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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2018
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | (2) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
| Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Exact Sciences Laboratories, LLC, Exact Sciences Finance Corporation, CG Growth, LLC, Exact Sciences Development Company, LLC, Sampleminded, LLC, Exact Sciences Europe LTD, Beijing Exact Sciences Medical Technology Company Limited, and variable interest entities. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. References to “Exact”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company” refer to Exact Sciences Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers cash on hand, demand deposits in bank, money market funds, and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash and cash equivalents. Marketable Securities Management determines the appropriate classification of debt securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date. Debt securities carried at amortized cost are classified as held-to-maturity when the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Marketable equity securities and debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other comprehensive loss. The amortized cost of debt securities in this category is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity computed under the straight-line method. Such amortization is included in investment income. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary on available-for-sale securities are included in investment income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on securities classified as available-for-sale are included in investment income. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company’s investments were comprised of fixed income investments, and all were deemed available-for-sale. The objectives of the Company’s investment strategy are to provide liquidity and safety of principal while striving to achieve the highest rate of return consistent with these two objectives. The Company’s investment policy limits investments to certain types of instruments issued by institutions with investment grade credit ratings and places restrictions on maturities and concentration by type and issuer. Investments in which the Company has the ability and intent, if necessary, to liquidate, in order to support its current operations (including those with a contractual term greater than one year from the date of purchase), are classified as current. All of the Company’s investments are considered current. There were no realized losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. Realized gains were $30,000 and $4,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We periodically review our investments in unrealized loss positions for other-than-temporary impairments. This evaluation includes, but is not limited to, significant quantitative and qualitative assessments and estimates regarding credit ratings, collateralized support, the length of time and significance of a security’s loss position, our intent not to sell the security, and whether it is more likely than not that we will have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, no investments were identified with other-than-temporary declines in value. Available-for-sale securities at March 31, 2018 consisted of the following:
|  | March 31, 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | Gains in Accumulated |  | Losses in Accumulated |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Other Comprehensive |  | Other Comprehensive |  | Estimated Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Income (Loss) |  | Income (Loss) |  | Value |
Corporate bonds |  | $ | 346,193 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (1,073) |  | $ | 345,123 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 254,390 |  |  | — |  |  | (843) |  |  | 253,547 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 194,307 |  |  | — |  |  | (283) |  |  | 194,024 |
Commercial paper |  |  | 52,015 |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  | 51,994 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 48,864 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (79) |  |  | 48,786 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 895,769 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | (2,299) |  | $ | 893,474 |
Available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2017 consisted of the following:
|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  |  |  |  | Gains in Accumulated |  | Losses in Accumulated |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Other Comprehensive |  | Other Comprehensive |  | Estimated Fair |
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Income (Loss) |  | Income (Loss) |  | Value |
Corporate bonds |  | $ | 181,639 |  | $ | 10 |  | $ | (344) |  | $ | 181,305 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 94,700 |  |  | — |  |  | (185) |  |  | 94,515 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 54,974 |  |  | — |  |  | (162) |  |  | 54,812 |
Commercial paper |  |  | 9,953 |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | 9,946 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 6,647 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 6,646 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 347,913 |  | $ | 11 |  | $ | (700) |  | $ | 347,224 |
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) The amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) for the three months ended March 31, 2018 were as follows:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |
|  | Cumulative |  | Unrealized |  | Other |
|  | Translation |  | Gain (Loss) |  | Comprehensive |
(In thousands) |  | Adjustment |  | on Securities |  | Income (Loss) |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $ | (61) |  | $ | (689) |  | $ | (750) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  |  | 20 |  |  | (1,630) |  |  | (1,610) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 24 |
Net current period change in accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | 20 |  |  | (1,606) |  |  | (1,586) |
Balance at March 31, 2018 |  | $ | (41) |  | $ | (2,295) |  | $ | (2,336) |
The amounts recognized in AOCI for the three months ended March 31, 2017 were as follows:
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |
|  | Cumulative |  | Unrealized |  | Other |
|  | Translation |  | Gain (Loss) |  | Comprehensive |
(In thousands) |  | Adjustment |  | on Securities |  | Income (Loss) |
Balance at December 31, 2016 |  | $ | (204) |  | $ | (214) |  | $ | (418) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  |  | (8) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (11) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | (2) |
Net current period change in accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (8) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (13) |
Balance at March 31, 2017 |  | $ | (212) |  | $ | (219) |  | $ | (431) |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
|  | Affected Line Item in the |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
Details about AOCI Components (In thousands) |  | Statement of Operations |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Change in value of available-for-sale investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and maturities of available-for-sale investments |  | Investment income |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | (2) |
Total reclassifications |  |  |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | (2) |
Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives. Maintenance and repairs are expensed when incurred; additions and improvements are capitalized. Property and equipment consisted of the following as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:
|  | Estimated |  | March 31, |  | December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | Useful Life |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | (1) |  | $ | 4,466 |  | $ | 4,466 |
Leasehold and building improvements |  |  | (2) |  |  | 17,452 |  |  | 17,629 |
Land improvements |  |  | 15 years |  |  | 1,419 |  |  | 1,419 |
Buildings |  |  | 30 years |  |  | 7,928 |  |  | 7,928 |
Computer equipment and computer software |  |  | 3 years |  |  | 32,716 |  |  | 30,148 |
Laboratory equipment |  |  | 3 - 5 years |  |  | 26,234 |  |  | 23,296 |
Furniture and fixtures |  |  | 3 years |  |  | 4,554 |  |  | 4,531 |
Assets under construction |  |  | (3) |  |  | 50,922 |  |  | 28,655 |
Property, plant and equipment, at cost |  |  |  |  |  | 145,691 |  |  | 118,072 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  | (42,243) |  |  | (38,086) |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  |  |  | $ | 103,448 |  | $ | 79,986 |
| (1) |  | Not depreciated.
