<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001140361-24-002995.txt : 20240122
<SEC-HEADER>0001140361-24-002995.hdr.sgml : 20240122
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20240122071032
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001140361-24-002995
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		14
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20240122
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20240122
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20240122

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000874015
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		IRS NUMBER:				330336973
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			CA
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-19125
		FILM NUMBER:		24547075

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2855 GAZELLE COURT
		CITY:			CARLSBAD
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			92010
		BUSINESS PHONE:		7609319200

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		2855 GAZELLE COURT
		CITY:			CARLSBAD
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			92010

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19930328
</SEC-HEADER>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">Washington, D.C.&#160; 20549</div>

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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</div>

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    <td style="width: 96%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">
            <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</div>
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    <td style="width: 96%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">
            <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</div>
          </td>

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    <td style="width: 96%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">
            <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</div>
          </td>

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    <div style="text-align: left; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 4.5pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
      </span></div>

    <div style="text-align: left; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
    </div>

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    <td style="width: 30%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 10pt;">
            <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Title of each class</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 4.7%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 30%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 10pt;">
            <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Trading symbol</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 4.57%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 30%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 10pt;">
            <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Name of each exchange on which registered</div>
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    <td style="width: 4.7%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&#8220;<ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" id="Fact_0702df9c30b94552a9b55cbcdd7acb00" contextRef="c20240122to20240122">IONS</ix:nonNumeric>&#8221;</div>
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    <td style="width: 4.57%; vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</td>

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    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
      </span></div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (Section 230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
      (Section 240.12b-2 of this chapter).<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&#160; </span></div>

    <div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Emerging growth company</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="Fact_ad2ef5373bfc4091a75483a8e5ee4a10" contextRef="c20240122to20240122" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric>
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    <div style="text-align: right;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
      </span></div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised
      financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <br />
    </div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

    <div>
      <hr style="border: none; border-bottom: 4px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black; height: 10px; color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /> </div>

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    <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top; width: 54pt;">
              <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Item 8.01</span></div>
            </td>

    <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: auto;">
              <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Other Events.</span></span></div>
            </td>

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    </div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">On January 22, 2024, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. issued a press release announcing positive topline results for the Phase 3 OASIS-HAE study of donidalorsen in people
      with hereditary angioedema (HAE).</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">A copy of this press release is attached as Exhibit 99.1 to this Current Report and incorporated herein by reference.</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

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    <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top; width: 54pt;">
              <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Item 9.01.</span></div>
            </td>

    <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top; width: auto;">
              <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">Financial Statements and Exhibits.</span></span></div>
            </td>

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    </div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">(d) Exhibits.</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

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    <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 10pt;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Exhibit No.</span></div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 88%; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 10pt;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Description</span></div>
          </td>

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  <tr>

    <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="ef20019323_ex99-1.htm">99.1</a></div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 88%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Press Release dated January 22, 2024.</div>
          </td>

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    <td rowspan="1" style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td rowspan="1" style="width: 88%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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    <td style="width: 12%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">&#160;104</td>

    <td style="width: 88%; vertical-align: top;">
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: bold;">SIGNATURE</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: bold;">Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</div>
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              <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Dated:&#160; January 22, 2024</div>
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    <td style="width: 3%; padding-bottom: 2px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">By:</span></span></span></td>

