<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001140361-21-010402.txt : 20210329
<SEC-HEADER>0001140361-21-010402.hdr.sgml : 20210329
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20210329102328
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001140361-21-010402
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		14
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20210326
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to the Registrant's Code of Ethics, or Waiver of a Provision of the Code of Ethics
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20210329
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20210329

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000874015
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				330336973
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-19125
		FILM NUMBER:		21779905

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2855 GAZELLE COURT
		CITY:			CARLSBAD
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			92010
		BUSINESS PHONE:		7609319200

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2855 GAZELLE COURT
		CITY:			CARLSBAD
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			92010

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19930328
</SEC-HEADER>
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      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</div>

      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">Washington, D.C.&#160; 20549</div>

      <div>&#160;</div>

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      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">CURRENT REPORT</div>

      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE</div>

      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</div>

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      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Date of report (Date of earliest event reported):&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:DocumentPeriodEndDate" id="Fact_2c8cc48f29a5478b9826aba92282894c" contextRef="c20210326to20210326" format="ixt:datemonthdayyearen">March 26, 2021</ix:nonNumeric></div>

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      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)</div>

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                <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">(Commission File No.)</div>
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    <td colspan="1" style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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      <div>&#160;</div>

      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following
        provisions:</div>

      <div style="text-align: left;"><br />
      </div>

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                <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</span></div>
              </td>

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      </div>

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                <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</span></div>
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    <td style="align: left; vertical-align: top; width: auto;">
                <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</span></div>
              </td>

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      <div style="text-align: left;"><br />
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    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 18pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" id="Fact_9e99fbcc95eb4b0eabe4aeea3f163dc6" contextRef="c20210326to20210326" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric><br />
              </td>

    <td style="align: left; vertical-align: top; width: auto;">
                <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</span></div>
              </td>

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      </div>

      <div>&#160;</div>

      <div style="text-align: left; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</div>

      <div><br />
      </div>

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              <div style="text-align: center; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Title of each class</div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 19%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
              <div style="text-align: center; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Trading symbol</div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 42.41%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
              <div style="text-align: center; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Name of each exchange on which registered</div>
            </td>

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    <td style="width: 35%; vertical-align: top; border-top: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
              <div style="text-align: center; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:Security12bTitle" id="Fact_e564bb4abfbf4a7dafb15b526075a4f8" contextRef="c20210326to20210326">Common Stock, $.001 Par Value</ix:nonNumeric><br />
              </div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 19%; vertical-align: top; border-top: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
              <div style="text-align: center; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" id="Fact_450ac3ff20514832968188c03955c89e" contextRef="c20210326to20210326">&#8220;IONS&#8221;</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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            </td>

    <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 42.41%; vertical-align: top; border-top: #000000 2px solid;">
              <div style="text-align: center; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SecurityExchangeName" id="Fact_421144427af14330b54bfa54793fefeb" contextRef="c20210326to20210326" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen">The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC</ix:nonNumeric><br />
              </div>
            </td>

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</table>
      <div> <br />
      </div>

      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (Section 230.405 of this chapter) or
        Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Section 240.12b-2 of this chapter).</div>

      <div style="text-align: center; text-indent: 288pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&#160;&#160;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000;"></span></span></div>

      <div>
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    <td style="width: 95%; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Emerging growth company</span> <br />
              </td>

    <td style="width: 5%; text-align: right;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="Fact_5ad6d94c1cec458d8e57e22834c15212" contextRef="c20210326to20210326" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric></td>

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</table>
        <div> <br />
        </div>

      </div>

      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised
        financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</div>

      <div>&#160;</div>

      <div>
        <hr style="border: none; border-bottom: 4px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black; height: 10px; color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /> </div>

      <div style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div></div>

        <div style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;" /></div>

        <div></div>

      </div>

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    <td style="width: 45pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Item 5.03</td>

    <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify;">
              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year.</div>
            </td>

  </tr>


</table>
      <div>&#160;</div>

      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">On March 26, 2021, the Board of Directors (the &#8220;Board&#8221;) of Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) approved an amendment and restatement of the Company&#8217;s bylaws
        (as amended and restated, the &#8220;Bylaws&#8221;), effective immediately, to revise the forum selection provision for the adjudication of certain disputes.&#160; The revised provision, as set forth in Article XV of the Bylaws, provides that the U.S. federal
        district courts will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000;">the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.&#160; The
          revised provision also sets forth </span>additional claims or causes of action that are subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware.</div>

      <div>&#160;</div>

      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The description of the Bylaws set forth above is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full and complete Bylaws, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit
        3.1 and incorporated herein by reference.</div>

      <div>&#160;</div>

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    <td style="width: 45pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Item 5.05</td>

    <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify;">
              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Amendments to the Registrant&#8217;s Code of Ethics, or Waiver of a Provision of the Code of Ethics.</div>
            </td>

  </tr>


</table>
      <div>&#160;</div>

      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">On March 26, 2021, the Board approved an amendment to the Company&#8217;s Code of Ethics, effective immediately.&#160; The purposes of the amendment to the Code of Ethics were to
        improve its readability and organization, to make it more aligned with the Company&#8217;s culture and corporate messaging, and to address commercial topics relevant to the Company following the Company&#8217;s acquisition of Akcea Therapeutics, Inc.&#160;
        Additionally, the appendix to the Code of Ethics related to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (&#8220;FCPA&#8221;) was removed from the amended Code of Ethics, as the Company now has a stand-alone policy with respect to FCPA matters.</div>

      <div>&#160;</div>

      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The description of the amended Code of Ethics set forth above is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full and complete amended Code of Ethics, a copy of
        which is attached hereto as Exhibit 14.1 and incorporated herein by reference.</div>

      <div>&#160;</div>

      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The information in this Current Report on Form 8-K and the Exhibits attached hereto shall not be deemed &#8220;filed&#8221; for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange
        Act of 1934 (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;) or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act, regardless of any general incorporation
        language in such filing.</div>

      <div>&#160;</div>

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    <td rowspan="1" style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td rowspan="1" style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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  <tr>

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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its
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              <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Dated:&#160; March 26, 2021</div>
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              <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">/s/ Patrick R. O&#8217;Neil</div>
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    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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              <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: bold;">Patrick R. O&#8217;Neil</div>
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    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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  </tr>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-3.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>brhc10022399_ex3-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 3.1
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    <div style="text-align: right;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"> Exhibit 3.1</font><br>
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    <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"> <br>
      </font></div>
    <div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS</div>
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      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">OF</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</div>
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      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">As adopted March 26, 2021</div>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Page<br>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="mpTableOfContents"></a>ARTICLE I</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">OFFICES</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">1</div>
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            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 1.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Registered Office</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">1</div>
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            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Other Offices</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">1</div>
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            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE II</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">CORPORATE SEAL</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">1</div>
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            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Corporate Seal</div>
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            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Place of Meetings</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">1</div>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 5.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Annual Meetings</div>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Special Meetings</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">6</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">7</div>
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            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Quorum; Voting</div>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 12.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">List of Stockholders</div>
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          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 13.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Action Without Meeting</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">9</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 14.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Organization</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">9</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE IV</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">DIRECTORS</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">10</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 15.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Number and Term of Office</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">10</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 16.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Powers</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">10</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 17.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Classes of Directors</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">10</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 18.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Vacancies</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">11</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 19.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Resignation</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">11</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 20.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Meetings</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">11</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 21.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Quorum and Voting</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">12</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 22.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Action Without Meeting</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">12</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 23.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Fees and Compensation</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">13</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 24.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Committees</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">13</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 25.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Organization</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">14</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE V</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">OFFICERS</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">14</td>
          </tr>

      </table>
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      </div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">i</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div><font style="font-size: 10pt;"> </font>
        <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-left: 5.75pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-left: 5.75pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">(continued)</div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
      </div>
      <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" id="zf1201a815f5d4d8ebf3d06c01de674bb" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">

          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">Page<br>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 26.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Officers Designated</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">14</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 27.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Tenure and Duties of Officers</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">14</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 28.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Delegation of Authority</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">16</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 29.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Resignations</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">16</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 30.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Removal</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">16</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE VI</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">EXECUTION OF CORPORATE INSTRUMENTS AND VOTING OF SECURITIES OWNED BY THE CORPORATION</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">16</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 31.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Execution of Corporate Instruments</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">16</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 32.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Voting of Securities Owned by the Corporation</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">17</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE VII</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">SHARES OF STOCK</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">17</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 33.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
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            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">17</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 34.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Lost Certificates</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">17</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 35.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Transfers</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">18</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 36.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Fixing Record Dates</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">18</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 37.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Registered Stockholders</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">18</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE VIII</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">OTHER SECURITIES OF THE CORPORATION</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">19</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>

      </table>
      <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">

          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 38.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Execution of Other Securities</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">19</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE IX</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">DIVIDENDS</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">19</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 39.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
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            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">19</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 40.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Dividend Reserve</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">19</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE X</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">FISCAL YEAR</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">20</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 41.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Fiscal Year</div>
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            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">20</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE XI</div>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">INDEMNIFICATION</div>
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            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">20</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 42.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Indemnification of Directors, Executive Officers, Other Officers, Employees and Other Agents</div>
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            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">20</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE XII</div>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">NOTICES</div>
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            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">23</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 43.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Notices</div>
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            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">23</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE XIII</div>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">AMENDMENTS</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">24</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 44.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Amendments</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">24</div>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
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          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE XIV</div>
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            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">LOANS TO OFFICERS</div>
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            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">24</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 18pt;">Section 45.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Loans to Officers</div>
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            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right;">24</td>
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        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">ii</font></div>
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        <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-left: 5.75pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-left: 5.75pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">(continued)</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-left: 5.75pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
        </div>
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          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Page<br>
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          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ARTICLE XV</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">FORUM FOR ADJUDICATION OF DISPUTES</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
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            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 15%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Section 46.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 75%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 27pt;">Forum for Adjudication of Disputes</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">25</div>
            </td>
          </tr>