| (2) |  | Lesser of the remaining lease term, building life, or useful life.
| (3) |  | Not depreciated until placed into service.
At March 31, 2018, the Company had $50.9 million of assets under construction which consisted of $16.3 million related to laboratory equipment, $32.9 million related to leasehold and building improvements, and $1.7 million related to computer equipment and computer software projects. Depreciation will begin on these assets once they are placed into service. The Company expects to incur an additional $16.0 million to complete the laboratory equipment, $239.2 million to complete the building projects, and $1.6 million to complete the computer equipment and computer software projects. These projects are expected to be completed in 2018 and 2019. The Company assesses its long-lived assets, consisting primarily of property and equipment, for impairment when material events and changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. There were no impairment losses for the periods ended March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Software Capitalization Policy Software development costs related to internal use software are incurred in three stages of development: the preliminary project stage, the application development stage, and the post-implementation stage. Costs incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation stages are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred during the application development stage that meet the criteria for capitalization are capitalized and amortized, when the software is ready for its intended use, using the straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software. Patent Costs, Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible Assets Intangible assets consisted of the following:
|  | March 31, |  | December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finite-lived intangible assets |  | $ | 23,660 |  | $ | 23,660 |
Less: Accumulated amortization |  |  | (2,102) |  |  | (1,500) |
Net carrying value |  | $ | 21,558 |  | $ | 22,160 |
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets The following table summarizes the net-book-value and estimated remaining life of the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets as of March 31, 2018:
|  |  |  | Weighted |
|  | Net Balance at |  | Average |
|  | March 31, |  | Remaining |
(In thousands) |  | 2018 |  | Life (Years) |
Licensed intellectual property and patents |  | $ | 20,675 |  |  | 10.2 |
Developed technology |  |  | 883 |  |  | 7.3 |
Total |  | $ | 21,558 |  |  |  |
The table below represents estimated future amortization expense associated with the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets as of March 31, 2018:
(In thousands) |  |  |  |
2018 |  | $ | 1,805 |
2019 |  |  | 2,407 |
2020 |  |  | 2,407 |
2021 |  |  | 2,373 |
2022 |  |  | 2,370 |
Thereafter |  |  | 10,196 |
|  | $ | 21,558 |
The Company reviews long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. There were no impairment losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. Patent costs, which have historically consisted of related legal fees, are capitalized as incurred, only if the Company determines that there is some probable future economic benefit to be derived from the transaction. A capitalized patent is amortized over its estimated useful life, beginning when such patent is approved. Capitalized patent costs are expensed upon disapproval, upon a decision by the Company to no longer pursue the patent or when the related intellectual property is either sold or deemed to be no longer of value to the Company. Other than the transactions discussed below, the Company determined that all patent costs incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 should be expensed and not capitalized as the future economic benefit to be derived from the transactions cannot be determined. Direct and indirect manufacturing costs incurred during the process validation and for other research and development activities, which are not permitted to be sold, have been expensed to research and development. Under a technology license and royalty agreement entered into with MDxHealth (“MDx”), dated July 26, 2010 (as subsequently amended, the “MDx License Agreement”), the Company was required to pay MDx milestone-based royalties on sales of products or services covered by the licensed intellectual property. Once the achievement of a milestone occurred or was considered probable, an intangible asset and corresponding liability was reported in other long-term assets and accrued liabilities, respectively. The liability was relieved once the milestone was achieved and payment made. The intangible asset is being amortized over the estimated ten-year useful life of the licensed intellectual property through 2024, and such amortization is reported in cost of sales. Payment for all remaining milestones under the MDx License Agreement was made as part of the Royalty Buy-Out agreement outlined below. Effective April 25, 2017, the Company and MDx entered into a Royalty Buy-Out Agreement (“Royalty Buy-Out Agreement”), which terminated the MDx License Agreement. Pursuant to the Royalty Buy-Out Agreement, the Company paid MDx a one-time fee of $8.0 million in exchange for an assignment of certain patents covered by the MDx License Agreement and the elimination of