    <td style="width: 43%; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">/s/ Patrick R. O&#8217;Neil</span></span></span></td>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.1
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<FILENAME>ef20019323_ex99-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 99.1
<TEXT>
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  <div style="text-align: right;"><font style="font-weight: bold;">Exhibit 99.1</font><br>
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    <div style="text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Ionis announces positive topline results from Phase 3 OASIS-HAE study of investigational donidalorsen&#160;in patients with hereditary
      angioedema</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic;">Donidalorsen met the primary endpoint with a statistically significant reduction in the rate of HAE attacks in patients treated every 4 weeks or patients
                treated every 8 weeks</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic;">Donidalorsen demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic;">Ionis is preparing to submit a New Drug Application with U.S. FDA</div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic;">Data to be presented at an upcoming medical congress</div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">CARLSBAD, Calif., Jan 22, 2024</font><font style="font-size: 10pt;"> -- <u><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</font></u> (Nasdaq: IONS) today announced positive topline results for the Phase 3 OASIS-HAE study of donidalorsen in people with hereditary angioedema (HAE). The trial met its
        primary endpoint of reduction in rate of angioedema attacks in patients treated with donidalorsen (80mg) via subcutaneous injection dosed every 4 weeks (Q4W) (p&lt;0.001) or every 8 weeks (Q8W) (p=0.004), compared to placebo. In addition, the trial
        showed donidalorsen achieved statistical significance on all secondary endpoints in the Q4W group and key secondary endpoints in the Q8W group. Donidalorsen demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile in the study, and there were no
        serious adverse events in the patients treated with donidalorsen.</font></div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: left;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">HAE is a rare and life-threatening genetic disease that causes unpredictable and frequent severe swelling of the skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, upper
        respiratory system, face and throat. Donidalorsen is an investigational RNA-targeted prophylactic medicine designed to precisely target and silence the production of prekallikrein (PKK), interrupting the pathway that leads to HAE attacks.<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><br>
        </font></font><font style="font-size: 10pt;"><br>
      </font></div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Based on these data, Ionis is preparing to submit a New Drug Application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Otsuka, which has exclusive rights to commercialize
      donidalorsen in Europe, is preparing to submit a Marketing Authorization Application to the European Medicines Agency. Donidalorsen received Orphan Drug Designation in the U.S., and the Orphan Drug Designation procedure in the EU is ongoing.</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8220;We are very pleased with the positive topline results from the Phase 3 OASIS-HAE study of donidalorsen,&#8221; said Kenneth Newman, M.D., senior vice president, head of clinical
      development at Ionis. &#8220;Based on these results and the durable efficacy and favorable safety data seen in the ongoing Phase 2 <u><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">open-label extension study</font>,</u> we believe donidalorsen, if
      approved, could be an attractive new treatment option for patients with HAE, many of whom continue to experience unpredictable, painful and severe breakthrough attacks despite currently available prophylactic treatments. We are grateful to the
      patients, caregivers, investigators and study teams who participated in the OASIS-HAE study.&#8221;</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="text-align: right;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">1</font></div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">&#8220;These data represent our third highly positive Phase 3 readout over the last 12 months, underscoring the strength of our LICA platform for RNA-targeted medicines,&#8221; said
      Brett P. Monia, Ph.D., chief executive officer of Ionis. &#8220;Following the recent launch of WAINUA&#8482; (eplontersen), we are now well on our way to independently launching medicines from our wholly owned pipeline with regulatory submissions this year for
      olezarsen in familial chylomicronemia syndrome and donidalorsen in HAE. These achievements, coupled with our robust R&amp;D pipeline, position Ionis to continue to deliver a steady cadence of potentially transformational medicines to people with
      serious diseases for years to come.&#8221;</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Ionis plans to present the Phase 3 OASIS-HAE results at an upcoming medical congress by mid-year. Ionis also plans to share results from the Phase 3 OASIS-Plus study by
      mid-year, which includes both the open-label extension of the Phase 3 trial and a separate cohort of patients who have transitioned to donidalorsen from another prophylactic HAE medication (switch cohort).</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">About the OASIS-HAE Study</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The global, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 OASIS-HAE study (<u><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">NCT05139810</font></u>)
      enrolled 91 participants, age 12 and above, with Type 1 and Type 2 hereditary angioedema (HAE). Participants were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive donidalorsen 80 mg or placebo via subcutaneous injection once every four weeks for 24 weeks or
      donidalorsen 80 mg or placebo via subcutaneous injection once every eight weeks for 24 weeks. Within each cohort, participants were randomized in a 3:1 ratio to receive donidalorsen or matching-placebo. The primary endpoint was the time-normalized
      number of investigator-confirmed HAE attacks from week one to week 25 compared to placebo. More than 90% of patients completed the OASIS-HAE study. Following completion of the treatment period, over 90% of randomized patients entered the Phase 3
      OASIS-Plus open-label extension study.</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">About the OASIS-Plus Study</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">The Phase 3 OASIS-Plus open-label extension (OLE) study is a 53-week global, multicenter study of subcutaneous injections of donidalorsen administered every four weeks
      (80mg) and every eight weeks (80mg) in patients completing the OASIS-HAE trial. These are patients aged 12 and above, with Type 1 and Type 2 hereditary angioedema (HAE). The study is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of extended dosing of
      donidalorsen following completion of the Phase 3 OASIS-HAE study. The OASIS-Plus switch cohort is evaluating the safety and efficacy of long-term dosing of donidalorsen every four weeks in patients who were previously treated with another
      prophylactic HAE medication. Additional information about OASIS<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">-</font>Plus (<u><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">NCT04307381</font></u>) may be found at <u><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">ClinicalTrials.gov</font>.</u></div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="text-align: right;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">2</font></div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">About Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">HAE is a rare and life-threatening genetic disease characterized by unpredictable and frequently severe swelling of the skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, upper respiratory