      </table>
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        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">iii</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">OF</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">(A DELAWARE CORPORATION)</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703495"></a>ARTICLE I</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">OFFICES</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703496"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 1.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">REGISTERED OFFICE.</font>&#160; The registered office of the corporation in the State of Delaware shall be in the City of Dover, County of Kent.&#160; (Del. Code
          Ann., tit. 8, Section 131)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703497"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 2.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">OTHER OFFICES.&#160; </font>The corporation shall also have and maintain an office or principal place of business at such place as may be fixed by the Board of
          Directors, and may also have offices at such other places, both within and without the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the corporation may require.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section
          122(8))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703498"></a>ARTICLE II</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">CORPORATE SEAL</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703499"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 3.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">CORPORATE SEAL.&#160; </font>The Board of Directors may adopt a corporate seal.&#160; The corporate seal shall consist of a die bearing the name of the corporation
          and the inscription, &#8220;Corporate Seal-Delaware.&#8221;&#160; Said seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or reproduced or otherwise.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 122(3))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703500"></a>ARTICLE III</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">STOCKHOLDERS&#8217; MEETINGS</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703501"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 4.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">PLACE OF MEETINGS.&#160; </font>Meetings of the stockholders of the corporation may be held at such place, either within or without the State of Delaware, as may be
          determined from time to time by the Board of Directors.&#160; The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that the meeting shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as provided
          under the Delaware General Corporation Law (&#8220;DGCL&#8221;).&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 211(a))</font></div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <br>
        </font></div>
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        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">1</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 5.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">ANNUAL
          MEETINGS.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The annual meeting of the
          stockholders of the corporation, for the purpose of election of directors and for such other business as may lawfully come before it, shall be held on such date and at such time as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors.
          Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors of the corporation and the proposal of business to be considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders: (i) pursuant to the corporation&#8217;s notice of
          meeting of stockholders; (ii) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors; or (iii) by any stockholder of the corporation who was a stockholder of record at the time of giving the stockholder&#8217;s notice provided for in the following paragraph,
          who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complied with the notice procedures set forth in Section 5; provided, however, that clause (iii) above shall be the exclusive means for a stockholder to make nominations and submit other business
          (other than matters properly brought under Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;1934 Act&#8221;) and included in the corporation&#8217;s notice of meeting of stockholders) before an annual meeting of stockholders.&#160; (Del.
          Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 211(b)).</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">At an annual meeting of the
          stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as shall have been properly brought before the meeting.&#160; For nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (iii) of Section
          5(a) of these Amended and Restated Bylaws, (i) the stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in writing and in proper form to the Secretary of the corporation at the principal executive offices of the corporation and must update and
          supplement such written notice on a timely basis as set forth in Section 5(d) and (ii) such other business must be a proper matter for stockholder action under DGCL. To be timely, a stockholder&#8217;s notice shall be delivered to the Secretary at the
          principal executive offices of the corporation not later than the close of business on the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year&#8217;s annual meeting; provided, however that in the event that the date
          of the annual meeting is advanced more than thirty (30) days prior to or delayed by more than thirty (30) days after the anniversary of the preceding year&#8217;s annual meeting, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered not later
          than the close of business on the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to such annual meeting and or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made.&#160; In no event shall the public
          announcement of an adjournment of an annual meeting commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder&#8217;s notice as described above.&#160; Such stockholder&#8217;s notice shall set forth:</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">(A) as to each person whom the stockholder proposed to nominate for election or reelection as a director (i) the name, age, business address and
        residence address of such nominee, (ii) the principal occupation or employment of such nominee, (iii) set forth the class and number of shares of each class of capital stock of the corporation which are owned of record and beneficially by such
        nominee, (iv) set forth the date or dates on which such shares were acquired and the investment intent of such acquisition, (v) with respect to each proposed nominee, include a completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement
        required by Section 5(c), (vi) all such other information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors in an election contest (even if an election contest is not involved), or is
        otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the 1934 Act and Rule 14a-4(d) thereunder (including such person&#8217;s written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a director if elected); (vii)
        the information required by Section 5(b)(C) and (viii) such other information as the corporation may reasonably require to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as an independent director of the corporation or that could be
        material to a reasonable stockholder&#8217;s understanding of the independence, or lack thereof, of such proposed nominee, and the impact that such service would have on the ability of the corporation to satisfy the requirements of laws, rules,
        regulations and listing standards applicable to the corporation or its directors;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
      </div>
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        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">2</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">(B) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought
        before the meeting, the text of the proposal or business (including the test of any resolutions proposed for consideration and if such business includes a proposal to amend the bylaws of the corporation, the text of the proposed amendment), the
        reasons for conducting such business at the meeting and any material interest (including any anticipated benefit of such business to any Proponent (as defined below) other than solely as a result of its ownership of the corporation&#8217;s capital stock,
        that is material to any Proponent individually, or to the Proponents in the aggregate) in such business of any Proponent, and the information required by Section 5(b)(C); and</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">(C) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made (each, a
        &#8220;Proponent&#8221; and collectively, the &#8220;Proponents&#8221;)&#160; (1) the name and address of each Proponent (including, if applicable, the name and address that appear on the corporation&#8217;s books), (2) the class or series and number of shares of the corporation
        that are owned beneficially and of record by each Proponent, (3) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether oral or in writing) with respect to the nomination or proposal between or among any Proponent and any of its
        affiliates or associates, and any others (including their names) acting in concert, or otherwise under the agreement, arrangement or understanding, with any of the foregoing, (4) a representation that the Proponents are holders of record or
        beneficial owners, as the case may be, of shares of the corporation entitled to vote at the meeting and intend to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the person or persons specified in the notice, (5) a representation as to
        whether the Proponents intend to deliver a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of a sufficient number of the corporation&#8217;s voting shares to elect such nominee or nominees or to carry such proposal, (6) to the extent known by any Proponent,
        the name and address of any other stockholder supporting the proposal on the date of such stockholder&#8217;s notice and (7) a description of all Derivative Transactions (as defined below) by each Proponent during the previous twelve (12) month period,
        including the date of any such Derivative Transaction and the class, series and number of securities involved in, and the material economic terms of, any such Derivative Transaction.</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">For purposes of this Section 5, a &#8220;Derivative Transaction&#8221; means any agreement, arrangement, interest or understanding entered into by, or on behalf or for the benefit
        of, any Proponent or any of its affiliates or associates, whether record or beneficial:</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(w)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the value of which is derived in whole or in part
          from the value of any class or series of shares or other securities of the corporation,</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(x)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">which otherwise provides any direct or indirect
          opportunity to gain or share in any gain derived from a change in the value of securities of the corporation,</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(y)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss,
          manage risk or benefit of security value or price changes, or</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">3</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(z)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">which provides the right to vote or increase or
          decrease the voting power of, such Proponent, or any of its affiliates or associates, with respect to any securities of the corporation,</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">which agreement, arrangement, interest or understanding may include, without limitation, any option, warrant, debt position, note, bond, convertible security, swap,
        stock appreciation right, short position (for purposes hereof, a person or entity shall be deemed to have a short position in a security of the corporation if such person or entity, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement,
        relationship, understanding or otherwise, has the opportunity to profit or share in any profit derived from any decrease in the value of such security), profit interest, hedge, right to dividends, voting agreement, performance-related fee or
        arrangement to borrow or lend shares (whether or not subject to payment, settlement, exercise or conversion in any such class or series), and any proportionate interest of such Proponent in the securities of the corporation held, directly or
        indirectly, by any general or limited partnership, or any limited liability company, of which such Proponent is a general partner or managing member or, directly or indirectly, beneficially owns an interest in such general partner or managing
        member.</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(c)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">To be eligible to be a nominee for election as a director of the corporation, such nominee or a person on his or her behalf must deliver </font>(in the case <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">of a nomination under clause (iii) of Section 5(a), </font>in accordance with the time periods prescribed for delivery of notice under Section <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">5(b)</font>) to the
          Secretary <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">at the principal executive offices</font> of the corporation a written questionnaire with respect to the background and qualification of such nominee (and in the case <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">of a nomination under clause (iii) of Section 5(a), </font>the background of any other person or entity on whose behalf the nomination is being made), which questionnaire shall be
          provided by the Secretary promptly upon written request, and a written representation and agreement, in the form provided by the Secretary promptly upon written request, that such person (A) is not and will not become a party to (1) any
          agreement, arrangement or understanding with, and has not given any commitment or assurance to, any person or entity as to how such person, if elected as a director of the corporation, will act or vote on any issue or question (a &#8220;Voting
          Commitment&#8221;) that has not been disclosed to the corporation in the questionnaire or (2) any Voting Commitment that could limit or interfere with such person&#8217;s ability to comply, if elected as a director of the corporation, with such person&#8217;s
          fiduciary duties under applicable law; (B) is not and will not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity other than the corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement
          or indemnification in connection with service or action as a director of the corporation that has not been disclosed therein; and (C)<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">&#160;</font> except as otherwise
          disclosed in the questionnaire, would be in compliance, if elected as a director of the corporation, and will comply with, all applicable publicly disclosed corporate governance, conflict of interest, confidentiality and stock ownership and
          trading policies and guidelines of the corporation.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(d)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A stockholder providing the
          written notice required by Section 5(b) shall update and supplement such notice in writing, if necessary, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice is true and correct in all material respects as of (A) the record
          date for the meeting and (B) as of the date that is five (5) business days prior to the date of the meeting and, in the event of any adjournment or postponement thereof, five (5) business days prior to the date to which such meeting is adjourned
          or postponed (or such lesser number of days prior to the date of such adjourned or postponed meeting as is reasonably practicable under the circumstances).&#160; In the case of an update and supplement pursuant to clause (A) of this Section 5(d), such
          update and supplement shall be received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not later than five (5) business days after the record date for the meeting.&#160; In the case of an update and supplement pursuant to
          clause (B) of this Section 5(d), such update and supplement shall be delivered to, or mailed and received by, the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not later than two (2) business days prior to the date of the
          meeting, and, in the event of any adjournment or postponement thereof, two (2) business days prior to the date to which such meeting is adjourned or postponed (or such lesser number of days prior to the date of such adjourned or postponed meeting
          as is reasonably practicable under the circumstances).</font></div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <br>
        </font></div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">4</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(e)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Notwithstanding anything in the
          third sentence of Section 5(b) of these Amended and Restated Bylaws to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors of the corporation is increased and there is no public announcement naming all
          of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Directors made by the corporation at least one hundred (100) days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year&#8217;s annual meeting, a stockholder&#8217;s notice required
          by this Section 5 shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not later than
          the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the corporation.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(f)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Only such persons who are
          nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 5 shall be eligible to serve as directors and only such business shall be conducted at a meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting in accordance
          with the procedures set forth in this Section 5.&#160; Except as otherwise provided by law or the Certificate of Incorporation, the Chairman of the meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be
          brought before the meeting was made, or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in these Amended and Restated Bylaws and, if any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance with these Amended and
          Restated Bylaws, to declare that such defective proposal or nomination shall not be presented for stockholder action at the meeting and shall be disregarded. Notwithstanding anything in these Amended and Restated Bylaws to the contrary, unless
          otherwise required by law (including without limitation Rule 14a-8 of the Exchange Act), if a stockholder intending to make a nomination for the election to the Board of Directors or to propose business at a meeting pursuant to Section 5 does not
          provide the information required under Section 5(b) and Section 5(c), as applicable, within the applicable time periods specified in this Section 5 (including any update and supplement required under Section 5(d)), or the stockholder (or a
          qualified representative of the stockholder) does not appear at the annual meeting of stockholders of the corporation to present a nomination or proposed business, such nomination shall be disregarded and such proposed business shall not be
          transacted, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such nominations or such business may have been solicited or<a name="z_DV_M42"></a> received by the corporation.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(g)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">For purposes of these Amended and
          Restated Bylaws, to be considered a qualified representative of the stockholder, a person must be a duly authorized officer, manager or partner of such stockholder or must be authorized by a writing executed by such stockholder or an electronic
          transmission delivered by such stockholder to act for such stockholder as proxy at the meeting of stockholders and such person must produce such writing or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the writing or electronic
          transmission, at the meeting of stockholders.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">5</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(h)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Notwithstanding the foregoing
          provisions of this Section 5, in order to include information with respect to a stockholder proposal in the proxy statement and form of proxy for a stockholders&#8217; meeting, a stockholder must also comply with all applicable requirements of the 1934
          Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to matters set forth in this Section 5. Nothing in these Amended and Restated Bylaws shall be deemed to affect any rights of stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the
          corporation&#8217;s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the 1934 Act.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(i)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">For purposes of these Amended
          and Restated Bylaws, &#8220;public announcement&#8221; shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the corporation with the
          Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the 1934 Act.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(j)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">For purposes of these Amended
          and Restated Bylaws, &#8220;affiliates&#8221; and &#8220;associates&#8221; shall have the meanings set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703503"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 6.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SPECIAL MEETINGS.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Special meetings of the
          stockholders of the corporation only may be called, for any purpose or purposes, by (i) the Chairman of the Board of Directors, (ii) the Chief Executive Officer, or (iii) the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of
          the total number of authorized directors (whether or not there exist any vacancies in previously authorized directorships at the time any such resolution is presented to the Board of Directors for adoption).</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703504"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000;">Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting pursuant to the corporation&#8217;s notice of meeting.