all ongoing royalties and other payments by the Company to MDx under the MDx License Agreement. Also included in the Royalty Buy-Out Agreement is a mutual release of liabilities, which includes all amounts previously accrued under the MDx License Agreement. Concurrently with entering into the Royalty Buy-Out Agreement, the Company entered into a Patent Purchase Agreement (“Patent Purchase Agreement”) with MDx under which it paid MDx an additional $7.0 million in exchange for the assignment of certain other patent rights that were not covered by the MDx License Agreement. The total $15.0 million paid by the Company pursuant to the Royalty Buy-Out Agreement and Patent Purchase Agreement, net of liabilities relieved of $6.6 million, was recorded as an intangible asset and is being amortized over the estimated useful life of the licensed intellectual property through 2024, and such amortization is reported in cost of sales. The $6.6 million of liabilities relieved were related to historical milestones and accrued royalties under the MDx License Agreement. As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, an intangible asset of $8.7 million and $9.0 million, respectively, related to historical milestone payments made under the MDx License Agreement and intangible assets acquired as part of the Royalty Buy-Out Agreement and Patent Purchase Agreement is reported in intangible assets in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amortization expense was $0.3 million and $50,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, respectively. On December 15, 2017, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Armune Purchase Agreement”) with Armune BioScience, Inc. (“Armune”), pursuant to which the Company acquired intellectual property and certain other assets underlying Armune’s APIFINY®, APIFINY® PRO and APIFINY® ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE prostate cancer diagnostic tests. The portfolio of Armune assets the Company acquired is expected to complement its product pipeline. The total consideration was comprised of an up-front cash payment of $12.0 million and $17.5 million in contingent payment obligations that will become payable upon the Company’s achievement of development and commercial milestones using the acquired intellectual property. The ability to meet these events is subject to many risks and is therefore uncertain. The Company will not record the contingent consideration until it is probable that the milestones will be met. There is no other consideration due to Armune beyond the milestone payments and the Company is not subject to future royalty obligations should a product be developed and commercialized. In connection with the Armune Purchase Agreement, Armune terminated a license agreement pursuant to which it licensed certain patent rights and know-how from the Regents of the University of Michigan (“University of Michigan”), and the Company entered into a license agreement with the University of Michigan with respect to such patent rights and know-how, as well as certain additional intellectual property rights. Pursuant to the Company’s agreement with the University of Michigan, it is required to pay the University of Michigan a low single-digit royalty on its net sales of products using the licensed intellectual property. The Company accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition under GAAP. The asset is comprised of a portfolio of biomarkers, related technology and know-how, which is a group of complementary assets concentrated in a single identifiable asset. The transaction costs directly related to the asset acquisition were added to the asset in accordance with GAAP. As such, the collective asset value from the acquisition resulted in an intangible asset of $12.2 million. The intellectual property asset, which includes related transaction costs, is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the period the Company expects to be benefited, which is in line with the legal life of the patents acquired. The Company capitalized these costs as there is a reasonable expectation that the assets acquired will be used in an alternative manner in the future, that is not contingent on future development subsequent to acquisition, and the Company anticipates there to be economic benefit from these alternative uses. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded amortization expense of $40,000. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the net balance of $12.0 million and $12.2 million, respectively, is reported in net intangible assets in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. As a result of the Sampleminded acquisition, the Company recorded an intangible asset of $1.0 million, which was comprised of developed technology acquired of $0.9 million, customer relationships of $0.1 million, and non-compete agreements of $32,000. The intangible assets acquired are being amortized over the remaining useful life, which was determined to be eight years for developed technology acquired, three years for customer relationships, and five years for non-compete agreements. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded amortization expense of $36,000. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 the net balance of $0.