      system, face, and throat, which can be life-threatening<sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">1</sup><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">2</sup><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">3</sup><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">4</sup><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">5</sup>. HAE is estimated to affect more than 20,000 people in the U.S. and Europe<sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">6</sup>. In the U.S., doctors frequently use
      prophylactic treatment approaches to prevent and reduce the severity of HAE attacks in patients.</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">About Donidalorsen</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Donidalorsen is an RNA investigational <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">LI</font>gand-<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">C</font>onjugated <font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold;">A</font>ntisense (LICA) medicine designed to precisely target and silence the production of prekallikrein (PKK), interrupting the pathway that
      leads to HAE attacks. PKK plays an important role in activating inflammatory mediators associated with acute attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE). By silencing the production of PKK, donidalorsen could be an effective prophylactic approach to
      treating HAE.</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">About Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">For more than 30 years, Ionis has been a leader in RNA-targeted therapy, pioneering new markets and changing standards of care. Ionis currently has five marketed medicines
      and a promising late-stage pipeline highlighted by cardiovascular and neurological franchises. Our scientific innovation began and continues with the knowledge that sick people depend on us, which fuels our vision to become the leader in genetic
      medicine, utilizing a multi-platform approach to discover, develop and deliver life-transforming therapies.</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">To learn more about Ionis visit <u><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">www.ionispharma.com</font></u> and follow us on X (Twitter) @ionispharma and LinkedIn.</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Ionis' Forward-looking Statements</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">This press release includes forward-looking statements regarding Ionis' business and the therapeutic and commercial potential of donidalorsen, Ionis' technologies and other
      products in development. Any statement describing Ionis' goals, expectations, financial or other projections, intentions or beliefs is a forward-looking statement and should be considered an at-risk statement. Such statements are subject to certain
      risks and uncertainties including those related to our commercial products and the medicines in our pipeline, and particularly those inherent in the process of discovering, developing and commercializing medicines that are safe and effective for use
      as human therapeutics, and in the endeavor of building a business around such medicines. Ionis' forward-looking statements also involve assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove correct, could cause its results to differ materially from
      those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Although Ionis' forward-looking statements reflect the good faith judgment of its management, these statements are based only on facts and factors currently known by Ionis. As a result,
      you are cautioned not to rely on these forward-looking statements. These and other risks concerning Ionis' programs are described in additional detail in Ionis' annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended Dec. 31, 2022, and the most recent Form
      10-Q quarterly filing, which are on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Copies of these and other documents are available from the Company.</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">
      <hr noshade="noshade" align="left" style="background-color: #000000; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px auto 0px 0px; height: 1px; width: 20%; color: #000000; text-align: left;"> </div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><font style="font-size: 9pt;"><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;"> <br>
        </sup></font></div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><font style="font-size: 9pt;"><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">1</sup> Manning ME. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021; 11:1829-1838.</font>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 9pt;"><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">2</sup> Valerieva A, et al. Balkan Med J. 2021;8:89-103.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 9pt;"><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">3</sup> Santacroce R, et al. J Clin Med. 2021;10:2023.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 9pt;"><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">4</sup> Pines JM, et al. J Emerg Med. 2021;60:35-43.X</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 9pt;"><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">5</sup> Maurer M, et al. World Allergy Organ J. 2022;15:100627.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 9pt;"><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">6</sup> Weller K, et al. Allergy. 2016;71(8): 1203-1209.</div>
    </div>
    <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
      <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="text-align: right;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">3</font></div>
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    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">In this press release, unless the context requires otherwise, "Ionis," "Company," "we," "our," and "us" all refer to Ionis Pharmaceuticals and its subsidiaries.</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Ionis Pharmaceuticals&#174; is a registered trademark of Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><br>
        </font></font><font style="font-size: 10pt;"><br>
      </font></div>
    <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Ionis Investor Contact:</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">D. Wade Walke, Ph.D.</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">info@ionisph.com</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">760-603-2331</div>
    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Ionis Media Contact:</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">Hayley Soffer</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">ionis_ca@ionisph.com</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;">760-603-4679</div>
    <br>
  </div>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>ions-20240122.xsd
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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<!--Generated by Broadridge PROfile 23.12.1.5186 Broadridge-->
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<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
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<FILENAME>ions-20240122_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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<!--Generated by Broadridge PROfile 23.12.1.5186 Broadridge-->
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  </link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>ions-20240122_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?>
<!--Generated by Broadridge PROfile 23.12.1.5186 Broadridge-->
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.23.4</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140718766404240">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 22, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jan. 22,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-19125<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">IONIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000874015<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">33-0336973<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">2855 Gazelle Court<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Carlsbad<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">CA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">92010<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">760<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">931-9200<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $.001 Par Value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">IONS<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