            Nominations of persons for election to the board of directors may be made at a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the corporation&#8217;s notice of meeting (i) by or at the direction of the board of
            directors or (ii) provided that the board of directors has determined that directors shall be elected at such meeting, by any stockholder of the corporation who is a stockholder of record at the time the notice provided for in this Section 6(b)
            is delivered to the secretary of the corporation, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and upon such election and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 6(b). In the event the corporation calls a special meeting of
            stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors to the board of directors, any such stockholder entitled to vote in such election of directors may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be) for election to such position(s)
            as specified in the corporation&#8217;s notice of meeting, if the&#160; stockholder&#8217;s notice required by Section 5(b) of these Amended and Restated Bylaws shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not later
            than the close of business on the later of the one hundred twentieth (120</font><sup style="color: #000000; vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">th</sup><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000;">) day prior to such special meeting or the tenth
            (10</font><sup style="color: #000000; vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">th</sup><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000;">) day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting and of the
            nominees proposed by the board of directors to be elected at such meeting.&#160; The stockholder shall also update and supplement such information on a timely basis as set forth in Section 5(d).&#160; In no event shall the public announcement of an
            adjournment or postponement of a special meeting commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder&#8217;s notice as described above.</font></font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">6</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 7.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">NOTICE OF MEETINGS.&#160; </font>Except as otherwise provided by law or the Certificate of Incorporation, notice, given in writing or by electronic transmission, of each meeting of
          stockholders shall be given not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting, such notice to specify the place, if any, date and hour and purpose or purposes
          of the meeting and the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting.&#160; Notice of the time, place, if any, and purpose of any meeting of stockholders
          may be waived in writing, signed by the person entitled to notice thereof, or by electronic transmission by such person, either before or after such meeting, and will be waived by any stockholder by his attendance thereat in person, by remote
          communication, if applicable, or by proxy, except when the stockholder attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or
          convened.&#160; Any stockholder so waiving notice of such meeting shall be bound by the proceedings of any such meeting in all respects as if due notice thereof had been given.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections 222, 229, 232)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703505"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 8.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">QUORUM; VOTING.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">At all meetings of stockholders,
          except where otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation, or by these Amended and Restated Bylaws, the presence, in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or by proxy duly authorized, of the holders of a majority
          of the outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.&#160; In the absence of a quorum, any meeting of stockholders may be adjourned, from time to time, either by the chairman of the meeting or
          by vote of the holders of a majority of the shares represented thereat, but no other business shall be transacted at such meeting.&#160; The stockholders present at a duly called or convened meeting, at which a quorum is present, may continue to
          transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Except as otherwise provided by
          statute or by applicable stock exchange or Nasdaq rules, or by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Amended and Restated Bylaws, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of the majority of shares present in
          person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote generally on the subject matter shall be the act of the stockholders.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">7</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(c)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Except as provided in SECTION 18
          of Article IV,&#160; each director&#160; shall&#160; be elected by the vote of the majority of the votes cast with respect to that director at any meeting for the election of directors at which a quorum is present, provided that if&#160; the number of nominees
          exceeds the number of directors to be elected, the directors shall be elected by the vote of a plurality of the shares represented in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or by proxy at any such meeting and entitled to vote on the
          election of&#160; directors. For purposes of this Section, &#8220;a majority of the votes cast&#8221; means that the number of votes cast for a director&#8217;s election exceeds fifty percent (50%) of the number of votes cast with respect to that director&#8217;s election.&#160;
          The number of votes cast with respect to a director&#8217;s election shall exclude abstentions and broker non-votes with respect to that director&#8217;s election.&#160; If a nominee for director who is an incumbent director is not elected at such meeting, the
          director shall offer to tender his or her resignation to the Board of Directors.&#160; The Nominating, Governance and Review Committee will make a recommendation to the&#160; Board of Directors on whether to accept or reject the resignation, or whether
          other action should be taken.&#160; The Board of Directors will act on the Nominating, Governance and Review Committee&#8217;s recommendation and publicly disclose its decision and the rationale behind it within ninety (90) days from the date of the
          certification of the election results.&#160; The director who tenders his or her resignation will not participate in the Board of Director&#8217;s decision.&#160; If a director&#8217;s resignation is accepted by the Board of Directors pursuant to this Section, or if a
          nominee for director is not elected and the nominee is not an incumbent director, then the Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may fill any resulting vacancy pursuant to the provisions of SECTION 18 of Article IV or may seek to decrease
          the authorized number of directors in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation. If, for any cause, the Board of Directors shall not have been elected at an annual meeting, they may be elected as soon thereafter as convenient at a special
          meeting of the stockholders called for that purpose in the manner provided in these Bylaws.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(d)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Where a separate vote by a class
          or classes or series is required, except where otherwise provided by the statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Amended and Restated Bylaws, a majority of the outstanding shares of such class or classes or series, present in
          person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy duly authorized, shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to that vote on that matter.&#160; Except where otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate
          of Incorporation or these Amended and Restated Bylaws, the affirmative vote of the majority (plurality, in the case of the number of nominees for director exceeds the number of directors to be elected) of shares of such class or classes or series
          present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the meeting shall be the act of such class or classes or series.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 216)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703506"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 9.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">ADJOURNMENT AND NOTICE OF ADJOURNED MEETINGS.&#160; </font>Any meeting of stockholders, whether annual or special, may be adjourned from time to time either by the chairman
          of the meeting or by the vote of a majority of the shares present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the meeting.&#160; When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place, if any, notice need not be given
          of the adjourned meeting if the time and place, if any, thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken.&#160; At the adjourned meeting, the corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original
          meeting.&#160; If the adjournment is for more than thirty (30) days or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at
          the meeting.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 222(c))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703507"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 10.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">VOTING RIGHTS.&#160; </font>For the purpose of determining those stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of the stockholders, except as otherwise provided by law, only
          persons in whose names shares stand on the stock records of the corporation on the record date, as provided in Section 12 of these Amended and Restated Bylaws, shall be entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders.&#160; Every person entitled to
          vote shall have the right to do so either in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or by an agent or agents authorized by a proxy granted in accordance with Delaware law.&#160; An agent so appointed need not be a stockholder.&#160; No proxy shall
          be voted after three (3) years from its date of creation unless the proxy provides for a longer period.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections 211(e), 212(b))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">8</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703508"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 11.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">JOINT OWNERS OF STOCK.&#160; </font>If shares or other securities having voting power stand of record in the names of two (2) or more persons, whether fiduciaries, members
          of a partnership, joint tenants, tenants in common, tenants by the entirety, or otherwise, or if two (2) or more persons have the same fiduciary relationship respecting the same shares, unless the Secretary is given written notice to the contrary
          and is furnished with a copy of the instrument or order appointing them or creating the relationship wherein it is so provided, their acts with respect to voting shall have the following effect: (a) if only one (1) votes, his act binds all; (b)
          if more than one (1) votes, the act of the majority so voting binds all; (c) if more than one (1) votes, but the vote is evenly split on any particular matter, each faction may vote the securities in question proportionally, or may apply to the
          Delaware Court of Chancery for relief as provided in the DGCL, Section 217(b).&#160; If the instrument filed with the Secretary shows that any such tenancy is held in unequal interests, a majority or even-split for the purpose of subsection (c) shall
          be a majority or even-split in interest.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 217(b))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703509"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 12.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">LIST OF STOCKHOLDERS.&#160; </font>The Secretary shall prepare and make, at least ten (10) days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders
          entitled to vote at said meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder.&#160; Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any
          purpose germane to the meeting, (a) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (b) during ordinary business hours, at the
          principal place of business of the corporation.&#160; In the event that the corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the corporation may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to
          stockholders of the corporation.&#160; The list shall be open to examination of any stockholder during the time of the meeting as provided by law.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 219)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703510"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 13.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">ACTION WITHOUT MEETING.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">No action shall be taken by the
          stockholders except at an annual or special meeting of stockholders called in accordance with these Amended and Restated Bylaws, and no action shall be taken by the stockholders by written consent or by electronic transmission.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703511"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 14.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">ORGANIZATION.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">At every meeting of
          stockholders, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, or, if a Chairman has not been appointed or is absent, the President, or, if the President is absent, a chairman of the meeting chosen by a majority in interest of the stockholders entitled to
          vote, present in person or by proxy, shall act as chairman.&#160; The Secretary, or, if the Secretary is absent, an Assistant Secretary directed to do so by the President, shall act as secretary of the meeting.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">9</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Board of Directors of the
          corporation shall be entitled to make such rules or regulations for the conduct of meetings of stockholders as it shall deem necessary, appropriate or convenient.&#160; Subject to such rules and regulations of the Board of Directors, if any, the
          chairman of the meeting shall have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such chairman, are necessary, appropriate or convenient for the proper conduct of the
          meeting, including, without limitation, establishing an agenda or order of business for the meeting, rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present, limitations on participation in such meeting to
          stockholders of record of the corporation and their duly authorized and constituted proxies and such other persons as the chairman shall permit, restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof, limitations
          on the time allotted to questions or comments by participants and regulation of the opening and closing of the polls for balloting on matters which are to be voted on by ballot.&#160; The date and time of the opening and closing of the polls for each
          matter upon which the stockholders will vote at the meeting shall be announced at the meeting.&#160; Unless and to the extent determined by the Board of Directors or the chairman of the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be required to be
          held in accordance with rules of parliamentary procedure.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703512"></a>ARTICLE IV</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">DIRECTORS</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703513"></a><a name="z_Ref308708148"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 15.</font>&#160;&#160; &#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">NUMBER AND TERM OF OFFICE.&#160; </font>The authorized number of directors of the corporation shall be fixed in accordance with the
          Certificate of Incorporation.&#160; Directors need not be stockholders unless so required by the Certificate of Incorporation.&#160; If for any cause, the directors shall not have been elected at an annual meeting, they may be elected as soon thereafter as
          convenient at a special meeting of the stockholders called for that purpose in the manner provided in these Amended and Restated Bylaws.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections 141(b), 211(b), (c))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703514"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 16.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">POWERS.&#160; </font>The powers of the corporation shall be exercised, its business conducted and its property controlled by the Board of Directors, except as may be
          otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(a))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703515"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 17.</font>&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">CLASSES OF DIRECTORS.&#160; </font>Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, the
          directors shall be divided into three classes designated as Class I, Class II and Class III, respectively.&#160; At the first annual meeting of stockholders following the initial classification of the Board of Directors, the term of office of the
          Class I directors shall expire and Class I directors shall be elected for a full term of three years.&#160; At the second annual meeting of stockholders following such initial classification, the term of office of the Class II directors shall expire
          and Class II directors shall be elected for a full term of three years.&#160; At the third annual meeting of stockholders following such initial classification, the term of office of the Class III directors shall expire and Class III directors shall
          be elected for a full term of three years.&#160; At each succeeding annual meeting of stockholders, directors shall be elected for a full term of three years to succeed the directors of the class whose terms expire at such annual meeting.&#160;
          Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section, each director shall serve until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her death, resignation or removal.&#160; No decrease in the number of directors constituting
          the Board of Directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">10</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703516"></a><a name="z_Ref308708095"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 18.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">VACANCIES.&#160; </font>Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation and subject to the rights of the holders of any
          series of Preferred Stock, any vacancies on the Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation, disqualification, removal or other causes and any newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors shall,
          unless the Board of Directors determines by resolution that any such vacancies or newly created directorships shall be filled by stockholders, be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office, even though less
          than a quorum of the Board of Directors.&#160; Any director elected in accordance with the preceding sentence shall hold office for the remainder of the full term of the director for which the vacancy was created or occurred and until such director&#8217;s
          successor shall have been elected and qualified.&#160; A vacancy in the Board of Directors shall be deemed to exist under this Section 18 in the case of the death, removal or resignation of any director.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 223(a), (b))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703517"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 19.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">RESIGNATION.&#160; </font>Any director may resign at any time by delivering his or her notice in writing or by electronic transmission to the Secretary, such resignation to
          specify whether it will be effective at a particular time, upon receipt by the Secretary or at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.&#160; If no such specification is made, it shall be deemed effective at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.&#160;
          When one or more directors shall resign from the Board of Directors, effective at a future date, a majority of the directors then in office, including those who have so resigned, shall have power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote
          thereon to take effect when such resignation or resignations shall become effective, and each Director so chosen shall hold office for the unexpired portion of the term of the Director whose place shall be vacated and until his successor shall
          have been duly elected and qualified.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections 141(b), 223(d))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703518"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 20.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">MEETINGS.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Regular Meetings.&#160; </font>Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any time or date and at any place within
          or without the State of Delaware which has been designated by the Board of Directors and publicized among all directors, either orally or in writing, by telephone, including a voice-messaging system or other system designed to record and
          communicate messages, facsimile, telegraph or telex, or by electronic mail or other electronic means.&#160; No further notice shall be required for regular meetings of the Board of Directors.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(g))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Special Meetings.&#160; </font>Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, special meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any time and place within or without the
          State of Delaware whenever called by the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer or a majority of the authorized number of directors.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(g))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(c)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Meetings By Electronic Communications Equipment.&#160; </font>Any member of the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may participate in a meeting by means of conference telephone or
          other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting by such means shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section