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively, is reported in intangible assets in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet. Goodwill During the third quarter of 2017, the Company recognized goodwill of $2.0 million from the acquisition of Sampleminded, Inc., which was completed during the period. Goodwill is recorded as part of other long-term assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company will evaluate goodwill impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently should an event or change in circumstance occur that indicate the carrying amount is in excess of the fair value. There were no impairment losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Investment in Privately-Held Company On November 30, 2017, the Company made a 10 percent investment in a supplier. The investment does not constitute a variable interest entity, as the Company does not have control over the supplier’s business. Additionally, as the ownership percentage is below 20 percent, the equity method is not being used to account for the investment. The supplier is privately-held, and there are no quoted prices or observable pricing inputs available. Therefore, the Company has accounted for this investment at cost, less any impairments, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment. The investment will be evaluated annually for impairment and adjusted to fair value whenever there is an observable price change in the identical or alike investment. There was no impairment recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2018. The total cash paid related to the investment was $3.0 million, which agrees to the carrying value as of March 31, 2018 and is included in the other long-term assets on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. There were no adjustments to the carrying value, upward or downward, for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Net Loss Per Share Basic net loss per common share was determined by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. Basic and diluted net loss per share are the same because all outstanding common stock equivalents have been excluded, as they are anti-dilutive due to the Company’s losses. The following potentially issuable common shares were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share because they would have an anti-dilutive effect due to net losses for each period:
|  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Shares issuable upon exercise of stock options |  | 3,284 |  | 3,613 |
Shares issuable upon the release of restricted stock awards |  | 6,315 |  | 5,553 |
Shares issuable upon conversion of convertible notes |  | 9,148 |  | — |
|  | 18,747 |  | 9,166 |
Revenue Recognition The Company’s laboratory service revenues are generated by performing diagnostic services using its Cologuard test, and the service is completed upon delivery of a patient’s test result to the ordering physician. The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which it adopted on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method, which it elected to apply to all contracts. Application of the modified retrospective method did not impact amounts previously reported by the Company, nor did it require a cumulative effect adjustment upon adoption, as the Company’s method of recognizing revenue under ASC 606 was analogous to the method utilized immediately prior to adoption. Accordingly, there is no need for the Company to disclose the amount by which each financial statement line item was affected as a result of applying the new standard and an explanation of significant changes. The core principle of ASC 606 is that the Company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with that core principle, and key aspects considered by the Company include the following: Contracts The Company’s customer is the patient. However, the Company does not enter into a formal reimbursement contract with a patient, as formal reimbursement contracts, including national coverage determination for Cologuard, are established with payers. Accordingly, the Company establishes a contract with a patient in accordance with other customary business practices.
| · |  | Approval of a contract is established via the order submitted by the patient’s physician and the return of a sample by the patient.
| · |  | The Company is obligated to perform its diagnostic services upon receipt of a sample from a patient, and the patient and/or applicable payer are obligated to reimburse the Company for services rendered based on the patient’s insurance benefits.
| · |  | Payment terms are a function of a patient’s existing insurance benefits, including the impact of coverage decisions with CMS and applicable reimbursement contracts established between the Company and payers, unless the patient is a self-pay patient, whereby the Company requires payment from the patient prior to the Company shipping a collection kit to the patient.
| · |  | On ce the Company delivers a patient’s test result to the ordering physician the contract with a patient has commercial substance, as the Company is legally able to collect payment and bill an insurer and/or patient, regardless of payer contract status or patient insurance benefit status.
| · |  | The Company’s consideration is deemed to be variable, and the Company considers collection of such consideration to be probable to the extent that it is unconstrained.
