1,481,455 1,282,554 
Valuation allowance(a)
(1,326,204)(1,148,268)
Deferred tax assets155,251 134,286 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation(348,700)(349,264)
Intangibles(91,645)(88,934)
Hedge of net investment of foreign subsidiary(13,514)(23,498)
Other(75,927)(55,173)
Deferred tax liabilities(529,786)(516,869)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(374,535)$(382,583)
Classification in the consolidated balance sheets:
Noncurrent deferred tax assets$20,317 $15,275 
Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities(394,852)(397,858)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(374,535)$(382,583)
(a)Increase in 2020 due to an increase in foreign net operating losses and an associated and equal valuation allowance.

Changes in the balance of our deferred tax asset valuation allowance are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Balance at January 1$(1,148,268)$(1,213,750)$(458,288)
Additions(a)
(182,325)(24,986)(766,012)
Deductions4,389 90,468 10,550 
Balance at December 31$(1,326,204)$(1,148,268)$(1,213,750)
(a)During 2018, the Company recognized intercompany losses at a foreign entity related to international restructuring resulting in an increase to the deferred tax asset for net operating losses and an associated and equal valuation allowance of $749.8 million.
At December 31, 2020, we had approximately $1.6 million of domestic credits available to offset future payments of income taxes, expiring in varying amounts between 2021 and 2039. We have established valuation allowances for $0.3 million of those domestic credits since we believe that it is more likely than not that the related deferred tax assets will not be realized. We believe that sufficient taxable income will be generated during the carryover period in order to utilize the other remaining credit carryovers.
At December 31, 2020, we have on a pre-tax basis, domestic state net operating losses of $206.8 million, expiring between 2021 and 2040, which have pre-tax valuation allowances of $51.7 million established. In addition, we have on a pre-tax basis $5.25 billion of foreign net operating losses, which have pre-tax valuation allowances for $5.20 billion established. $3.02 billion of these foreign net operating losses expire in 2035 and $1.97 billion have an indefinite life. We have established valuation allowances for these deferred tax assets since we believe that it is more likely than not that the related deferred tax assets will not be realized. For the same reason, we established pre-tax valuation allowances of $29.4 million and $67.9 million for other state and foreign deferred tax assets, respectively, unrelated to net operating losses. The realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent on the generation of sufficient taxable income in the appropriate tax jurisdictions. Although realization is not assured, we believe it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax assets will be realized. However, the amount considered realizable could be reduced if estimates of future taxable income change.
As of December 31, 2020, we have not recorded taxes on approximately $4.9 billion of cumulative undistributed earnings of our non-U.S.subsidiaries and joint ventures. The TCJA imposed a mandatory transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings and generally eliminated U.S. taxes on foreign subsidiary distribution with the exception of foreign withholding taxes and other foreign local tax. We generally do not provide for taxes related to our undistributed earnings because such earnings either would not be taxable when remitted or they are considered to be indefinitely reinvested. If in the foreseeable future, we can no longer demonstrate that these earnings are indefinitely reinvested, a deferred tax liability will be recognized. A determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these undistributed earnings is not practicable due to the complexity and variety of assumptions necessary based on the manner in which the undistributed earnings would be repatriated.
Liabilities related to uncertain tax positions were $14.7 million and $21.2 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, inclusive of interest and penalties of $3.1 million and $3.7 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are reported in Other noncurrent liabilities as provided in Note 16, “Other Noncurrent Liabilities.” These liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were reduced by $24.1 million and $26.1 million, respectively, for offsetting benefits from the corresponding effects of potential transfer pricing adjustments, state income taxes and rate arbitrage related to foreign structure. These offsetting benefits are recorded in Other assets as provided in Note 11, “Other Assets.” The resulting net asset of $12.5 million as of December 31, 2020 would unfavorably affect earnings if recognized and released, while the net asset of $8.6 million at December 31, 2019 would unfavorably affect earnings if recognized and released.
The liabilities related to uncertain tax positions, exclusive of interest, were $11.6 million and $17.5 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The following is a reconciliation of our total gross liability related to uncertain tax positions for 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
Balance at January 1$17,548 $19,742 $21,438 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years5,646 2,235 874 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years(174)— — 
Additions for tax positions related to current year315 — 1,091 
Lapses in statutes of limitations/settlements(12,128)(4,494)(3,578)
Foreign currency translation adjustment432 65 (83)
Balance at December 31$11,639 $17,548 $19,742 
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Due to the statute of limitations, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax audits by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for years prior to 2017. Due to the statute of limitations, we also are no longer subject to U.S. state income tax audits prior to 2011.
With respect to jurisdictions outside the U.S., several audits are in process. We have audits ongoing for the years 2011 through 2019 related to Germany, Italy, Belgium, and Chile, some of which are for entities that have since been divested.
While we believe we have adequately provided for all tax positions, amounts asserted by taxing authorities could be greater than our accrued position. Accordingly, additional provisions on federal and foreign tax-related matters could be recorded in the future as revised estimates are made or the underlying matters are settled or otherwise resolved.
Since the timing of resolutions and/or closure of tax audits is uncertain, it is difficult to predict with certainty the range of reasonably possible significant increases or decreases in the liability related to uncertain tax positions that may occur within the next twelve months. Our current view is that it is reasonably possible that we could record a decrease in the liability related to uncertain tax positions, relating to a number of issues, up to approximately $0.5 million as a result of closure of tax statutes.