          141(i))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(d)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Notice of Special Meetings.&#160; </font>Notice of the time and place of all special meetings of the Board of Directors shall be orally or in writing, by telephone, including a voice messaging
          system or other system or technology designed to record and communicate messages, facsimile, telegraph or telex, or by electronic mail or other electronic means, during normal business hours, at least twenty-four (24) hours before the date and
          time of the meeting, or sent in writing to each director by first class mail, charges prepaid, at least three (3) days before the date of the meeting.&#160; Notice of any meeting may be waived in writing, or by electronic transmission, at any time
          before or after the meeting and will be waived by any director by attendance thereat, except when the director attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because
          the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 229)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(e)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Waiver of&#160; Notice.&#160; </font>The transaction of all business at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or any committee thereof, however called or noticed, or wherever held, shall be as valid
          as though had at a meeting duly held after regular call and notice, if a quorum be present and if, either before or after the meeting, each of the directors not present who did not receive notice shall sign a written waiver of notice or shall
          waive notice by electronic transmission.&#160; All such waivers shall be filed with the corporate records or made a part of the minutes of the meeting.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 229)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703519"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 21.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">QUORUM AND VOTING.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Unless the Certificate of
          Incorporation requires a greater number and except with respect to questions related to indemnification arising under Section 42 of these Amended and Restated Bylaws for which a quorum shall be one third of the exact number of directors fixed
          from time to time, a quorum of the Board of Directors shall consist of a majority of the exact number of directors fixed from time to time by the Board of Directors in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>provided, however</u></font>, at any meeting whether a quorum be present or otherwise, a majority of the directors present may adjourn from time to time until the time fixed for the next regular meeting
          of the Board of Directors, without notice other than by announcement at the meeting.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(b))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">At each meeting of the Board of
          Directors at which a quorum is present, all questions and business shall be determined by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present, unless a different vote be required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Amended
          and Restated Bylaws.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(b))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703520"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 22.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">ACTION WITHOUT MEETING.&#160; </font>Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Amended and Restated Bylaws, any action required or permitted
          to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting, if all members of the Board of Directors or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission,
          and such writing or writings or transmission or transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee.&#160; Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form and shall be in
          electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(f))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
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        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703521"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 23.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">FEES AND COMPENSATION.&#160; </font>Directors shall be entitled to such compensation for their services as may be approved by the Board of Directors, including, if so
          approved, by resolution of the Board of Directors, a fixed sum and expenses of attendance, if any, for attendance at each regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors and at any meeting of a committee of the Board of Directors.&#160; Nothing
          herein contained shall be construed to preclude any director from serving the corporation in any other capacity as an officer, agent, employee, or otherwise and receiving compensation therefor.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(h))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703522"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 24.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">COMMITTEES.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Executive Committee.&#160; </font>The Board of Directors may appoint an Executive Committee to consist of one (1) or more members of the Board of Directors.&#160; The Executive Committee, to the extent
          permitted by law and provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the corporation, and may authorize the
          seal of the corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority in reference to (i) approving or adopting, or recommending to the stockholders, any action or matter expressly
          required by the DGCL to be submitted to stockholders for approval, or (ii) adopting, amending or repealing any bylaw of the corporation.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(c))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Other Committees.&#160; </font>The Board of Directors may, from time to time, appoint such other committees as may be permitted by law.&#160; Such other committees appointed by the Board of Directors
          shall consist of one (1) or more members of the Board of Directors and shall have such powers and perform such duties as may be prescribed by the resolution or resolutions creating such committees, but in no event shall any such committee have
          the powers denied to the Executive Committee in these Amended and Restated Bylaws.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(c))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(c)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Term.&#160; </font>The Board of Directors, subject to any requirements of any outstanding series of Preferred Stock and the provisions of subsections (a) or (b) of this Bylaw, may at any time
          increase or decrease the number of members of a committee or terminate the existence of a committee.&#160; The membership of a committee member shall terminate on the date of his or her death or voluntary resignation from the committee or from the
          Board of Directors.&#160; The Board of Directors may at any time for any reason remove any individual committee member and the Board of Directors may fill any committee vacancy created by death, resignation, removal or increase in the number of
          members of the committee.&#160; The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee, and, in addition, in the absence or
          disqualification of any member of a committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors
          to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 141(c))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
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        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(d)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Meetings.&#160; </font>Unless the Board of Directors shall otherwise provide, regular meetings of the Executive Committee or any other committee appointed pursuant to this Section 24 shall be held
          at such times and places as are determined by the Board of Directors, or by any such committee, and when notice thereof has been given to each member of such committee, no further notice of such regular meetings need be given thereafter.&#160; Special
          meetings of any such committee may be held at any place which has been determined from time to time by such committee, and may be called by any Director who is a member of such committee, upon notice to the members of such committee of the time
          and place of such special meeting given in the manner provided for the giving of notice to members of the Board of Directors of the time and place of special meetings of the Board of Directors.&#160; Notice of any special meeting of any committee may
          be waived in writing at any time before or after the meeting and will be waived by any director by attendance thereat, except when the director attends such special meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to
          the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.&#160; Unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors in the resolutions authorizing the creation of the committee, a majority of the authorized number of
          members of any such committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and the act of a majority of those present at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of such committee.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections
          141(c), 229)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703523"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 25.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">ORGANIZATION.&#160; </font>At every meeting of the directors, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, or, if a Chairman has not been appointed or is absent, the President
          (if a director), or if the President is absent, the most senior Vice President (if a director), or, in the absence of any such person, a chairman of the meeting chosen by a majority of the directors present, shall preside over the meeting.&#160; The
          Secretary, or in his or her absence, any Assistant Secretary directed to do so by the President, shall act as secretary of the meeting.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703524"></a>ARTICLE V</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">OFFICERS</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703525"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 26.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">OFFICERS DESIGNATED.&#160; </font>The officers of the corporation shall include, if and when designated by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board of Directors,
          the Chief Executive Officer, the President, one or more Vice Presidents, the Secretary, the Chief Financial Officer, the Treasurer and the Controller, all of whom shall be elected at the annual organizational meeting of the Board of Directors.&#160;
          The Board of Directors may also appoint one or more Assistant Secretaries, Assistant Treasurers, Assistant Controllers and such other officers and agents with such powers and duties as it shall deem necessary.&#160; The Board of Directors may assign
          such additional titles to one or more of the officers as it shall deem appropriate.&#160; Any one person may hold any number of offices of the corporation at any one time unless specifically prohibited therefrom by law.&#160; The salaries and other
          compensation of the officers of the corporation shall be fixed by or in the manner designated by the Board of Directors.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections 122(5), 142(a), (b))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703526"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 27.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">TENURE AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">General.&#160; </font>All officers shall hold office at the pleasure of the Board of Directors and until their successors shall have been duly elected and qualified, unless sooner removed.&#160; Any
          officer elected or appointed by the Board of Directors may be removed at any time by the Board of Directors.&#160; If the office of any officer becomes vacant for any reason, the vacancy may be filled by the Board of Directors.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit.
          8, Section 141(b), (e))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
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      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Duties of Chairman of the Board of Directors.&#160; </font>The Chairman of the Board of Directors, when present, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and the Board of Directors.&#160; The
          Chairman of the Board of Directors shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time.&#160; If there is no
          President, then the Chairman of the Board of Directors shall also serve as the Chief Executive Officer of the corporation and shall have the powers and duties prescribed in paragraph (c) of this Section 28.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section
          142(a))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><a name="z_Toc148337226"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(c)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Duties of Chief Executive Officer.</font>&#160; The Chief Executive Officer shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and at all meetings of the Board of Directors,
          unless the Chairman of the Board of Directors has been appointed and is present.&#160; Unless another officer has been appointed Chief Executive Officer of the corporation, the President shall be the chief executive officer of the corporation and
          shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, have general supervision, direction and control of the business and officers of the corporation. To the extent that a Chief Executive Officer has been appointed, all references in these
          Bylaws to the President shall be deemed references to the Chief Executive Officer. <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; font-variant: small-caps;">&#160;</font>The Chief Executive Officer shall perform
          other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(d)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Duties of President.&#160; </font>The President shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and at all meetings of the Board of Directors, unless the Chairman of the Board of Directors or
          Chief Executive Officer has been appointed and is present.&#160; Unless another officer has been elected Chief Executive Officer of the corporation, the President shall be the chief executive officer of the corporation and shall, subject to the
          control of the Board of Directors, have general supervision, direction and control of the business and officers of the corporation.&#160; The President shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties
          and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., Tit. 8, Section 142(a))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(e)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Duties of Executive Vice President and Vice Presidents.&#160; </font>The Executive Vice President may assume and perform the duties of the President in the absence or disability of the President
          or whenever the office of President is vacant.&#160; The Executive Vice President and Vice Presidents shall perform other duties commonly incident to their office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of
          Directors or the President shall designate from time to time.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 142(a))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(f)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Duties of Secretary.&#160; </font>The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors and shall record all acts and proceedings thereof in the minute book of
          the corporation.&#160; The Secretary shall give notice in conformity with these Amended and Restated Bylaws of all meetings of the stockholders and of all meetings of the Board of Directors and any committee thereof requiring notice.&#160; The Secretary
          shall perform all other duties provided for in these Amended and Restated Bylaws and other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from
          time to time.&#160; The President may direct any Assistant Secretary to assume and perform the duties of the Secretary in the absence or disability of the Secretary, and each Assistant Secretary shall perform other duties commonly incident to the
          office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the President shall designate from time to time.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 142(a))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">15</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(g)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Duties of Chief Financial Officer.&#160; </font>The Chief Financial Officer shall keep or cause to be kept the books of account of the corporation in a thorough and proper manner and shall render
          statements of the financial affairs of the corporation in such form and as often as required by the Board of Directors or the President.&#160; The Chief Financial Officer, subject to the order of the Board of Directors, shall have the custody of all
          funds and securities of the corporation.&#160; The Chief Financial Officer shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the President shall
          designate from time to time.&#160; The President may direct the Treasurer or any Assistant Treasurer, or the Controller or any Assistant Controller to assume and perform the duties of the Chief Financial Officer in the absence or disability of the
          Chief Financial Officer, and each Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer and each Controller and Assistant Controller shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers as the
          Board of Directors or the President shall designate from time to time.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 142(a))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703527"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 28.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY.&#160; </font>The Board of Directors may from time to time delegate the powers or duties of any officer to any other officer or agent,
          notwithstanding any provision hereof.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703528"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 29.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">RESIGNATIONS.&#160; </font>Any officer may resign at any time by giving notice in writing or by electronic transmission to the Board of Directors or to the President or to
          the Secretary.&#160; Any such resignation shall be effective when received by the person or persons to whom such notice is given, unless a later time is specified therein, in which event the resignation shall become effective at such later time.&#160;
          Unless otherwise specified in such notice, the acceptance of any such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective.&#160; Any resignation shall be without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the corporation under any contract with the
          resigning officer.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 142(b))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703529"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 30.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">REMOVAL.&#160; </font>Any officer may be removed from office at any time, either with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors in office at
          the time, or by the unanimous written consent of the directors in office at the time, or by any committee or superior officers upon whom such power of removal may have been conferred by the Board of Directors.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703530"></a>ARTICLE VI</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">EXECUTION OF CORPORATE INSTRUMENTS AND VOTING</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">OF SECURITIES OWNED BY THE CORPORATION</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703531"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 31.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">EXECUTION OF CORPORATE INSTRUMENTS.&#160; </font>The Board of Directors may, in its discretion, determine the method and designate the signatory officer or officers, or
          other person or persons, to execute on behalf of the corporation any corporate instrument or document, or to sign on behalf of the corporation the corporate name without limitation, or to enter into contracts on behalf of the corporation, except
          where otherwise provided by law or these Amended and Restated Bylaws, and such execution or signature shall be binding upon the corporation.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections 103(a), 142(a), 158)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">16</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">All checks and drafts drawn on banks or other depositaries on funds to the credit of the corporation or in special accounts of the corporation shall
        be signed by such person or persons as the Board of Directors shall authorize so to do.</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Unless authorized or ratified by the Board of Directors or within the agency power of an officer, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power
        or authority to bind the corporation by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or for any amount.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections 103(a), 142(a), 158).</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703532"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 32.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">VOTING OF SECURITIES OWNED BY THE CORPORATION.&#160; </font>All stock and other securities of other corporations owned or held by the corporation for itself, or for other
          parties in any capacity, shall be voted, and all proxies with respect thereto shall be executed, by the person authorized so to do by resolution of the Board of Directors, or, in the absence of such authorization, by the Chairman of the Board of
          Directors, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, or any Vice President.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 123)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703533"></a>ARTICLE VII</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">SHARES OF STOCK</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703534"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 33.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">FORM AND EXECUTION OF CERTIFICATES.&#160; </font>The shares of the corporation shall be represented by certificates, or shall be uncertificated.&#160; Certificates for the