Performance obligations A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) to the customer. Our contracts have a single performance obligation, which is satisfied upon rendering of services, which culminates in the delivery of a patient’s Cologuard test result to the ordering physician. The duration of time between sample receipt and delivery of a valid test result to the ordering physician is typically less than two weeks. Accordingly, the Company elects the practical expedient and therefore, does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations. Transaction price The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to collect in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties (for example, some sales taxes). The consideration expected from a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. The consideration derived from the Company’s contracts is deemed to be variable, though the variability is not explicitly stated in any contract. Rather, the implied variability is due to several factors, such as the amount of contractual adjustments, any patient co-payments, deductibles or compliance incentives, the existence of secondary payers and claim denials. The Company estimates the amount of variable consideration using the expected value method, which represents the sum of probability-weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts. When estimating the amount of variable consideration, the Company considers several factors, such as historical collections experience, patient insurance eligibility and payer reimbursement contracts. The Company limits the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price to the unconstrained portion of such consideration. In other words, the Company recognizes revenue up to the amount of variable consideration that is not subject to a significant reversal until additional information is obtained or the uncertainty associated with the additional payments or refunds is subsequently resolved. Differences between original estimates and subsequent revisions, including final settlements, represent changes in the estimate of variable consideration and are included in the period in which such revisions are made. Revenue recognized from changes in transaction prices was $8.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The Company monitors its estimates of transaction price to depict conditions that exist at each reporting date. If the Company subsequently determines that it will collect more consideration than it originally estimated for a contract with a patient, it will account for the change as an increase in the estimate of the transaction price (i.e., an upward revenue adjustment) in the period identified. Similarly, if the Company subsequently determines that the amount it expects to collect from a patient is less than it originally estimated, it will generally account for the change as a decrease in the estimate of the transaction price (i.e., a downward revenue adjustment), provided that such downward adjustment does not result in a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized. When the Company does not have significant historical experience or that experience has limited predictive value, the constraint over estimates of variable consideration may result in no revenue being recognized on upon delivery of a patient’s Cologuard test result to the ordering physician, with recognition, generally occurring at the date of cash receipt. Since the first quarter of 2017, the Company has determined that its historical experience has sufficient predictive value, such that there are no longer any contracts for which no revenue is recognized upon delivery of a Cologuard test result to an ordering physician. Of the revenue recognized in the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, approximately $4.3 million relates to the one-time impact of certain payers meeting the Company’s revenue recognition criteria for accrual-basis revenue recognition beginning with the period ended March 31, 2017. Approximately $1.0 million of this one-time impact relates to tests completed in the prior year and for which the Company’s accrual revenue recognition criteria were not met until 2017. Allocate transaction price The entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation contained in a contract with a patient. Point in time recognition The Company’s single performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time, and that point in time is defined as the date a patient’s successful test result is delivered to the patient’s ordering physician. The Company considers this date to be the time at which the patient obtains control of the promised Cologuard test service. Disaggregation of Revenue The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by revenue source for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017:
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Medicare Parts B & C |  | $ | 52,475 |  | $ | 31,812 |
Commercial |  |  | 34,834 |  |  | 15,136 |
Other |  |  | 2,987 |  |  | 1,415 |
Total |  | $ | 90,296 |  | $ | 48,363 |
Contract Balances The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable and deferred revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Generally, billing occurs subsequent to delivery of a patient’s test result to the ordering physician, resulting in an account receivable. However, the Company sometimes receives advance payment from a patient, particularly a self-pay patient, before a Cologuard test result is completed, resulting in deferred revenue. The deferred revenue balance is relieved upon delivery of the applicable patient’s test result to the ordering physician. Changes in accounts receivable and deferred revenue were not materially impacted by any other factors. Deferred revenue balances are included in other short-term liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and was $0.2 million and $0.2 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Revenue recognized for the three-months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each period was $56,000 and $0, respectively. Practical expedients The Company does not adjust the transaction price for the effects of a significant financing component, as at contract inception, the Company expects the collection cycle to be one year or less. The Company expenses sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within sales and marketing expenses. The Company incurs certain other costs that are incurred regardless of whether a contract is obtained. Such costs are primarily related to legal services and patient communications (e.g. compliance reminder letters). These costs are expensed as incurred and recorded within general and administrative expenses. Inventory Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market value (net realizable value). The Company determines the cost of inventory using the first-in, first out method (“FIFO”). The Company estimates the recoverability of inventory by reference to internal estimates of future demands and product life cycles, including expiration. The Company periodically analyzes its inventory levels to identify inventory that may expire prior to expected sale or has a cost basis in excess of its estimated net realizable value, and records a charge to cost of sales for such inventory, as appropriate. In addition, the materials used in performing Cologuard tests are subject to strict quality control and monitoring which the Company performs throughout the manufacturing process. If certain batches or units of product no longer meet quality specifications or become obsolete due to expiration, the Company records a charge to cost of sales to write down such unmarketable inventory to its estimated net realizable value. Direct and indirect manufacturing costs incurred during process validation and for other research and development activities, which are not permitted to be sold, have been expensed to research and development. Inventory consists of the following:
|  | March 31, |  | December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 10,935 |  | $ | 10,344 |
Semi-finished and finished goods |  |  | 21,445 |  |  | 15,683 |
Total inventory |  | $ | 32,380 |  | $ | 26,027 |
Foreign Currency Translation For the Company’s international subsidiaries, the local currency is the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated into United States dollars at the period-end exchange rate or historical rates, as appropriate. Condensed consolidated statements of operations are translated at average exchange rates for the period. The cumulative translation adjustments resulting from changes in exchange rates are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in total Exact Sciences Corporation’s stockholders’ equity. Transaction gains and losses are included in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. Reclassifications Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the basis of presentation and significant accounting policies concepts. Basis of presentation describes the underlying basis used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS). Accounting policies describe all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 + Details
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