          shares of stock,&#160; if any, of the corporation shall be in such form as is consistent with the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable law.&#160; Every holder of stock represented by certificate in the corporation shall be entitled to have a
          certificate signed by or in the name of the corporation by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, or the President or any Vice President and by the Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer or the Secretary or Assistant Secretary, certifying the number
          of shares owned by such stockholder in the corporation.&#160; Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be facsimiles.&#160; In case any officer, transfer agent, or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a
          certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent, or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued with the same effect as if he were such officer, transfer agent, or registrar at the date of issue.&#160; (Del. Code
          Ann., tit. 8, Section 158)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703535"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 34.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">LOST CERTIFICATES.&#160; </font>A new certificate or certificates shall be issued in place of any certificate or certificates theretofore issued by the corporation alleged
          to have been lost, stolen, or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen, or destroyed.&#160; The corporation may require, as a condition precedent to the issuance of a
          new certificate or certificates, the owner of such lost, stolen, or destroyed certificate or certificates, or the owner&#8217;s legal representative, to agree to indemnify the corporation in such manner as it shall require or to give the corporation a
          surety bond in such form and amount as it may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against the corporation with respect to the certificate alleged to have been lost, stolen, or destroyed.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 167)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">17</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703536"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 35.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">TRANSFERS.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Transfers of record of shares of
          stock of the corporation shall be made only upon its books by the holders thereof, in person or by attorney duly authorized, and, in the case of stock represented by certificate, upon the surrender of a properly endorsed certificate or
          certificates for a like number of shares.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 201, tit. 6, Section 8-401(1))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The corporation shall have power
          to enter into and perform any agreement with any number of stockholders of any one or more classes of stock of the corporation to restrict the transfer of shares of stock of the corporation of any one or more classes owned by such stockholders in
          any manner not prohibited by the DGCL.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 160 (a))</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703537"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 36.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">FIXING RECORD DATES.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In order that the corporation
          may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the
          resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall, subject to applicable law, not be more than sixty (60) nor less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting.&#160; If no record date is fixed
          by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or if notice is
          waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held.&#160; A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the
          meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In order that the corporation
          may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or the stockholders entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the
          purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall be not more than
          sixty (60) days prior to such action.&#160; If no record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating
          thereto.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 213)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703538"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 37.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS.&#160; </font>The corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to
          receive dividends, and to vote as such owner, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of any other person whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof,
          except as otherwise provided by the laws of Delaware.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections 213(a), 219)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">18</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703539"></a>ARTICLE VIII</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">OTHER SECURITIES OF THE CORPORATION</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703540"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 38.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">EXECUTION OF OTHER SECURITIES.&#160; </font>All bonds, debentures and other corporate securities of the corporation, other than stock certificates (covered in Section 33),
          may be signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the President or any Vice President, or such other person as may be authorized by the Board of Directors, and the corporate seal impressed thereon or a facsimile of such seal imprinted
          thereon and attested by the signature of the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, or the Chief Financial Officer or Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that where any such bond, debenture or other corporate security shall be
          authenticated by the manual signature, or where permissible by applicable law, facsimile signature, of a trustee under an indenture pursuant to which such bond, debenture or other corporate security shall be issued, the signatures of the persons
          signing and attesting the corporate seal on such bond, debenture or other corporate security may be the imprinted facsimile of the signatures of such persons.&#160; Interest coupons appertaining to any such bond, debenture or other corporate security,
          authenticated by a trustee as aforesaid, shall be signed by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer of the corporation or such other person as may be authorized by the Board of Directors, or bear imprinted thereon the facsimile signature of such
          person.&#160; In case any officer who shall have signed or attested any bond, debenture or other corporate security, or whose facsimile signature shall appear thereon or on any such interest coupon, shall have ceased to be such officer before the
          bond, debenture or other corporate security so signed or attested shall have been delivered, such bond, debenture or other corporate security nevertheless may be adopted by the corporation and issued and delivered as though the person who signed
          the same or whose facsimile signature shall have been used thereon had not ceased to be such officer of the corporation.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703541"></a>ARTICLE IX</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">DIVIDENDS</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703542"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 39.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">DECLARATION OF DIVIDENDS.&#160; </font>Dividends upon the capital stock of the corporation, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable
          law, if any, may be declared by the Board of Directors pursuant to law at any regular or special meeting.&#160; Dividends may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of the capital stock, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of
          Incorporation and applicable law.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Sections 170, 173)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703543"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 40.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">DIVIDEND RESERVE.&#160; </font>Before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any funds of the corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the
          Board of Directors from time to time, in their absolute discretion, think proper as a reserve or reserves to meet contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the corporation, or for such other
          purpose as the Board of Directors shall think conducive to the interests of the corporation, and the Board of Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve in the manner in which it was created.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 171)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">19</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703544"></a>ARTICLE X</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">FISCAL YEAR</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703545"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 41.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">FISCAL YEAR.&#160; </font>The fiscal year of the corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703546"></a>ARTICLE XI</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">INDEMNIFICATION</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703547"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 42.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, OTHER OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES AND OTHER AGENTS.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Directors and Executive Officers.&#160; </font>The corporation shall indemnify its directors and executive officers (for the purposes of this Article XI, &#8220;executive officers&#8221; shall have the
          meaning defined in Rule 3b-7 promulgated under the 1934 Act) to the fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL or any other applicable law; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>provided, however</u></font>, that the
          corporation may modify the extent of such indemnification by individual contracts with its directors and executive officers; and, <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>provided, further</u></font>, that the
          corporation shall not be required to indemnify any director or executive officer in connection with any proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person unless (i) such indemnification is expressly required to be made by law, (ii) the
          proceeding was authorized by the Board of Directors of the corporation, (iii) such indemnification is provided by the corporation, in its sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the corporation under the DGCL or any other applicable law
          or (iv) such indemnification is required to be made under subsection (d).</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Other Officers, Employees and Other Agents. </font> The corporation shall have power to indemnify its other officers, employees and other agents as set forth in the DGCL or any other
          applicable law.&#160; The Board of Directors shall have the power to delegate the determination of whether indemnification shall be given to any such person to such officers or other persons as the Board of Directors shall determine.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(c)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Expenses.&#160; </font>The corporation shall advance to any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding,
          whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or executive officer of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director or executive officer
          of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, prior to the final disposition of the proceeding, promptly following request therefor, all expenses incurred by any director or executive officer in connection with
          such proceeding provided, however, that if the DGCL requires, an advancement of expenses incurred by a director or executive officer in his or her capacity as a director or executive officer (and not in any other capacity in which service was or
          is rendered by such indemnitee, including, without limitation, service to an employee benefit plan) shall be made only upon delivery to the corporation of an undertaking (hereinafter an &#8220;undertaking&#8221;), by or on behalf of such indemnitee, to repay
          all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal (hereinafter a &#8220;final adjudication&#8221;) that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses
          under this Section 42 or otherwise.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">20</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless otherwise determined pursuant to paragraph (e) of this Section 42, no advance shall be made by the corporation
        to an officer of the corporation (except by reason of the fact that such officer is or was a director of the corporation in which event this paragraph shall not apply) in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
        investigative, if a determination is reasonably and promptly made (i) by a majority vote of directors who were not parties to the proceeding, even if not a quorum, or (ii) by a committee of such directors designated by a majority vote of such
        directors, even though less than a quorum, or (iii) if there are no such directors, or such directors so direct, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, that the facts known to the decision-making party at the time such determination is
        made demonstrate clearly and convincingly that such person acted in bad faith or in a manner that such person did not believe to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation.</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(d)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Enforcement.&#160; </font>Without the necessity of entering into an express contract, all rights to indemnification and advances to directors and executive officers under this Bylaw shall be
          deemed to be contractual rights and be effective to the same extent and as if provided for in a contract between the corporation and the director or executive officer.&#160; Any right to indemnification or advances granted by this Section 42 to a
          director or executive officer shall be enforceable by or on behalf of the person holding such right in any court of competent jurisdiction if (i) the claim for indemnification or advances is denied, in whole or in part, or (ii) no disposition of
          such claim is made within ninety (90) days of request therefor.&#160; The claimant in such enforcement action, if successful in whole or in part, shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting the claim.&#160; In connection with any claim for
          indemnification, the corporation shall be entitled to raise as a defense to any such action that the claimant has not met the standards of conduct that make it permissible under the DGCL or any other applicable law for the corporation to
          indemnify the claimant for the amount claimed.&#160; Neither the failure of the corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such action that
          indemnification of the claimant is proper in the circumstances because the claimant has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the DGCL or any other applicable law, nor an actual determination by the corporation (including its Board
          of Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) that the claimant has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create a presumption that claimant has not met the applicable standard of conduct.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(e)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Non-exclusivity of Rights.&#160; </font>The rights conferred on any person by this Bylaw shall not be exclusive of any other right which such person may have or hereafter acquire under any
          applicable statute, provision of the Certificate of Incorporation, Amended and Restated Bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in his official capacity and as to action in another
          capacity while holding office.&#160; The corporation is specifically authorized to enter into individual contracts with any or all of its directors, officers, employees or agents respecting indemnification and advances, to the fullest extent not
          prohibited by the DGCL, or by any other applicable law.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">21</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(f)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Survival of Rights.&#160; </font>The rights conferred on any person by this Bylaw shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, executive officer, officer, employee or other agent
          and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(g)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Insurance.&#160; </font>To the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL or any other applicable law, the corporation, upon approval by the Board of Directors, may purchase insurance on behalf of any
          person required or permitted to be indemnified pursuant to this Section 42.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(h)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Amendments.&#160; </font>Any repeal or modification of this Section 42 shall only be prospective and shall not affect the rights under this Bylaw in effect at the time of the alleged occurrence of
          any action or omission to act that is the cause of any proceeding against any agent of the corporation.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(i)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Saving Clause.&#160; </font>If this Bylaw or any portion hereof shall be invalidated on any ground by any court of competent jurisdiction, then the corporation shall nevertheless indemnify each
          director and executive officer to the full extent not prohibited by any applicable portion of this Section 42 that shall not have been invalidated, or by any other applicable law.&#160; If this Section 42 shall be invalid due to the application of the
          indemnification provisions of another jurisdiction, then the corporation shall indemnify each director and executive officer to the full extent under any other applicable law.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(j)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Certain Definitions.&#160; </font>For the purposes of this Bylaw, the following definitions shall apply:</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(1)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The term &#8220;proceeding&#8221; shall be
          broadly construed and shall include, without limitation, the investigation, preparation, prosecution, defense, settlement, arbitration and appeal of, and the giving of testimony in, any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding,
          whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(2)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The term &#8220;expenses&#8221; shall be
          broadly construed and shall include, without limitation, court costs, attorneys&#8217; fees, witness fees, fines, amounts paid in settlement or judgment and any other costs and expenses of any nature or kind incurred in connection with any proceeding.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(3)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The term the &#8220;corporation&#8221;
          shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and
          authority to indemnify its directors, officers, and employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation
          as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the provisions of this Section 42 with respect to the resulting or surviving
          corporation as he or she would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(4)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">References to a &#8220;director,&#8221;
          &#8220;executive officer,&#8221; &#8220;officer,&#8221; &#8220;employee,&#8221; or &#8220;agent&#8221; of the corporation shall include, without limitation, situations where such person is serving at the request of the corporation as, respectively, a director, executive officer, officer,
          employee, trustee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">22</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 108pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(5)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">References to &#8220;other
          enterprises&#8221; shall include employee benefit plans; references to &#8220;fines&#8221; shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to &#8220;serving at the request of the corporation&#8221; shall include any
          service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee, or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants, or beneficiaries; and a
          person who acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner &#8220;not opposed to the best interests of
          the corporation&#8221; as referred to in this Section 42.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703548"></a>ARTICLE XII</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">NOTICES</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703549"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 43.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">NOTICES.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Notice to Stockholders.&#160; </font>Whenever, under any provisions of these Amended and Restated Bylaws, notice is required to be given to any stockholder, it shall be given in writing, timely
          and duly deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, and addressed to the stockholder&#8217;s last known post office address as shown by the stock record of the corporation or its transfer agent.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Notice by electronic transmission may be given as provided in the DGCL.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 222)</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Notice to Directors.&#160; </font>Any notice required to be given to any director may be given by the method stated in subsection (a), or by overnight delivery service, facsimile, telex or
          telegram, except that such notice other than one which is delivered personally shall be sent to such address as such director shall have filed in writing with the Secretary, or, in the absence of such filing, to the last known post office address
          of such director.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(c)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Affidavit of Mailing.&#160; </font>An affidavit of mailing, executed by a duly authorized and competent employee of the corporation, its transfer agent or another agent appointed with respect to
          the class of stock affected, specifying the name and address or the names and addresses of the stockholder or stockholders, or director or directors, to whom any such notice or notices was or were given, and the time and method of giving the
          same, shall in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts therein contained.&#160; (Del. Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 222)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(d)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Methods of Notice.&#160; </font>It shall not be necessary that the same method of giving notice be employed in respect of all recipients of notice, but one permissible method may be employed in
          respect of any one or more, and any other permissible method or methods may be employed in respect of any other or others.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">23</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(e)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Notice to Person with Whom Communication is Unlawful.&#160; </font>Whenever notice is required to be given, under any provision of law or of the Certificate of Incorporation or Amended and
          Restated Bylaws of the corporation, to any person with whom communication is unlawful, the giving of such notice to such person shall not be required and there shall be no duty to apply to any governmental authority or agency for a license or
          permit to give such notice to such person.&#160; Any action or meeting which shall be taken or held without notice to any such person with whom communication is unlawful shall have the same force and effect as if such notice had been duly given.&#160; In
          the event that the action taken by the corporation is such as to require the filing of a certificate under any provision of the DGCL, the certificate shall state, if such is the fact and if notice is required, that notice was given to all persons
          entitled to receive notice except such persons with whom communication is unlawful.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><a name="z_Toc148337279"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(f)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Notice to Stockholders Sharing an Address.&#160; </font>Except as otherwise prohibited under DGCL, any notice given under the provisions of DGCL, the Certificate of
          Incorporation or the Bylaws shall be effective if given by a single written notice to stockholders who share an address if consented to by the stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Such consent shall have been deemed to have
          been given if such stockholder fails to object in writing to the corporation within 60 days of having been given notice by the corporation of its intention to send the single notice. Any consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written
          notice to the corporation.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703550"></a>ARTICLE XIII</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">AMENDMENTS</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703551"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 44.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">AMENDMENTS.&#160; </font>The Board of Directors is expressly empowered to adopt, amend or repeal the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the corporation.&#160; The stockholders shall
          also have power to adopt, amend or repeal the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the corporation; provided, however, that, in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of stock of the corporation required by law or by the Certificate
          of Incorporation, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66-2/3%) of the voting power of all of the then-outstanding shares of the capital stock of the corporation entitled to vote generally in the
          election of directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to adopt, amend or repeal any provision of the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the corporation.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc224703552"></a>ARTICLE XIV</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">LOANS TO OFFICERS</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><a name="z_Toc224703553"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 45.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">LOANS TO OFFICERS.&#160; </font>Except as otherwise prohibited by applicable law, the corporation may lend money to, or guarantee any obligation of, or otherwise assist any
          officer or other employee of the corporation or of its subsidiaries, including any officer or employee who is a Director of the corporation or its subsidiaries, whenever, in the judgment of the Board of Directors, such loan, guarantee or
          assistance may reasonably be expected to benefit the corporation.&#160; The loan, guarantee or other assistance may be with or without interest and may be unsecured, or secured in such manner as the Board of Directors shall approve, including, without
          limitation, a pledge of shares of stock of the corporation.&#160; Nothing in these Amended and Restated Bylaws shall be deemed to deny, limit or restrict the powers of guaranty or warranty of the corporation at common law or under any statute.&#160; (Del.
          Code Ann., tit. 8, Section 143)</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div id="DSPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
        <div style="text-align: center;" id="DSPFPageNumberArea"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">24</font></div>
        <div id="DSPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after:always;">
          <hr noshade="noshade" style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;"></div>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">ARTICLE XV</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">FORUM FOR ADJUDICATION OF DISPUTES</div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">SECTION 46.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">FORUM FOR ADJUDICATION OF DISPUTES</font>.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(a)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Unless the corporation consents
          in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another state court located within the State of Delaware or, if no state court located
          within the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative claim or cause of action or proceeding
          brought on behalf of the corporation; (ii) any claim or cause of action for breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer or other employee of the corporation to the corporation or the corporation&#8217;s stockholders;
          (iii) any claim or cause of action against the corporation or any current or former director or officer or other employee of the corporation arising out of or pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, the Amended and Restated Certificate of
          Incorporation (as may be amended from time to time) or these Amended and Restated Bylaws (as may be amended from time to time); and (iv) any action asserting a claim against the corporation or any current or former director or officer or other
          employee of the corporation governed by the internal affairs doctrine; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000;">(v) any claim or cause of action seeking to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity
            of these Amended and Restated Bylaws or the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation (as each may be amended from time to time, including any right, obligation, or remedy thereunder); and (vi) any claim or cause of
            action as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, in all cases to the fullest extent permitted by law and subject to the court having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named
            as defendants</font>. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of capital stock of the corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this Article XV.&#160; <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000;">This Section (a) of Article XV shall not apply to claims or causes of action brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities </font><a name="z_cp_text_1_1"></a><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000;">Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;1933 Act&#8221;), or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any other claim for which the federal
            courts have exclusive jurisdiction.</font></font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">(b)</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Unless the
          corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint
          asserting a cause of action arising under the 1933 Act.</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-14.1
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<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 14.1
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    <div style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;">Exhibit 14.1<br>
    </div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Code of Ethics and Business Conduct</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><u>Message from the CEO</u></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">At Ionis, we dream big and are committed to bringing life-changing medicines to patients with unmet medical needs.&#160; With that goal comes a
        responsibility to behave ethically and conduct ourselves with integrity.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Doing the right thing is not always easy.&#160; But we owe it to all stakeholders, especially patients, to make good decisions in a responsible
        manner.&#160; The Ionis Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (the &#8220;Code of Ethics&#8221;) is designed to help us achieve this objective.&#160; It describes the fundamental principles that guide us in all aspects of our business.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Of course, no code of conduct can cover all circumstances or anticipate every situation. For that reason, when faced with situations not addressed
        specifically by this Code of Ethics, we should apply our underlying principles and overall philosophy embedded within the Code of Ethics to the situation. We each have a responsibility to approach every situation ethically and with integrity.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Thank you for your commitment to uphold the standards, principles and philosophy of this Code of Ethics.&#160; Together, we are a force for life.</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
      </div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;"> </div>
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                      <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;">Ionis Code of Ethics</div>
                    </td>
                    <td style="width: 50.02%; vertical-align: top;">
                      <div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">1</font><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</font> Page</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><u>Table of Contents</u></div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">I.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Introduction</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">3</div>
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            <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">A.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Purpose</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">3</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">B.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Scope</div>
            </td>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">3</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">C.</div>
            </td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Compliance with Laws and Regulations</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">3</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">D.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Our Responsibilities</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">3</div>
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            <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td>
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            <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Managers&#8217; Responsibilities</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">3</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">II.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Putting Patients First</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">4</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">A.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Research and Development</div>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">4</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">B.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Product Quality and Safety</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">4</div>
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            <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td>
            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">C.</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Protecting Patient Privacy</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">4</td>
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            <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">III.</div>
            </td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Interacting with Healthcare Professionals and Promoting Products</div>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">4</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">A.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Interactions with Healthcare Professionals (HCPs)</div>
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            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">5</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Product Promotion</div>
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            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">5</div>
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            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">5</td>
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            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">5</td>
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              <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">7</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Disclosures and Insider Trading</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Protecting Intellectual Property &amp; Confidential Information</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Reporting a Violation &amp; Ionis Helpline</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Investigating a Violation</div>
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            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">9<br>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Non-Retaliation Policy</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Consequences for Violating this Code of Ethics</div>
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            <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255); text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">9</td>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Contact Information for Questions</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;">Ionis Code of Ethics</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">2</font><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</font> Page</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: left;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: #000000;">I.</font><font style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160; <font style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>Introduction</u></font></font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934594"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">A.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Purpose</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">This Code of Ethics is intended to help us act with integrity in our business, wherever we are and in whatever we do.</div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">In addition to the Code of Ethics, we also rely on policies and procedures to provide more specific guidance on the subject
        matter in question. If you have any questions about how to apply this Code of Ethics or related Company policies, please contact any member of management, Legal, Compliance, or Human Resources.</div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934595"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">B.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160; <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Scope</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">This Code of Ethics applies to all Ionis employees, including our executive officers, and each member of the Ionis Board of
        Directors. This Code of Ethics also applies to all employees of Ionis&#8217; subsidiaries and affiliates world-wide. References to Ionis and &#8220;the Company&#8221; are references to Ionis and its subsidiaries and affiliates.</div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Any waiver of this Code of Ethics for executive officers or members of the Board of Directors must be approved by the Board of
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">As a company based in the U.S., Ionis is governed by and required to comply with U.S. federal law.&#160; In addition to complying
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">When conducting business for Ionis, we strive to comply with the spirit of the law, and we will not take any action that we
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">As representatives of Ionis, we all have responsibilities to uphold this Code of Ethics, and those responsibilities include:</div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Know and comply with the Code of Ethics and Company policies that apply to business activities.</div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Provide and support a culture that values integrity and ethical conduct.</div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">To be fair and maintain a level playing field for all.</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;">Ionis Code of Ethics</div>
                    </td>
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                      <div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">3</font><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</font> Page</font></div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">To be honest and transparent, having frequent, high integrity communications, sharing both good news and bad.</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">To trust others with the truth and to do the right thing.</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">To lead by setting clear objectives and high standards, providing support, giving frequent feedback, being a mentor, and responding fairly, timely and equitably to issues as they arise.</div>
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      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934599"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">II.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>Putting Patients First</u></font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">At Ionis, our efforts begin and end with the patient in mind; we know there are sick people who depend on us and we strive to
        understand their journey and meet their needs. To appropriately serve patients, we prioritize research and development, product quality and safety, and protection of privacy.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934600"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">A.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Research and Development</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Science is built upon a foundation of trust and integrity.&#160; We conduct research and the pursuit of new and novel therapeutics
        with the highest degree of integrity. Participants of clinical research put their trust in us, and they play a vital role in the advancement of science. For that reason, we must always appropriately protect the health, safety, and privacy of all
        clinical research participants. As members of the scientific community, we respect and adhere to applicable laws, regulations, and industry standards regarding ethical conduct in research. We share the findings of our research in a transparent and
        accurate manner, regardless of the outcome, so as to further science and move closer to improving the lives of patients.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934601"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">B.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Product Quality and Safety</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The quality and safety of our products is of the utmost importance. Our commitment to product quality and safety is another way
        in which we meet the needs of those patients who depend on us.&#160; We are committed to monitoring our products at all phases and reporting any quality and safety information as required by applicable laws and regulations. At Ionis, we have a policy
        and procedure for adverse event reporting and each of us is obligated to report any adverse events promptly after learning about the event.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934602"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">C.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Protecting Patient Privacy</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Patient information is highly sensitive and protected under international, federal, and state laws. We have an obligation under the law to
        appropriately protect patient <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">information</font>, but we also have a deep sense of commitment to patients who entrust us with their private information. We must always handle such
        information with the appropriate safeguards in place and will not collect, store, transfer, or share any patient information unless we have the express authorization or right to do so.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934603"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">III.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>Interacting with Healthcare Professionals and Promoting Products</u></font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Healthcare is a highly regulated industry, and we must adhere to strict guidelines, especially when we are interacting with healthcare professionals
        or promoting products. The sections below address our obligations in this area, and our internal policies and procedures provide further guidance.</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;">Ionis Code of Ethics</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">4</font><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</font> Page</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934604"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">A.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Interactions with Healthcare Professionals (HCPs)</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Strict regulations govern not only our promotional activities but also our educational&#160; and <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">commercial</font> relationships with healthcare providers (HCPs) and healthcare organizations (HCOs), including our interactions with physicians, nurses, pharmacists and others who administer, prescribe, purchase or recommend
        prescription medicines, and organizations that employ HCPs or otherwise provide healthcare services.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">All <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">interactions with HCPs and HCOs must be guided by applicable laws,
          regulations, relevant industry codes, and Company policies, including this Code of Ethics.</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The following general principles govern our interactions with HCPs and HCOs worldwide:</div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">We will not use any unlawful inducement to sell or to arrange for the recommendation or prescribing of our products.</div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">We believe that enduring customer relationships are based on integrity and trust.&#160; We seek to gain advantage over our competitors through superior products, quality, manufacturing, and service, but
                never through improper business practices.</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Our relationships with HCPs and HCOs are intended to benefit patient care and enhance the practice of medicine. Interactions should not tempt HCPs to place their own personal interests above those
                of the organizations they represent or the patients who will use or need our products.</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">We will not, directly or indirectly, offer or solicit any improper payment, contribution or other transfer of value for the purpose of obtaining, giving or keeping business.</div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934605"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">B.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Product Promotion</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Promotional activities and materials must always comply with all applicable laws, regulations and codes, and our own applicable
        policies. All promotional activities and materials must be truthful, accurate, not misleading, consistent with approved product labeling and properly substantiated. Promotional activities and materials must never involve promotion of drugs for
        off-label indications, uses, doses or populations.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">In addition to the laws and regulations surrounding product promotion, we are also guided by our policy regarding the
        submission, review, and approval process for promotional materials. Use of unapproved promotional materials is prohibited; therefore, all personnel involved in the marketing and promotion of our products must familiarize themselves with and abide
        by such policy.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934606"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">IV.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>Conducting Business Ethically</u></font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">At Ionis, we understand that we have a responsibility to help create the future, and we pride ourselves on doing so both ethically and with
        integrity.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934607"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">A.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Interactions with Competitors</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">As a vigorous competitor in the marketplace, we seek economic knowledge about our competitors. However, we do not engage in
        illegal or improper acts to acquire any competitor information. In addition, we do not hire competitors&#8217; employees for the purpose of obtaining confidential information, urge competitors&#8217; personnel, customers or suppliers to disclose confidential
        information, or seek such information from competitors&#8217; employees subsequently hired by the Company.</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;">Ionis Code of Ethics</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">5</font><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</font> Page</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934608"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">B.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Anti-Bribery &amp; Anti-Corruption</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We comply with anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, including but not limited to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the
        U.K. Bribery Act, and the Anti-Kickback Statute.&#160; We are prohibited from paying or receiving any bribe, kickback or other similar payment to or from any public official, or government, or other individual, to secure any concession, contract or
        other favorable treatment for Ionis or any one of us. This prohibition extends to the payment or receipt of money or anything else of value when we have reason to believe that some part of the payment or &#8220;fee&#8221; will be used for a bribe, kickback or
        other similar activity.&#160; We have adopted a detailed policy setting forth our expectations on these matters.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934609"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">C.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Books, Records, and Information Management</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Our books of account and records must be accurately maintained and fully disclose the nature of transactions reflected in them.
        Penalties for violating the laws and regulations in this area could be severe for the Company and the employees involved. We maintain these books according to the following record-keeping requirements and in compliance with the spirit and letter of
        applicable laws and regulations:</div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">All books, records and accounts must be kept in reasonable detail and must accurately and fairly reflect all transactions and dispositions of the Company&#8217;s assets.</div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">All disbursements of funds and all receipts must be properly and promptly recorded.</div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">No undisclosed or unrecorded fund or account may be established for any purposes.</div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">False or artificial entries must never be made in any of the books or records of the Company, or in any public record for any reason, nor should the Company&#8217;s records be falsely altered in any way.</div>
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      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc63934610"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>Record Retention</u></font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Various laws and regulations require the retention of certain records for certain periods of time, particularly those relating
        to taxes, personnel, contracts, and corporate structure. When litigation or a government investigation or audit is pending or imminent, we must not destroy any relevant records until the matter is closed. Destruction of records to avoid disclosure
        in a legal proceeding or investigation may constitute a criminal offense.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="z_Toc63934611"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>Audit Integrity</u></font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">No officer or director of Ionis, or any other person acting under their direction, will take any action to fraudulently
        influence, coerce, manipulate, or mislead any independent accountant engaged in the performance of an audit of the Company&#8217;s financial statements for the purpose of rendering the Company&#8217;s financial statements materially misleading.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;">Ionis Code of Ethics</div>
                    </td>
                    <td style="width: 50.02%; vertical-align: top;">
                      <div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">6</font><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</font> Page</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934612"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">D.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Conflicts of Interest</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Employees of the Company cannot, without the Company&#8217;s express written consent, engage in any employment or business activity
        other than for the Company. Unless expressly consented to in writing by the Company, our personal activities should not involve the use of Company property, facilities, influence, or other resources, and should not reflect discredit upon the
        Company.</div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We will not engage in any activity through which any one of us stands to benefit personally from any sale or purchase of goods
        and services by the Company. This provision does not apply to benefits arising out of your employment with the Company, or to your ownership of equity in a publicly traded company which was purchased on the open market and represents (i) less than
        1% of such company&#8217;s outstanding equity and (ii) less than 5% of your equity portfolio.</div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Each of us must promptly disclose in writing any actual or potential conflicts of interest to Ionis&#8217; CEO or Chief Compliance
        Officer. Ionis will review the matter, as set forth above, and communicate its position in writing.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-right: 5.75pt; margin-left: 72pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><u>Pre-Clearance Procedure</u></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; margin-right: 5.75pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">All employees must pre-clear any employment or business activity other than for the Company.&#160; To do so,
        you should contact either (a) the CEO or (b) Chief Compliance Officer and explain to them the proposed activity.&#160; If you are an executive officer, the Nominating, Governance and Review Committee will evaluate the proposed activity and will notify
        you whether such activity has been approved.&#160; For all other employees, the CEO or Chief Compliance Officer will evaluate the proposed activity and will notify you whether such activity has been approved.&#160; In some cases, the individual(s) reviewing
        your request may discuss your request with other members of the Company&#8217;s management team.&#160; Remember, just because you have to pre-clear a certain activity does not mean that the Company will prevent you doing it.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; margin-right: 5.75pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">There are some business activities that the Company&#8217;s management has already determined should not cause
        a conflict of interest.&#160; A list of such activities is available within the Company&#8217;s policies and procedures.&#160; For these activities, employees generally do not need to obtain written permission from the Company; however, if in doubt, you should
        follow the pre-clearance procedures outlined above.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; margin-right: 5.75pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Members of the Board of Directors must request and receive a determination of no conflict from the
        Nominating, Governance and Review Committee before engaging in any activity, including acting as an employee or director for any entity that directly or indirectly competes with the Company.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934613"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">E.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Dishonesty &amp; Theft</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We will not knowingly:</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Engage in fraud or embezzlement affecting Company property, funds, securities, or other assets; or</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
            <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt;">
              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Willfully damage or destroy property or materials belonging to the Company, its employees, or customers.</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In addition, without proper supervisory authorization, we will not knowingly:</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
            <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt;">
              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Remove property, material or money from the Company, its employees, or its customers for personal gain, personal use, resale or to give to another party;</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
            <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt;">
              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Receive property, materials or money belonging to the Company, its employees or its customers for personal gain, personal use, resale or to give to another party;</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;">Ionis Code of Ethics</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">7</font><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</font> Page</font></div>
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              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Access, remove, publish, destroy, or alter private or confidential information existing in physical Company records or electronically stored information;</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
            <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt;">
              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Remove, publish, destroy, or alter other physical Company records or electronically stored information affecting the Company, its employees, or corporate partners; or</div>
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            <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</td>
            <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt;">
              <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Copy, reprint, duplicate, or recreate in whole or in part, computer programs or related systems developed or modified by Ionis personnel or acquired from outside vendors.</div>
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      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934614"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">F.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Disclosures and Insider Trading</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; margin-right: 5.75pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We are committed to complying with all applicable securities laws and to filing fair and accurate disclosures with the SEC.
        The Company prohibits the use of material nonpublic information in the trading of securities.&#160; <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">We</font> all accept and agree that we will, at all times, adhere to the Company&#8217;s
        insider trading policy.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934615"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">G.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Protecting Intellectual Property &amp; Confidential Information</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; margin-right: 5.75pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">As the leader in the discovery and development of RNA-targeted therapeutics, we recognize that our intellectual property (IP)
        is one of our greatest assets. Innovation is core to who we are.&#160; Each of us is responsible for protecting our existing IP and disclosing any new IP that we create during our employment with Ionis. Additionally, we respect the IP rights of others.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; margin-right: 5.75pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We also recognize the importance of safeguarding our confidential information, as well as confidential information that is
        disclosed to us by third parties. Such information can include but is not limited to, employee records, business plans, marketing strategies, lab notebooks, manufacturing information, and other similarly sensitive information. We each have a
        responsibility to maintain the confidentiality of this type of information and ensure that when we share such information, we do so with authorization, in a controlled environment, where only the intended parties can access it.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934616"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">V.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160; <font style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><u>Reporting, Resources, &amp; Questions</u></font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934617"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">A.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Reporting a Violation &amp; Ionis Helpline</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">We all have the obligation to report when we see conduct that is
          not aligned with this Code of Ethics, or any of the laws, regulations or policies underpinning this Code of Ethics. Ethical conduct does not stop at the individual; it requires a communal effort that holds each of us accountable when something
          does not seem right. We strive to create an environment in which we all</font><font style="font-size: 10pt;"> feel comfortable speaking up, including in situations where we believe violations of policies or standards may have occurred. We
          encourage everyone to raise any concerns or questions of compliance to any member of management, Human Resources, Legal or Compliance. However, we understand there may be situations where that could be awkward or challenging.&#160; As a result, we
          have a confidential helpline that allows us to raise questions or report concerns anonymously via phone or web submission.</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The Ionis Helpline may be accessed at the following address: <u><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">https://secure.ethicspoint.eu/domain/media/en/gui/105873/index.html</font></u>.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
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                      <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;">Ionis Code of Ethics</div>
                    </td>
                    <td style="width: 50.02%; vertical-align: top;">
                      <div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">8</font><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</font> Page</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934618"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">B.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160; <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Investigating a Violation</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; margin-right: 7.2pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">We take seriously any report of suspected violations of this Code of Ethics, Company policies, and
        applicable laws, and we will thoroughly investigate such reports.&#160; If our investigation substantiates the report, we will take swift and appropriate remedial action.</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934619"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">C.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Non-Retaliation Policy</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">At Ionis, we strive for excellence and always expect ethical
          behavior, which is why we do not tolerate retaliation, in any form, against anyone who has, in good faith, reported a concern or a suspected violation of this Code of Ethics, Company policy, or any law or </font><font style="font-size: 10pt;">regulation<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">. We have adopted a detailed policy prohibiting such retaliation.&#160; As noted above, it is our duty to report potential violations; therefore, we should all feel safe and confident
            knowing that we will not experience retaliation as a result of fulfilling our ethical obligations.</font></font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934620"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">D.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Consequences for Violating this Code of Ethics</font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">If you violate this Code of Ethics, Company policies, or the
          law, you may be subject to disciplinary action, up to and including termination. If necessary, Ionis may suspend your employment during an investigation </font><font style="font-size: 10pt;">into<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> an alleged breach. Additional actions may include reassignment of work duties and limitation in future job opportunities.&#160; Ionis may refer violations of law to local or federal law enforcement authorities for possible
            prosecution.</font></font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 10pt;"><a name="z_Toc63934621"></a><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">E.</font>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Contact Information for Questions</font></div>
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      <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">If you have any questions about this Code of Ethics or its
          application in specific situations, please contact any </font><font style="font-size: 10pt;">member<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> of management, Legal, Compliance or Human Resources.</font></font></div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
      <div style="font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
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                      <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;">Ionis Code of Ethics</div>
                    </td>
                    <td style="width: 50.02%; vertical-align: top;">
                      <div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" id="DSPFPageNumber">9</font><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> |</font> Page</font></div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>

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<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
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<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="CityAreaCode" xlink:title="CityAreaCode" />
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>ions-20210326_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="CoverAbstract" xlink:to="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:title="presentation: CoverAbstract to DocumentFiscalYearFocus" order="23.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:title="EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="CoverAbstract" xlink:to="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:title="presentation: CoverAbstract to EntityCentralIndexKey" order="25.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
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    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="CoverAbstract" xlink:to="Security12bTitle" xlink:title="presentation: CoverAbstract to Security12bTitle" order="26.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="TradingSymbol" xlink:title="TradingSymbol" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="CoverAbstract" xlink:to="TradingSymbol" xlink:title="presentation: CoverAbstract to TradingSymbol" order="27.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="SecurityExchangeName" xlink:title="SecurityExchangeName" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="CoverAbstract" xlink:to="SecurityExchangeName" xlink:title="presentation: CoverAbstract to SecurityExchangeName" order="28.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
  </link:presentationLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
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<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>brhc10022399_8k_htm.xml
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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<XML>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xbrl
  xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance"
  xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019-01-31"
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
    <link:schemaRef xlink:href="ions-20210326.xsd" xlink:type="simple"/>
    <context id="c20210326to20210326">
        <entity>
            <identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000874015</identifier>
        </entity>
        <period>
            <startDate>2021-03-26</startDate>
            <endDate>2021-03-26</endDate>
        </period>
    </context>
    <dei:AmendmentFlag
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_891e79e461c143e29ee0f43a04d839dd">false</dei:AmendmentFlag>
    <dei:CurrentFiscalYearEndDate
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_39333c4d23804d788ee72da05f56efd9">--12-31</dei:CurrentFiscalYearEndDate>
    <dei:EntityCentralIndexKey
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_02b778a2967c44e4aea0e82f1d1e1890">0000874015</dei:EntityCentralIndexKey>
    <dei:DocumentType
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_30359811dc41404b847287b3b50d4403">8-K</dei:DocumentType>
    <dei:DocumentPeriodEndDate
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_2c8cc48f29a5478b9826aba92282894c">2021-03-26</dei:DocumentPeriodEndDate>
    <dei:EntityRegistrantName
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_e6ca01e58e284ffe9c91fe3c60fdfa97">IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</dei:EntityRegistrantName>
    <dei:EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_bea4cafb87604295897025439d340c5c">DE</dei:EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode>
    <dei:EntityFileNumber
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_c4cc7398fb614ae08fd75772d6a42f80">000-19125</dei:EntityFileNumber>
    <dei:EntityTaxIdentificationNumber
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_15aa62f8d5ed4b0fbe5172d60ad6fc28">33-0336973</dei:EntityTaxIdentificationNumber>
    <dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_49ea1ba324e44fcfb66b5fa9fc660eba">2855 Gazelle Court</dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1>
    <dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_88cbaa15b3034532b66e4ae4d788bd54">Carlsbad</dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown>
    <dei:EntityAddressStateOrProvince
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_c7f2a171a3ce407ea41a202fe0dd98a3">CA</dei:EntityAddressStateOrProvince>
    <dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_e32ba82dd00e47678e224581d7f40b4f">92010</dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode>
    <dei:CityAreaCode
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_3f309d7d268445389130c89a11641f1b">760</dei:CityAreaCode>
    <dei:LocalPhoneNumber
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_bd5e6524eb434344a45d4e5e06e1cee4">931-9200</dei:LocalPhoneNumber>
    <dei:WrittenCommunications
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_29d95394a92f46d3a5b2e588c86fa341">false</dei:WrittenCommunications>
    <dei:SolicitingMaterial
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_a7428ed9250f49e696547f4a1128edd5">false</dei:SolicitingMaterial>
    <dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_bc0b6879d42443be9e9b50371a641b56">false</dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer>
    <dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_9e99fbcc95eb4b0eabe4aeea3f163dc6">false</dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer>
    <dei:Security12bTitle
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_e564bb4abfbf4a7dafb15b526075a4f8">Common Stock, $.001 Par Value</dei:Security12bTitle>
    <dei:TradingSymbol
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_450ac3ff20514832968188c03955c89e">&#x201c;IONS&#x201d;</dei:TradingSymbol>
    <dei:SecurityExchangeName
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_421144427af14330b54bfa54793fefeb">NASDAQ</dei:SecurityExchangeName>
    <dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany
      contextRef="c20210326to20210326"
      id="Fact_5ad6d94c1cec458d8e57e22834c15212">false</dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany>
</xbrl>
</XML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.21.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139709476727112">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Mar. 26, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Mar. 26,  2021<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-19125<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">33-0336973<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">2855 Gazelle Court<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Carlsbad<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">CA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">92010<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">760<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">931-9200<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000874015<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $.001 Par Value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">&#8220;IONS&#8221;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The end date of the period reflected on the cover page if a periodic report. For all other reports and registration statements containing historical data, it is the date up through which that historical data is presented.  If there is no historical data in the report, use the filing date. The format of the date is CCYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
